synopsis for phd in organic chemistry

PhD Program

Professor Wender discusses chemistry with his graduate students.

Doctoral study in chemistry at Stanford University prepares students for research and teaching careers with diverse emphases in basic, life, medical, physical, energy, materials, and environmental sciences.

The Department of Chemistry offers opportunities for graduate study spanning contemporary subfields, including theoretical, organic, inorganic, physical, biophysical and biomedical chemistry and more. Much of the research defies easy classification along traditional divisions; cross-disciplinary collaborations with Stanford's many vibrant research departments and institutes is among factors distinguishing this world-class graduate program.

The Department of Chemistry is committed to providing academic advising in support of graduate student scholarly and professional development.  This advising relationship entails collaborative and sustained engagement with mutual respect by both the adviser and advisee.

• The adviser is expected to meet at least monthly with the graduate student to discuss on-going research.
• There should be a yearly independent development plan (IDP) meeting between the graduate student and adviser. Topics include research progress, expectations for completion of PhD, areas for both the student and adviser to improve in their joint research effort.
• A research adviser should provide timely feedback on manuscripts and thesis chapters.
• Graduate students are active contributors to the advising relationship, proactively seeking academic and professional guidance and taking responsibility for informing themselves of policies and degree requirements for their graduate program.
• If there is a significant issue concerning the graduate student’s progress in research, the adviser must communicate this to the student and to the Graduate Studies Committee in writing.  This feedback should include the issues, what needs to be done to overcome these issues and by when.

Academic advising by Stanford faculty is a critical component of all graduate students' education and additional resources can be found in the  Policies and Best Practices for Advising Relationships at Stanford  and the  Guidelines for Faculty-Student Advising at Stanford .

Learn more about the program through the links below, and by exploring the research interests of the  Chemistry Faculty  and  Courtesy Faculty .

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Digital Commons @ USF > College of Arts and Sciences > Chemistry > Theses and Dissertations

Chemistry Theses and Dissertations

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

aPKCs role in Neuroblastoma cell signaling cascades and Implications of aPKCs inhibitors as potential therapeutics , Sloan Breedy

Protein Folding Kinetics Analysis Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy , Dhanya Dhananjayan

Affordances and Limitations of Molecular Representations in General and Organic Chemistry , Ayesha Farheen

Institutional and Individual Approaches to Change in Undergraduate STEM Education: Two Framework Analyses , Stephanie B. Feola

Applications in Opioid Analysis with FAIMS Through Control of Vapor Phase Solvent Modifiers , Nathan Grimes

Synthesis, Characterization, and Separation of Loaded Liposomes for Drug Delivery , Sandra Khalife

Supramolecular Architectures Generated by Self-assembly of Guanosine and Isoguanosine Derivatives , Mengjia Liu

Syntheses, Photophysics, & Application of Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Frameworks , Zachary L. Magnuson

Chemical Analysis of Metabolites from Mangrove Endophytic Fungus , Sefat E Munjerin

Synthesis of Small Molecule Modulators of Non-Traditional Drug Targets , Jamie Nunziata

Synthetic Studies of Potential New Ketogenic Molecules , Mohammad Nazmus Sakib

Coupling Chemical and Genomic Data of Marine Sediment-Associated Bacteria for Metabolite Profiling , Stephanie P. Suarez

Enhanced Methods in Forensic Mass Spectrometry for Targeted and Untargeted Drug Analysis , Dina M. Swanson

Investigation of Challenging Transformations in Gold Catalysis , Qi Tang

Diazirines and Oxaziridines as Nitrogen Transfer Reagents in Drug Discovery , Khalilia C. Tillett

Developing New Strategy toward Ruthenium and Gold Redox Catalysis , Chenhuan Wang

Gold-Catalyzed Diyne-ene Cyclization: Synthesis of Hetero Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and 1,2-Dihydropyridines , Jingwen Wei

Development of Antiviral Peptidomimetics , Songyi Xue

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Investigating a Potential STING Modulator , Jaret J. Crews

Exploring the Structure and Activity of Metallo-Tetracyclines , Shahedul Islam

Metabolomic Analysis, Identification and Antimicrobial Assay of Two Mangrove Endophytes , Stephen Thompson

Bioactivity of Suberitenones A and B , Jared G. Waters

Developing Efficient Transition Metal Catalyzed C-C & C-X Bond Construction , Chiyu Wei

Measurement in Chemistry, Mathematics, and Physics Education: Student Explanations of Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms and Instructional Practices in Introductory Courses , Brandon J. Yik

Study on New Reactivity of Vinyl Gold and Its Sequential Transformations , Teng Yuan

Study on New Strategy toward Gold(I/III) Redox Catalysis , Shuyao Zhang

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

Design, Synthesis and Testing of Bioactive Peptidomimetics , Sami Abdulkadir

Synthesis of Small Molecules for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Elena Bray

Social Constructivism in Chemistry Peer Leaders and Organic Chemistry Students , Aaron M. Clark

Synthesizing Laccol Based Polymers/Copolymers and Polyurethanes; Characterization and Their Applications , Imalka Marasinghe Arachchilage

The Photophysical Studies of Transition Metal Polyimines Encapsulated in Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF’s) , Jacob M. Mayers

Light Harvesting in Photoactive Guest-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks , Christopher R. McKeithan

Using Quantitative Methods to Investigate Student Attitudes Toward Chemistry: Women of Color Deserve the Spotlight , Guizella A. Rocabado Delgadillo

Simulations of H2 Sorption in Metal-Organic Frameworks , Shanelle Suepaul

Parallel Computation of Feynman Path Integrals and Many-Body Polarization with Application to Metal-Organic Materials , Brant H. Tudor

The Development of Bioactive Peptidomimetics Based on γ-AApeptides , Minghui Wang

Investigation of Immobilized Enzymes in Confined Environment of Mesoporous Host Matrices , Xiaoliang Wang

Novel Synthetic Ketogenic Compounds , Michael Scott Williams

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

Biosynthetic Gene Clusters, Microbiomes, and Secondary Metabolites in Cold Water Marine Organisms , Nicole Elizabeth Avalon

Differential Mobility Spectrometry-Mass spectrometry (DMS-MS) for Forensic and Nuclear-Forensic applications , Ifeoluwa Ayodeji

Conversion from Metal Oxide to MOF Thin Films as a Platform of Chemical Sensing , Meng Chen

Asking Why : Analyzing Students' Explanations of Organic Chemistry Reaction Mechanisms using Lexical Analysis and Predictive Logistic Regression Models , Amber J. Dood

Development of Next-Generation, Fast, Accurate, Transferable, and Polarizable Force-fields for Heterogenous Material Simulations , Adam E. Hogan

Breakthroughs in Obtaining QM/MM Free Energies , Phillip S. Hudson

New Synthetic Methodology Using Base-Assisted Diazonium Salts Activation and Gold Redox Catalysis , Abiola Azeez Jimoh

Development and Application of Computational Models for Biochemical Systems , Fiona L. Kearns

Analyzing the Retention of Knowledge Among General Chemistry Students , James T. Kingsepp

A Chemical Investigation of Three Antarctic Tunicates of the Genus Synoicum , Sofia Kokkaliari

Construction of Giant 2D and 3D Metallo-Supramolecules Based on Pyrylium Salts Chemistry , Yiming Li

