research topics for humanitarian law

Brill | Nijhoff

Brill | Wageningen Academic

Brill Germany / Austria

Böhlau

Brill | Fink

Brill | mentis

Brill | Schöningh

Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht

V&R unipress

Open Access

Open Access for Authors

Open Access and Research Funding

Open Access for Librarians

Open Access for Academic Societies

Discover Brill’s Open Access Content

Organization

Stay updated

Corporate Social Responsiblity

Investor Relations

Policies, rights & permissions

Review a Brill Book

Author Portal

How to publish with Brill: Files & Guides

Fonts, Scripts and Unicode

Publication Ethics & COPE Compliance

Data Sharing Policy

Brill MyBook

Ordering from Brill

Author Newsletter

Piracy Reporting Form

Sales Managers and Sales Contacts

Ordering From Brill

Titles No Longer Published by Brill

Catalogs, Flyers and Price Lists

E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records

How to Manage your Online Holdings

LibLynx Access Management

Discovery Services

KBART Files

MARC Records

Online User and Order Help

Rights and Permissions

Latest Key Figures

Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports

Annual General Meeting of Shareholders

Share Information

Specialty Products

Press and Reviews

Share link with colleague or librarian

Stay informed about this journal!

• Get New Issue Alerts
• Get Advance Article Alerts

Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies

• International Law: General Interest

Institutional pricing (2024)

• Print + Online €412.00 $478.00
• Print Only €377.00 $438.00
• Online only €343.00 $398.00
• To place an order, please contact [email protected]

Individual pricing (2024)

• Online only €114.00 $135.00
• Print Only €114.00 $135.00
• Web of Science

Journal menu

Submit article, editorial board, indexing and abstracting, subject list.

• View PDF Flyer

Latest Articles

Ukraine and violations of international humanitarian law – a critical analysis of the amnesty international report, prolonged occupation and international law, israel and palestine , edited by nada kiswanson and susan power, the legal status and targeting of hacker groups in the russia-ukraine cyber conflict.

• Download PDF

Ensuring Lawful Use of Autonomous Weapons

An operational perspective, finding fairness: two perspectives in international criminal law, regulatory choices at the advent of gig warfare, a new graphic novel on the history of international law as a powerful tool to disseminate widely the topic, international crimes of western colonialism, reflections on philippe sands’ the last colony: a tale of exile, justice and britain’s colonial legacy, what blocked the un’s response to the earthquakes in northwest syria reflections on a humanitarian system premised on government consent, the interaction between the obligation to warn and other rules of ihl, conceptualising “relocation” across displacement contexts, detention by non-state armed groups under international law , written by ezequiel heffes, introduction to the symposium on law, language and war, the terminology of the law of warfare, a linguistic analysis of state practice, the international laws of war: linguistic analysis from the perspectives of register, corpus and grammatical patterning, international humanitarian law: necessity, distinction and the ‘standard of civilisation’, filling the gaps: the expansion of international humanitarian law and the juridification of the free-fighter, another look at the gendered constitution of the laws of war, semantic fields, hegemonic masculinities and the reproduction of heteronormativity, the language of the protection of civilians mandate and the primary responsibility of the state: a legal norm for peace and security, sexual and gender-based violence committed by non-state armed groups against women/girls and lgbti + persons in non-international armed conflicts: peru’s case, business et droits de l’homme dans les conflits armés , written by jelena aparac, the occupation of justice: the supreme court of israel and the occupied territories , written by d. kretzmer and y. ronen, peer reviewers, back matter.

Reference Works

Primary source collections

COVID-19 Collection

How to publish with Brill

Open Access Content

Contact & Info

Sales contacts

Publishing contacts

Stay Updated

Newsletters

Social Media Overview

Terms and Conditions  

Privacy Statement  

Cookie Settings  

Accessibility

Legal Notice

Terms and Conditions   |   Privacy Statement   |  Cookie Settings   |   Accessibility   |  Legal Notice   |  Copyright © 2016-2024

Copyright © 2016-2024

• [66.249.64.20|195.216.135.184]
• 195.216.135.184

Character limit 500 /500

This website uses cookies to monitor anonymous usage and to help improve your online experience. Learn more . You can choose to accept all cookies, deny all cookies or customize your preference. You can change your cookie setting at anytime.

Geneva academy cookie settings

We use various third-party cookies to provide social media features and to analyze our traffic. Please use the options below to manage your cookie settings. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Please be aware, if you deny cookies, certain features of our website may not work.

This will apply to all services

Social networks

Google Analytics

Videos and media

• Our Three Master’s Programmes
• Practical Experience
• Scholarships
• Career Opportunities
• Presentation
• Core Courses
• Optional Courses
• Internships
• Moot Courts
• Extracurricular Activities
• In a Nutshell
• Testimonials
• Entry Requirements
• Tuition Fee
• How to Apply
• Regulations
• Start an Application
• Master's Paper
• In A Nutshell
• Course Catalogue
• ExMas Paper
• Duration and Key Milestones
• Distance Learning
• Short Courses
• Our Students
• Student Council
• Public Events
• Career Advice
• Language Courses
• About Geneva
• Orientation Week
• Cost of living
• Visa and Residence Permit
• Accommodation
• Health and Other Insurances
• Family Life
• Earning a Living
• Useful Links
• General International Law
• IHL and Armed Conflict
• International Criminal Law and Transitional Justice
• Human Rights Protection
• Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
• Customized Training
• Advisory Board
• Initiatives
• Lead Trainers
• Upcoming Training Courses
• Customized Training Courses
• Tracking tools
• Geneva Calendar

Digitalization and New Technologies

Non-state actors, implementation and accountability, sustainable development.

• Past projects
• Researchers
• Publications
• Fellowships
• How we Work
• Annual Reports
• Our Newsletters
• Supervisory Committee
• Master’s Committee
• Direction and Management
• Swiss IHL Chair
• Villa Moynier
• International Geneva
• Military Briefings
• Human rights conversations
• GHRP Annual Conference
• Past Events

IHL in Focus Featured at the 2024 European Humanitarian Forum

Rulac: update of our entry on the military occupation of palestine by israel.

Our Research Fellow Dr Eugénie Duss answers our questions related to this update.

New Paper Sets the Scene for Neurotechnology Regulation and the Role of Human Rights

This paper marks the inception of our research project on neurotechnology and human rights.

2023 in Photos

As we bid farewell to the current year, we have endeavoured to encapsulate the highlights of 2023 in 10 carefully selected photos.

Our Experts and Resources on Israel/Palestine

Our experts and resources on ukraine.

Discover our resources and what our experts say about the situation in Ukraine, with regular updates to include new events, articles and comments!

New Publication Explores the Human Rights Data Revolution

2 april 2024.

The Human Rights Data Revolution details the transformation which promises to enhance the effectiveness, inclusivity, and scope of human rights monitoring and implementation worldwide.

Read more >

New Paper Explores How Climate Change, Violations of Environmental Human Rights and Conflict Coalesce

27 march 2024.

Our latest Research Brief discusses the varied ways that climate change, violations of environmental human rights and conflict can coalesce and work in a mutually reinforcing manner.

New Publication Explores National Uptake of the Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment

25 march 2024.

Our new Research Brief The Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment  explores the national recognition of this human right.

Our Clusters

Our research examines issues that are under-explored, need clarification or are unconventional, experimental or challenging. It thus advances understanding and stimulates debate in the academic community and in policy-making institutions, government and the private sector.

We currently focus on the following four areas, which all raise crucial legal, policy and protection questions.

Hugo Escapelo

UN Photo/Jean-Marc Ferré

Our Database

The Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts project (RULAC) is a unique online portal that identifies and classifies all situations of armed violence that amount to an armed conflict under international humanitarian law.

Journal of International Humanitarian Action

Aims and scope

The  Journal of International Humanitarian Action  is an open access peer-reviewed journal for researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and anyone moved to understand contemporary challenges, reflect critically on practices, and engage at humanitarian action’s leading edge.

The journal welcomes original academic and/or practice-informed contributions not only from scholars of international humanitarian law or practitioners of global nonprofit management, but also from myriad other areas spanning the social sciences and humanities and beyond.

The journal regularly publishes special collections that discuss in detail pressing questions of humanitarian action. Given the diversity of our readership, the editors seek proposals that transcend disciplinary and sectional divisions and promote rigorous and inclusive discourse around the challenges, problems, and practices of humanitarian action.

The complete Aims and Scope and the full list of topics covered by the Journal is available here .

Editors in Chief

Patrycja grzebyk.

Associate Professor at the University of Warsaw. NOHA Board Member. European Society of International Law Board Member. NOHA Director at the University of Warsaw. Research agenda: International Humanitarian Law, International Criminal law, Use of Force role of international courts.

Clara Egger

Assistant Professor of Global Governance at the Erasmus School of Behavioural and Social Sciences of the Erasmus University Rotterdam. Chair of the International Organizations section of the International Studies Association. Research agenda: political economy of crisis governance and humanitarian aid.

Collections and Calls for Papers

Call for Papers! Agenda for Humanity Revisited

Call for Papers! The state and future of humanitarian studies: A Special Collection to Celebrate 30 Years of the Network on Humanitarian Action (NOHA)

Call for Papers! International Organizations, Humanitarian Action and Human Rights: Effects of COVID-19  (Closed)

This special collection explores how responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have affected the provision of humanitarian aid and the protection of human rights.

Past Thematic Collections collections on topics of special interest are available for consultation  here .

• Most accessed

Disaggregation of humanitarian data by disability: a realist evaluation of the use of the Washington Group Questions to support more inclusive practices

Authors: Claire F. O’Reilly and Caroline Jagoe

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on violations of the right to integrity of the person

Authors: Valentina Carraro

A human rights-based approach for effective criminal justice response to human trafficking

Authors: Saba Demeke

Redefining doubt in cases of uncertainty: an analysis of the 2023 US DoD Law of War Manual revision to the presumption of civilian status in armed conflict

Authors: Arthur van Coller

Innovation in humanitarian assistance—a systematic literature review

Authors: Maximilian Bruder and Thomas Baar

Most recent articles RSS

View all articles

Understanding sexual violence in armed conflict: cutting ourselves with Occam’s razor

Authors: Rosanne Marrit Anholt

Humanitarian behavior across high-/low-context cultures: a comparative analysis between Switzerland and Colombia

Authors: Omid Alizadeh Afrouzi

Classical humanitarianism and resilience humanitarianism: making sense of two brands of humanitarian action

Authors: Dorothea Hilhorst

Crisis analytics: big data-driven crisis response

Authors: Junaid Qadir, Anwaar Ali, Raihan ur Rasool, Andrej Zwitter, Arjuna Sathiaseelan and Jon Crowcroft

Big data, privacy and COVID-19 – learning from humanitarian expertise in data protection

Authors: Andrej Zwitter and Oskar J. Gstrein

Most accessed articles RSS

Understand the costs and funding options

The  Journal of International Humanitarian Action has been published in 100% Gold Open Access format since its inception. Articles published in Gold OA format confer CC-BY copyright to the author and are immediately available to be read, cited, and built upon by all.  APCs are charged on article acceptance . For further details, see our  article-processing charge webpage . 

Publishing is not without costs; however, authors do not typically pay the fee themselves, and the way your APC is covered has no bearing on the editorial outcome of your submission. 

Did you know that there are almost 200 open access article processing charge (APC) funds available to researchers worldwide? Many funding bodies require that research publications resulting from their grants are made freely available to all. By publishing your research with us you fully comply with open access mandates, and the publishing costs may be entirely covered by the research grant. This means that you won’t have to pay any publishing fee and you retain the copyright (check  here  how to discover more). 

You may also be eligible for a waiver/discount, based on unavailability of research funding and/or country of origin (click  here  to discover more).

Are you still unable to find coverage for your article? SpringerOpen offers a free funding and support service to help authors discover and apply for article processing charge funding. Visit the  OA funding and policy support page  to learn more about our  email support service .

Sponsorship

From 2023 to 2027, some articles may be generously supported in their entirety or in part by the  Network on Humanitarian Action (NOHA) . Authors with no Open Access funding can request the sponsorship by contacting the Editors in Chief Patrycja Grzebyk or Clara Egger  before submitting the manuscript.

• ISSN: 2364-3404 (electronic)
• Editorial Board
• Sign up for article alerts and news from this journal

Affiliated with

Israel accused of using AI to target thousands in Gaza, as killer algorithms outpace international law

Natasha Karner , RMIT University

Gaza war: countries selling Israel weapons are violating international law – legal expert

Lawrence Hill-Cawthorne , University of Bristol

The UN’s top court didn’t call for a ceasefire in Gaza – how does NZ respond now?

