essay about uk education system

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Education system in UK – Cause & Effect

Introduction Education in the UK is devolved with each of the smaller countries within the UK. This means there are governments in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland that deal with education their own way. There are five stages of education in the UK, which include early years teaching, primary school, secondary school, Further Education (FE) and Higher Education (HE). In my cause and effect essay, I show the effect of school rules and rankings and graduation rates in the UK. Cause The UK is traditionally one of the highest ranked countries when it comes to education, but over recent years, their ranking against the world has stagnated a little, especially when it comes to PISA tests (Program for International Student Assessment).

Effect The UK education system is still good and ranked highly, but it has caused more people to consider teaching their children at home. There are a growing number of parents that are teaching their children at home in the UK. The numbers are still small in comparison to the number of children that attend school. Part of the reason that there are more children being taught at home is because there are now free and easy-to-use tools on the Internet that parents can use to teach their child a little easier than before. Cause It is compulsory for children to attend school from the age of four in Northern Ireland and five in the rest of the UK, and children are not allowed to leave school until the age of 16. The only way to avoid going to school is via home schooling, but a child must still complete a curriculum that is overseen by a tutor upon occasion. Effect It has become more difficult for students to miss school, and many have to attend school no matter what. However, thanks to the Internet, students are discovering that if they behave badly then they can be expelled. If they are not accepted into other schools, then their parents are forced to teach them from home. Cause The University and college system in the UK is truly top class, with many of the Universities and colleges having notoriety and esteem around the world. Graduation rates within UK colleges and Universities are very high, and any student in the UK can find funding in order to attend University apart from in special circumstances. Effect The UK stands in second place across Europe and in sixth place worldwide when higher education from Universities and colleges is counted in with the figures whilst ranking. There are so many students attending college and so many graduating that the UK world ranking and European ranking is very high. If graduation rates from colleges and Universities were not counted, then the UK is no longer second place in Europe when it comes to education rankings.

Conclusion The UK education system is clearly very good and of a very high standard, though some of their high rankings on the world stage are backed up by their very strong college system and even stronger University system, with the college system giving A-level qualifications and Universities giving degrees.

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British education system

An introduction to the british education system.

The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education.

The education system in the UK is also split into "key stages" which breaks down as follows:

• Key Stage 1:  5 to 7 years old
• Key Stage 2:  7 to 11 years old
• Key Stage 3:  11 to 14 years old
• Key Stage 4:  14 to 16 years old

UK primary education

Primary school education begins in the UK at age 5 and continues until age 11, comprising key stages one and two under the UK educational system.

Some primary schools are split up into Infant and Junior levels. These are usually separate schools on the same site. The infant age range (Key Stage 1) is from age 5 to 7. The Junior age range (Key Stage 2) is from age 7 to 11. The year groups at primary School level are:

Year R (Reception) (age 4 – 5) Year 1 (age 5 - 6) Year 2 (age 6 - 7) The year when SATs testing takes place for Key Stage 1 Year 3 (age 7 - 8) Year 4 (age 8 - 9) Year 5 (age 9 - 10) Year 6 (age 10 - 11) The year when SATs testing takes place for Key Stage 2

secondary school - years 7 and 8

Years 7 and 8 are the first two years of secondary school education in the UK. In some independent schools they are included in the Junior School, in others, they are part of the Senior School. 

Under the UK school system, all students study English, Maths, Sciences, a Humanity and a Modern Language. Besides these subjects, each school has a list with optional subjects (Art, Music, Drama, Latin, Sport Science, Design Technology, Computer Science),  and  students may choose a few subjects that interest them. 

In some schools, students sit the Common Entrance Exam in year 7. There are 3 examination sessions, in November, January and May/June. The transition from Junior to Senior School (from year 8 to year 9) may be conditioned upon the Common Entrance Exam results in those schools.

secondary school - year 9

Year 9 is a very important year in the British school system, as most of the students make the transition from Junior School to Senior School. It is also a very good foundation for the GCSE programme and it is an entry point to all schools. 

Students study English, Maths, Sciences, Humanity and Languages. In addition, students choose a few subjects from the optional subject list offered by each school. 

secondary education - years 10 and 11

GCSE programme

In the last two years of secondary education, which are called Year 10 and Year 11, starting at age 14, students prepare for GCSE exams that are taken after two years (General Certificate of Secondary Education).

In the UK school system, during the GCSE programme, students study between 9 and 12 subjects. Some of them are compulsory (English, Math, 2/3 Sciences, History/Geography, a Modern Language etc.), some are chosen by each student according to their abilities and preferences. At the end of the 2 year GCSE programme, following the examinations on each studied subject, students receive their GCSE Certificates.

The chosen subjects and the GCSE results are very important for their Further Studies (A-Level or IB) and for their University admission.

Intensive 1 year GCSE

Some schools offer a 1 Year GCSE programme in Year 11 for international students seeking a school education in the UK. These intensive, one year courses, are available for students aged 15 plus, with the appropriate academic level from their own country. Fewer subjects are studied (maximum 6).

The IGCSE programme ( International  General Certificate of Secondary Education) prepare international students for A-Level and/or IB.

Students study between 5 and 7 subjects, English, Maths and Science being included. Each school has a list of available subjects for IGCSE students. At the end of Year 11, students take exams in each studied subject and receive IGCSE Certificates.

university preparation - years 12 and 13

A level study

In the UK school system, once a student reaches the age of 16, they can start a 2 year programme which leads to A (Advanced) level examinations. Students specialise in 3 or 4 subjects, that are usually relevant to the degree subject they wish to follow at university. A levels are state examinations and are recognised by all UK universities and by institutions worldwide.

At the end of Year 13, following the examinations in each subject, the students receive A level Certificates.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

Those who would like to study more than 3-4 subjects, may continue their studies in a broader number of subjects with the International Baccaularete Diploma Programme, offered by some independent schools.

During the IB, students study 6 subjects, 3 at higher level (HL) and 3 at standard level (SL). Each school offers different subjects at different study levels (HL/SL). The IB programme also includes a compulsory Core programme consisting of Theory of Knowledge (TOK), Extended Essay (EE) and Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS).

Students take written examinations on each subject at the end of their courses.

further education - vocational courses

International students can either choose a state sixth form college or a college of further education as an alternative to private education. Both offer GCSE and A level courses for students from the age of 16. Colleges of further education also offer foundation and diploma courses. All colleges can prepare students for entry to a  UK university or any university in the world. Bright World works with a number of state colleges in the UK which provide a multitude of vocational and academic courses. These courses can enable students to pursue their chosen career or to gain a place at a university of their choice.

The British school system also extends to BTEC courses which are designed for students who would like to develop practical knowledge and skills in a specific subject (Business, Psychology, Engineering, Sport, Art & Design) and find traditional exams challenging. Focussing on practical, skills-based learning, the BTEC students are assessed during the course. After each unit students are assessed through assignments, tasks or tests, and not at the end of the programme as it happens with GCSE or A-Level students.

university - foundation courses

From age 17, international students can opt to study one year foundation programmes, instead of A levels or IB. These courses lead to private examinations that are an alternative to A levels. Foundation courses at colleges are recognised by universities with whom they have partnerships.

Some universities also offer foundation courses that lead onto their own degree programmes.

Bright World has partnerships with a number of colleges and Pathway providers and can help place students into Foundation and Diploma courses in London and across the UK.

university - undergraduate study

In the UK, a British bachelors degree normally takes three years to complete and most are awarded at honours level. Examples of first degrees are: BA (Bachelor of Arts), BEng (Bachelor of Engineering), and BSc (Bachelor of Science).

State colleges offer some 2 year vocational diplomas that grant exemption from the first and sometimes second year of a degree programme. Some private tutorial colleges offer a one year diploma programme which is equivalent to year 1 of university. Students taking 1 year diplomas are awarded second year entry at some universities.

university - postgraduate study

Postgraduate courses in the UK education system are very intensive. This means that the courses are usually much shorter than in other countries. A master's degree typically takes 12 months to complete, for example an MA - Master of Arts and an MEng - Master of Engineering. An MBA (Master of Business Administration) is a high profile Masters course which can take 2 years. Applicants will usually be high achieving with at least 2 years managerial experience. A PhD research degree in the UK can take between 2 and 7 years.

boarding schools

Bright World works almost exclusively with privately funded schools and colleges. A boarding school is a residential school where pupils live and study during the school year. There are approximately 500 boarding schools across England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

UK boarding schools offer pupils an outstanding education, helping them to develop their skills and progress to university. All UK boarding schools have to meet strict government standards on the quality of their teaching, facilities and student care.