Assessing Many-Body van der Waals Contributions in Model Sorption Environments , Matthew K. Mostrom

Advancing Equity Amongst General Chemistry Students with Variable Preparations in Mathematics , Vanessa R. Ralph

Sustainable Non-Noble Metal based Catalysts for High Performance Oxygen Electrocatalysis , Swetha Ramani

The Role of aPKCs and aPKC Inhibitors in Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Breast and Ovarian Cancer , Tracess B. Smalley

Development of Ultrasonic-based Ambient Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry , Linxia Song

Covalent Organic Frameworks as an Organic Scaffold for Heterogeneous Catalysis including C-H Activation , Harsh Vardhan

Optimization of a Digital Ion Trap to Perform Isotope Ratio Analysis of Xenon for Planetary Studies , Timothy Vazquez

Multifunctional Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) For Applications in Sustainability , Gaurav Verma

Design, Synthesis of Axial Chiral Triazole , Jing Wang

The Development of AApeptides , Lulu Wei

Chemical Investigation of Floridian Mangrove Endophytes and Antarctic Marine Organisms , Bingjie Yang

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

An Insight into the Biological Functions, the Molecular Mechanism and the Nature of Interactions of a Set of Biologically Important Proteins. , Adam A. Aboalroub

Functional Porous Materials: Applications for Environmental Sustainability , Briana Amaris Aguila

Biomimetic Light Harvesting in Metalloporphyrins Encapsulated/Incorporated within Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs). , Abdulaziz A. Alanazi

Design and Synthesis of Novel Agents for the Treatment of Tropical Diseases , Linda Corrinne Barbeto

Effect of Atypical protein kinase C inhibitor (DNDA) on Cell Proliferation and Migration of Lung Cancer Cells , Raja Reddy Bommareddy

The Activity and Structure of Cu2+ -Biomolecules in Disease and Disease Treatment , Darrell Cole Cerrato

Simulation and Software Development to Understand Interactions of Guest Molecules inPorous Materials , Douglas M. Franz

Construction of G-quadruplexes via Self-assembly: Enhanced Stability and Unique Properties , Ying He

The Role of Atypical Protein Kinase C in Colorectal Cancer Cells Carcinogenesis , S M Anisul Islam

Chemical Tools and Treatments for Neurological Disorders and Infectious Diseases , Andrea Lemus

Antarctic Deep Sea Coral and Tropical Fungal Endophyte: Novel Chemistry for Drug Discovery , Anne-Claire D. Limon

Constituent Partitioning Consensus Docking Models and Application in Drug Discovery , Rainer Metcalf

An Investigation into the Heterogeneity of Insect Arylalkylamine N -Acyltransferases , Brian G. O'Flynn

Evaluating the Evidence Base for Evidence-Based Instructional Practices in Chemistry through Meta-Analysis , Md Tawabur Rahman

Role of Oncogenic Protein Kinase C-iota in Melanoma Progression; A Study Based on Atypical Protein Kinase-C Inhibitors , Wishrawana Sarathi Bandara Ratnayake

Formulation to Application: Thermomechanical Characterization of Flexible Polyimides and The Improvement of Their Properties Via Chain Interaction , Alejandro Rivera Nicholls

The Chemical Ecology and Drug Discovery Potential of the Antarctic Red Alga Plocamium cartilagineum and the Antarctic Sponge Dendrilla membranosa , Andrew Jason Shilling

Synthesis, Discovery and Delivery of Therapeutic Natural Products and Analogs , Zachary P. Shultz

Development of α-AA peptides as Peptidomimetics for Antimicrobial Therapeutics and The Discovery of Nanostructures , Sylvia E. Singh

Self-Assembly of 2D and 3D Metallo-Supramolecules with Increasing Complexity , Bo Song

The Potential of Marine Microbes, Flora and Fauna in Drug Discovery , Santana Alexa Lavonia Thomas

Design, Synthesis, and Self-Assembly of Supramolecular Fractals Based on Terpyridine with Different Transition Metal Ions , Lei Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

Fatty Acid Amides and Their Biosynthetic Enzymes Found in Insect Model Systems , Ryan L. Anderson

Interrogation of Protein Function with Peptidomimetics , Olapeju Bolarinwa

Characterization of Nylon-12 in a Novel Additive Manufacturing Technology, and the Rheological and Spectroscopic Analysis of PEG-Starch Matrix Interactions , Garrett Michael Craft

Synthesis of Novel Agents for the treatment of Infectious and Neurodegenerative diseases , Benjamin Joe Eduful

Survey research in postsecondary chemistry education: Measurements of faculty members’ instructional practice and students’ affect , Rebecca E. Gibbons

Design, Synthesis, Application of Biodegradable Polymers , Mussie Gide

Conformational Fluctuations of Biomolecules Studied Using Molecular Dynamics and Enhanced Sampling , Geoffrey M. Gray

Analysis and New Applications of Metal Organic Frameworks (MOF): Thermal Conductivity of a Perovskite-type MOF and Incorporation of a Lewis Pair into a MOF. , Wilarachchige D C B Gunatilleke

Chemical Investigation of Bioactive Marine Extracts , Selam Hagos

Optimizing Peptide Fractionation to Maximize Content in Cancer Proteomics , Victoria Izumi

Germania-based Sol-gel Coatings and Core-shell Particles in Chromatographic Separations , Chengliang Jiang

Synthesis, Modification, Characterization and Processing of Molded and Electrospun Thermoplastic Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites , Tamalia Julien

Studies Aimed at the Synthesis of Anti-Infective Agents , Ankush Kanwar

From Florida to Antarctica: Dereplication Strategies and Chemical Investigations of Marine Organisms , Matthew A. Knestrick

Sorbent Enrichment Performance of Aromatic Compounds from Diluted Liquid Solution , Le Meng

Development of Bioactive Peptidomimetics , Fengyu She

Azamacrocyclic-based Frameworks: Syntheses and Characterizations , Chavis Andrew Stackhouse

Structure-based Design, Synthesis and Applications of a New Class of Peptidomimetics: 'Y -AA Peptides and Their Derivatives , Ma Su

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Discover more about postgraduate research

PhD Organic Chemistry

Year of entry: 2024

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The standard academic entry requirement for this PhD is an upper second-class (2:1) honours degree in a discipline directly relevant to the PhD (or international equivalent) OR any upper-second class (2:1) honours degree and a Master’s degree at merit in a discipline directly relevant to the PhD (or international equivalent).

Other combinations of qualifications and research or work experience may also be considered. Please contact the admissions team to check.

Full entry requirements

Apply online

In your application you’ll need to include:

• The name of this programme
• Your research project title (i.e. the advertised project name or proposed project name)or area of research
• Your proposed supervisor’s name
• If you already have funding or you wish to be considered for any of the available funding
• A supporting statement (see 'Advice to Applicants' for what to include)
• Details of your previous university level study
• Names and contact details of your two referees.

Find out how this programme aligns to the UN Sustainable Development Goals , including learning which relates to:

Goal 3: Good health and well-being

Goal 11: sustainable cities and communities, goal 12: responsible consumption and production, goal 15: life on land, programme options, programme description.