Alexander Gillespie , University of Waikato

South Africa’s genocide case against Israel: expert sets out what to expect from the International Court of Justice

Magnus Killander , University of Pretoria

The Middle East and Ukraine: The rules of war depend on the nature of the conflict

Bryan Peeler , University of Manitoba

Israel’s mass displacement of Gazans fits strategy of using migration as a tool of war

Nicholas R. Micinski , University of Maine ; Adam G. Lichtenheld , Stanford University , and Kelsey Norman , Rice University

Why all civilian lives matter equally, according to a military ethicist

Jessica Wolfendale , Case Western Reserve University

Good Jew, Bad Jew: new book explores why the west views brutality against Ukrainians and Palestinians differently

Steven Friedman , University of Johannesburg

What is the rule of proportionality, and is it being observed in the Israeli siege of Gaza?

Robert Goldman , American University

Governments and hackers agree: the laws of war must apply in cyberspace

Johanna Weaver , Australian National University

Delivering aid during war is tricky − here’s what to know about what Gaza relief operations may face

Topher L. McDougal , University of San Diego

How the ‘laws of war’ apply to the conflict between Israel and Hamas

Where does international law fit into the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?

Julia Grignon , Université Laval

Ukraine war: what international law says about the Russians fighting against their own country

David Turns , Cranfield University

What international law says about Israel’s planned destruction of Palestinian assailants’ homes

NZ aid worker remains missing in Ukraine: the tragedy of people motivated to help in war zones becoming victims themselves

Ukraine war: prisoner swaps have been going on for centuries – here’s how they work

Can the world stop Israel and Hamas from committing war crimes? 7 questions answered about international law

Asaf Lubin , Indiana University

Tigray conflict sets off new wave of refugees in a region still grappling with earlier crises

Cristiano d'Orsi , University of Johannesburg

Operation Burnham: inquiry underway to determine any wrongdoing by New Zealand troops in Afghanistan

Related topics.

• Geneva Conventions
• Human rights
• International law
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Top contributors

Professor of Law, American University

Professor of Law, University of Waikato

Senior Lecturer in International Law, Cranfield University

PhD in machine ethics, University of Canterbury

Professor of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, Queen's University Belfast

Associate Professor and Department Chair, Peace, Human Rights & Cultural Relations, American University School of International Service

Reader in International Relations, University of Westminster

Associate Professor in International Relations, University of Canterbury

Lecturer on Law and Associate Director of Armed Conflict and Civilian Protection, International Human Rights Clinic, Harvard Law School, Harvard University

Lecturer and Senior Research Fellow at the South African Research Chair in International Law (SARCIL), University of Johannesburg

Visiting Professor of International Law, Tufts University

Professor of Forensic Medicine, Cairo University

Associate Professor of Law, University of Bristol

Associate Professor of International Relations, University of Southern Denmark

Course Co-ordinator, International Law Clinical Program, ANU College of Law, Australian National University

• X (Twitter)
• Unfollow topic Follow topic

Pritzker Legal Research Center

Research guide for ihrc at addis ababa school of law (ethiopia), law of armed conflict, ihl & national security, ihl & human rights law, ihl & cyber crimes, detention in non-international armed conflicts.

• Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism
• Conflict Resolution
• Research Tips

International humanitarian law (aka "laws of armed conflict" or "laws of war") is the set of rules that regulates conduct in armed conflict and seeks to limit effects of armed conflict. The main sources of IHL rules and regulations are treaties and customary international law. 

A treaty is “an international agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation." ( VCLT, Art. 2 ) For assistance with treaty terminology, see the UN Treaty Glossary .

Key treaties relevant to international humanitarian law include: 

• The Hague Conventions (and Annexed Regulations) of 1899 and 1907
• The Geneva Conventions and Protocols  (four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Additional Protocols)

Customary International Law

Customary international law refers to rules of law derived from consistent state practice of international acts over time occurring out of a sense of legal obligation. Thus, a rule of customary international law is demonstrated by showing evidence of two elements: state practice (objective element) + and opinio juris (subjective element). 

• ICRC Customary IHL Database : online version of ICRC's study on customary international humanitarian law with two sections: rules and practice.

The law of armed conflict (aka international humanitarian law) is the body of international law that regulates behavior during armed conflict. 

Relevant subject headings to find books on the law of armed conflict include:

• Humanitarian law
• War (International law)
• Military weapons (International law)

Journal Articles (Open Access)

• Vol. 51 Issue #3 of the Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law was a special issue on the law of armed conflict. Other articles from this issue can be accessed here . 
• Eric Talbot Jensen, The Future of the Law of Armed Conflict: Ostriches, Butterflies, and Nanobots , 35 Mich. J. Int'l L. 253 (2014).
• UN Audiovisual Library of International Law: Law of Armed Conflict Provides access to a video lecture series pertaining to the law of armed conflict.
• Rule of Law in Armed Conflict Project Website that monitors situations of armed conflict.

National security can be defined as "the ability of a state to cater for the protection and defence of its citizenry." [ UN Chronicle, National Security vs. Global Security ] The issue of whether protecting national security is a legitimate ground to detain and restrict the liberties of persons in armed conflict situations gives rise to international humanitarian law and human rights law questions. 

Books & Supplements

• International Humanitarian Law Teaching Supplement - National Security Law Document produced by the International Humanitarian Law Clinic at Emory University School of Law on the integration of national security and IHL.

Research Papers

• Zelalem Mogessie Teferra, National Security and the Right to Liberty in Armed Conflict: The Legality and Limits of Security Detention in International Humanitarian Law , 98 Int'l Rev. Red Cross 961 (2016). 

International human rights law deals with the protection of individuals and groups against violations of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights under international law. International human rights law is a public international law topic. Human rights law and IHL are complementary with some overlapping aims and objectives. Please see the ICRC's What is the difference between IHL and human rights law?  webpage for an overview of their origins and scope of application.

Online Casebooks

• ICRC - IHL and Human Rights Provides an overview and bibliography of cases and documents pertaining to IHL and human rights law.

Research Guides

• PLRC Research Guide on International Human Rights Law Research Research guide that provides an overview of how to conduct international human rights research. This guide was created for Northwestern Pritzker School of Law, so some of the resources on this guide are restricted to the Northwestern Law community.

Events & Lectures

• Center for Strategic & International Studies: Restoring Humanitarian Access in Ethiopia Video and transcript of event held in February 2021 by CSIS focused on the challenges to humanitarian access in Ethiopia.
• African Human Rights Law Journal Open access, peer-reviewed journal published twice a year (July & December) by the Pretoria University Law Press (PULP), which took over from Juta as publisher in 2013. It is published in association with the Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria.

Cyber warfare refers to war that is waged within cyberspace rather than through military hostilities on the ground. 

• Jonathan Horowitz, Cyber Operations under International Humanitarian Law: Perspectives from the ICRC , 24 Am. Soc'y of Int'l L. (2020).
• U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) Cybercrime Repository Database containing national legislation and cases pertaining to cyber crime.

Article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions 1949 addresses conflicts not of an international character where one or more non-State armed groups are involved. For analysis of treaty provisions, see the ICRC Treaties, State Parties and Commentaries Database . 

Book Chapters

• Frederic Megret, Detention by Non-State Armed Groups in Non-International Armed Conflicts: International Humanitarian Law, International Human Rights Law and the Question of Right Authority , in  International Humanitarian Law and Non-State Actors: Debates, Law and Practice, (Ezequiel Heffes, Marcos D. Kotlik & Manuel Ventura eds.) (forthcoming). 
• Knut Dörmann, Detention in Non-International Armed Conflicts , 88 Int'l L. Studies 349 (2012). 
• << Previous: Overview
• Next: Weapons >>
• Last Updated: Mar 31, 2021 12:37 PM
• URL: https://library.law.northwestern.edu/ihlc

International Humanitarian Law

Getting started.

• Book Search
• Treaties and Agreements
• Experts on International Humanitarian Law

Please check the below sources for a quick beginning  research on international humanitarian law: 

• What Is International Humanitarian Law? (ICRC, 2 pages)
• International Humanitarian Law  (European Commission, 2 pages)
• What is the difference between IHL and human rights law? (ICRC)
• Hans-Peter Gasser, Humanitarian Law, International (CWRU law patrons; Dec. 2015, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law).

Law students may also schedule a  Personal Research Consultation  (PeRC) with one of the librarians.

• Next: Book Search >>
• Last Updated: Feb 7, 2024 10:47 AM
• URL: https://lawresearchguides.cwru.edu/IHL

International Humanitarian Law Research: Getting Started

• Getting Started
• Current Awareness
• Organizations

What is International Humanitarian Law

"International humanitarian law (IHL) is a set of rules which seek, for humanitarian reasons, to limit the effects of armed conflict. It protects persons who are not or are no longer participating in the hostilities and restricts the means and methods of warfare. International humanitarian law is also known as the law of war or the law of armed conflict." (ICRC)

Off Campus Access

Off-campus access is restricted to current Florida State faculty, students and staff.  You will be prompted to login with your FSU user name and password.

International & Foreign Law Databases

• Incorporated Council of Law Reporting (ICLR) This link opens in a new window
• Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals This link opens in a new window

• U.N. iLibrary

Research Guides

• ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources: International Criminal Law
• ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources: International Humanitarian Law
• ASIL Guide to Electronic Resources: International Human Rights
• Peace Palace Library - International Humanitarian Law Research Guide
• War Crimes Reseearch Portal

Encyclopedieas and Dictionaries

• Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

Customary International Humanitarian Law

• ICRC Customary IHL Database Search customary law, treaties, and national implementation of international humanitarian law.

• Next: Books >>
• Last Updated: Jan 22, 2024 10:57 AM
• URL: https://guides.law.fsu.edu/humanitarianlaw

Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law

Providing up-to-date discussions of both evolving and novel debates in human rights law and humanitarian law, this timely new edition of the Research Handbook on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law complements, rather than replaces, its predecessor with fresh perspectives from leading scholars on the controversial and crucial topics within these fields. Examining the application of international law to armed conflict situations, chapters present cutting-edge research and contemporary reflections on surrounding issues that have evolved and emerged in recent years.

• Human Rights
• Public International Law
• Humanitarian Law
• Terrorism and Security

• [66.249.64.20|195.216.135.184]
• 195.216.135.184

Character limit 500 /500

• Bibliography
• More Referencing guides Blog Automated transliteration Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Automated transliteration
• Relevant bibliographies by topics
• Referencing guides

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'International Humanitarian Law'

Create a spot-on reference in apa, mla, chicago, harvard, and other styles.

Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'International Humanitarian Law.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

Rana, Naomi. "Humanitarian intervention and the use of force." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17546205.

Loos, Clemens. "The convergence and divergence of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6236_1182745813.

In this minithesis, I demonstrate that International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law are two distinct but related fields of law. First, the examination deals with the instance that the aim of both branches of law, the protection of human rights, is common, but the approach to reach this aim is different. In this regard, I show numerous points of divergence of both branches of law which have their origin in the fundamentally different historical developments of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law. I give the main attention to the application of both sets of law, whereby the contractions and legal gaps of the protection of human rights become apparent. The proposals dealing with the solution of these issues are discussed. I argue that a new legal instrument for a comprehensive and compatible protection of human rights is necessary, especially in times of internal strife. Regarding the question as to whether International Humanitarian Law or International Human Rights Law should apply if both branches are applicable, I take the view to apply the roman principle of law lex specialis derogat legi generali in such a way that the more specific rule whenever they have a specific justification for dealing with specific problems is applicable. Both branches of law do not merge to one, but they converge to a harmonious relationship, where they complement each other and provide the highest protection of human rights.

Beneke, Méchelle. "The validity of humanitarian intervention under international law." Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/305.

Aksar, Yusuf. "The 'ad hoc' tribunals and international humanitarian law." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/405a48d5-52b6-4cea-894e-30c7a402faed.

Godoy, Wilson Magdalena Sofia. "Sexual violence in armed conflict under international law: The interplay between international humanitarian law human rights law and international criminal law." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56998.

Thomas, Kathryn Michelle. "United Nations forcible humanitarian intervention, international law and politics /." Title page, contents and abtract only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09art4584.pdf.

Cho, Sihyun. "Applicability of international humanitarian law to internal armed conflicts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245162.

Provost, Rene. "International human rights and humanitarian law : fusion or confusion?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285439.

Kazemi, Abadi Alireza. "Reaffirmation and development of customary international humanitarian law by international criminal tribunals." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/reaffirmation-and-development-of-customary-international-humanitarian-law-by-international-criminal-tribunals(df866a57-9959-4706-888e-737e75e68d2b).html.

Sonczyk, Barbara. "The anatomy of the war crime of attacking peacekeepers under international humanitarian law and international criminal law." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2014. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/964w0/the-anatomy-of-the-war-crimeof-attacking-peacekeepersunder-internationalhumanitarian-law-andinternational-criminal-law.