Many UK boarding schools combine beautiful, centuries-old buildings with a mix of modern classrooms and traditional architecture. The excellent facilities help make living and learning a great experience and pupils will will improve their  English skills while they study.

tutorial colleges

Tutorial Colleges start at age 15 and have a more flexible programme range, focussing on fast access to UK university.

Many of the independent private sixth form colleges in Oxford, Cambridge and London work on a 'tutorial system' and are often referred to as 'tutorial colleges'. The tutorial system originates from Oxford and Cambridge Universities and is a very highly regarded and much tested system. It it is still used today and is the cornerstone of an 'Oxbridge' education. A tutorial is a small class of only a few students, in which the tutor (a lecturer or other academic faculty member) gives individual attention to the students.

state boarding schools

A state boarding school is one where you pay for boarding and the education is free. The government pays for the education as it would at any other state school in England.

Admission to state boarding schools in the UK is limited to children who are nationals of the UK and are eligible to hold a full UK passport, or those who are nationals of other European Union countries or those who have the right of residence in the UK. Please note that the holding of a BN(O) passport does not make the child eligible for a state boarding school in the UK.

F E Colleges

An FE college is an institution that provides education for those above school age (age 16). There are many types of FE colleges including, sixth form colleges, specialist colleges and adult education institutes. FE Colleges are state run and as such those members of the EU joining can benefit from free education. There is also a competitive fee structure available for non-EU international students.

pathway courses at university

If you need to improve your English language or study skills before attending a UK university, pathway providers offer unique foundation courses which often lead to direct degree-level entry upon completion. There are several private companies who operate Foundation and Diploma programmes on the campuses of UK universities. Often these courses offer accelerated access to undergraduate degrees.

universities

The UK is one of the world's most popular destination for students from overseas. In fact, more than 400,000 international students enrol each year.International students considering an education in the UK have a choice of over 140 universities and higher education institutions, each offering a great range of tertiary qualifications that will be recognised the world over. Students join a 3 year undergraduate programme or a 1 year postgraduate course.

UK university placement

For expert advice on UK and US university entry, Bright World has teamed up with Education Advisers Ltd, whose experienced consultants offer a full range of Higher Education services for international students. These range from complimentary advice on the best University Foundation courses, to bespoke Oxbridge and Medical School coaching and mentorship programmes. You can visit their websites at www.universityadvice.co.uk or www.best-schools.co.uk or call +44 1622 813870 for further information.

guardianship and school placement advice

Boarding school guardianship.

If your child is attending a boarding school you will need to nominate a UK guardian. Bright World can help you with this service.

university guardianship

If you are under 18 when you start university you will need to nominate a UK-based adult or guardian. Bright World has a programme especially for you.

boarding school placement

If you are looking for a place at a UK boarding school Bright World can help you.

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Bright world uk schools placement service.

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Bright world guardianship programme.

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Education System in England and Wales Today Essay

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Introduction

The education system in england and wales, effects of the british education division.

The education history of England and Wales involves a situation where the learning services were provided by churches, and only church schools existed. The principals and the teachers were supposed to be holy people, and the state met a high resistance in trying to providing education.

However, various constitutional and societal changes led to the role of providing education being adopted by the state and the establishment of public schools. Later a well-structured education system was established through the 1988 education reform act that introduced the national curriculum and its consequent examinations, financing of schools, among other reforms to improve the quality of education.

The education system in England is mainly under the supervision of the department of kids, family units, and schools in conjunction with the departments of innovation, training, and higher education. It’s the duty of the local authorities to execute policies on community education and national schools locally.

There are also been a number of independent schools that operate in the country since the establishment of the education system. The framework of Wales is almost similar to that of England except that England emphasizes studying few subjects with in-depth analysis. On the other hand, Wales emphasizes an education system where students study many subjects with a shallow understanding of the main concepts.

The England education framework comprises compulsory education for all the kids between 5 to 16 years old; the education is provided by the public, private, and home schools. The compulsory education usually closes on the very last Friday of June when the academic time ends, and the students become 16 years old. Compulsory schooling consists of primary and secondary education. The primary learning is usually offered in baby class and junior or a combination of the two and consists of four main stages, i.e., foundation, full-time foundation, key stage 1, and key stage 2.

On the other hand, secondary schooling consists of two chief stages, i.e., key stage 3 and key stage 4. The examination system is made of four main “key stage national curriculum” assessments where students get tested at various levels in the learning process. These tests include key stage 1 taken the second year after joining the school, key stage 2 undertaken at the last part of the sixth year. In addition, the key stage 3 is undertaken by students at the last part of the ninth year, while the key stage 4 is administered through the tenth and the eleventh, which is integrated as the GCSE is a compulsory exam for all students.

Then the students can join a further college schooling which is the sixth form of learning mandatory in some schools where they attain an Advanced Level GCE. The A-Level is made of six units in each subject where in the first year the students undertake three subjects, and after passing, they can choose to continue with the other three subjects to attain the A-Level.

At the age of 18, students can join universities or institutions of higher education to attain bachelor’s degrees. Undergraduate learning is principally sponsored by the government except in private universities where students are self-sponsored. After attaining the bachelor’s degree, the willing students can continue to pursue the postgraduates degrees, which include the master’s and the doctorate degrees completed in one and three years, respectively. Most of the students are self-sponsored as the government only assists the financially needy students, and in very rare cases hence the admission to these degrees is a bit competitive.

In addition, the government offers adult schooling at all levels of education for the purposes of equipping the students with the general knowledge and skills of life and performing duties, e.g., access program. In terms of the cost charged at each educational level, the primary and the secondary education is free, while the sixth form, undergraduate, master’s, and doctorate degrees are charged differently as per their requirements and the institutions the student attends.

The British education system has subdivided into the state and the independent sectors of learning, where the learning services are provided by both the government and the private sectors of the economy. The divisions have both positive and negative effects; the positive effects include the education system becomes more competitive as both sides are committed to achieve better results and become the winners.

The state and the private schools fight to attain top positions in the main national examinations in order to get more students and get favors from the state; hence the competition created has improved the quality of education offered in both sectors. In addition, the competition has also spread even in extracurricular activities such as sports, and many students can identify their talents when still young.

The existence of only state schools had been accused of poor management and being strict in providing only the national curriculum. The existence of the independent sectors in Britain has seen other curriculums practiced in other countries being offered in the country; hence many students do not travel outside the UK to access these other curriculums. In addition, the private sector has started a forum where they offer the Britain curriculum to other countries by establishing branches or examination bodies that only provide the UK curriculum exams. This has reduced the cost of accessing other international curriculums as they are offered in other countries. However, the existence of two sectors has contributed to state schools finding their own sources of income and managing their resources to maintain the standards of education.

The negative effects include the creation of double standards in education where the rich students join the independent schools as their facilities outstand that of the state schools; hence they charge large amounts of fees only affordable by the rich. In addition, they are less strict in terms of discipline and performance as they are losing students considering the amount they pay for school maintenance. More so, the independent schools offer a wide range of curriculums, therefore, making these students better in terms of international competitiveness and access to opportunities.

On the other hand, the state schools remain for the middle and the lower classes of the working class who cannot afford private sector education. This creates a division in a society where there are schools for the poor and the rich hence the association of the two groups is difficult. More so, they offer a standard form of curriculum applicable to all state-owned schools hence limiting the students to only the locally created opportunities.

The disparity in terms of the resources and facilities available to the students makes the students in independent schools access many opportunities compared to those in state schools. For instance, private schools only admit the students and the staff that meet their standards. In addition, they charge a large number of fees in order to make all facilities available to both the students and the staff, making sure the needs of all students are met. They also spend most of their time, resources, and energy towards other extracurricular activities making the students their talents as they have all the necessary facilities at their disposal.