The Department of Chemistry offers research opportunities and projects in a wide range of research themes including biological chemistry and organic synthesis, computational and theoretical chemistry, materials chemistry, magnetic resonance and structural chemistry, radiochemistry and environmental chemistry, nanoscience, biochemistry, bioinformatics, biotechnology, genetics, gene expression, molecular biology, microbiology, structural biology, neuroscience, pharmacology, toxicology and biomolecular sciences.

The department boasts state-of-the-art facilties including new laboratories and equipment, and first-rate spectroscopic services support with each researcher supported by at least one supervisor and an advisor with pastoral responsibility.

For entry in the academic year beginning September 2024, the tuition fees are as follows:

• PhD (full-time) UK students (per annum): Band A £4,786; Band B £7,000; Band C £10,000; Band D £14,500; Band E £24,500 International, including EU, students (per annum): Band A £28,000; Band B £30,000; Band C £35,500; Band D £43,000; Band E £57,000
• PhD (part-time) UK students (per annum): Band A £2393; Band B £3,500; Band C £5,000; Band D £7,250; Band E 12,250 International, including EU, students (per annum): Band A £14,000; Band B £15,000; Band C £17,750; Band D £21,500; Band E £28,500

Further information for EU students can be found on our dedicated EU page.

The programme fee will vary depending on the cost of running the project. Fees quoted are fully inclusive and, therefore, you will not be required to pay any additional bench fees or administration costs.

All fees for entry will be subject to yearly review and incremental rises per annum are also likely over the duration of the course for Home students (fees are typically fixed for International students, for the course duration at the year of entry). For general fees information please visit the postgraduate fees page .

Always contact the Admissions team if you are unsure which fees apply to your project.

Scholarships/sponsorships

There are a range of scholarships, studentships and awards at university, faculty and department level to support both UK and overseas postgraduate researchers.

To be considered for many of our scholarships, you’ll need to be nominated by your proposed supervisor. Therefore, we’d highly recommend you discuss potential sources of funding with your supervisor first, so they can advise on your suitability and make sure you meet nomination deadlines.

For more information about our scholarships, visit our funding page or use our funding database to search for scholarships, studentships and awards you may be eligible for.

UN Sustainable Development Goals

The 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are the world's call to action on the most pressing challenges facing humanity. At The University of Manchester, we address the SDGs through our research and particularly in partnership with our students.

Led by our innovative research, our teaching ensures that all our graduates are empowered, inspired and equipped to address the key socio-political and environmental challenges facing the world.

To illustrate how our teaching will empower you as a change maker, we've highlighted the key SDGs that our programmes address.

Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages

Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable

Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss

Contact details

Our internationally-renowned expertise across the School of Natural Sciences informs research led teaching with strong collaboration across disciplines, unlocking new and exciting fields and translating science into reality.  Our multidisciplinary learning and research activities advance the boundaries of science for the wider benefit of society, inspiring students to promote positive change through educating future leaders in the true fundamentals of science. Find out more about Science and Engineering at Manchester .

Programmes in related subject areas

Use the links below to view lists of programmes in related subject areas.

Entry requirements

Academic entry qualification overview, english language.

All applicants will need to demonstrate competency in English language.

Applicants who do not already possess an acceptable English Language qualification will need to take a recognised test and attain a minimum IELTS 6.5 overall with a minimum of 6 in writing and listening, and 5.5. in all other sub-tests.

TOEFL iBT:  At least 90 overall with no subtest below 20. We do not accept 'MyBestScore'.

Pearson Test of English (PTE): At least 70 overall with no subtest below 59. Further information on language requirements can be found on our website. 

Pre-sessional English: We also accept successful completion of a pre-sessional English course run by the University Language Centre to meet our English language requirements.

English language test validity

Other international entry requirements, application and selection, how to apply, advice to applicants.

• Identified the specific research project, CDT or dual-award you'd like to apply for or, if you already have funding, determined your own research project and title and discussed this with a supervisor.
• Contacted the project supervisor and spoken to them about your suitability for the project.  
• Browsed funding you are eligible for and discussed this with your supervisor, if you don't already have your own funding. 
• Supporting statement: A one or two page statement outlining your motivation to pursue postgraduate research, the area(s) of research you’re interested in, why you want to undertake postgraduate research at Manchester, any relevant research or work experience, the key findings of your previous research experience, and techniques and skills you’ve developed.
• Certificates and transcripts: Certificates and final transcripts of any completed university-level qualifications and interim transcripts for qualifications in progress. If your transcripts are in a language other than English, you must provide an official English translation. If your current weighted average mark or GPA is not included on these documents, please also include an official document from your university verifying this information.
• CV: Summarising your academic record and highlighting experience that demonstrates your potential to conduct research.
• English language proof: A certificate or evidence demonstrating your English language ability and proficiency. Applications can be considered without this evidence but any offer would be conditional on meeting minimum requirements.  
• Referees: Names and contact details of two academic referees who we can get in contact with and will support your application.

Interview requirements

It is normally possible to defer entry to another entry point within the academic year, with the approval of your supervisory team and funder (if applicable).

You can request a deferral by contacting the Doctoral Academy Admissions Team by emailing [email protected] .  If you request deferral for entry in a subsequent academic year you may be required to re-apply.

Programme details

Additional programme information.

Equality, diversity and inclusion is fundamental to the success of The University of Manchester, and is at the heart of all of our activities.

We know that diversity strengthens our research community, leading to enhanced research creativity, productivity and quality, and societal and economic impact.

We actively encourage applicants from diverse career paths and backgrounds and from all sections of the community, regardless of age, disability, ethnicity, gender, gender expression, sexual orientation and transgender status.

We also support applications from those returning from a career break or other roles.

We consider offering flexible study arrangements (including part-time: 50%, 60% or 80%, depending on the project/funder), carer support funds for conferences, and peer support networks for parents and carers.

All appointments are made on merit.  The University of Manchester and our external partners are fully committed to equality, diversity and inclusion.

Scholarships and bursaries

In the Department of Chemistry we offer a range of scholarships, studentships and awards to support UK and overseas postgraduate researchers.

Funding is also available at university and faculty level and can be viewed on our funding page . Alternatively, you can use our funding database to find scholarships, studentships and awards you may be eligible for.

We'd recommend you discuss potential sources of funding with your supervisor before applying. They can advise what funding may be available to you, and ensure you meet nomination and application deadlines.

The Department has outstanding facilities to support both research and teaching.

It houses analytical tools to support chemistry-centric research and includes 11 high-resolution liquid NMR spectrometers and 1 solid state.  X-ray crystallography is supported by one of the best-performing single crystal instruments in the world which approaches synchrotron level capability and is complemented with 3 other instruments and 1 powder XRD and 1 SAXS instrument. A suite of mass spectrometers including High/Low res capability, MALDI, GC-MS and HPLC/UPLC’s are available. Micro Analysis is also available providing ICP, CHNS.

The facilities are part of the faculty analytical platforms which provide researchers access to all analytical techniques available within The University of Manchester Faculty of Science and Engineering.  This currently has over 1600 bookable instruments.

Disability support

Career opportunities.

Original Research Proposal – Organic

General layout for 4th year orp.

Overview . The goal of the ORP is to have students come up with an independent research proposal. Your ORP should focus on a big picture problem in chemistry. You should pull from multiple areas outside of your area of expertise (synthesis, catalysis, electrochemistry, photochemistry, chemical biology, polymer/materials) to address a contemporary and unsolved problem . Each specific aim should be independent on each other (this will be one of the metrics we will use to assess the ORP). The scope of the project should be that of a postdoctoral fellowship – something that can be accomplished in 2-3 years by one postdoc.