Ewing, Michelle. "Justifying humanitarian intervention." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26196.

Svensén, Fanny Martika. "Humanitarian visas and extraterritorial non-refoulement obligations at embassies." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-137186.

Chesterman, Simon. "Just war or just peace? : humanitarian intervention and international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2f9085b-4ca9-4244-bff0-837ea5d4d74b.

Al-Suwaidi, Saif Ghanim Saif Obaid. "Humanitarian intervention under the UN Charter and contemporary international law." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2004. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675679.

Vasiliauskienė, Violeta. "The fight against terrorism in the context of international humanitarian law." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140303_135329-20805.

Lin, James Chun. "Humanitarianism and military force : humanitarian intervention and international society." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3ce0813e-b33d-4d02-8049-7851859cc801.

Chaulia, Sreeram. "Civilian protection and humanitarian organisations rationality or culture? /." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

Milkeraitytė, Kristina. "Private Military and Security Companies and Their Personnel in the Context of International Humanitarian Law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090629_101808-18164.

Kazinec, Darius. "Issues of cyber warfare in international law." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110705_132153-12860.

Crawford, Emily Jessica Teresa Law Faculty of Law UNSW. "Unequal before the law: Questioning the distinction between types of armed conflict in international law." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Law, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41260.

Samara, Angeliki. "The responsibility to protect and the notion of irresponsibility in international law." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/80439/.

Da, Rosa William Torres Laureano. "The dialectic of emancipation and repression in international human rights law." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/64069/.

Nelson, Eisha Amanda. "Changes and solutions to improve humanitarian aid." Thesis, Webster University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1526651.

The 1990s saw a rise in the participation of NGOs answering the demands of affected populations caught in between armed conflicts, bouts of natural disasters and diseases. Though their intentions were good, it was from this point onwards NGOs have gained their notoriety, despite the work they do to address the needs of man. With a consistent rise of the number of actively participating NGOs, these humanitarian actors have since gone under scrutiny by the general population, which range from ineffective operations, scandals surrounding aid money, ethics within humanitarianism as well as many aid organizations that still remain independent from each other.

This paper will seek to answer how to improve the role of humanitarian aid in emergency situations, and address its issues and shortcomings. This will be done by analyzing the different criticisms faced by these humanitarian actors, as well as analyzing the different solutions that have since been proposed in order to answer these criticisms and find a new way for these organizations to operate and define themselves. Finally, these analyses will be evaluated and compared among one another.

Interviews have been held with aid workers and members of humanitarian organizations, in order to get a more intimate perspective of the inside workings of an NGO. Recent literature, studies and findings have also been utilized in order to get a clearer picture of the current state of humanitarian aid, notably from writers such as Thomas Weiss, Hugo Slim, David Rieff and Linda Polman.

Humanitarian aid cannot be cured with a simple solution; instead, it is an ongoing, gradual process that requires cooperation from governments and organizations in order to move forward. The non-protit sector can stand to learn a lot from the for-profit sector, especially in terms of professionalism and collaborating amongst one another. This change will not come easily, but humanitarian aid also cannot remain stagnant if they hope to reach out to populations in need with quality aid.

Klingsbo, Dina. "Palestinians’ Right to Property in the Occupied Territory Under International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76596.

Östberg, Jenny. "Prisoner of War or Unlawful Combatant : An Evolution of International Humanitarian Law." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5603.

The construction of International Humanitarian Law and the norms regarding protection of prisoners of war have evolved as a reaction to the horrors of war. After September 11 and the following war on terrorism the notion of POWs has been widely debated. The USA holds prisoners at the navy base at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba without granting them status as POWs; this thesis is placing the treatment of these detainees within a historical context. The norm concerning rights of POWs is today both internationalized and institutionalized, but that has not always been the case. This thesis illuminates how the norms have evolved during World War I, World War II and Vietnam War; finally the war against terrorism and the treatment of the prisoners at Guantánamo Bay is analyzed. The intention of the thesis is to use a historical overview of the evolution of IHL, and the rights of POWs in particular, to formulate a wider assumption about the implication of IHL in the war against terrorism and the future.

The thesis adopts a theory which combines constructivism and John Rawls´ theory of justice and uses constructivist ideas about the nature of the international system applied to Rawls´ notion of justice. The constructivist theory and ontology are the basis of the theoretical framework of this thesis and Rawls´ definition of justice as the base of social institutions are viewed from a constructivist perspective. IHL and the norms regarding protection of POWs are thus considered as social facts, constructed and upheld through social interaction between states.

Dinniss, Heather Harrison. "The status and use of computer network attacks in international humanitarian law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2527/.

Hardie, Kathleen. "Humanitarian Intervention, Human Rights and the use of force in International Law." Thesis, Hardie, Kathleen (2009) Humanitarian Intervention, Human Rights and the use of force in International Law. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2009. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/2446/.

Olulowo, Kunle Adebamiji. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Counterterrorism Efforts and Implications for International Humanitarian Law." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5766.

Macak, Jakub (Kubo). "Internationalized armed conflicts in international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:793d605d-dea3-403c-95df-c88bfe0cf19f.

Giesen, Stefan. "Roberta Arnold/Noëlle Quénivet (Hrsg.), International humanitarian law and human rights law : towards a new merger in international law / [rezensiert von] Stefan Giesen." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3573/.

Du, Plessis Madri. "Evaluation of the international law regarding humanitarian intervention in human rights abuses not breaching international peace and security." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53742.

Sutton, Rebecca. "The international humanitarian actor as 'civilian plus' : the circulation of the idea of distinction in international law." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3803/.

Mavridis, Iakovos. "The practice of humanitarian intervention after the end of the Cold War : emerging norm or just practice? : humanitarian intervention and international law." Thesis, University of Hull, 2006. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5858.

Steiner, Hrafn. "Cyber operations, legal rules and state practice : authority and control in international humanitarian law." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142944.

Moir, Lindsay. "The protection of civilians during non-international armed conflict." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284993.

Vanegas, Guzman Maria del Pilar. "Integrating legal pluralism to ICRC's task of enhancing compliance with international humanitarian law." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97134.

Güler, Hande. "The Interaction between International Human Rights Law and International Humanitarian Law: Seeking the most effective protection for children in armed conflicts." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21526.

Kolb, Andreas Stephan. "The responsibility to protect : legal rights and obligations to save humans from mass murder and ethnic cleansing." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4160.

Ferstman, Carla. "Reparation for violations of human rights and humanitarian law : the responsibility of international organizations." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4ac8ab4f-6c87-4238-b2df-ea8dadb22110.

Bantekas, Ilias. "Principles of individual responsibilty for violations of international humanitarian law after the ICTY." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489897.

McDonald, A. M. "Rights to legal remedies of victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273093.

Bates, Elizabeth Torbe Stubbins. "Solving the conundrum between military training, prevention and compliance in international humanitarian law." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2018. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/30290/.

Zamir, Singer Noam Ziso. "Classification of conflicts in cases of foreign intervention in civil wars." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283965.

Uyar, Abatay Lema. "The accountability of UN post-conflict administrations for violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a3dc00e1-afe1-4503-a9de-e18af88c2982.

Schlagheck, Heidi Michelle. "The Importance of International Law in Counter-Terrorism: The Need for New Guidelines in International Law to Assist States Responding to Terrorist Attacks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36371.

Kamanzi, Aziza. "Legal protection of humanitarian workers during a non-international armed conflict." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2491_1299492391.

This research paper focuses on the legal protection of humanitarian workers. It refers to the experience of governmental organizations with a humanitarian vocation, and international humanitarian organizations, such as, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), active in more than 80 countries. The ICRC was created in order provide assistance and protection to wounded combatants,11 but its activity has gradually extended to include prisoners of war and civilians, territories. Also Medecin Sans Frontiere (MSF), functioning in more than 70 countries, was established to provide medical assistance to victims of conflicts or natural and other disasters.

Al-Tarawneh, Mekhled Irkhyes. "The legality of humanitarian intervention under the United Nations Charter and contemporary international law." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272484.

Ali, Abed Sara. "Targeted killing under International Humanitarian Law : The lawfulness of targeted killing in armed conflicts." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-86493.

Von, Tigerstrom Barbara. "Human security and international law prospects and problems /." Oxford ; Portland, OR : Hart Pub, 2007. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=227756.

Macarchuk, Ashley. "The Effect of International NGOs on Influencing Domestic Policy and Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1866.

Human Rights Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive guide on human rights law research paper topics tailored for law students assigned with research paper tasks. The page aims to provide comprehensive guidance and resources to students studying law and assigned with research paper tasks in the field of human rights law. It presents a diverse range of research paper topics related to human rights law, covering ten distinct categories, each containing ten topics for exploration. Furthermore, the page includes an in-depth article on human rights law, tips on selecting compelling human rights law research paper topics, and guidelines for writing a successful research paper. The page also highlights the custom writing services offered by iResearchNet, tailored to meet students’ academic needs and requirements in the domain of human rights law.

100 Human Rights Law Research Paper Topics

In the realm of human rights law, the depth and breadth of research topics are vast, reflecting the complexities of the field and its dynamic nature. This comprehensive list of human rights law research paper topics spans ten categories, each presenting ten engaging and thought-provoking subjects for exploration. From international perspectives to domestic applications, these topics cover various dimensions of human rights law, shedding light on critical issues, ongoing challenges, and evolving debates. Whether students are interested in human rights advocacy, humanitarian law, discrimination, or constitutional protections, this list aims to inspire and equip them with the right tools to embark on their research journey.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code.

• Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech Laws: Striking a Balance
• The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges and Protections
• Religious Freedom and the Clash of Beliefs in Pluralistic Societies
• LGBTQ+ Rights and the Pursuit of Equality: Legal Progress and Challenges
• Racial Profiling and Discrimination: Addressing Systemic Biases
• Women’s Rights and Gender Equality: Empowerment and Legal Reforms
• The Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Inclusion and Accessibility
• Juvenile Justice and Youth Rights: Restorative Approaches
• The Right to Education: Ensuring Access and Quality
• Combating Human Trafficking: Legal Frameworks and Anti-Trafficking Efforts
• Universal Human Rights Declarations and International Enforcement
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Promoting Human Rights
• The United Nations Human Rights Council: Achievements and Limitations
• International Criminal Court and the Pursuit of Accountability for Atrocities
• The Impact of Customary International Law on Human Rights Norms
• Regional Human Rights Systems: Advancing Rights Protection in Specific Areas
• The Intersection of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
• Diplomacy and Human Rights: Balancing National Interests and Global Responsibilities
• Economic Sanctions and Human Rights: Assessing Their Effectiveness and Consequences
• The Responsibility to Protect: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Interventions
• Income Inequality and Human Rights: Addressing Economic Disparities
• Access to Healthcare as a Human Right: Equity and Universal Coverage
• Housing Rights and Homelessness: Legal Strategies for Housing Security
• Environmental Justice and Human Rights: Protecting Vulnerable Communities
• Indigenous Rights and Land Restitution: Recognizing Past Injustices
• The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Human Rights and Refugee Crisis
• Discrimination and Marginalization of Minority Groups: Legal Responses
• Labor Rights and Worker Protections: Fair Employment Practices
• Human Rights and Access to Justice: Overcoming Barriers to Legal Remedies
• Rights of Migrants and Refugees: Challenges in Migration Policies
• Capital Punishment and Human Rights: Abolition and Alternatives
• The Right to a Fair Trial: Legal Safeguards and Due Process
• Prison Conditions and Human Rights: Rehabilitation vs. Punishment
• Police Accountability and Use of Force: Balancing Public Safety and Rights
• Juvenile Justice Reform: Rethinking Punishment for Young Offenders
• Human Rights Implications of Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Measures
• Counterterrorism Laws and Civil Liberties: Balancing Security and Rights
• The Rights of Victims and Witness Protection in Criminal Proceedings
• Criminalization of Drug Use and Human Rights: Health Approaches vs. Punitive Measures
• Human Rights and the Right to Legal Representation: Ensuring Access to Counsel
• Reproductive Rights and Women’s Health: Legal Battles and Access to Care
• Mental Health Law and Human Rights: Balancing Autonomy and Protection
• Access to Medicines and Patent Rights: Global Health Equity
• Medical Ethics and Human Rights: Informed Consent and Research Ethics
• LGBTQ+ Health Rights and Healthcare Disparities: Advocacy and Legal Reforms
• Disability Rights and Healthcare Accessibility: Accommodations and Inclusion
• The Right to Die with Dignity: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Laws
• Human Rights Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic Response: Balancing Public Health and Liberties
• Substance Use and Harm Reduction: Public Health Approaches and Legal Barriers
• Health Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Challenges in Providing Care
• Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts: Legal Frameworks and Challenges
• The Right to Seek Asylum: International Refugee Law and Responsibilities
• War Crimes and International Justice: The Role of International Criminal Tribunals
• Human Rights Implications of Autonomous Weapons and Military Technologies
• The Role of Humanitarian Organizations in Conflict Zones: Safety and Access
• The Responsibility to Protect: Preventing Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
• Human Rights and Internally Displaced Persons: Legal Recognition and Protections
• The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Children’s Rights: Child Soldiers and Protection Measures
• Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflicts: Legal Responses and Accountability
• Humanitarian Interventions and the Sovereignty Debate: Balancing Global Responsibility and Non-Interference
• The Right to a Healthy Environment: Environmental Protections and Human Rights
• Climate Change and Human Rights: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
• Indigenous Rights and Environmental Conservation: Balancing Preservation and Development
• Environmental Justice and Communities of Color: Overcoming Environmental Racism
• The Impact of Extractive Industries on Human Rights and Environmental Preservation
• Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Conflict and Collaboration
• The Right to Water and Sanitation: Access and Equity in Water Management
• Land Rights and Environmental Protection: Balancing Development and Conservation
• Environmental Impact Assessments and Human Rights: Ensuring Accountability and Participation
• The Role of the International Court of Justice in Protecting Human Rights
• The United Nations Human Rights Council and its Effectiveness in Promoting Rights
• Human Rights in Regional Organizations: The European Court of Human Rights
• The Role of International NGOs in Monitoring and Advocating for Human Rights
• International Human Rights Mechanisms and State Compliance: Challenges and Achievements
• The Role of Human Rights in International Trade Agreements and Economic Cooperation
• Human Rights in Armed Conflict: The Geneva Conventions and Customary International Law
• International Criminal Law and Prosecution of Human Rights Violations
• The Role of the United Nations in Protecting Children’s Rights
• Human Rights and Peacekeeping Operations: Balancing Security and Rights
• Digital Privacy and Human Rights: Challenges in the Age of Big Data
• The Right to Freedom of Expression in the Digital Era: Censorship and Online Speech
• Human Rights Implications of Artificial Intelligence and Automation
• Surveillance and Human Rights: Balancing Security and Privacy
• The Right to Internet Access as a Human Right: Universal Connectivity and Digital Equity
• Online Harassment and Cyberbullying: Legal Protections and Remedies
• Data Protection and Human Rights: Ensuring Personal Information Security
• Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Knowledge: Copyright and Cultural Rights
• The Right to Information and Government Transparency: Open Data and Accountability
• The Use of Drones in Armed Conflicts: Ethical and Legal Implications
• The Role of Human Rights Activism in Advancing Social Change
• The Intersectionality of Human Rights: Addressing Multiple Forms of Discrimination
• Indigenous Rights Movements and Land Justice: Advocacy and Legal Strategies
• The LGBTQ+ Rights Movement: Progress and Challenges in the Fight for Equality
• Women’s Rights Movements and Legal Reforms: Empowerment and Gender Equality
• Disability Rights Advocacy and the Fight for Inclusion and Accessibility
• Youth-Led Movements for Climate Justice and Environmental Rights
• The Black Lives Matter Movement and Police Accountability: Demanding Justice and Reform
• Human Rights and Migrant Rights Movements: Standing for Justice and Dignity
• Human Rights and Corporate Accountability: Advocating for Corporate Social Responsibility