On the other hand, the state schools lack enough to provide all the necessary facilities in schools due to the fact that they cannot charge high fees in the name of luxury. Therefore, the state takes the responsibility of providing basic education; hence the students never access many opportunities. For instance, only a few identify their talents in extracurricular activities as not all the facilities are available. More so, the state schools admit all kinds of students without considering their personal information or background hence less discriminative and more just a factor that tends to push their performance down.

The state schools in providing higher education seem to maintain their high standards where students with low grades are only allowed to take degrees that are fewer adverse effects on human beings and society. For instance, the medicine and the engineering students are supposed to be students with very high grades due to the nature and complexity of the job responsibilities and the risks involved. Therefore they are supposed to be bright students who are good performers.

On the other hand, the independent schools are never strict on course offering in terms of the students’ performance or grades rather they are interested in the fees paid by the students, i.e., who can afford their services hence we end up having students dropping out of class when they are halfway or who fail in their careers due to lack of the relevant knowledge and skills. Hence, the independent schools are commercial as they are not state-sponsored like state schools.

David McDowall. Britain in close up, United Kingdom: Longman publisher, 2000.

Dent H.C. education in England and Wales, London: Hodder and Arnold H&S publisher, 1982.

John Oakland. British Civilization, Great Britain: Rout ledge publisher, 1998.

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IvyPanda. (2021, October 26). Education System in England and Wales Today. https://ivypanda.com/essays/education-system-in-england-and-wales-today/

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UK Education System Guide

The UK education system is reputed worldwide for its high quality and standards. Britons enter the education system at the age of three, and up to 16 are obliged to attend school (compulsory education), while afterward is upon their choice.

Generally, the British higher education system has five stages of education: 

• Early Years
• Primary Years
• Secondary Education
• Further Education (FE)
• Higher Education (HE) 

Besides sharing many similarities, the UK education system at different levels at each zone of administration (England, Scotland, and Wales) differs a bit. Generally speaking, these differences could be more meaningful if we discuss UK higher education as one.

In the UK, everybody over five and under 16 is obliged to attend school. This aging time frame contains two sections of the education system in the UK: Primary and Secondary Schools.

The Compulsory Education in the UK 

Compulsory education in the UK is divided into four key stages, distinguished by a student’s age. The first stage includes 5 to 7-year-olds, and the fourth and final stage lasts from the age of 14 to age 16. 

Here are the four stages of mandatory education in the UK and the curricula for each key stage:

First Key Stage 

The first key stage in compulsory education in England includes children from 5 to 7 years old, otherwise known as a primary school, comprising the first two years. 

Here are some of the main subjects that this stage of mandatory education includes:

• English Language 
• Mathematics
• Physical Education

During the first year of this stage, the curriculum structure contains the Phonic screening, a short assessment of kids’ ability to decode and understand phonics properly. Typically, the teacher will ask the students to repeat a list of around 40 words out loud. At the end of this stage (the same in all stages), these pupils will sit for an examination to measure their English, Maths, and Science knowledge development.

Second Key Stage

Between 7 to 11 years, pupils will be in the second key stage of compulsory education. The second key stage includes years 3 to 6. At this level, the curriculum is designed to give students a more advanced understanding of the previously gained knowledge on the core subjects. 

At the end of this stage, the school will test students in the following subjects:

• English reading.
• English grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
• Mathematics.

In English and Mathematics, the testing will be done through national assessment tests, while the teacher will independently assess the level of improvement of each student in Science.

Third Key Stage

Pupils aged 11 to 14 belong to the third stage of compulsory education, or years 7 to 9. This education level is essential to a certain degree because only a few years later, they will sit for the GCSE national qualification. 

The curriculum during this stage of education will also contain new subjects at which students are supposed to get some basic knowledge before moving any further in the upcoming stages of education.

The subjects learned in Key Stage 3 are:

• Art and Design
• Physical Education 
• Modern Foreign Languages 
• Design and Technology and Computing

At the end of the third Key Stage, some students may take their GCSE or other national qualifications. 

Fourth Key Stage

The final stage of compulsory education, key stage 4, lasts from 14 to 16 and includes years 10 to 12. The fourth key stage is the most common period for students to undertake the national assessment tests that will lead them to take a GCSE or other national qualifications.

The compulsory national curriculum at this stage contains the “core” and “foundation” subjects.

Here are the “core” subjects taught at the fourth key stage:

And here are the “foundation” subjects taught at the key stage 4:

• Citizenship

Additionally, schools in the UK are obliged to offer one of the following subjects during this stage of education.

• Design and Technology
• Modern Foreign Languages

The Higher Education System in the United Kingdom 

In particular, UK higher education is valued worldwide for its renowned standards and quality. Its higher education’s prestige also emanates from its graduates’ work afterward. Many eminent people in many different areas whose work reached global recognition came from British universities. 

Some universities and other higher education providers are ranked top among universities worldwide. The UK capital city, London, not by accident, is considered to be the world’s capital city of higher education. With its four universities ranked in the world’s top ten, London has the highest number of worldwide-ranked universities per city.

By definition, UK higher education is the level of education that follows secondary school at the hierarchy of the educational system in the UK. When high school is over, Britons have to sit in a standard examination, making them eligible not to continue their education at a higher level.

What is the Difference Between Colleges and Universities?

In the UK education system, in contrast to the US higher education, there is a difference between college and university. While in the US, there is no distinction between college and university, with most people referring to a higher education provider as a college, in the UK, this is not the case. 

In the UK, a college is a further education institution that prepares students to earn a degree. At the same time, a university is a licensed HE institution that awards students with a degree at the end of their studies. 

Studying in the UK as an International Student 

If you’re an international student , you must know that not all higher education providers in the UK are referred to as a university. This issue is regulated by law. 

As this official regulation states, a higher education institution can be labeled as a university under these circumstances:

• If it gets approved by the Privy Council under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992.
• If it gets approval under the provisions of the Companies Act 2006.

International students from countries other than the European Economic Area (EEA) or Switzerland must apply for a student visa to study in the UK.

The UK Higher Education Degree Levels and Programs

Based on the actual education regulations in the UK education system, Higher Education comprises the following levels of courses. 

1. Undergraduate Courses

Undergraduate courses in the UK include a wide range of first degrees which are listed below.

• Bachelor’s Degree 
• Honors and Ordinary Degrees 
• Qualified Teacher Status 
• Enhanced First Degrees 
• Intercalated Degrees (medical schools or other specific study fields allow students to take a year off between the second and third years to study a different area which can be a BA, BSc, or master’s degree program).

Here are other undergraduate courses: 

• Foundation degrees 
• Higher National Diploma HND (or equivalent) 
• NHC (or equivalent), etc.

An undergraduate course usually takes three years; however, Scotland is an exception, where undergraduate courses take four years to complete. The higher education system in the UK has many universities that offer 4-year undergraduate courses, also known as “ sandwich courses .” This program includes a one-year work experience —usually carried out in the third year.

Keep in mind: Some British universities offer fast-track programs where you can obtain a Master’s degree at the undergraduate level. Unlike traditional undergraduate courses, fast-track programs allow students to attend an additional year of studying instead of taking a Bachelor’s degree which leads to a Master’s program. 

Besides, it costs much less than the typical 3-year undergraduate courses; however, it usually is much more intense with shortened holiday breaks and a heavy schedule.

2. Postgraduate Courses 

The postgraduate degree programs are only obtainable if you have a bachelor’s degree at an accredited university (not necessarily one in England).

The postgraduate level includes the following degrees:

• Master’s Degree (Taught or Research). Master’s degrees usually last one year or longer if they are research-based.
• Doctorate. The typical doctoral degree takes three years to complete. 
• Postgraduate Diplomas.
• Postgraduate Certificates of Education (PGCE).
• Professional Degrees.

Note: To enter this level, it is usually required to have a first degree (Bachelor’s).

The Higher Education Curriculum and Admission Process 

In the UK’s education system, most syllabi are set by the universities offering them and are not controlled by the government or certain British educational institutions. The only exception to this is teacher education programs, which the government has a lot of say over. 

The British government has established the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted) to maintain those standards. Most countries have specific regulations for their teachers, so this isn’t any different than studying teaching in your home country. Because of its strict rules and high standards for teacher education programs, the UK is considered to have some of the best teacher education programs in the world.