Specific Aims PreORP . You must first submit a one-page, single spaced description of the Specific Aims of your proposal (see formatting requirements below). Consider it an executive summary of your planned proposal. It should include significance (how it fits into the broader field and how it advances the field), innovation, and summary of research plan broken up into 2-3 specific aims. The aims should all focus on solving the problem you laid out, but should be independent of each other (e.g. if Aim 1 fails, Aim 2 is still feasible). This must be approved before writing the full proposal.

An excellent guide for writing specific aims can be found here .

ORP. Once your Specific Aims are approved, you must submit a max 12 page double spaced proposal (see formatting requirements below). It should contain the following sections: Significance, Innovation, and Research Plan. The research plan should be broken up into each of your specific aims, and should describe how you will accomplish them. At the end of each specific aim, you should describe potential problems and how you will address them. Include a concluding paragraph indicating what will be accomplished if the proposal is successful.

Formatting requirements : Times New Roman, Arial, or Helvetica. Font size 11 pt. Margins 1 in. Font color: black. Total length of document: Maximum 1 page single spaced for Specific Aims PreORP; 15 pages max double spaced for ORP. Alignment – Justify (i.e. straight edges like in journal articles). Figures should help to communicate the ideas in the proposal. Use ACS 1996 Template in Chemdraw.

Saving Files

For the ORP document: Last Name_ORP Year For the ORP Prep Proposal: Last Name_PreORP Year For the ORP Resubmission: Last Name_ORP Year_Resubmit#

Example: WilkersonHill_ORP2020 for the first draft  and WilkersonHill_ORP2020_Resubmit2 for the resubmit

4th year ORP Grading Rubric

Each proposal is reviewed by two faculty members who are not the student’s advisor. Anonymized feedback is returned to students within two months of submission. Proposals are graded Pass or Fail. A failed proposal may be revised and resubmitted up to one month after student notification.

Student name:

Proposal title:

Overall Impact

Reviewers will provide an overall impact score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a sustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in consideration of the following three scored review criteria.

Scored Review Criteria

Reviewers will consider each of the three review criteria below in the determination of scientific and technical merit, and give a separate score for each.

Final Ranking

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VIBHA BHAGAT PHD SYNOPSIS

Related Papers

Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry

Ahmed El-Agrody

Several derivatives of coumarin-3N-carboxamides (3-21) have been prepared via the reaction of the coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride (1) with a number of nucleophiles. Novel double-headed coumarin-3N-carboxamides (26-33) were also produced using the same method. The Pechmann-Duisberg reaction was applied to prepare new benzo[f]- benzo[h]coumarins and 4-(chloromethyl)-pyrano[3,2-c]coumarin-2-one (36-42). The reaction of 1-chloromethylbenzo[f]coumarins (36) with cyanide anion under different reaction conditions was also investigated in order to assess its suitability for nucleophilic substitution reactions as well as ring transformation products (43-49). Synthesis of 1-((benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-9-hydroxybenzo[f]coumarin (50) represented the first example of methylene bridge-head heterocyclecontaining benzo[f]coumarin. Some of the newly prepared coumarins exhibited anti-bacterial activity against Gram Positive and Gram negative bacteria. Compound 36d was found to be active against all the screened bacteria. Photophysical studies were performed on selected fluorescent benzo[f]- and benzo[h]coumarin and the quantum yields were also calculated. All new compounds were characterized by IR, MS, 1H and 13C NMR, as well as elemental analysis.

Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry

Naceur Hamdi

IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry

Chemistry Department

Asish Ranjan Das

Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India E-mail : ardchem@caluniv .ac. in, [email protected] Manuscript received 13 September 2011, accepted 16 December 2011 A new series of coumarin based metal ion sensors have been prepared devising a green protocol involving ethyl-(L)-lactate as a polar solvent. These compounds either selectively bind with specific transitional metal ions or form complexes with specific photophysical character when subjected to absorption spectroscopy. The derived Schiff's bases quantitatively bind with metal ions to form 1 : 1 complexes making them a useful tool for qualitative estimation of metal ions in biological as well as organic systems.

Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds

Rohit Bhatia

Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology and Research, (Deemed to be University)

Dr. B. Srinivas

Heterocyclic compounds are highly important class of organic compounds due to large number of applications such as pharmaceutical, biological, agrochemical, industrial, biotechnology, and material chemistry. In fact, the major pharmaceuticals, biologically active and agrochemicals are heterocyclic compounds. Large and variety of heterocyclic compounds are reported in the literature so far. The importance due to the design and the synthesis of heterocyclic chemistry is increasing rapidly day by day in synthetic and medicinal organic chemistry. The heterocyclic chemistry is recognized as an important discipline of general significance that hit the major aspects of recent chemical science, medicine, and organic chemistry. In the heterocyclic chemistry various structural motifs of the molecules provided pharmacological and biological activities to compounds. The Oxadiazoles motif is one of such significant heterocyclic motif, which play an important role in bio-isosteric and metabolically stable molecules, a replacement for the associate organic molecular unit. Indeed, 1,2,4-oxadiazoles have received tidy attention in the pharmaceutical industry as heterocyclic drug moieties. They have been utilized within the style of diverse biologically active templates like muscarinic agonists, trypsin enzyme inhibitors, opposed inflammatory agents, aminoalkane H3 antagonists, anticancer agents, and MAO inhibitors. Moreover, the derivative of chromene moiety leads to a wide range of biological activities due to their interactive nature with various protein moieties. Benzopyran derivatives are also exhibit important biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity etc. Furan and its derivatives exhibit biological activity such as in the defense system. They find applications as oxidants, antioxidants, as brightening agents, for drugs and in other fields of medicinal and agrochemistry. Benzofuran derivatives are also present in many natural products exhibits properties like physiological, pharmacological and toxic etc. They also display many applications like sedatives, anti-oxidants, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics etc. Moreover, benzofuran derivatives are also possess various pharmacological and biological activities such as antimicrobial, antibacterial, antifungal, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antidepressant, antioxidant, anticonvulsant and analgesic activities. In this context, in the first study, we focused on the design and synthesis of a series twelve 1,2,4-oxadiazole contained 8,9-dihydropyrano chromene moieties derivatives. All the twelve new derivatives were synthesized successfully and characterized by spectroscopic data and CHN analysis. Moreover, they were screened for antimicrobial study and they exhibited better microbial inhibition against selected microorganisms compared with the standard drug chloramphenicol. Among the many substitutes on the benzene ring, electronegative substituents such as chlorine, bromine etc. showed excellent biological activity. In the second part, we synthesized nine substituted-styryl furo-chromen-methanones, by reacting aryl-hydroxy-2H-chromenones with 2-bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanones under microwave strategy with high yields. All these newly synthesized compounds were characterized by spectral and CHN analysis. Additionally, they have been screened for antimicrobial study and these are exhibited better microbial inhibition against selected microorganisms. Among the many substitutes on the benzene ring, electronegative substituents like chlorine and bromine etc. showed excellent biological activity. Moreover, these biological evolution results were the good correlation with molecular docking studies too. In third part of work, we have developed a prototype facile and efficient, mild and straightforward method for the synthesis of 7’,9’-dihydrospiro [indoline-2,11’-pyrazolo [3,4-f] pyrimido [4,5-b] quinoline] -3,8’, 10’(1’H,6’H)-triones, by using acetic as a catalyst in ethanol solvent by this new MCR (a multicomponent reaction should be by definition performed one-pot) a three-component synthetic method, we achieved sixteen new trione derivatives with more operational simplicity, short reaction time and good yields (up to 93 %). We are confident that, this study provides a roadmap for the design and synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds for desired applications as drugs.