The field of human rights law presents a dynamic landscape with a plethora of research paper topics that delve into critical social, political, and ethical issues. The ten categories presented here offer students a panoramic view of the diverse and interrelated areas within human rights law. As they embark on their research endeavors, students have the opportunity to explore the complexities and implications of human rights from various perspectives, both nationally and globally. The ever-evolving nature of human rights law ensures that this field will continue to inspire and challenge scholars, advocates, and policymakers in their pursuit of justice, equality, and human dignity. Whether it is advocating for marginalized communities, addressing humanitarian crises, or examining the intersection of technology and human rights, these topics will empower students to contribute meaningfully to the discourse and advancement of human rights principles worldwide. The journey of human rights research is both transformative and empowering, offering the potential to effect positive change in the lives of millions.

Human Rights Law: Exploring the Range of Topics

Human rights law is a dynamic and critical field that addresses the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings. Rooted in the belief in the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, human rights law seeks to protect and promote these rights, ensuring that all people can live in equality, freedom, and peace. As a multidimensional area of study, human rights law offers a wide range of research paper topics that delve into the complexities of international and domestic legal frameworks, the intersections between human rights and other fields of law, and the evolving challenges in safeguarding human rights in an ever-changing world.

• The Universality and Cultural Relativism of Human Rights : The concept of human rights raises intriguing questions about the universality of rights versus the cultural relativism of values. Research papers in this category may explore the tensions between universal human rights norms and cultural practices, analyzing how cultural contexts can impact the interpretation and implementation of human rights.
• Human Rights and Armed Conflicts : Armed conflicts present severe challenges to human rights, with civilian populations often suffering the most. Human rights law research paper topics in this area may focus on the protection of human rights during armed conflicts, including issues of war crimes, humanitarian law, and the role of international institutions in ensuring accountability for human rights violations.
• Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : Economic, social, and cultural rights are essential components of human rights law, emphasizing access to education, healthcare, housing, and social security. Research papers may analyze the legal frameworks and challenges in implementing these rights, especially in the context of poverty, inequality, and socio-economic development.
• Human Rights and Refugees : The plight of refugees and asylum seekers is a pressing human rights issue worldwide. Research topics in this area may examine the legal protections and challenges faced by refugees, the role of international organizations in supporting displaced populations, and the impacts of immigration policies on human rights.
• Human Rights and Discrimination : Discrimination on various grounds, such as race, gender, religion, and disability, continues to be a significant human rights concern. Research papers may explore legal frameworks and strategies to combat discrimination, including the role of affirmative action, equality laws, and anti-discrimination policies.
• Freedom of Expression and Media Rights : Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of human rights law, and the media plays a crucial role in fostering democracy and accountability. Research topics in this category may delve into issues of media freedom, censorship, and the balance between free speech and hate speech.
• Human Rights and Technology : Advancements in technology bring both opportunities and challenges to human rights protection. Research papers in this area may examine issues such as digital privacy, surveillance, artificial intelligence, and the right to access information in the digital age.
• Human Rights and Health : Health is intricately linked to human rights, as access to healthcare is a fundamental right. Research topics may explore the right to health and the challenges in ensuring equitable access to healthcare services, especially in vulnerable populations.
• Gender and Human Rights : Gender equality is a central theme in human rights law, and research papers in this category may focus on women’s rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and the intersections between gender and other human rights issues.
• Human Rights and Business : The impact of business practices on human rights has become a significant area of concern. Research topics may explore corporate social responsibility, business and human rights initiatives, and the role of businesses in upholding human rights standards.

The realm of human rights law is vast and multifaceted, covering a wide array of topics and issues that demand critical examination and research. From armed conflicts to economic disparities, from refugees’ rights to media freedom, and from technology to health, the field of human rights law offers a rich landscape for exploration and advocacy. As students and scholars delve into these research paper topics, they engage in crucial discussions on human rights protection, social justice, and the promotion of dignity and equality for all. By striving for a deeper understanding of human rights and their complexities, we contribute to creating a more just, compassionate, and rights-respecting world. At iResearchNet, we are committed to supporting students in their academic pursuits by providing expert assistance and custom research paper writing services that adhere to the highest standards of quality and excellence. Together, let us explore the frontiers of human rights law and work towards a future where human rights are upheld and protected for every individual, without exception.

How to Choose a Human Rights Law Topic

Choosing a compelling and relevant research paper topic is a crucial step in the academic journey of students studying human rights law. As a multifaceted and evolving field, human rights law offers a vast array of topics to explore, each with its unique challenges and opportunities. However, the abundance of choices can also be overwhelming, leaving students unsure of where to begin. In this section, we will provide valuable insights and practical tips on how to select the most suitable and engaging human rights law research paper topics.

• Identify Your Interests and Passions : The first step in choosing a research paper topic is to reflect on your personal interests and passions within the field of human rights law. What particular human rights issues resonate with you the most? Are you drawn to topics related to gender equality, access to healthcare, refugees’ rights, or freedom of expression? Identifying your interests will not only make the research process more enjoyable but also enable you to invest the necessary time and effort into producing a compelling and meaningful paper.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Before finalizing a research paper topic, it is essential to conduct preliminary research to gain a broader understanding of the current state of knowledge in the chosen area. Review academic journals, books, policy papers, and reports related to your potential topics. This preliminary research will not only help you refine your topic but also identify any gaps in the existing literature that you could address in your research.
• Consider the Scope and Feasibility : While it may be tempting to choose a broad and ambitious topic, it is essential to consider the scope and feasibility of your research. A topic that is too broad may lack focus, while a topic that is too narrow may limit your ability to find sufficient research material. Strike a balance between a topic that is comprehensive enough to explore in-depth and one that is manageable within the scope of your research project.
• Examine Current Debates and Controversies : Human rights law is often marked by ongoing debates and controversies surrounding certain issues. Exploring topics that are currently subject to heated discussions allows you to contribute to these debates and engage with cutting-edge research. Consider topics related to emerging challenges in human rights protection, the implications of new technologies on human rights, or the impact of global events on human rights law.
• Consult with Professors and Peers : Seek guidance and feedback from your professors, advisors, and peers during the topic selection process. Discussing your ideas with knowledgeable individuals can provide valuable insights and help you refine your research focus. They can also suggest additional resources and research directions that you may not have considered.
• Choose a Researchable and Original Topic : Select a research paper topic that is not only interesting but also researchable and original. Ensure that there is a sufficient amount of credible sources and data available for your chosen topic. Additionally, strive to bring a unique perspective or approach to your research to contribute new insights to the field of human rights law.
• Stay Updated on Current Events : Human rights issues are dynamic and influenced by current events and global developments. Keep yourself updated on recent news, legal developments, and policy changes related to human rights. Monitoring current events will help you identify timely and relevant research paper topics that address real-world challenges.
• Consider the Impact and Real-World Relevance : Choose a research paper topic that has practical significance and real-world relevance. Human rights law is not merely an academic exercise; it has a direct impact on the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. Consider topics that have the potential to contribute to positive change, promote human rights awareness, or address pressing human rights challenges.
• Be Open to Flexibility and Adaptation : As you delve deeper into your research, be open to adapting and refining your research paper topic based on new insights and findings. Sometimes, the direction of your research may evolve, and being flexible in your approach allows you to produce a more nuanced and comprehensive paper.
• Seek Inspiration from iResearchNet : At iResearchNet, we understand the significance of choosing the right research paper topic. Our team of expert writers and researchers is well-versed in various areas of human rights law and can provide valuable insights and inspiration to help you select the perfect topic for your research paper. With our assistance, you can embark on a journey of exploration and discovery, delving into the complexities and nuances of human rights law while making a meaningful contribution to the field.

Selecting a research paper topic in human rights law requires careful consideration and thoughtful reflection. By identifying your interests, conducting preliminary research, and staying updated on current events, you can choose a topic that is not only academically stimulating but also relevant and impactful. At iResearchNet, we are committed to supporting students in their academic pursuits by offering expert guidance and custom research paper writing services. Together, let us embark on a journey of academic excellence and advocacy, working towards a world where human rights are upheld and protected for all.

How to Write a Human Rights Law Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of human rights law requires careful planning, thorough research, and a clear understanding of the subject matter. As you embark on this academic endeavor, you will encounter various challenges and opportunities to delve deep into the complexities of human rights issues. In this section, we will provide you with a comprehensive guide on how to write a compelling and impactful human rights law research paper.

• Understand the Research Question : The first step in writing a research paper is to understand and define your research question. Your research question should be clear, focused, and specific, addressing a particular aspect of human rights law. It should guide your research and provide a framework for your paper.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : Human rights law is a multidisciplinary field that draws on legal principles, international treaties, ethical considerations, and socio-political aspects. To write an authoritative research paper, conduct in-depth research from a variety of credible sources, including academic journals, legal databases, government publications, and reputable websites. Take notes and organize your findings to support your arguments effectively.
• Create an Outline : Organize your research and ideas by creating a well-structured outline for your research paper. An outline helps you maintain a logical flow of information, ensuring that your paper is cohesive and coherent. Divide your paper into sections and subsections, each addressing a specific aspect of your research question.
• Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes the main argument of your research paper. Your thesis statement should convey the purpose of your paper and guide readers on what to expect throughout the document.
• Introduction : Begin your research paper with an engaging introduction that provides background information on the human rights issue you are addressing. Introduce the significance of the topic, explain its relevance in the context of human rights law, and present your thesis statement.
• Literature Review : Incorporate a literature review section in your research paper to discuss the existing body of knowledge on the topic. Analyze and critically evaluate relevant studies, theories, and legal cases related to your research question. Identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology : If your research paper involves empirical research or data analysis, outline your methodology in this section. Describe the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques you used to obtain results. Explain how your chosen methodology aligns with your research question and contributes to the overall understanding of the human rights issue.
• Analysis and Findings : Present your research findings and analyze the data in the context of your research question. Use evidence and examples from your research to support your arguments. Analyze the implications of your findings on the human rights issue and its potential impact on policies, laws, or practices.
• Discussion : In the discussion section, interpret your research findings and relate them to the existing body of knowledge. Address any limitations or challenges encountered during your research and suggest avenues for further exploration.
• Conclusion : Summarize the key points of your research paper in the conclusion section. Restate your thesis statement and highlight the main findings of your study. Discuss the implications of your research on human rights law and suggest potential areas for future research.
• Citations and Referencing : Properly cite all the sources used in your research paper following the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Accurate referencing is essential to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.
• Proofreading and Editing : Before submitting your research paper, thoroughly proofread and edit it to eliminate any grammatical errors, typos, or inconsistencies. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting and style guidelines provided by your instructor or academic institution.