Even though universities set the syllabi, the Office for Fair Access (OFFA) in the British school system has a lot of say in the admission procedures of each university. This office was created so everyone who wishes to attend university in the UK can do so. They also promote fair access to higher education, even for those attending university as international students. Appropriate access also includes those of different cultures, different races, different nationalities, and those who have disabilities.

UK Tuition Fees and Costs

The reputation of British higher education goes hand in hand with its costs. Tuition fees may vary from university to university, as well as from one location to another.

So it’s always advisable to check the university’s website before making further study plans. Indeed, to attend a British university, you need a lot of money packed in —whether you’re a native or not— but since there are many scholarship schemes , you can always apply for one.

The tuition fees of UK universities also vary depending on the degree level and study program. The average tuition fees for international students range from ~£17,109 (USD 20,876) to  ~£22,200 (USD 27,000). 

• Undergraduate tuition fees: International students pay around £11,400 – £38,000 (USD 13,900 – USD 46,355).
• Postgraduate tuition fees: International students pay around £9,000 – £30,000 (USD 10,980 – USD 36,570)

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Home / Publications & Research / Benchmarking English Education / Education: the fundamentals – Eleven facts about the education system in England

Education: the fundamentals – Eleven facts about the education system in England

A major new report on education in England is published today by UK 2040 Options, led by Nesta, and The Education Policy Institute.

The report combines data, analysis and insights from over 75 education experts on the education challenges facing the next government and possible solutions to improve outcomes.

The report shows that:

• All sectors of the education system are facing a workforce crisis. In schools, only 69% of those who qualified 5 years ago are still teaching, and 15% of that cohort left in their first year. 
• The pupil population in England is set to decline significantly due to low birth rates. The state school population currently stands at 7.93 million children, and this will fall by around 800,000 by 2032. 
• The number of pupils with  an education, health and care plan for more complex  special educational needs and disabilities has increased by around 50% in just five years – but funding has not caught up with the level of need and is based (in part) on historic data.
• Only 5% of primary schools reached the Government’s target of 90% of pupils reaching the expected standard in key stage 2 reading, writing and mathematics in 2019.
• Pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds experience an attainment gap (relative to their more affluent peers) equivalent to 19 months of learning by the time they sit their GCSEs. Two fifths of this gap has appeared by the age of 5. 
• Absence from education is now one of the most pressing issues facing England’s education system – persistent absence (missing more than 10% of sessions) has increased from 13% to 24%.
• Closing the gap between skill supply and employer demand could increase national productivity by 5% – 42% of vacancies in manufacturing and 52% in construction are due to skill shortages.

The report, which follows UK 2040 Options publications on  inequality and wealth ,  economic growth ,  health  and  tax , also includes evidence of progress. England recently came fourth in the world for primary school reading proficiency and well above average in maths and science in Years 5 and 9.

But the report also reveals a system that is struggling. Thousands of children start school each year without basic skills, the disadvantage gap is growing, and education at every level is experiencing a chronic recruitment and retention challenge.

Over 75 subject experts from across a range of sectors took part in the project. There was wide agreement about the need to grapple seriously with the workforce crisis across all parts of the system, and the group put forward suggestions for how this could be achieved while continuing to improve the quality of education provision. 

More broadly the group proposed policies to:

• Support the growing number of children  with special education needs and disabilities and rebuild parents’ trust in the system;
• Address challenges inside and outside the school gates to improve educational outcomes, including lifting families out of poverty and increasing targeted funding for disadvantaged pupils;
• Make the skills system more equitable, higher quality and tailored to the needs of the economy. 

Alex Burns, Director of UK 2040 Options, said:   “Education has been less prominent than other areas in recent policy debate – we feel a long way away from “education, education, education”. But if we are to be serious about improving people’s lives and boosting the economy we will need to make sure that the education system is thriving. Whilst there are clear areas of progress, this report demonstrates the scale of the challenge for the future in areas like workforce, the disadvantage gap and support for children with special educational needs.” 

Jon Andrews, Head of Analysis at the Education Policy Institute, said:  “ Whatever the outcome of the next election, it is clear there is much to do to get education back on track following a hugely disruptive pandemic and a decade dominated by funding cuts. A focus on the early years, greater funding that is targeted at the areas in need of it the most, and a plan to ease the recruitment and retention challenges facing schools must form cornerstones of any new government’s education strategy.”

You can read the report in full here.

About UK 2040 Options

UK 2040 Options is a policy project led by Nesta that seeks to address the defining issues facing the country, from tax and economic growth to health and education. It draws on a range of experts to assess the policy landscape, explore some of the most fertile areas in more depth, test and interrogate ideas and bring fresh angles and insights to the choices that policymakers will need to confront, make and implement.

About Nesta

We are Nesta . The UK’s innovation agency for social good. We design, test and scale new solutions to society’s biggest problems, changing millions of lives for the better.  This report was produced in partnership with Nesta, as part of UK 2040 Options.

Jon Andrews

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Introducing The British Education System: A Comprehensive Guide

Education is the cornerstone of society, shaping the minds and futures of generations to come. Yet, understanding the intricacies of the British education system can be akin to navigating a labyrinth, with its multitude of stages, qualifications, and terminology. Whether you’re a parent, student, educator, or simply curious about how education functions in the UK, this guide aims to demystify the complexities and provide a clear roadmap through the landscape of British schooling. Join us as we embark on a journey to explore the structure, key stages, and unique features of the British education system, empowering you to navigate confidently through this vital aspect of British life.

Table of Contents

Overview of the british education system.

The British education system is structured into several key stages, each designed to provide a comprehensive and progressive learning experience for students.

Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) : This stage caters to children aged 3 to 5 and focuses on play-based learning, social development, and building foundational skills.

Primary Education : Primary education begins at age 5 and typically lasts until age 11. During this stage, students follow the National Curriculum. This includes core subjects such as English, mathematics, science, and foundation subjects like history and geography.

Secondary Education : Secondary education spans from age 11 to 16 and is divided into Key Stage 3 (ages 11-14) and Key Stage 4 (ages 14-16). Students study a broad range of subjects, including English, mathematics, science, humanities, and languages. Ultimately, this will lead to qualifications such as GCSEs .

Post-16 Education : After completing compulsory education, students can choose to pursue further education or vocational training. Options include A-levels, vocational qualifications like BTECs, or apprenticeships.

Higher Education : Higher education encompasses universities and colleges offering undergraduate and postgraduate degrees.

British Education System Key Stages

Key Stage 1 (Ages 3 to 5):  This stage focuses on play-based learning and social development for children aged 3 to 5.

Key Stage 2 (Ages 5 to 11):  During Key Stage 2, covering ages 5 to 11, students build foundational skills in core subjects like English, mathematics, and science.

Stage 3 (Ages 11 to 14):  In Key Stage 3, spanning ages 11 to 14, students explore a broad curriculum including humanities, languages, and the arts.

Key Stage 4 (Ages 14 to 16):  Key Stage 4 comprises ages 14 to 16, where students prepare for their GCSE exams (General Certificate of Secondary Education) in core and elective subjects.

Key Stage 5 (Ages 16 to 19):  Key Stage 5, also known as post-16 education, encompasses ages 16 to 19. Here, students pursue A-levels , vocational qualifications like BTECs , or apprenticeships, preparing for higher education or employment.

UK Education System Ages

To understand the UK education system, it’s crucial to grasp the ages associated with each stage of learning. Here’s a breakdown by year:

• Year 1 to Year 2 (Ages 3 to 5).  Children start formal education at ages 3 to 5, focusing on play-based learning and social development.
• Year 3 to Year 6 (Ages 5 to 11).  Students progress through Years 1 to 6, consolidating foundational skills in subjects like English, mathematics, and science.
• Year 7 to Year 9 (Ages 11 to 14).  This phase covers ages 11 to 14, where students explore a diverse curriculum including humanities, languages, and creative subjects.
• Year 10 to Year 11 (Ages 14 to 16).  Ages 14 to 16 mark the preparation for GCSE exams, covering a broad range of subjects and paving the way for future academic or vocational pursuits.
• Year 12 to Year 13 (Ages 16 to 19).  The transition to post-16 education occurs from ages 16 to 19, where students pursue advanced qualifications such as A-levels, vocational qualifications, or apprenticeships.