IJAR Indexing

A series of Hg(II), Mn(II) and Co(II) complexes with 3-(2-(2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carbonyl)hydrazono)-N-(pyridin-2-yl)butanamide (H 2 L) were synthesised. The synthesized compounds were deduced by various spectroscopic techniques. The geometry of isolated complexes was estimated by using the DFT theory. Also, Pb(II) and Cd(II) were separated by means of flotation technique. Moreover, cytotoxic, antimicrobial and anti-oxidant activities of the synthesized compounds were examined.

Gangadhar B Bagihalli

Journal of …

Kulakarni Gangadhar

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy

Evelina Ferrer

Coumarins (2H-chromen-2-one) are oxygen-containing heterocyclic compounds that belong to the benzopyranones family. In this work we have synthesized different coordination complexes with coumarin-3-carboxylic acid (HCCA), o-phenanthroline (phen) and zinc(II). In the reported [Zn(CCA)(HO)] complex, coumarin-3-carboxylate (CCA) is acting as a bidentate ligand while in the two prepared complexes, [Zn(phen)]CCA(NO) (obtained as a single crystal) and [Zn(CCA)phen].4HO, CCA is acting as a counterion of the complex cation [Zn(phen)]or coordinated to the metal center along with phen, respectively. These compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies of the compounds and the CCA potassium salt (KCCA) allow to determine several similarities and differences among them. Finally, their behavior against alkaline phosphatase enzyme and their antimicrobial activities were also measured.

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PhD in Chemistry

Find your home in UB Chemistry! We're here to help you every step of the way. 

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The PhD in Chemistry is primarily a research degree. The majority of a doctoral student’s time will be devoted to original research that nurtures creativity and independent thinking. The department recognizes the importance of this aspect of a graduate student’s development, and has established requirements that provide a stimulating environment to perform first-rate chemical research.

PhD Program Requirements

• Coursework Once admitted to the PhD in Chemistry program, students are required to complete six graduate-level lecture courses during the first two years of full-time study. Of these courses, three must be one-semester introductory core courses selected from the four traditional areas of chemistry, while the other three elective courses are chosen in consultation with the student’s research advisor. 
• Proficiency Students must also demonstrate proficiency in analytical, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry during the first three semesters. Proficiency can be established by completing a core graduate course or by passing the ACS Placement Exam in the area. A 3.00 grade point average in lecture courses is required.
• Research Synopsis During the fifth semester (third year) of graduate study, PhD students are required to prepare a written research synopsis summarizing research progress to date and future research plans. An oral examination with the student’s PhD committee is used to evaluate the student’s research potential.
• Research Proposal Also during the fifth semester, the student is required to write and orally defend an independent research proposal. This proposal involves the identification of a problem from the chemical literature that is not directly related to the student’s thesis work and a proposed solution to that problem. There are no cumulative exams in the UB Department of Chemistry.
• Public Lecture During the fourth year of graduate study, PhD students present a public lecture on their research progress. This provides the PhD committee a chance to give the student feedback prior to finishing their written dissertation.
• Dissertation and Oral Defense The majority of a PhD student’s time is spent on creative research. At the conclusion of the research work, a dissertation must be written and orally defended before the PhD committee and the department at large.

Faculty Research Mentor

The Department of Chemistry views an advanced degree in chemistry or medicinal chemistry as primarily a research degree, so the choice of research director is an important decision for the first-year graduate student. To facilitate the selection of the research mentor, the members of the faculty engaged in research present a general overview of their research interests in a series of meetings with the new graduate students. This allows the students to become acquainted with the different research opportunities in the program in an informal setting. 

Students are also encouraged to speak informally with as many faculty members as possible before making their decision. Assistance is available to those students having difficulty with this decision. However, it is to the student’s advantage to select a research advisor at the earliest possible date. Typically, graduate research is initiated during the second semester or during the first summer within the program.

PhD Student Timeline

Upon arrival, all new graduate students are required to take standardized tests produced by the American Chemical Society to assess their preparation for graduate study. Results of these tests are used by the Graduate Curriculum Committee to help students select their first-semester courses. A typical first-semester graduate student takes three core graduate-level courses and is also engaged in TA duties. Most of the required course work is finished by the end of the second or third semester in the program.

The following table provides a typical PhD graduate student timeline:

Meet our Graduate Ambassadors

Email  [email protected]  or contact  Prof. Timothy Cook , director of graduate studies, for more information on this program and the admissions process.

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I have pursued chemistry from schooldays which lead me to select a degree in Industrial chemistry. Ardent to bolster my knowledge, I set myself for higher education through an MS in chemistry immediately after graduation. I was able to leverage my expertise in Synthetic Carbon-based compounds and Bio-organics to join ABC Fertilizers as a production supervisor.

The collective experience of my academic and professional experience has culminated into a passion for conducting research. During my career, I observed that various researches point to the fact that the usage of enzyme-based fertilizers for farming is superior to the current standards. These compounds have the least values in environmental destabilization and human health factors. However, the researches in these fields are not given due priority due to conflict with industrial interests. I believe that I can at least instigate academic attention in this direction.

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Description

1 • Summary

The purpose of this chapter has been to get you up to speed—to review some ideas about atoms, bonds, and molecular geometry. As we’ve seen, organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Although a division into organic and inorganic chemistry occurred historically, there is no scientific reason for the division.

An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by one or more negatively charged electrons. The electronic structure of an atom can be described by a quantum mechanical wave equation, in which electrons are considered to occupy orbitals around the nucleus. Different orbitals have different energy levels and different shapes. For example, s orbitals are spherical and p orbitals are dumbbell-shaped. The ground-state electron configuration of an atom can be found by assigning electrons to the proper orbitals, beginning with the lowest-energy ones.

A covalent bond is formed when an electron pair is shared between atoms. According to valence bond (VB) theory , electron sharing occurs by the overlap of two atomic orbitals. According to molecular orbital (MO) theory , bonds result from the mathematical combination of atomic orbitals to give molecular orbitals, which belong to the entire molecule. Bonds that have a circular cross-section and are formed by head-on interaction are called sigma ( σ ) bonds ; bonds formed by sideways interaction of p orbitals are called pi ( π ) bonds .

In the valence bond description, carbon uses hybrid orbitals to form bonds in organic molecules. When forming only single bonds with tetrahedral geometry, carbon uses four equivalent sp 3 hybrid orbitals . When forming a double bond with planar geometry, carbon uses three equivalent sp 2 hybrid orbitals and one unhybridized p orbital. When forming a triple bond with linear geometry, carbon uses two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals and two unhybridized p orbitals. Other atoms such as nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur also use hybrid orbitals to form strong, oriented bonds.