Writing a human rights law research paper is a rewarding and intellectually stimulating experience. By understanding your research question, conducting in-depth research, and organizing your paper effectively, you can produce a compelling and impactful piece of academic work. Remember to stay focused on your thesis statement and support your arguments with credible evidence. At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges of writing a research paper and are here to support you with expert guidance and custom research paper writing services. Together, let us contribute to the advancement of human rights knowledge and advocate for a more just and equitable world.

iResearchNet’s Custom Research Paper Writing Services

At iResearchNet, we understand the significance of human rights law and its impact on shaping a just and equitable society. We recognize that students pursuing law studies often face various academic challenges, including the task of writing comprehensive and well-researched research papers on complex human rights issues. To support students in their academic journey and contribute to the advancement of human rights knowledge, we offer custom human rights law research paper writing services. Our team of expert degree-holding writers is dedicated to providing top-quality, customized solutions tailored to meet your specific research needs. With our comprehensive services, you can embark on a seamless and rewarding research paper writing experience.

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : At iResearchNet, we have a team of expert writers with advanced degrees in law and human rights-related fields. Our writers possess extensive knowledge of human rights principles, international treaties, and legal frameworks, enabling them to craft well-informed and insightful research papers.
• Custom Written Works : We understand that each research paper is unique, and therefore, we offer fully custom-written papers designed to meet your specific requirements. Our writers conduct in-depth research on your chosen topic and tailor the paper to align with your research question and academic guidelines.
• In-Depth Research : Our writers are adept at conducting comprehensive and in-depth research from a variety of credible sources, ensuring that your research paper is well-supported with evidence and examples.
• Custom Formatting : We are well-versed in different citation styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. Our writers meticulously follow the required formatting guidelines to ensure that your research paper adheres to the highest academic standards.
• Top Quality : We prioritize quality and excellence in every research paper we deliver. Our team of skilled editors reviews each paper to ensure it is free from errors and adheres to academic standards.
• Customized Solutions : We recognize that human rights law encompasses a wide range of topics and issues. Our custom writing services allow you to choose your preferred research topic and specify any particular requirements you have for the paper.
• Flexible Pricing : We offer flexible pricing options to accommodate students’ varying budgetary constraints. Our pricing is competitive, and we provide transparent cost estimates upfront.
• Short Deadlines : We understand the pressures of tight deadlines and offer expedited services to cater to urgent research paper writing needs. Our writers are capable of delivering high-quality papers within short timeframes, even as little as 3 hours.
• Timely Delivery : Punctuality is one of our core values. We are committed to delivering your research paper within the agreed-upon deadline, allowing you ample time for review and submission.
• 24/7 Support : Our customer support team is available 24/7 to address any inquiries, concerns, or updates regarding your research paper. Feel free to reach out to us at any time for prompt assistance.
• Absolute Privacy : At iResearchNet, we prioritize your privacy and confidentiality. All your personal information and research paper details are handled with the utmost confidentiality and stored securely.
• Easy Order Tracking : Stay updated on the progress of your research paper with our easy-to-use order tracking system. You can monitor the status of your paper and communicate directly with your assigned writer.
• Money Back Guarantee : We are committed to customer satisfaction. If, for any reason, you are not satisfied with the final research paper, we offer a money-back guarantee to ensure your peace of mind.

With iResearchNet’s custom human rights law research paper writing services, you can unlock the full potential of your academic journey. Our team of expert writers is here to support you in exploring the complexities of human rights law and contributing to the advancement of this critical field. Whether you need assistance in choosing a research topic, conducting in-depth research, or crafting a well-structured paper, we are here to assist you every step of the way. Empower your human rights law research with iResearchNet and make a meaningful impact on the world.

Empower Your Human Rights Law Research with iResearchNet

Are you ready to embark on a transformative journey into the realm of human rights law research? iResearchNet is your trusted partner in this noble pursuit. Our commitment to excellence, dedication to academic integrity, and passion for advancing human rights knowledge make us the perfect choice for all your research paper needs.

Empower your human rights law research and make a meaningful impact on the world with iResearchNet. Our custom research paper writing services are designed to support you in your academic journey and contribute to the advancement of human rights knowledge. Take the first step towards a brighter future and place your order today!

ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER

international humanitarian law Recently Published Documents

Total documents.

• Latest Documents
• Most Cited Documents
• Contributed Authors
• Related Sources
• Related Keywords

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA ATAS DIGUNAKANNYA SENJATA SPACE-BASED MISSILE INTERCEPTOR SEBAGAI BENTUK UPAYA SELF-DEFENSE DARI NEGARA PENYERANG TERHADAP NEGARA PIHAK KETIGA DITINJAU DARI HUKUM INTERNASIONAL

Self-defense as an inherent right owned by a country is regulated in Article 51 of the UN Charter and due to the use of Space-Based Missile Interceptor (SBMI) weapons in space, the 1967 outer space treaty must also be guided. Because Article 4 of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty prohibits the use of weapons in space, the legality of using SBMI weapons is questionable. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the legal provisions, forms of state accountability and the process of prosecuting compensation for countries using these weapons according to international law. The results of the study indicate that the use of SBMI weapons does not conflict with international law, because it is based on Article 103 of the UN Charter which states that if there are provisions in other legal rules that are contrary to the UN Charter, the UN Charter must be guided. So that self-defense actions based on Article 51 of the UN Charter do not violate the law. The party that must be absolutely responsible is the country that started the conflict, because it has violated the rules of international law in Article 2 paragraph (4) of the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. The compensation process is carried out according to the rules of the space liability convention 1972 and if in practice the party who is responsible does not show good faith in providing compensation, then it can be continued by referring to the dispute resolution process in the UN Charter.

Man against machine: Debates in the expert community on the lethal autonomous systems

In the recent years debates surrounding the autonomous weapons systems development and regulation have gained a new momentum. Despite the fact that the development of such type of weapons continues since the twentieth century, recent technological advances open up new possibilities for development of completely autonomous combat systems that will operate without human in-tervention. In this context, international community faces a number of ethical, legal, and regulatory issues. This paper examines the ongoing debates in both the Western and the Russian expert community on the challenges and prospects for using lethal autonomous systems. The author notes that Russian and Western discourses on most of the issues have very much in common and diff erences are found mainly in the intensity of debates — in the West they are much more ac-tive. In both cases the most active debates focus around two issues: the potential implications of fully autonomous weapons systems including the unclear line of accountability, and the prospects for international legal regulation of the use of lethal autonomous weapons. Both the Russian and the Western experts agree that the contemporary international humanitarian law is unable to handle the challenges posed by aggressive development of the lethal autonomous weapons. All this points to the need to adapt the international humanitarian law to the new realities, which, in turn, requires concerted actions from leading states and international organizations.

Computational modelling of the proportionality analysis under International Humanitarian Law for military decision-support systems

Methodology of regulation of new types of weapons by means of international humanitarian law: emergence and development.

The purpose of the article is to identify the methodology, used in international humanitarian law for the regulation of new types of weapons. Under the settlement of the objectives of the article, regulation is understood as the establishment of permits, prohibitions and restrictions on the use of this type of weapon in accordance with the basic principles of international humanitarian law. The article is methodologically based on the works of foreign and Ukrainian researchers, devoted to the problems of the settlement of new weapons systems in international humanitarian law. The empirical basis of the article was formed by international treaties in the field of international humanitarian law and codified customs of this industry, as reflected in the codifications, developed by the International Committee of the Red Cross. The article establishes that in international humanitarian law there is an obligation for states to assess the compliance of new weapons systems with international humanitarian law. At the same time, this norm has two disadvantages. First, it is too abstract, which allows states to avoid the obligation to assess each time with reference to the fact that a certain type of weapon does not fall under the definition of a new type of weapon. Secondly, international humanitarian law does not contain specific mechanisms to hold violating states accountable. It is concluded, that it is necessary to revise the current international legal regulation of the obligation to assess new weapons systems in the direction of its concretization and strengthening of responsibility for non-compliance. Corresponding changes can be made to the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of 1977, or introduced by adopting a separate protocol.

Illegal Control Over the Territory in International Law and the Status of Donbas Determination

Total rejection of the aggression and territory occupation in the international law leads to their hybrid and concealed forms using gangs and mercenaries, proclaiming new “states” etc. These activities constitute serious threat to international security, can cause and already cause the fragmentation of states, anarchy, criminalization of politics, new forms of expansionism and so on. The authors of the article generalize the forms of illegal control over the territory in international law and their application considering the status of Donbas determination. International law for more than a century provides for the possibility of separate regulation of the sovereignty and legal rights of the state to the territory, on the one hand, and the implementation of the regime of illegal control over the territory – on the other. Authors argue that in the modern sense, primarily developed by doctrine and courts, illegal control over the territory can be considered as a legal regime, one of the forms of which is occupation, while others are defined as effective, overall, general, de facto control and related to undisclosed actions and informal means used by the aggressor states. This regime is characterized by the exercise of power over the territory by the will of a foreign state, and the forms of implementation of the regime differ depending on whether such a will is officially recognized or concealed. The transformation of international humanitarian law after the Second World War erased the boundaries between recognized and officially unrecognized occupation. But unlike occupation, the fact of which may be obvious, the fact of effective or other control over the territory requires the determination by judicial authorities. The qualification of illegal control by the Russian Federation of the Donbas in national and international law is ambiguous. The authors argue that the full recognition of the international armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia in Donbas, as well as Russia’s illegal control over latter should be expected in the process of consideration of a number of cases in the international judicial institutions.

Gilad Ben-Nun, The Fourth Geneva Convention for Civilians: The History of International Humanitarian Law (I.B. Tauris 2020), ISBN 9781838604301, 288 pp, GBP 85.00

International environmental protection in armed conflicts: traditional legal regulation and interpretation novelties.

The paper is devoted to international legal protection of the environment during armed conflicts. The author emphasizes that armed conflicts, both international and non-international, continue to be one of the most serious threats to a healthy environment. An armed conflict taking place in the environment invariably poses a threat to ecosystems.The author summarizes that in international law there are special norms for the protection of natural environment during armed conflicts. At the same time, increasing the level of protection requires a clearer definition of the scope of application of customary law and the further development of treaty rules. While the objectives of protecting the natural environment are linked to the survival and protection of civilians, recognition of environmental protection during armed conflict as such constitutes an important trend. International law calls on States to enter into agreements that provide for additional protection of the natural environment during armed conflicts. The concept of “protecting the natural environment” in international humanitarian law refers to a wide range of obligations that can help protect the natural environment or its parts from damage. A high threshold for potential harm continues to pose the risk that such protection is not fully applicable in practice. There is an obvious tendency to use the potential of the principles of international environmental law when applying the norms of international humanitarian law. Thus, even in cases where the assessment of new means and methods of warfare does not provide scientific certainty with regard to their impact on the natural environment, this does not absolve the parties to the conflict from taking appropriate precautions. It is not enough that there are important rules of international humanitarian law protecting the natural environment during armed conflict; they need to be better disseminated, implemented and enforced, as well as validated and clarified.

Mats Deland, Mark Klamberg, Pål Wrange (eds) International Humanitarian Law and Justice: Historical and Sociological Perspectives (Routledge 2020) 242pp ISBN 9780367498566 (ebook)

Who are protected by the fundamental guarantees under international humanitarian law part 2: breaking with the control requirement in light of the icc case law.