British Education System Curriculum

In the UK, the National Curriculum serves as the backbone of teaching and learning in state schools for pupils aged 5 to 16. It encompasses a wide range of subjects and is guided by two primary objectives:

Opportunities for All Pupils: The National Curriculum aims to provide equal opportunities for all pupils to learn. As such, it ensures that every child receives a comprehensive education regardless of background or ability.

Spiritual, Moral, Social, and Cultural Development: Another key objective is to achieve and promote pupils’ spiritual, moral, social, and cultural development. This holistic approach prepares students for the opportunities, responsibilities, and experiences they will encounter throughout life.

While state schools need to adhere to the National Curriculum, independent schools have more flexibility. While many independent schools choose to follow the National Curriculum, they do not have to do so. Instead, they may opt for alternative curricula such as the Common Entrance curriculum.

Common Entrance Curriculum: Independent preparatory schools often adopt the Common Entrance curriculum. It builds upon the National Curriculum but explore deeper into subjects and broadens the scope of topics covered. This approach not only ensures a rigorous academic experience but also fosters intellectual curiosity and critical thinking skills among students.

Overall, the British education system curriculum aims to provide a well-rounded education. It should be able to equip students with the knowledge, skills, and values necessary for success in both academic and personal spheres of life.

British Education Grading System

The British education grading system is structured to assess students’ academic performance across various stages of their education journey. Here’s an overview of the grading system commonly used in the UK:

Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS):

• In the Early Years Foundation Stage, assessment is based on observations of children’s progress against developmental milestones rather than formal grades.

Key Stages 1 to 3:

• At Key Stages 1 to 3, students’ progress is assessed using a combination of teacher assessments and standardised tests. However, formal grades are not typically assigned during these stages.

Stage 4 (GCSEs):

• This stage culminates in the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examinations, usually taken at age 16. GCSEs are graded on a scale from 9 to 1, with 9 being the highest grade and 1 being the lowest. Grades 4 and above are generally considered a pass, with grade 5 being a standard pass and grade 7 or above being considered a strong pass.

Stage 5 (A-levels):

• This stage comprises post-16 education, typically involving Advanced Level qualifications (A-levels) taken at ages 16 to 18. A-levels are graded on a scale from A* to E, with A* being the highest grade and E being the lowest passing grade.

Additional Grading Systems:

• In addition to GCSEs and A-levels, other qualifications may use different grading systems. For example, vocational qualifications like BTECs (Business and Technology Education Council) often use a pass, merit, distinction, and distinction* grading system.

UK Education System vs US Education System

British Education System Explained

Navigating the British education system can seem daunting, with its array of terms and institutions. Here’s a breakdown categorised for clarity:

Type of Schools in the UK Education System

Public Schools: In the UK, public schools are fee-paying institutions that cater to students of all ages, from primary to secondary education. Despite their name, the government does not fund public schools and these institutions operate independently. The term “public” originated from their historical roots, where they were initially established to provide education for the general public. However, access was often limited to those who could afford the fees. Over time, these institutions gained a reputation for academic excellence, prestigious facilities, and a tradition of producing prominent alumni. 

State Schools: State schools are funded and overseen by the government. They follow the National Curriculum and are free for students to attend. They include both primary and secondary institutions.

Independent Schools: Independent schools are privately funded institutions that operate outside of government control. They have the autonomy to set their own curriculum, admissions criteria, and fees.

Type of Schools by Structure

Boarding Schools: Boarding schools provide accommodation for students, who live on campus during term time. They offer a full educational experience alongside extracurricular activities and pastoral care.

Day Schools: Day schools are institutions where students attend classes during the day and return home in the evenings. They can be either state-funded or independent.

Types of Schools by Age Range

Prep Schools: Prep schools, short for preparatory schools, provide education for children aged 7 to 13. They prepare students for entry into senior schools and often follow the Common Entrance curriculum.

Junior School: Junior schools cater to primary-aged children, typically from ages 7 to 11, covering Key Stage 2 of the National Curriculum.

Senior School: Senior schools provide education for secondary-aged students, typically from ages 11 to 16, covering Key Stages 3 and 4 of the National Curriculum.

Additional Terms You Might Find Useful

Grammar Schools : Grammar schools are state-funded secondary schools that select students based on academic ability, usually through entrance exams known as the 11+. They typically offer a traditional academic curriculum with a focus on core subjects.

Common Entrance: Common Entrance is an exam taken by students at the end of their time in prep school, usually around age 13 (Year 8). It assesses their readiness for entry into senior schools.

Comprehensive Schools : Comprehensive schools are state-funded secondary schools that do not select students based on academic ability. They aim to provide a comprehensive education to students of all backgrounds and abilities.

Selective Schools : Selective schools are state-funded or independent schools that admit students based on academic ability or other criteria, such as religious affiliation or special talents.

Faith Schools: Faith schools are state-funded or independent schools with a religious ethos, often affiliated with a particular faith or denomination. They may prioritise religious education and have admissions criteria based on faith.

Specialist Schools: Specialist schools are state-funded secondary schools in England with a focus on a particular subject area, such as performing arts, science, or languages. They receive additional funding to develop expertise in their chosen specialism.

Frequently Asked Questions about the British Education System

The key stages include Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS), Primary Education, Secondary Education (Key Stage 3 and Key Stage 4), Post-16 Education, and Higher Education.

State-funded schools are funded and overseen by the government and follow the National Curriculum, while independent schools are privately funded and have more autonomy over their curriculum and admissions processes.

The main types of schools in the UK include state schools, which are government-funded and free to attend, independent schools, which are privately funded, and special schools, which cater to students with special educational needs.

Yes, alternative options include vocational qualifications like BTECs, apprenticeships, and adult education courses, providing diverse pathways for students of all ages and backgrounds.

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The UK education system preserves inequality – new report

• Imran Tahir

Published on 13 September 2022

Our new comprehensive study, shows that education in the UK is not tackling inequality.

• Education and skills
• Poverty, inequality and social mobility
• Social mobility

Link to read article 

The Conversation

Your education has a huge effect on your life chances. As well as being likely to lead to better wages, higher levels of education are linked with better health, wealth and  even happiness . It should be a way for children from deprived backgrounds to escape poverty.

However, our new  comprehensive study , published as part of the Institute for Fiscal Studies  Deaton Review of Inequalities , shows that education in the UK is not tackling inequality. Instead, children from poorer backgrounds do worse throughout the education system.

The report assesses existing evidence using a range of different datasets. These include national statistics published by the Department for Education on all English pupils, as well as a detailed longitudinal sample of young people from across the UK. It shows there are pervasive and entrenched inequalities in educational attainment.

Unequal success

Children from disadvantaged households tend to do worse at school. This may not be a surprising fact, but our study illustrates the magnitude of this disadvantage gap. The graph below shows that children who are eligible for free school meals (which corresponds to roughly the 15% poorest pupils) in England do significantly worse at every stage of school.

Even at the age of five, there are significant differences in achievement at school. Only 57% of children who are eligible for free school meals are assessed as having a good level of development in meeting early learning goals, compared with 74% of children from better off households. These inequalities persist through primary school, into secondary school and beyond.

Differences in educational attainment aren’t a  new phenomenon . What’s striking, though, is how the size of the disadvantage gap has remained constant over a long period of time. The graph below shows the percentage of students in England reaching key GCSE benchmarks by their eligibility for free school meals from the mid-2000s.

Over the past 15 years, the size of the gap in GCSE attainment between children from rich and poor households has barely changed. Although the total share of pupils achieving these GCSE benchmarks has increased over time, children from better-off families have been 27%-28% more likely to meet these benchmarks throughout the period.

Household income

While eligibility for free school meals is one way of analysing socio-economic inequalities, it doesn’t capture the full distribution of household income. Another way is to group young people according to their family income. The graph below shows young people grouped by decile. This means that young people are ordered based on their family’s income at age 14 and placed into ten equal groups.

The graph shows the percentage of young people in the UK obtaining five good GCSEs, and the share obtaining at least one A or A* grade at GCSE, by the decile of their family income. With every increase in their family’s wealth, children are more likely to do better at school.