Organic molecules are usually drawn using either condensed structures or skeletal structures. In condensed structures , carbon–carbon and carbon–hydrogen bonds aren’t shown. In skeletal structures , only the bonds and not the atoms are shown. A carbon atom is assumed to be at the ends and at the junctions of lines (bonds), and the correct number of hydrogens is supplied mentally.

Why You Should Work Problems

There’s no surer way to learn organic chemistry than by working problems. Although careful reading and rereading of this text are important, reading alone isn’t enough. You must also be able to use the information you’ve read and be able to apply your knowledge in new situations. Working problems gives you practice at doing this.

Each chapter in this book provides many problems of different sorts. The in-chapter problems are placed for immediate reinforcement of ideas just learned, while end-of-chapter problems provide additional practice and come in several forms. They often begin with a short section called “Visualizing Chemistry,” which helps you see the microscopic world of molecules and provides practice for working in three dimensions. After the visualizations are many further problems, which are organized by topic. Early problems are primarily of the drill type, providing an opportunity for you to practice your command of the fundamentals. Later problems tend to be more thought-provoking, and some are real challenges.

As you study organic chemistry, take the time to work the problems. Do the ones you can, and ask for help on the ones you can’t. If you’re stumped by a particular problem, check the accompanying Study Guide and Student Solutions Manual for an explanation that should help clarify the difficulty. Working problems takes effort, but the payoff in knowledge and understanding is immense.

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• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Organic Chemistry
• Publication date: Sep 20, 2023
• Location: Houston, Texas
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1.1: Introduction to organic chemistry

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1.1. Introduction to organic chemistry

Learning objectives.

• Define organic chemistry .
• Identify organic molecules as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, or carboxylic acids.

Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is singled out because it has a chemical diversity unrivaled by any other chemical element. Its diversity is based on the following:

• Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms.
• Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements.
• Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).

Curiously, elemental carbon is not particularly abundant. It does not even appear in the list of the most common elements in Earth’s crust .  Nevertheless, all living things consist of organic compounds.

Most organic chemicals are covalent compounds, which is why we introduce organic chemistry here. By convention, compounds containing carbonate ions and bicarbonate ions, as well as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, are not considered part of organic chemistry, even though they contain carbon.

The simplest organic compounds are the hydrocarbons , compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms only. Some hydrocarbons have only single bonds and appear as a chain (which can be a straight chain or can have branches) of carbon atoms also bonded to hydrogen atoms. These hydrocarbons are called alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) . Each alkane has a characteristic, systematic name depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. These names consist of a stem that indicates the number of carbon atoms in the chain plus the ending – ane . The stem meth – means one carbon atom, so methane is an alkane with one carbon atom. Similarly, the stem eth – means two carbon atoms; ethane is an alkane with two carbon atoms. Continuing, the stem prop – means three carbon atoms, so propane is an alkane with three carbon atoms. Figure 1.1. “Formulas and Molecular Models of the Three Simplest Alkanes” gives the formulas and the molecular models of the three simplest alkanes. (For more information about alkanes, see section 3.3. )

Figure 1.1. Formulae and molecular models of the three simplest alkanes

The three smallest alkanes are methane, ethane, and propane.

Some hydrocarbons have one or more carbon–carbon double bonds (denoted C=C). These hydrocarbons are called alkenes (see section 3.2. for more information) Note that the names of alkenes have the same stem as the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms in its chain but have the ending – ene . Thus, ethene is an alkene with two carbon atoms per molecule, and propene is a compound with three carbon atoms and one double bond.

Figure 1.2. Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkenes

Ethene is commonly called ethylene, while propene is commonly called propylene.

Alkynes are hydrocarbons with a carbon–carbon triple bond (denoted C≡C) as part of their carbon skeleton (see section 3.2. for more information). The names for alkynes have the same stems as for alkanes but with the ending – yne .

Figure 1.3. Formulas and Molecular Models of the Two Simplest Alkynes

Ethyne is more commonly called acetylene.

To your health: saturated and unsaturated fats

Hydrocarbons are not the only compounds that can have carbon–carbon double bonds. A group of compounds called fats can have them as well, and their presence or absence in the human diet is becoming increasingly correlated with health issues.

Fats are combinations of long-chain organic compounds (fatty acids) and glycerol (C 3 H 8 O 3 ). The long carbon chains can have either all single bonds, in which case the fat is classified as saturated , or one or more double bonds, in which case it is a monounsaturated or a polyunsaturated fat, respectively. Saturated fats are typically solids at room temperature; beef fat (tallow) is one example. Mono- or polyunsaturated fats are likely to be liquids at room temperature and are often called oils. Olive oil, flaxseed oil, and many fish oils are mono- or polyunsaturated fats.

Some studies have linked higher amounts of saturated fats in people’s diets with a greater likelihood of developing heart disease, high cholesterol, and other diet-related diseases. In contrast, increases in unsaturated fats (either mono- or polyunsaturated) have been linked to a lower incidence of certain diseases. Thus, there have been recommendations by government bodies and health associations to decrease the proportion of saturated fat and increase the proportion of unsaturated fat in the diet. Most of these organizations also recommend decreasing the total amount of fat in the diet.  A difference as simple as the difference between a single and double carbon–carbon bond can have a significant impact on health.

The carbon–carbon double and triple bonds are examples of functional groups in organic chemistry. A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to a molecule. Alkanes have no functional group, and they are mostly inert (unreactive). A carbon–carbon double bond is considered a functional group because carbon–carbon double bonds chemically react in specific ways that differ from reactions of alkanes (for example, under certain circumstances, alkenes react with water); a carbon–carbon triple bond also undergoes certain specific chemical reactions. In the remainder of this section, we introduce two other common functional groups.

If an OH group (also called a hydroxyl group) is substituted for a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon molecule, the compound is an alcohol . Alcohols are named using the parent hydrocarbon name but with the final – e dropped and the suffix – ol attached. The two simplest alcohols are methanol and ethanol (see Figure 1.4.).

Figure 1.4. The two simplest organic alcohol compounds

Alcohols have an OH functional group in the molecule.  Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol) is the alcohol in alcoholic beverages. Other alcohols include methanol (or methyl alcohol), which is used as a solvent and a cleaner, and 2-propanol (also called isopropyl alcohol or rubbing alcohol), which is used as a medicinal disinfectant. Neither methanol nor isopropyl alcohol should be ingested, as they are toxic even in small quantities.  Cholesterol is an example of a more complex alcohol.

Another important family of organic compounds has a carboxyl group , in which a carbon atom is double-bonded to an oxygen atom and to an OH group. Compounds with a carboxyl functional group are called carboxylic acids , and their names end in – oic acid . The two simplest carboxylic acids are shown in Figure 1.5.  They are perhaps best known by the common names formic acid (found in the stingers of ants) and acetic acid (found in vinegar).  The carboxyl group is sometimes written in molecules as COOH.

Figure 1.5. The two smallest organic acids

Many organic compounds are considerably more complex than the examples described here. Many compounds contain more than one functional group. The formal names can also be quite complex. In section 1.6. we will examine functional groups in more detail, and we will learn about the system of naming (nomenclature) for hydrocarbons in chapter 3 .

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule as a double bond, a triple bond, an alcohol, or a carboxyl.

• CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH

• This molecule has an alcohol functional group.
• This molecule has a double bond and a carboxyl functional group.