Abstract International humanitarian law provides for fundamental guarantees, the content of which is similar irrespective of the nature of the armed conflict and which apply to individuals even if they do not fall into the categories of specifically protected persons under the Geneva Conventions. Those guarantees, all of which derive from the general requirement of human treatment, include prohibitions of specific conduct against persons, such as murder, cruel treatment, torture, sexual violence, or against property, such as pillaging. However, it is traditionally held that the entitlement to those guarantees depends upon two requirements: the ‘status requirement’, which basically means that the concerned persons must not or no longer take a direct part in hostilities, and the ‘control requirement’, which basically means that the concerned persons or properties must be under the control of a party to the armed conflict. This study argues in favour of breaking with these two requirements in light of the existing icc case law. That study is divided into two parts, with each part devoted to one requirement and made the object of a specific paper. The two papers follow the same structure. They start with general observations on the requirement concerned, examine the relevant icc case law and put forward several arguments in favour of an extensive approach to the personal scope of the fundamental guarantees. The first paper, which was published in the previous issue of this journal, dealt with the status requirement. It especially delved into the icc decisions in the Ntaganda case with respect to the issue of protection against intra-party violence. It advocated the applicability of the fundamental guarantees in such a context by rejecting the requirement of a legal status, on the basis of several arguments. Those arguments relied on ihl provisions protecting specific persons as well as on the potential for humanizing ihl on the matter and also on the approach making the status requirement relevant only when the fundamental guarantees apply in the conduct of hostilities. The second paper, which is published here, deals with the control requirement. It examines several icc cases in detail, including the Katanga and Ntaganda cases, in relation to the issue of the applicability of the fundamental guarantees in the conduct of hostilities. It is argued that the entitlement to those guarantees is not dependent upon any general control requirement, and that, as a result, some of these guarantees may apply in the conduct of hostilities. This concerns mainly those guarantees whose application or constitutive elements do not imply any physical control over the concerned persons or properties.

Drone warfare and International Humanitarian Law: the U.S., the I.C.R.C., and the contest over the global legal order

Export citation format, share document.

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

• We're Hiring!
• Help Center

Research proposal of International Humanitarian Law

Related Papers

International Review of the Red Cross

Noelle Quenivet

International humanitarian law is increasingly perceived as part of human rights law applicable in armed conflict. This trend can be traced back to the United Nations Human Rights Conference held in Tehran in 1968 which not only encouraged the development of humanitarian law itself, but also marked the beginning of a growing use by the United Nations of humanitarian law during its examination of the human rights situation in certain countries or during its thematic studies. The greater awareness of the relevance of humanitarian law to the protection of people in armed conflict, coupled with the increasing use of human rights law in international affairs, means that both these areas of law now have a much greater international profile and are regularly being used together in the work of both international and non-governmental organizations.

Maroof Hewad

Manuel Nzaku

Edward Madziwa

Journal of International Criminal Law

mersedeh mazloumi

Madhvendra P . Singh

Jonathan Crowe

This short chapter introduces the key principles relating to the scope and application of international humanitarian law (or the law of armed conflict).

Military Medicine

Peter Hostettler

Amos Kameli

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi

Serim Paker

Revista Forestal Mesoamericana Kurú

Julio Calvo

Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine

Rezan Ashayeri

The Leading Edge

International Journal of Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology

W. Ian O'Byrne

Journal of Nursing Scholarship

Evridiki Papastavrou

Parasites & Vectors

Gustavo Amarante-mendes

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

Thu-Hien Pham

Annals of Pharmacotherapy

Sobia Zafar

Budsaba Kanoksilapatham

Path of Science

ubong effiong , EKPE J O H N POLYCARP

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement

Prof. S. C. Dutta Roy

Procedia Technology

Yanuarsyah Haroen

Scientific and Technical Report

Erika Micheli

Cancer Imaging

Pediatria Polska

Małgorzata Paprocka-Borowicz

Goncalo Apolinario de Souza Filho

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Dick Bogchelman

Psicologia em Revista

Maria Elizabeth Barreto Tavares dos Reis

Physical Review E - Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics

Gerald Kneller

REWAS 2022: Developing Tomorrow’s Technical Cycles (Volume I)

Halvor Dalaker

Revue Roumaine des Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees

Louis Funar

•   We're Hiring!
•   Help Center
• Find new research papers in:
• Health Sciences
• Earth Sciences
• Cognitive Science
• Mathematics
• Computer Science
• Academia ©2024

Foreign and International Law: Topics: Human Rights

• Arbitration
• Comparative Civil Procedure
• Constitutions and Constitutional Law
• Criminal Law and Criminal Tribunals
• Elections and Political Participation
• Environment
• Foreign Investment
• Global Warming
• Health and Population
• History and Government

Human Rights

• Humanitarian Law
• Immigration
• Indigenous Peoples
• Intellectual Property
• International Affairs
• International Business
• International Law
• International Security
• International Sports Law
• International Taxation
• International Trade
• Law and Economics
• Law Reform Commissions
• Legal Information Institutes
• Reference-General Sources
• Refugees/Asylum
• Statistics/Data Archives

Topics in Foreign and International Law

• Reference--General Sources
• Amnesty International Under Library link find text of annual reports, campaign reports, publications arranged by country, country reports from 1994, and selected thematic reports and news releases.
• ASIL Electronic Resource Guide: International Human Rights Prepared by Marci Hoffman, Lecturer in Residence; Associate Director, Law Library; International & Foreign Law Librarian University of California, Berkeley School of Law Library (updated in 2011).
• Bibliography for Research on International Human Rights Law Univ. of Minnesota Human Rights Library. By Marci Hoffman and David Weissbrodt.
• European Court of Human Rights Full-text judgments are only available from October 1996 to date, with a list of decisions from 1959. Information on pending cases, basic texts including European Convention on Human Rights and its protocols, and the Rules of Court. Speeches and press releases also available.
• The European Human Rights System On GlobaLex. By James W. Hart (2011).
• The Exploitation of Women and Children: A Comparative Study of Human Trafficking Laws between the United States-Mexico and China-Vietnam On GlobaLex. By Christina T. Le (2013).
• FINDOC database From the Institute for Human Rights in Finland. Has entries for books, articles and seminar reports from 1966 on.
• Human & Constitutional Rights, Columbia University International conventions, comparative law bill rights collections, country, regional and international sections. No longer updated as of March 2008.
• Human Rights Organizations Database The Human Rights Organizations Database is Human Rights Internet's most comprehensive listing of institutions working in the field of human rights
• Human Rights Library The University of Minnesota Human Rights Library houses one of the largest collections of more than eighty-five thousand core human rights documents, including several hundred human rights treaties and other primary international human rights instruments. The site also provides access to more than four thousands links and a unique search device for multiple human rights sites.
• Human Rights Watch Human Rights Watch, the largest human rights organization based in the United States, conducts fact-finding investigations into human rights abuses in all regions of the world, issues reports, and generates global attention on the situtation. Site has information by country and by topic.
• Inter-American Human Rights Database In English and Spanish. From the Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian Law at the Washington College of Law, American University. Collection of documents adopted by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights since its first session in 1960. Available in both English and Spanish versions. Contains reports on the Commission's individual cases and reports of its early work sessions, and will eventually include special country reports and thematic reports.

• The Inter-American System of Human Rights: A Research Guide On GlobaLex. By Cecilia Cristina Naddeo; update by Francisco A. Avalos (2016).
• International Centre for the Legal Protection of Human Rights INTERIGHTS defends and promotes human rights and freedoms worldwide through the use of international and comparative law.
• International Human Rights Research Guide On GlobaLex. By Grace M. Mills (2014).
• A Review of the Progressive Development of International Human Rights Framework on Capital Punishment By Michelle Miao.
• United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Includes documents, publications and a searchable Treaty Bodies Database. The database was established to monitor the implementation of human rights treaties and can be searched by treaty, country, symbol, or type.
• U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants Searchable database of country conditions and statistics from its annual World Refugee Survey of 120 countries. Full-text articles on such topics as detention, internally displaced persons, repatriation, religious persecution, women and child, safe havens, etc. are also available.
• Women in International Law: Research Resources Prepared by Lyonette Louis-Jacques of the University of Chicago Law Library. Last updated 2002.

Subject Guide

• << Previous: History and Government
• Next: Humanitarian Law >>
• Last Updated: Oct 23, 2020 3:40 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.cornell.edu/ficl_topics

• Browse Works

International Law and Diplomacy

International law and diplomacy research papers/topics, pathways to protecting free speech in africa: opportunities for new approaches to an old problem.

Freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of every human in the world wether he/she is domicile in Europe, America, Asia, Oceania or Africa and is one of the fundamental human rights that I believe should be non negotiable, because no other creature or individual should prohibited others from expressing their views, opinions, ideas and rights vocally or otherwise. The creator who gave us the ability of speech never intended us to forgo it's use. Free Speech is very important to the d...

New Frontier of Digital Diplomacy - Social Media and National Security in Contemporary Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Today, the ongoing debate surrounding social media and their national security threats has gained much scholarly attention given their far-reaching implications on the society in general and diplomacy in particular. Hence, the study primarily explored social media and national security as new frontiers of digital diplomacy in contemporary Ethiopia. This study followed a qualitative approach as study design on the basis of interpretative research paradigm. Since the topic is a littl...

Ethiopia's Pursuit of the Right of Sea Gate: An Analysis from an International Law Perspective

Ethiopia's pursuit of the right of sea gate represents a complex and evolving issue within international law. While specific provisions of international conventions and agreements may not explicitly address Ethiopia's situation, the principles and norms they encompass provide a foundation for Ethiopia's claim. By engaging with relevant regional and international actors, Ethiopia can navigate legal frameworks and diplomatic channels to safeguard its access to the sea and advance its economic a...

Unlocking New Horizons: Exploring the Benefits of Ethiopia's BRICS Membership

Ethiopia's membership in BRICS ushers in a new era of possibilities, positioning the country as a global player with enhanced economic growth, political influence, and social development. As Ethiopia embarks on this transformative journey, it is poised to reap the myriad benefits of belonging to this influential alliance.

Development of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide in the Republic of South Africa

This report serves to analyse the development of assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia in the Republic of South Africa post-apartheid with reference to countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands, where the practice of euthanasia and assisted suicide has been decriminalised and regulated by the law. With the aid of various legal rules and principles which include but are not limited to; International law, relevant Constitutional and legislative provisions, stare decisis, proposed c...

Appraisal of the Security Council as Machinery for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security under the UN Charter

ABSTRACT  The United Nations which was founded in 1945 after the Second World War reflects humanity’s aspiration for peace; security and progress. Thus, one of the cardinal points of the preamble of the Charter of the United Nations is that members of the organization resolve to pool their resources together to actualize certain objectives. These objectives include inter alia; the practice of tolerance; to live in peace with one another as good neighbours; to bring about an international r...

The Relationship Between the International Criminal Court, The United Nations Security Council and International Climinal Justice

ABSTRACT The research assessed the relationship between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). Although the establishment of the International Criminal Court was welcomed, and many people thought it to be a measure to avoid the accusations of double standards, or “victor’s justice,” which marked some previous international criminal tribunals, the research question was, whether the relationship between the ICC and the UNSC does not unnecess...

Fair Hearing and Legal Representation of the Indigents: An Assessment of Legal Aid Scheme in Kano State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The idea oflegal aid in Nigeria was first conceived in 1961 with a Bill to establish the Legal Aid Act, which did not materialize as a result ofthe civil war. Legal Aid Association was formed by some lawyers with the purpose of providing legal aid to the poor, culminating in to the promulgation of the Legal Aid Decree no. 56 of 1976, which metamomphose in to the present LegalAid Act 2011.In order to assess the state of legal aid scheme in Kano State with a view to ascertaining the ri...

A Critical Analysis of Voters’ Right to Participation in Electoral Process in Uganda: The Distinction Between the Theory and Practice After the 1995 Constitution

ABSTRACT This research focused on a critical analysis of voters’ riqht to participation in electoral process in Uganda: The distinction between the theory and practice after the 1995 constitution. The major objective was to Critic the legal framework of Uganda electoral legislation standards to voter~ ri~qhts of participation in election process, to critic the legal system of institutions in ensuring voter’s riqhts of participation in elections periods fri Uganda, to draw the gap between ...

Aspects of Environmental Norms under the World Trade Organization

ABSTRACT  This study was to establish aspects of environmental norms under the world trade organization and to determine existing conflicts between trade rules with Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). The study uses qualitative comparative case-study methodology to analyze ten environmental-based, GAIT article XX exceptions cases. Each of these cases had been brought before the dispute resolution mechanisms of GATT and WTO respectively. The study is driven by a desi;~e to gain some...

A Critique of the Law Relating to Freedom of Expression in Uganda

ABSTRACT  This research analyzed the right to freedom of expression in Uganda; it begins by stating that Human rights are classified into four generations that is to say the first, second, third and fourth. Freedom of expression originates from the first generation rights which encompass all civil and political rights set forth under the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). This right entails freedom of thought, conscience and religion; freedom of opinion and expression; freedom of ...