More than 70% of children from the richest tenth of families earn five good GCSEs, compared with fewer than 30% in the poorest households. While just over 10% of young people in middle-earning families (and fewer than 5% of those in the poorest families) earned at least one A or A* grade at GCSE, over a third of pupils from the richest tenth of families received at least one top grade.

Inequalities into adulthood

The gaps between poor and rich children during the school years translate into huge differences in their qualifications as adults. This graph shows educational attainment ten years after GCSEs (at the age of 26) for a group of students who took their GCSE exams in 2006.

The four bars show the distribution of qualifications at age 26 separately for the entire group, people who grew up in the poorest fifth of households, those who grew up in the richest fifth of households, and those who attended private schools.

There is a strong relationship between family background and eventual educational attainment. More than half of children who grew up in the most deprived households hold qualifications of up to GCSE level or below. On the other hand, almost half of those from the richest households have graduated from university.

The gap between private school students and the most disadvantaged is even more stark. Over 70% of private school students are university graduates by the age of 26, compared with less than 20% of children from the poorest fifth of households.

Young people from better-off families do better at all levels of the education system. They start out ahead and they end up being more qualified as adults. Instead of being an engine for social mobility, the UK’s education system allows inequalities at home to turn into differences in school achievement. This means that all too often, today’s education inequalities become tomorrow’s income inequalities.

Research Economist

Imran joined the IFS in 2019 and works in the Education and Skills sector.

Comment details

Suggested citation.

Tahir, I. (2022). The UK education system preserves inequality – new report [Comment] The Conversation. Available at: https://ifs.org.uk/articles/uk-education-system-preserves-inequality-new-report (accessed: 5 September 2024).

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• DOI: 10.1515/9780691188652-005
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The United Kingdom Education System in a Comparative Context

• K. Hansen , A. Vignoles
• Published 31 December 2005
• Economics, Education, Political Science

Figures and Tables from this paper

39 Citations

Curriculum reform in the european schools: towards a 21st century vision, qualifications, knowledge and curriculum divisions: an analysis of the welsh baccalaureate advanced diploma, policy analysis has labour delivered on the policy priorities of 'education, education, education' the evidence on school standards, parental choice and staying on, the assessment: education, raising pupils' educational and occupational aspirations, education and occupational status in 14 countries: the role of educational institutions and labour market coordination., education and employment: the influences on young people’s career decision making in antigua and the uk, does the higher education expansion in the uk reduce the returns to education a comparison of returning-from-work versus fresh out-of-school graduates, the political economy of high skills: higher education inknowledge societies, the concealed middle an exploration of ordinary young people and school gcse subject area attainment, 2 references, functional literacy, educational attainment and earnings : evidence from the international adult literacy survey, education and training for development in east asia: the political economy of skill formation in newly industrialised economies, related papers.

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The Education System in England and Wales

Table of Contents

Last Updated on October 6, 2022 by

An introduction to the key features of the UK education system, including details of the Department for Education, OFSTED, key stages, exams, the National Curriculum, and some straightforward definitions of the different types of school in the UK.

I wrote this post to give students studying A-level sociology a more focused intro the topic than the Wikipedia entry on education in the UK , which IMO is a bit too formal, and not focused enough on the things people actually want to know about!

Education in the United Kingdom is overseen by the Department for Education (DfE), which oversees the delivery of education to almost 12 million pupils aged 5-18 in 21 000 state primary schools, 4100 state secondary schools, as well as hundreds of further education colleges, with a total budget of £84 billion in 2015-16.

The DFE works with a further 17 agencies or public bodies, the most well-known of which is probably OFSTED, which has the responsibility for inspecting schools on a regular basis.

There are five stages of education

School leaving age, the national curriculum.

The national curriculum is a set of subjects and standards used by primary and secondary schools so children learn the same things. It covers what subjects are taught and the standards children should reach in each subject.

Academies and private schools don’t have to follow the national curriculum. Academies must teach a broad and balanced curriculum including English, maths and science. They must also teach religious education.

Key Stages, and National Assessments/ Exams

The general certificate of secondary education (gcse).

GCSEs are the main type of exam taken by pupils at the end of secondary education, aged 16, although they may be taken at any age. From 2017, GCSEs will be graded from 9 to 1 with 9 being the highest grade, replacing the old A* to G grading system)

Most students will sit 8-10 GCSEs or BTEC equivalents.

Achieving five or more A*–C grades, including English and Maths, is often a requirement for taking A-levels and BTEC Level 3 at a sixth form college or at a further education college after leaving secondary school.

Types of State-Funded School in England and Wales

Local education authority maintained schools, (voluntary aided) faith schools.

There are two types of academy: Converter academies – those deemed to be performing well that have converted to academy status; Sponsored academies – mostly underperforming schools changing to academy status and run by sponsors).

Free Schools:

Grammar schools:, independent schools.

93% of schools in England are funded by state (ultimately paid for by the taxpayer), the remaining 7% are Independent, or private schools, funded privately by individuals, mainly by fees paid by the parents of the pupils who attend them.

Signposting

This was a brief post designed to provide some introductory material on the education system of the United Kingdom, for students studying A-level sociology.

Please click here to return to the homepage – ReviseSociology.com

Sources/ Find out More

Government Web Site – Faith Schools .

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UK Education System

The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education. Children in the UK have to legally attend primary and secondary education which runs from about 5 years old until the student is 16 years old.

The education system in the UK is also split into "key stages" which breaks down as follows:

• Key Stage 1: 5 to 7 years old
• Key Stage 2: 7 to 11 years old
• Key Stage 3: 11 to 14 years old
• Key Stage 4: 14 to 16 years old

Generally key stages 1 and 2 will be undertaken at primary school and at 11 years old a student will move onto secondary school and finish key stages 3 and 4.

Students are assessed at the end of each stage. The most important assessment occurs at age 16 when students pursue their GCSE's or General Certificate of Secondary Education. Once students complete their GCSE's they have the choice to go onto further education and then potential higher education, or finish school and go into the working world.

Our overview of the education system in the UK is divided into five main sections:

Primary Education

Primary education begins in the UK at age 5 and continues until age 11, comprising key stages one and two under the UK educational system. Please visit the British Council page for more information on primary education.

Secondary Education

From age 11 to 16, students will enter secondary school for key stages three and four and to start their move towards taking the GCSE's - learn more about secondary education in the UK and what it will involve. Primary and secondary education is mandatory in the UK; after age 16, education is optional.

Further Education

Once a student finishes secondary education they have the option to extend into further education to take their A-Levels, GNVQ's, BTEC's or other such qualifications. UK students planning to go to college or university must complete further education.

Higher Education

Probably the most important subject area on this site, this explains more about the higher education system in the UK and how it works for international students. Most international students will enter directly into the UK higher education system, after completing their home country’s equivalent to the UK’s “further education.”

Entry Requirements

Each level of education in the UK has varying requirements which must be satisfied in order to gain entry at that level - learn more about the education entry requirements for the UK.

UK Degree Online

With online programs growing in popularity, this means the availability of top-notch online programs is also on the rise. If you want to obtain a UK accredited degree without having to relocate to the United Kingdom, choosing to study online is a good option for you. Getting a UK accredited degree online allows you to fit your studies into your schedule and save money on travel costs while having access to a variety of top programs.

Please note that Scotland has a separate education system and does not conform to the above structure. Please learn more about the Scottish Education System .

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EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UK

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Here we draw on recent research and on earlier contributions on convergence and divergence across Great Britain to consider possible future trajectories for 14–19 education and training in England. We use a UK-wide lens to reflect on 14–19 strategies in England by showing how common issues can be tackled in different ways in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The article identifies what could be seen as three models of upper secondary education – Type 1 (England); Type 2 (Scotland and Wales); and Type 3 (Northern Ireland) – that have been part of the picture of divergence. We conclude that the process of divergence is likely to continue in the short-term but, in the longer term, wider political factors could produce post-devolution convergence.