Skill-building exercise

Concept review exercises

What is organic chemistry?

What is a functional group? Give at least two examples of functional groups.

• Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds.

A functional group is a specific structural arrangement of atoms or bonds that imparts a characteristic chemical reactivity to the molecule; alcohol group and carboxylic group (answers will vary).

Key takeaways

• Organic molecules can be classified according to the types of elements and bonds in the molecules.

Give three reasons why carbon is the central element in organic chemistry.

Are organic compounds based more on ionic bonding or covalent bonding? Explain.

Identify the type of hydrocarbon in each structure.

Identify the functional group(s) in each molecule.

How many functional groups described in this section contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only? Name them.

What is the difference in the ways the two oxygen atoms in the carboxyl group are bonded to the carbon atom?

Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms bond reasonably strongly with atoms of other elements. Carbon atoms make a large number of covalent bonds (four).

• carbon-carbon double bond and carbon-carbon triple bond

two; carbon-carbon double bonds and carbon-carbon triple bonds

Further reading

• Communicating chemical structure with formulas and names

• Authored by : Saylor Academy. License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Membership & professional community

• Connect with others
• Through interests
• Our subject communities
• Organic Chemistry Community
• Organic Chemistry Community news

PhD graduate skills survey

Following a discussion between the EPSRC and the Organic Chemistry Community Council about the demand for organic chemistry PhD graduates from organisations such as Contract Research Organisations, the Organic Chemistry Community Council decided to survey industrial colleagues to investigate the skill sets they require.

The Organic Chemistry Community Council developed a survey to explore the importance of different skills required for typical technical roles that recent organic chemistry PhD graduates are recruited into in these organisations, and to explore views on areas for emphasis in future PhD education.

The Council identified 55 people holding R&D leadership roles in 39 organisations including at pharmaceutical and agrochemical companies, Contract Research Organisations (CROs) and Contract Development and Manufacturing Organisations (CDMOs) that employ organic chemistry PhD graduates. A full demographic breakdown of respondents is shown below. The Council sent the survey in February 2023, and 27 people responded to it anonymously. Respondents were invited to share the survey as they thought relevant, with other industry colleagues connected to PhD graduate recruitment/training.

Opinions shared by respondents are their individual viewpoints, based on their experience working with and/or recruiting PhD organic chemistry graduates. They do not represent the views of their organisation. The nature of the sample surveyed, and the number of responses received means these findings should be considered indicative of viewpoints for the types of organisations as described above not a comprehensive representation of the wider industrial sector.

This is a summary of those responses.

Key findings

Some key findings from the 27 responses are:

The typical technical roles that organic chemistry PhD graduates are recruited into in respondents’ organisations include lab-based scientist, synthetic chemist, medicinal chemist, analytical chemist/scientist and process chemist.

When thinking about the practical/ knowledge-based skills needed at recruitment for these typical technical roles:

• 93% said prior knowledge/experience of traditional synthetic techniques is very important for PhD graduates to have (a further 7% said important).
• 81% said prior knowledge/experience of designing & improving multistep synthetic routes is very important for PhD graduates to have (a further 19% said important).
• 70% said prior knowledge/experience of chemical safety & risk prevention in laboratories is very important for PhD graduates to have (a further 30% said important).
• 67% said prior knowledge/experience of reaction mechanisms is very important for PhD graduates to have (a further 33% said important).

When asked how much emphasis they think these practical/ knowledge-based skills need in future PhD education compared to now:

• 78% said traditional synthetic techniques need more or much more emphasis.
• 78% said designing & improving multistep synthetic routes needs more or much more emphasis.
• 67% said chemical safety & risk prevention in laboratories more or much more emphasis is needed in future PhD education compared to now.
• 53% said reaction mechanisms need more or much more emphasis.

Respondent demographics

Table 1. Q1. How long have you worked in the industry? (*n=27)

Table 2. Q2 What is your current job role at your organisation? (*n=27)

Table 3. Q3 What is the size of your current organisation? (*n=27)

Table 4. Q4 Which best describes your organisation? (*n=27). Multiple options could be selected.

Table 5. Q5 Where is your organisation based? Please select all that apply. (*n=27)

Practical/knowledge-based skills needed in typical technical roles

The 27 survey respondents highlighted typical technical roles organic chemistry PhD graduates are recruited into in their organisation, the most frequently mentioned were synthetic chemist and medicinal chemist. Other roles included process chemist, analytical chemist/scientist, formulation scientist, chemical engineer, and development chemist.

For these roles, survey respondents indicated the practical and knowledge-based skills needed alongside the importance of these skills. Survey respondents chose from a selection of skills put together by the Organic Chemistry Community Council.

The following tables present the combined responses, ordered by the combined percentage of ‘Important’ and ‘Very important’.

Table 7. Q7 (*n=27) & Q8 (*n=27). When thinking about the practical skills / knowledge-based skills needed for these roles, at recruitment how important or unimportant is it for organic chemistry PhD graduates to have experience of:

Other skills

The survey also asked respondents to think about the general skills needed for these roles, and at recruitment how important or unimportant is it for organic chemistry PhD graduates to have experience of them.

Table 8. Q9 (n=27) When thinking about the general skills needed for these roles, at recruitment how important or unimportant is it for organic chemistry PhD graduates to have experience of:

When asked if there are any other skills that are important or very important for organic chemistry PhD graduates to have at recruitment, responses included:

• Data set handling
• Record keeping
• Electronic lab notebook familiarity
• Ability to use chemical searching tools (e.g. SciFinder, Reaxys)
• Ability to use chemical drawing tools (e.g. ChemDraw)
• Accountability
• An understanding there is still a lot to learn, and a willingness to learn, develop and adapt to new ideas
• Can-do attitude
• Creative skills
• Critical thinking
• Intellectual curiosity
• Listening and learning skills
• Love for the lab
• Open mindedness – ability to move from being an expert in your narrow PhD area to openly taking on board how things work in an industry environment with different priorities
• Proactiveness
• Self-awareness
• Self-drive/ motivation
• Strong team ethos

Emphasis of practical/knowledge-based skills in future PhD education

After asking about the importance of these skills, the survey asked respondents how much emphasis they think these skills need in future PhD education compared to now. Table 9 presents the 27 responses to these questions, displayed in the same order as the skills appear in Table 8.

Table 9. Q11 (*n=27) & Q12 (*n=27). When thinking about the practical skills/knowledge-based skills needed for these roles, how much emphasis do you think they need in future PhD education compared to now?

*Number of responses

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How to Format a PhD Synopsis (India)

• By Qamar Mayyasah
• August 26, 2020

Introduction

This article will answer common questions about the PhD synopsis, give guidance on how to write one, and provide my thoughts on samples.

A PhD synopsis is a detailed summary of your proposed research project which justifies the need for your work. It is used to convince academic committees that your project should be approved.

If you are wondering how to write a synopsis for a PhD, then there are several things you must make sure your synopsis includes. Firstly, the reader must be able to read your synopsis and understand what contribution it would make to the research area. You should also explain the research objectives, methodology, data analysation and presentation format. Finally, you should conclude with limitations of your study and how you envisage others building on the findings you make.

PhD Synopsis format for a project

Although the format of a PhD synopsis report may differ between universities, there are many universal recommendations I can give. First, the research project synopsis format must include several fundamental sections which allow you to clearly detail your proposed project.