An Analysis of International Humanitarian Law and Protection of Civilians During Internal Armed Conflict A Case of South Sudan

ABSTRACT  This thesis explored the position of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in the on-going internal armed conflict in South Sudan. This topic became a subject of exploration in this study because there has been minimal scholarly inf01mation regarding violation of IHL in on - going armed conflicts in South Sudan yet many humanitarian challenges and human right abuses as well as violations that have been. This study found out that International Humanitarian Law encompasses various asp...

Legal Mechanism of the East African Treaties in Fighting Cross Border Crimes Case Study: Gatuna Border

ABSTRACT In this study, the researcher has focused on four questions mainly: in order to ascertain the measures to promote and enhance peace and security of general interest, what are the mechanisms adopted by EAC Partner States? With respect to the Treaty for the establishment of the EAC strategies which emphasizes peace, security and good neighborliness, explain the EAC strategies in the maintenance of regional peace and security. Despite their willingness to cooperate, what is the quality ...

The Right to a Fair Hearing and Legal Representation of the Indigents: A Case Study of Legal Aid Scheme in Kano State, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The idea of legal aid in Nigeria was first conceived in 1961 with a Bill to establish the Legal Aid Act, which did not materialize as a result of the civil war. Legal Aid Association was formed by some lawyers with the purpose of providing legal aid to the poor, culminating in to the promulgation of the Legal Aid Decree no. 56 of 1976, which metamorphose in to the present Legal Aid Act 2011.In order to assess the state of legal aid scheme in Kano State with a view to ascertaining the...

The Role of Military Diplomacy in Ethiopia Foreign Policy

&nbsp;AbstractThe main objective of this study is to examine the role of military diplomacy in Ethiopia foreign policy. To achieve this objective qualitative approach was employed for the study and data was collected through interview of key informants and checklist as primary data while secondary data was from different materials in the education center and electronic materials. For this study purposive and non-probable sampling techniques were used to collect information from sources believ...

Projects, thesis, seminars, research papers, termpapers topics in International Law &amp; Diplomacy. International Law &amp; Diplomacy projects, thesis, seminars and termpapers topic and materials

Popular Papers/Topics

An appraisal of the doctrine of domicile under the private international law, conflict of law: proper law of contract, the nigerian civil war and the failure of united nations: a jurisprudential analysis, the impact of motivation on employee’s job performance in an organisation (a case study of access bank plc okpara avenue and abakaliki road branches, enugu), retribution in international criminal justice system, achievements and challenges of technical aid corps as a foreign policy tool, a critical appraisal of the payment of civil servants salary, the protection of sexual and reproductive health rights of women with disabilities under international law, human rights in the 21st century: protecting and promoting the human rights of persons with disabilities., impact of globalization on interdependency of develop and developing sovereign states, a new dawn in the maghreb- a case study of libyas 2011 uprisings, regional diplomacy for peace iniatives in east africa, the chicago convention and civilian aircraft in times of war, protection of refugees and challenges to internal security in kenya, issues relating to china as the emerging world economic power and its investment in nigeria.

Privacy Policy | Refund Policy | Terms | Copyright | © 2024, Afribary Limited. All rights reserved.

Following the people and events that make up the research community at Duke

What Comes Next for the Law of the Sea Treaty?

By Gabrielle Douglas

On April 15, 2024

In History , Law , Lecture , Oceans , Policy

More than 40 years since its signing, the United States still has not ratified an international agreement known as the “constitution of the oceans.” In a webinar held April 2, two of the world’s leading ocean diplomacy scholars met to discuss its history, challenges, and the U.S.’s potential role in the future.

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea was truly revolutionary for its time. Unraveling against the backdrop of decades of conflict pertaining to maritime affairs, the significance of this conference and its attempts at negotiating a comprehensive legal framework cannot be understated. Key figures in this development include the members of the United Nations, coastal and landlocked states, the scientific community, environmental community, and developing nations. Yet, with the conclusion of this unifying conference, a singular question remained: What comes next? 

This question is what David Balton , the executive director of the U.S. Artic Steering Committee, and David Freestone , a Professor at George Washington University and the Executive Secretary of the Sargasso Sea Commission, aimed to address in a webinar titled, “ The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea at 40 .” In this discussion a range of topics were discussed but the primary focus was providing viewers with a comprehensive understanding of the events of this convention and the way this history plays out in modern times. 

The 1982 convention was one of multiple attempts at setting parameters and guidelines for maritime control. In 1958, the council met for the first time to discuss growing concerns regarding the need for a comprehensive legal framework regarding ocean governance. In this they brought multiple representatives worldwide to discuss the breadth of territorial waters, the rights of coastal states, freedom of navigation, and the exploitation of marine resources. This conversation laid the groundwork for future discussions. However, it was largely ineffective at generating a treaty as they were unable to reach a consensus on the breadth of territorial waters. This first conference is referred to as UNCLOS I. 

Following 1958, in 1960 the members of the council and associated parties convened once again to discuss the issues brought forth by UNCLOS I. The purpose of this conference was to further discuss issues pertaining to the Law of the Sea and build a framework to begin ratification of a binding treaty to ensure that conflict regarding the sea diminishes greatly. This discussion was set in the context of the Cold War. This new setting complicated discussions as talks regarding the implementation of nuclear weapons under the deep seabed further elicited great debate and tensions. While the aim of this meeting was of course to reach a general agreement on these subjects, major differences between states and other parties prohibited UNCLOS II from producing said treaty. 

UNCLOS III served as the breadwinner of this development, yet this is not to say that results were immediate. Negotiations for UNCLOS III were the longest of the three as they spanned from 1973 to 1982. UNCLOS II was particularly special due to its ability to produce revolutionary concepts such as archipelagic status and the establishment of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), granting coastal states exclusive rights over fishing and economic resources within 200 miles of their shores. In addition, this led to the development of the International Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Despite the limitations and unfinished agenda that preceded this, the treaty was officially ratified in 1994 at Montego Bay. The convention initially received 157 signatories and currently holds participation from 169 parties. Absent from this group are the United States, Turkey, and Venezuela. The convention was designed to work as a package deal and required nations to fully commit to the agreement or abstain entirely. For this reason, the United States retains a nonparty, observer status despite to their adherence to the rules and guidelines of the treaty. 

After this explanation, Balton and Freestone addressed the big question: What comes next? As of right now, the United States is still not a signatory of this treaty. However, this is not to say that they are in violation of this treaty either. The United States participates in discussions and negotiations related to UNCLOS issues, both within the United Nations and through bilateral and multilateral engagements. In addition, the Navy still upholds international law in dealings concerning navigational rights. The one factor many claims prohibits the United States from signing is the possibility of their sovereignty being challenged by certain provisions within the treaty. In spite of this, many continue to push to change this reality, advocating for the United States to ratify this agreement. 

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea remains a pivotal moment in the history of international maritime governance. This Convention led to many insightful and necessary developments which will continue to set precedent for generations to come. While imperfect, the efforts put forth by many nations and third parties to ensure that it remains consistent with modern day times is very telling of the hopeful development of this treaty. Furthermore, while the future of U.S. involvement in the treaty is uncertain, the frameworks established by the three UNCLOS’ provide a solid foundation for addressing contemporary challenges and furthering international cooperation. 

We Are Killing Birds. Solutions Exist. Research Can Help.

Powered by WordPress & Theme by Anders Norén

In association with the International Commission of Jurists

Symposium on Confronting Colonial Objects: Returning Colonial Objects – The Role of Transitional Justice and Alternative Dispute Resolution

17 Apr Symposium on Confronting Colonial Objects: Returning Colonial Objects – The Role of Transitional Justice and Alternative Dispute Resolution

[ Alessandro Chechi is Senior lecturer at the University of Geneva, the Catholic University of Lille, and the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights ]

The question of returning colonial objects that were displaced during the colonial era by European invaders is by no means a new one. Already in 1978, the then UNESCO Director-General, Amadou-Mahtar M’Bow, issued a ‘ Plea for the Return of an Irreplaceable Cultural Heritage to Those Who Created It ’. However, this question has gained unprecedented prominence today following the 2017 speech of French President Emmanuel Macron (where he publicly committed to inaugurate a policy of gradual return of colonial objects to sub-Saharan African countries) and the 2018 Sarr-Savoy Report (which laid out a chronological, juridical and financial framework to facilitate the return of the colonial objects that were removed through violence or situations of unequal relations). Carsten Stahn’s ‘ Confronting Colonial Objects ’ emerges in this crucial time as a comprehensive exploration of the calls for the restitution of the cultural objects that bear the scars of colonial histories and hence for the reparation of colonial injustice.

The removal of colonial objects by European invaders was carried out – in most cases – without the full and free consent of former owners, through the infliction of all sorts of injustice against native populations, ranging from mass atrocities, deprivation of rights, exploitation, identity-taking, racial discrimination, to political or cultural imposition. Furthermore, in their quest to secure the bodily remains of indigenous peoples, scientists took ancestral remains from burial places, execution sites and battlefields.

‘Confronting Colonial Objects’ invites readers to embark on a journey through the intricate intersections of history, politics and law. In particular, whilst acknowledging that in some States changes have occurred on the micro-level (museum practices) and the meso-level (policy guidelines), this volume calls for action to be taken at the macro-level, notably through the adoption of legal instruments, such as conventions, resolutions or common principles. Furthermore, by examining  claims that remain unresolved, ‘Confronting Colonial Objects’ powerfully demonstrates that the movement advocating the restitution of colonial objects has evolved to encompass calls for transitional justice.

Transitional justice can be defined as a set of processes and mechanisms associated with a society’s attempt to come to terms with a legacy of protracted and large-scale violence, serious human rights abuses and mass atrocities in order to ensure accountability, serve justice and achieve reconciliation. In particular, transitional justice seeks to provide justice, truth, reparation and reconciliation in societies in transition.Such processes and mechanisms require the full and effective participation of victims, from discussions about the design of each of them to the supervision of the implementation of decisions.

Although transitional justice is traditionally resorted to in societies marred by abuses committed in the context of past – but recent – armed conflicts, military dictatorships, post-communist and post-fascist regimes, its scope has recently expanded. In his Report of 2021, the UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, Fabián Salvioli, indicated that transitional justice can be useful in responding to the gross human rights violations committed during the colonial era, including the removal of cultural objects. The reason for this shift is twofold. First, because the negative effects of the violations committed in colonial contexts are still perceived today. The fact that – for obvious reasons – the perpetrators of such crimes cannot be prosecuted is not an obstacle to resorting to transitional justice. For the purposes of restitution, the identification of the descendants of the victims of misappropriations and the current holders of looted cultural objects suffices. Second, because the nations and communities seeking to recover the cultural objects that are essential to their history, heritage, identity and self-determination are still in a phase of societal transition. These nations and communities are still traumatized because of the looting of such vital cultural objects. The massive removal of colonial objects (as well as the violence that led to it) left its marks on the collective memory of survivors. Moreover, the descendants of the victims of imperial powers also feel a sense of distress stemming from the continuing absence of the looted objects and their retention by Western collecting institutions. In other words, the process of decolonization is still ongoing for these nations and communities, though colonial occupation ended decades ago.

True, many colonial objects have been handed back over to the countries of origin since the 1960s. However, no steady restitution trend can be discerned to date. In effect, the engagement of former imperial powers and their museums reveals inconsistencies and shortcomings. On many occasions museums and other holding institutions have responded to restitution claims with denials or offers of long-term loans. In particular, museums and their constituencies resist restitution claims by relying on their rights under the general law of possession and ownership, the expiry of limitation periods, the statutory measures constraining the deaccessioning of artworks from public collections, the non-retroactivity of existing legal instruments, or the fact that during colonialism the practice of art plunder was lawful. It must be stressed, however, that these legal barriers are pertinent only when colonial objects are claimed through litigation. Yet, litigation cannot be regarded as a suitable method to settle claims concerning colonial objects because it is affected by the following drawbacks. First, access to courts is barred by the non-retroactivity of legal norms and the expiry of limitation periods. Second, claimants carry the burden of proving that they have a superior right of possession to a requested object. Third, judges are unable to investigate what the requested objects actually mean to the claimants; courts are not concerned with historical research. The fact that the judicial avenue is not suitable for disputes over the restitution of colonial cultural objects is further proved by the international practice of the past few decades. This shows that many artefacts have gone back to their place of origin when parties have resorted to methods of dispute settlement alternative to litigation, namely negotiation, mediation and conciliation (the so-called Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) methods). In this sense, it should be observed that UNESCO has acted to strengthen this trend by broadening the mandate of the Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to Its Countries of Origin or Its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation (ICPRCP). Established in 1978, this intergovernmental body was entrusted with the mandate to seek ways and means of facilitating bilateral negotiations for the restitution of cultural objects to their countries of origin, including objects that had been lost as a result of colonial occupation. In 2010, the mandate of the ICPRCP was broadened to include mediation and conciliation. However, UNESCO members States have shown a lack of appetite for these procedures to date.