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The Education System in Great Britain: An Essay

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Us and UK Education System

The education systems differ depending on different countries’ cultures, priorities and values. This essay points out the differences between the education systems in the United Kingdom and the United States. Despite having shared similarities in the funding structures, the two methods differ in evaluating and measuring students’ progression and academic performance. While both nations are dedicated to providing accessible education and have similar funding structures, there are differences in how they measure student performance, evaluate performances, and shape the general educational experience. This exploration gives a deeper understanding of what contributes to the educational landscapes between the United States and the United Kingdom.

Funding Structures

The United Kingdom and the United States have a standard institutional funding system. In both countries, public schools are funded by the government and are free for eligible students. The United Kingdom state schools are supported by the government, which mirrors the public schools in the United States since they are also funded by the government (The British Education System, 2020). In addition, both counties also offer private schools, which the student’s families fund. Private schools do not have to follow the national curriculum in the United Kingdom. Still, occasionally, they undergo inspection to ensure that they deliver the right kind of information. The funding structure gives an apparent similarity between the two education systems.

Measuring Student Progression

One notable difference between the United States and the United Kingdom is how they measure students’ progress throughout their education journey. In the United States, students begin their education with kindergarten, which is different from the United Kingdom, where schooling begins at the first critical stage. Despite the difference in when to start, both systems have a thirteen-year education span before the students proceed to the university and colleges. The difference in measurement of progression shows each country’s distinct approaches when it comes to the structure.

Evaluation and Grading System

The evaluation and grading systems for both countries diverge significantly. In the United States, students typically receive letter grades reflecting their performance on assignments and tests. In the United Kingdom, students get assigned numerical scores on a scale of one to seven depending on how well they understand the course material. Moreover, the assessment methods are different since the United Kingdom relies on comprehensive exams during the end of each key stage four. At the same time, the United States incorporates a series of tests within an academic year (Lochtie, 2018). The grading systems in both countries are different, but they have valid approaches to validating students’ academic achievements.

Cultural Influences in Education

Cultural influences highly influence the education system in both the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The United States focuses on promoting individualism and creativity within the educational environment. This is highly evident in how extracurricular activities are encouraged and the holistic approach to developing the students. On the contrary, high emphasis is given to academic performance in the United Kingdom (Machin & Vignoles, 2006). The national curriculum enhances this by placing a solid emphasis on academic achievement by outlining specific subject requirements. The cultural practices embedded in these approaches significantly contribute to the characteristics of the education system in each country.

Inclusivity and Special Education

While considering inclusivity in the education system, there are differences exhibited by both the United States and the United Kingdom. The United States’s legal framework caters to everyone, including the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. This mandates that students who have disabilities get access to free education. This is further reflected while integrating special education students into mainstream classes. On the other hand, the United Kingdom follows a model where students with special needs may attend mainstream schools. However, several special schools are also dedicated to students with special needs (Machin & Vignoles, 2006). This difference in approach is a demonstration of diverse ways in which countries address the different educational needs of students with disabilities

In conclusion, the education systems in both the United Kingdom and the United States share similarities in how they approach funding but differ in how they evaluate academic performance, cultural influences, inclusivity, and special education and measure student progression. Both nations prioritize education as a fundamental right for every student by ensuring that public schools are available to students from every social class. Even though the evaluation and grading system in each country vary in each country, all take a positive shape in their education system. In the process of exploring global education, it is essential to understand and make an improvement in educational practices.

Machin, S., & Vignoles, A. (2006).  Education Policy in the UK  (No. 57). Centre for the Economics of Education, London School of Economics and Political Science.

Lochtie, D. J. (2018). A ‘special relationship higher education? What influence might the US higher education sector have on support for international students in the UK? In  Perspectives on the Internationalisation of Higher Education  (pp. 94-101). Routledge.

“The British Education System.” HMC, 2020, www.hmc.org.uk/about-hmc/projects/the-British-Education-system/.

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How can education meet the demands of our changing world?

2 September 2024

Think pieces by Professors Arthur Chapman, Michael Young, Lynn Ang and Dominic Wyse share their insights on curriculum theory and design in “Curriculum in a Changing World,” published last week by the British Educational Research Association (BERA).

The collection features 50 essays exploring approaches to the curriculum, analysing various changes in educational methods through both a historical and contemporary lens. 

Composed by influential curriculum innovators and experts across primary, secondary and higher education in the UK, the book illustrates how education has evolved over time. It contains insights into curriculum implementation across formal and informal educational settings, such as universities, schools and colleges. 

Academics based at IOE, UCL’s Faculty of Education and Society composed pieces on the following topics: 

• Discipline and perish? Knowing and the aims of school history - Arthur Chapman 
• The curriculum and the question of knowledge - Michael Young 
• Tackling inequality in education and the early years especially for the most disadvantaged children - Lynn Ang 
• National curricula and the use and misuse of research evidence - Dominic Wyse 

Other essays explore issues of equality, diversity and inclusion; government policies; teacher education; and what curriculum design could look like in the future amidst the rise of technological and environmental change. 

The book aims to provide valuable insights for educators, policymakers and researchers, and all those interested in education policy and design. 

It was published to mark BERA’s 50th anniversary and celebrate the study of theoretical, innovative and practical elements of curriculum.

• Curriculum in a Changing World
• Professor Arthur Chapman’s research profile
• Professor Michael Young’s research profile
• Professor Lynn Ang’s research profile
• Professor Dominic Wyse’s research profile

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Why American Families Should Reconsider UK Higher Education: A Personal Journey and Expert Insight

Most American families have only a vague knowledge of UK higher education and the opportunities it provides. There are a few familiar brand names (e.g., Oxford), but in-depth knowledge of UK higher education is often for those attending international schools or with some immediate family connection back to Europe. It is, therefore, never seriously considered as an option for US families. This is totally normal.

I’m here to tell you why you should seriously think about the UK option, but first, a little about me.

About me– I was born in 1981, and that was a great time to be born. My Northern Irish father grew up in much tougher times but used to talk in such glowing terms about the US throughout my childhood. He would tell me stories about Muhammad Ali, giant steaks, the Grand Canyon, and 18-wheelers. Growing up in the 80s and 90s, ‘America’ was always the ultimate.

Fast-forward to 2023, and I’ve been lucky enough to spend the last 12 years working across the US, visiting 26 states, and meeting thousands of genuinely lovely people. I genuinely admire what America symbolizes and stands for and love the time I’m able to spend visiting. But America has its problems, including within its higher education system.

Why Investigate UK Options? 

I attended the annual NACAC Conference in Baltimore in September 2023, and the US Secretary of Education, Dr. Miguel Cardona was interviewed at one point he said:

‘A college degree [in the US] translates to a lifetime of debt’

Doesn’t that seem wrong? I ask you:

• Should Higher Education come at such an exorbitantly high price?
• Seriously…. 'a lifetime of debt,’ why does it cost so much?
• For something so expensive, why is the admissions system so complex?

Now, if there is one thing I know about Americans, it’s that they are financially savvy and understand a good investment when they see one. The UK is such an investment and here is why:

• World Class Education —The UK is home to world-leading universities with internationally recognized degree programs, and there is very strong evidence to support the fact that the UK’s research-led teaching style is more effective than a testing-based style.
• Academic Experience —We don’t use TAs in the UK, have smaller class sizes, have better access to professors and other academics, and you have the opportunity to gain international work experience.
• Completion Rates —On average, there are around 90%, and with focused degree programs and students unable to transfer credits, it is very rare for a student not to graduate within the allotted time, saving you any additional tuition.
• It’s Cheaper!— The UK offers much cheaper tuition, three-year degree programs (exactly the same standard and level as US degree programs, just no Gen Ed), and students will graduate on time, as we don’t allow students to delay credits. On average, most US families save around $100,000 coming to the UK.
• Transparent Admissions Criteria— No early action, no early decision, no demonstrated interest, no class rankings, virtually no decisions based upon random essays (just a few universities, e.g., Oxbridge), no quotas.  We only look at your academic testing, and if it meets our requirements, the acceptance rate is often 100% for almost all programs (assuming you apply on time, etc). I.e. We want good students, we’re not looking for reasons to reject.
• Housing and Safety— You get your own room on a floor with other students, so you still get the social element. All bills and taxes are included, and international students get first choice over UK students! UK campuses are also extremely safe, and students get access to our free healthcare! Don’t believe what you hear; it's outstanding!
• A Brilliant Opportunity for Your Children to Grow and Develop— Do you dream of making a great impact in the USA? Then leave it. Go somewhere different, but that also speaks English. You only know what you know and one will truly come to understand one’s own country from the outside looking in. But whilst doing that, you will develop confidence, independence, resilience, and resourcefulness – all attributes that many major US corporations say are lacking in graduates!
• The Adventure of a Lifetime— Admission to UK Universities is based on academics, resulting in less natural division among students. With international students often making up 20-30% of a university’s cohort it is easy to make friends from all over the world. Students in the UK also take long vacations, and many international students use this opportunity to explore the history and heritage of the UK and Europe. Major cities like Rome, Paris, and Barcelona are all just a few hour's flight away, and flights can often be purchased for less than $100.