These sections are outlined below:

Research project title

Clearly define the title of your research project.

Include an introduction which summarises the current knowledge in your research area. This section should explain where gaps in knowledge are, and briefly what your project aims to do to address these gaps.

Literature review

A literature review will be a summary of published literature including journals, papers and other academic documentation which relate to your project. You need to critically appraise these documents: What have others done? What did they find? Where could their work be expanded on?

Aims & Objectives

Clearly define what the purpose of the PhD project is. What questions are you trying to answer? How will you measure success?

Research Methodology

Explain how you will achieve your objectives. Be specific and outline your process; the equipment you will use, data collection strategies, questionnaires you will distribute and data analysation techniques you will employ. This is a critical part of the research synopsis as it demonstrates whether your project is achievable or too ambitious.

You must provide references and citations to any sources you use. Reference materials are needed to acknowledge the original source, allow further reading for those who are interested and avoid claims of plagiarism. A number of different referencing systems exist, so it is important that you use the referencing system outlined in your university guidelines.

Provide a conclusion which should briefly summarise what your PhD research project is and why it is needed. You should also comment on the limitations of your work so that the scope of your study is clear.

In addition to the synopsis format for a PhD, we have outlined the styling rules you should follow:

• Approximately 1” margins on top, bottom, and right of page.
• Approximately 1.25” margin on left of page to allow space for binding.
• Sans serif font (for example Times New Roman).
• Black colour font.
• Size 11pt or 12pt font.

It is important to remember this is general advice to assist with PhD synopsis writing. You must check your university guidelines first as they may have particular rules which you should follow.

PhD Synopsis Samples

I would not recommend using a PhD synopsis sample. This is because every research project is different, and the purpose of a synopsis report is to demonstrate the uniqueness of your project. Instead you should use the above format, and ensure you address each of the sections.

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The term monotonic relationship is a statistical definition that is used to describe the link between two variables.

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A thesis and dissertation appendix contains additional information which supports your main arguments. Find out what they should include and how to format them.

Dr Britton gained his DPhil in material science research at Oxford University in 2010. He is now a Senior Lecturer in Materials Science and Engineering at Imperial College London.

Priya’s a 1st year PhD student University College Dublin. Her project involves investigating a novel seaweed-ensiling process as an alternative to drying to preserve seaweeds nutritional and monetary value.

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We are looking for a highly motivated PhD candidate, with an interest in organic synthesis and transition metal catalysis, to join the Kann group. The goal of your project will be to develop metal

PhD student in Organic Chemistry in the area of studies in modern organoboron chemistry

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Hannah Kenagy and Melissa Ramirez join Department of Chemistry

MINNEAPOLIS / ST. PAUL (04/22/2024) – The Department of Chemistry will welcome Dr. Hannah Kenagy and Dr. Melissa Ramirez to the faculty in January 2025. Both chemists will enter the department as Assistant Professors. 

Hannah S. Kenagy will join the department in January 2025 after completion of her postdoctoral training at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she currently works as an NSF AGS Postdoctoral Fellow with Prof. Jesse Kroll and Prof. Colette Heald. Prior to her current position at MIT, Kenagy completed her PhD at the University of California Berkeley in 2021 with Ronald Cohen and her BS in Chemistry and the University of Chicago in 2016. 

At the University of Minnesota, the Kenagy research group will focus on atmospheric chemistry. Kenagy’s research explores how emissions into the atmosphere get physically and chemically transformed into gases and particles with impacts on air quality and climate. “We will use an integrated toolset for thinking about these questions, including lab experiments, field observations, and multi-scale modeling,” Kenagy says. “In particular, we’ll focus on questions regarding how atmospheric chemistry and composition are changing as we reduce our reliance on fossil fuel combustion and as temperatures continue to rise with climate change. Integrating measurements and models together will enable us to push forward our understanding of this changing chemistry.”

Kenagy is passionate about integrating environmental chemistry learning opportunities in her classrooms to make real-world connections for students. “Because so much of my research is relevant to air quality and climate – things that impact people’s daily lives, often inequitably – outreach is a really key component of my group’s work,” Kenagy says. She also engages in ongoing efforts to make science more accessible, and to ensure all students have the resources they need to thrive and develop a sense of belonging in science.

The UMN Department of Chemistry’s strong focus on environmental chemistry and the opportunities to engage in interdisciplinary research make the move to Minnesota particularly exciting for Kenagy. “I’m looking forward to joining a university with atmospheric scientists in a variety of departments across both the Minneapolis and St. Paul campuses. I also plan to make some measurements of urban chemistry across the Twin Cities, a unique environment that is impacted by agricultural and biogenic emissions in addition to more typical urban emissions. This mix of emissions makes the Twin Cities an interesting place to study the air!”

When she’s not busy in the office and lab, Kenagy loves being outside, hiking and swimming. She also loves music – she plays piano and sings – and cooking.  You can read more about Kenagy here.

Melissa Ramirez will also make her move to Minnesota in January of 2025. Currently, Ramirez is an NIH K99/R00 MOSAIC Scholar, NSF MPS-Ascend Fellow, and Caltech Presidential Postdoctoral Scholar in the laboratory of Prof. Brian Stoltz at the California Institute of Technology, where her research focuses on enantioselective quaternary center formation using experiments and computations. Before her postdoctoral position, Ramirez completed her PhD in Organic Chemistry at the University of California, Los Angeles with Prof. Ken Houk and Prof. Neil Garg in 2021 and her BA in Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania in 2016. 

The Ramirez laboratory at UMN will develop experimental and computational approaches to address challenges associated with efficiency in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant small molecules. “The mission of my research program will be to establish synthetic methods in the areas of main group catalysis, asymmetric organocatalysis, and transition metal photochemistry with the aid of computations,” Ramirez writes. “Students trained in my lab will develop strong skills in synthetic and computational organic chemistry with a focus on reaction development. This synergistic skillset in synthesis and computations will also give rise to a range of opportunities for collaboration with the broader scientific community.” Ramirez aims to bridge synthesis and catalysis research with computational chemistry at UMN.

Ramirez says an important goal for her as a professor will be to challenge students, support them, and make them feel connected to the classroom regardless of their background. “Throughout my academic career, some of the most effective teachers I have had are those who believed in my potential even when I experienced self-doubt or failure,” Ramirez says. She is also looking forward to collaborating with the Chemistry Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Committee to explore ways to better connect students with resources to help remove barriers to their science education and career. “I am excited to help recruit a diverse student body by helping organize the  CheMNext session and by continuing my close relationship with organizations such as the Alliance for Diversity in Science and Engineering and Científico Latino, which I have served on the organizational board for during my postdoc,” Ramirez says.

When she’s not on campus, Ramirez enjoys staying active. She’s an avid runner, loves Peloton, and likes taking high-intensity interval training (HIIT) classes.  You can learn more about Ramirez here.

The hiring of Kenagy and Ramirez follows the recent announcement of Dr. Jan-Niklas Boyn and Dr. Kade Head-Marsden joining the faculty in Fall 2024 . These four incoming Gophers will bring the Department of Chemistry total of new faculty hires to nine over the past three years. We are excited for these outstanding chemists to join our community, and be part of the ongoing growth of the College of Science and Engineering on the UMN-TC campus.

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