Misconceptions

• Only the wealthiest can afford UK education and this lifechanging experience - FALSE
• Only those students with the very best academic scores can attend the UK - FALSE
• Only those who know exactly what they want to study can come to the UK - FALSE

So for those willing to explore, amazing opportunities are available for you in the UK. You’ll graduate faster, save significant money, and make international friendships and connections that will last a lifetime. You get to travel and explore the beautiful UK and Europe before you settle down and begin your career. Take it from me, a 42-year-old Dad trying to raise a four-year-old and run a business; these opportunities don’t come around often in life.

To find out more, watch the video called ‘Why Not You’ on my homepage and then complete the free referral form below (60 seconds to change your life!) Please also feel free to reach out to me directly at [email protected] .

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Home education: why are so many parents choosing it over mainstream school?

Education Research Assistant and PhD Candidate, Anglia Ruskin University

Disclosure statement

Lucie Wheeler does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Anglia Ruskin University (ARU) provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK.

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There has been a notable rise in parents choosing to home educate their children over recent years, and particularly since the COVID pandemic.

Elective home education – carrying out a child’s education at home, outside the school system – is a legal right in the UK .

The number of families home educating is not known. There is no legal requirement to register with a local authority in England, nor is there any other register for parents choosing to home educate. This means relying on data from organisations carrying out research to gain an idea of these numbers.

The Association of Directors of Children’s Services reported that there were around 81,200 children receiving home education in England in 2021. Charity Education Otherwise reported a similar number of 83,974 in April 2021.

More recently, the Department for Education has begun conducting its own research on home education, from data reported by local authorities. It found that in January 2023, around 86,200 children were being home educated in England – and that this had risen to around 92,000 in autumn 2023.

Ways of home schooling

There are several routes that families take when choosing an educational pathway for their children.

If a child in England is already at mainstream school when their family decides to home educate, the parents must de-register their child before beginning home education. To do so parents need to send a letter of de-registration, requesting the school to remove the child from their roll.

In Scotland, a parent needs the local council’s permission to withdraw their child from school.

If a child is not at school and has not been entered into the schooling system, there is no requirement to alert the local authority and they can simply continue to educate how they want.

Some parents may choose a combination of school and home education. This is known as flexi-schooling : the child attends school part time and learns at home part time. However, this is not a right and in England, requires the agreement of the school’s headteacher.

Other educational options available to families when their children are struggling in the mainstream system include “education other than at school”. In this case, the school remains responsible for the child’s education but it is provided either at home or within a specialist provision, such as a special school.

Alternatively, a child may be educated in alternate provision . In England, this might be in a Pupil Referral Unit. This is a type of school that caters for children who are unable to attend mainstream school. This could be for a range of reasons such as illness, behavioural difficulties or neurodiverse learning styles.

Choosing home education

There are many reasons parents choose to home educate their child.

There are those who reject the mainstream way of educating and opt for a more “unconventional” approach. The parents want to focus on nurturing their children and want to be at home learning with them.

Some families talk of being unhappy with the school curriculum . They choose to home educate so they can teach the curriculum they wish and give their child or children a personalised education .

Families may choose home education because it fits best with their own lifestyle. Work and life commitments can dictate how the children learn and some families choose to do it while travelling, which is known as roadschooling or worldschooling .

Some families feel they do not have a choice but to home educate. They have been termed in some research as “last resort” home educators.

Their child might have special educational needs or disabilities that their school is unable to meet adequately. Their child might be being bullied at school, or they might be highly gifted, meaning that they or their parents feel the school curriculum isn’t suitable for them. Some young people may refuse to attend school due to overwhelming anxiety or what is known as “emotionally based school avoidance” .

A study that explored why parents in the UK chose to home educate found the most common reasons were that parents were disappointed with the education and schools (31%); they had always planned and had the intention to home educate (30%); their child was being bullied (25%) or the child was sick, exhausted or depressed (24%).

Social media – whether through homeschooling families’ Instagram accounts or sites such as the Not Fine in School Facebook page, where parents discuss the challenges their children face in mainstream education – has played a powerful role in expanding knowledge of home education. More parents may be making this choice because they know it is an option available to them.

The challenge is to ensure adequate support is in place for the children who may want to remain in school but feel they cannot, as well as for those whose families wish to take this route.

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Blog The Education Hub

https://educationhub.blog.gov.uk/2024/09/02/removal-ofsted-single-word-judgements-schools/

Removal of Ofsted single word judgements: what it means for schools and parents

Schools in England will no longer receive Ofsted single headline grades, also known as single word judgements, from today.

This is the first step towards delivering a better accountability system which will see School Report Cards introduced from September 2025, which will provide parents with a complete picture of how schools are performing.

We explain more below, including on how parents can compare schools in the meantime.

Why are we removing single headline grades?

We know that one word judgements aren’t working for parents or schools.

Ofsted research found fewer than four in 10 parents, and only 29% of teachers, support one-word judgements.

We want parents to have access to a much more complete picture of how schools are performing, well beyond a single word.

We also want higher standards in schools, and report cards are an important step towards achieving that because they will hold schools to account across a broader range of measures.

That’s why we are removing single headline grades with immediate effect for all state schools moving forward.

How will parents know which schools are performing well?

Schools that have an existing grade will keep it until their next inspection.

Schools that are then inspected this year will receive a rating in the four existing subcategories: quality of education, behaviour and attitudes, personal development and leadership & management.

Ofsted inspection reports already contain these subcategories, so parents will be able to compare schools by looking at how they perform in each of these areas.

What happens if your child’s school currently has an ‘inadequate’ or ‘requires improvement’ judgement’?

We will continue to intervene in poorly performing schools to ensure high school standards for children.

Schools that are classed as 'inadequate' will remain subject to structural change to their leadership and management.

For schools that 'require improvement', we are changing and improving how we intervene and we will be introducing new regional improvement teams to offer targeted support, addressing the areas where schools need to improve.

In some of these schools there may be plans to change the leadership and management of the school by converting it to an academy or transferring to a different academy trust.

Our previous policy was that if a school had two ‘requires improvement’ judgements we may change the management.

If plans to do this were due to happen this term, they will go ahead, but in the future for schools in this category, we think it's better and less disruptive to offer support to improve from another high performing school to drive improvement.

What will School Report Cards look like?

Report cards will provide parents with a more complete picture of how schools are performing. The content of the report cards will be developed over the coming months.

We will work with Ofsted, parents and the education sector to ensure the new report card is as clear and transparent as possible.

Are single headline grades being removed for early years and colleges too?

Early years provision in state schools and academies for children aged 2 and above, and Maintained Nursery Schools, will be included in the removal of headline grades for schools.

All other Early Years settings will continue to receive headline grades.

We are committed to removing headline grades for other settings inspected by Ofsted, including independent schools, early years settings, colleges, children’s social care providers, and initial teacher training.

We will be working hard over the next year with students, families and educators across these areas to ensure alternative reporting arrangements provide a clear picture of how education providers are performing.

We’re working closely with Ofsted and the sector to make sure it happens smoothly.

You may also be interested in:

• Letter to the education workforce from Education Secretary Bridget Phillipson
• What is the national curriculum and why is it being reviewed?
• Speaking to children and young people about violent disorder and the Southport attack

Tags: Ofsted , Ofsted grading , Ofsted grading system , Ofsted inspections , Ofsted reform , Ofsted school report cards , Ofsted single word judgements

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