The preference for ADR means is due to the fact that they combine important virtues. The first advantage resides in the parties’ power to tailor the settlement process. The parties can make sure that the process focuses on their objectives and needs. This means that the parties can set aside all existing obstacles posed by ordinary laws. This also means that non-legal issues, such as moral or ethical considerations, as well as historical, emotional and spiritual factors can be accommodated within the process. Accordingly, ADR methods allow the resolution of cases concerning colonial objects by prioritizing, for instance, the factual circumstances of the taking and the meaning that the claimed objects have for the claimants’ culture. Second, non-judicial mechanisms allow disputants to appoint independent specialists with expertise in the subject matter at issue. Third, ADR methods allow the parties to achieve the objectives typically pursued through transitional justice processes: justice, truth, reparation and reconciliation. In effect, non-adversarial dispute settlement mechanisms allow the parties to establish a conversation over historical cases with a view to investigating and acknowledging the circumstances that led to the misappropriation and the crimes associated with it. In addition, they allow the parties to find an agreement on how to repair the harm caused. By providing for flexibility and creativity, ADR methods broaden the number of solutions available to the parties beyond simple restitution. Therefore, the value of ADR means in this context lies in their transformative potential, namely their ability to empower the parties involved in disputes over the return of colonial objects to move from unjust to just relations.

With a view to coping with colonial injustice, ‘Confronting Colonial Objects’ proposes a set of ‘relational’ principles, which are axed on the traditional goals of transitional justice – truth, accountability, reparation, memorialization and non-recurrence. For instance, it envisages that former colonizing States and former colonies (including communities of origin and their descendants) establish mechanisms for investigation and truth-seeking within their areas of competence and jurisdiction not only to shed light on the circumstances of the removal of colonial objects, but also to highlight the importance of the claimed objects for the requesting group. Accordingly, if it is ascertained that an object is crucial for a people’s enjoyment of its right to self-determination, development and access to cultural heritage, the parties involved should feel compelled to find arrangements ensuring the fulfilment of such rights and the reparation of the relationship between that object and the claimant group. Furthermore, the volume submits that there exists no ready-made ‘just and fair solutions’ as these vastly depend on the nature of the object at stake and how the provenance stakeholder and the institution holding the object engage with each other. As another outcome of negotiations, memorialization is examined as a long-term process that can enable the parties involved to engage meaningfully with colonial objects and the restitution process. Whereas measures should be adopted by former colonial powers and entities deaccessioning colonial objects to prevent the erasure of history and responsibility following restitution, other forms of memorialization are required in the source countries or communities in order to keep memories of the past alive and to resocialize such objects following their return. In this respect, the book emphasises that the return of colonial objects is not a mere question of ownership determination. Rather, it is a charged process through which the parties at stake have the power to choose how to address the connection between objects and people. It is for this reason that memorialisation, as an alternative to restitution, becomes relevant. Finally, the volume indicates the legislative strategies that can deployed to address the continuing effects of colonialism. These include the amendment (or abrogation) of the national legal rules providing for the inalienability of public collections, deaccessioning constrains and facilitating the acquisition of ownership titles of colonial objects even in the presence of return claims by source countries or communities. As such, these measures can be regarded as measures of non-recurrence.

To conclude, States and communities should harness the momentum for seeking the restitution of their treasures by combining the use of ADR mechanisms with strategies grounded on the interplay between international cultural heritage law, human rights law and transitional justice. First, claimants should endeavour to persuade holding institutions to settle colonial-era restitution claims by involving not only cultural heritage experts, but also transitional justice specialists. The aim is to ensure that parties consciously pursue the goals of transitional justice – and not unwittingly as in past settlements. Second, States and communities should advocate for the development, application and ‘hardening’ of principles guiding the conduct of all parties entangled in disputes over the restitution of colonial objects. In this sense, while the principles identified by ‘Confronting Colonial Objects’ represent a comprehensive global strategy, one could argue that UNESCO should in the near future act to transform such principles into binding legal rules.

Leave a Reply

• About the Hub
• Announcements
• Faculty Experts Guide
• Subscribe to the newsletter

Explore by Topic

• Arts+Culture
• Politics+Society
• Science+Technology
• Student Life
• University News
• Voices+Opinion
• About Hub at Work
• Gazette Archive
• Benefits+Perks
• Health+Well-Being
• Current Issue
• About the Magazine
• Past Issues
• Support Johns Hopkins Magazine
• Subscribe to the Magazine

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.

Credit: PALESTINIAN NEWS & INFORMATION AGENCY (WAFA) IN CONTRACT WITH APAIMAGES, CC BY-SA 3.0

International team including Johns Hopkins experts makes excess deaths projections in Gaza

Johns hopkins civil and systems engineering professor tak igusa explains how the research team modeled projections of future casualties from trauma, infectious diseases, and other factors in gaza.

By Lisa Ercolano

If fighting continues at a similar pace through August, the conflict in Gaza could cause between 58,260 and 66,720 excess deaths from military action, disease, malnutrition, poor sanitation, a lack of medical care, and more, according to a report issued in February by an international team of experts including researchers from Johns Hopkins University. Excess deaths refer to the number exceeding what would be expected based on Gaza data from the recent past (baseline deaths). If the conflict escalates, the projected toll could reach between 74,290 and 85,750 excess deaths.

The recent report, "Crisis in Gaza: Scenario-Based Health Impact Projections," funded by the UK Humanitarian Innovation Hub and led by Francesco Checchi from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Paul Spiegel , director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Humanitarian Health , provides projections with the goal of informing critical decision-making and policy related to humanitarian efforts in the region.

Image caption: Tak Igusa

Image credit : Will Kirk / Johns Hopkins University

The Hub recently spoke with research team member Tak Igusa , a systems expert and a professor in the Department of Civil and Systems Engineering at JHU's Whiting School of Engineering and a member of the Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Igusa is leading the modeling for trauma-related fatalities and supervises projections for communicable diseases.

What did the team learn from its first report? Did your analysis reveal any unexpected insights?

In my previous modeling work on natural disasters, I examined the impacts of the reduction of essential services and supplies. These models include the emergency response that would typically be brought in to help communities recover. Our Gaza report analyzed what would happen if such assistance was unavailable due to the conflict. We projected multiple health impacts, including non-communicable and infectious diseases, malnutrition, and maternal and newborn mortality. One of our findings is that there is a steadily increasing possibility of cholera, famine, and other humanitarian disasters that may result in higher mortality than the trauma deaths from the conflict. 


How do you model excess mortality rates in Gaza? What data sources do you rely on and how do you address potential data gaps or biases?

Our academic team encompassed a wide range of disciplines including epidemiology, disaster response, nutrition, and maternal and neonatal health. We also used panels of experts to provide estimates for various risk factors, such as the rate of mortality for various types of trauma, and the reproductive number for cholera and other infectious diseases. We used experts who were familiar with or had worked in conflict zones.

I am glad you asked about bias. We discussed the importance of producing an unbiased report in nearly every team meeting. There are some specific steps we took to remove possible sources of bias. First, we carefully looked for possible sources of bias in our data, which came from the academic literature or publicly available sources from the current or past conflicts in the Gaza Strip or other similar settings in the Middle East. Second, we made our data and methods, including the computation code, easily accessible on GitHub to demonstrate transparency and to allow others to reproduce and check our results.


How does your model account for compounding risk factors? For example, how might damage to infrastructure exacerbate the risk of death from food insecurity and lack of access to health care? 


As a systems modeler, I have been working with the team on the interactions between risk factors. We needed more time to complete this complex analysis for our February report, and are currently working on the broad health impacts of sustained malnutrition.


What additional data points could be incorporated into future studies to provide an even more comprehensive understanding of the situation and shed light on where resources are needed most? 


You are correct in noting that complete data is essential for assessing the humanitarian situation. The example I am thinking about now is food. We modelers can compute the total nutritional needs of the Gaza population, and we can also calculate the number of calories entering the Gaza Strip through emergency relief efforts. We also know that it is not possible to distribute these calories evenly and that there is a severe deficit in various regions of Gaza. The additional data we need in this example is related to the flow—or lack thereof—of food to the regions of the Gaza Strip with the most severe cases of malnutrition.


What is the goal or intended impact of making these reports publicly available? While the data itself may be neutral, there was initially some concern that releasing it could elicit strong feelings from various parties. Has that been your experience? 


The U.K. Humanitarian Innovation Hub funded our project to assess the wide health impacts of the conflict in Gaza. Our February report assessed this impact by comparing mortalities due to continuing or escalating conflicts with mortalities in a ceasefire scenario. We presented our numerical findings, pointed out the need for a multi-faceted health response, and highlighted the lifesaving impact an immediate ceasefire would have.



We got quite positive and, in many cases, respectful responses. This may be partly because our report is a comprehensive examination of the impacts of the conflict in Gaza conducted by a team of academics.


Are your research findings currently being used to inform decision-making about resource allocation or other humanitarian efforts?

The principal investigators, professors Paul Spiegel at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Francesco Checchi at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, have disseminated the report through their networks with policymakers and humanitarian organizations internationally, including in the U.S., U.K., Israel, and Palestine. Key findings in our report have been published in all major news outlets and cited in the U.K. Parliament and the U.S. Senate.



A debriefing session that was most memorable to me was with USAID's Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance. Members of their response team had been studying our report and discussed in detail the parts of our projections that were directly related to their emergency relief plans.


Can your modeling approach and lessons learned be applied to other conflict zones or scenarios—such as Ukraine—or in places experiencing climate-change-induced movement of people?

One motivation for working on this project is that the new modeling approaches we develop can be applied to other contexts in the future. I have done some work on climate-induced migration, and the Gaza project has given me new insights and approaches that I can use to advance this migration research further.


Are there any other important points or considerations you wish to highlight regarding the team, its results, and your role?

This work is an example of the interdisciplinary collaboration that defines the One University concept of Johns Hopkins. There really are no barriers between our schools—and this has enabled a Whiting School faculty member like me to engage in challenging and rewarding humanitarian research.

Posted in Voices+Opinion , Politics+Society

Tagged middle east , international studies , human rights , international health

You might also like

News network.

• Johns Hopkins Magazine
• Get Email Updates
• Submit an Announcement
• Submit an Event
• Privacy Statement
• Accessibility

Discover JHU

• About the University
• Schools & Divisions
• Academic Programs
• Plan a Visit
• my.JohnsHopkins.edu
• © 2024 Johns Hopkins University . All rights reserved.
• University Communications
• 3910 Keswick Rd., Suite N2600, Baltimore, MD
• X Facebook LinkedIn YouTube Instagram

• Peoplefinder
• George Mason University

Research will aid law enforcement officer decision-making in high-stress situations

George Mason University researchers are using immersive virtual reality to examine ways in which high-stress conditions may influence law enforcement officer decision-making and utilization of equitable policing strategies.

Mason College of Education and Human Development professor Stephanie Dailey is serving as the principal investigator on the project and working with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties, in collaboration with the Homeland Security Systems Engineering and Development Institute , a federally funded research and development center at the MITRE Corporation.

For this project, Dailey aims to better understand how law enforcement officer support, including training and wellness strategies, can affect officer decision-making and lead to equitable policing outcomes.

This multidisciplinary, multi-year effort includes Sue-Ming Yang in the Department of Criminology, Law, and Society  and Justin Ramsdell in the Department of Psychology in Mason’s College of Humanities and Social Sciences.

The study, which uses MITRE’s SIMEX system , involves law enforcement officers who have been participating in a series of experiments where immersive virtual reality is used to simulate a high-stress encounter with a subject—as portrayed by an avatar—exhibiting various social and behavioral characteristics. The SIMEX simulation labs, located McLean, Virginia, offer a special mix of technical and operational capabilities for government agencies that want to try out new ideas by using dedicated, state-of-the-art laboratories.

In the experiments, the subject avatars vary throughout the experiment in dress, skin tone, compliant or noncompliant behaviors, and whether they are armed or unarmed. In response to a rapid sequence of simulated scenarios in which the suspect displays different combinations of these controlled variables, officers volunteering for this study are required to make quick decisions on how to respond to the subject. The simulated scenes mirror real-life situations in which officers could find themselves.

In discussing her research, Dailey said that examining an officer’s use of force decision-making allows for a better understanding of the circumstances in which officers use different levels of force. Specifically, circumstances in which officers are more likely to react in a way that is not commensurate with the situation or threat level at hand.

“We all have biases,” said Dailey, who is an assistant professor in the Counseling Program in the School of Education . “Anytime we are navigating the world, we are operating off a series of cognitive shortcuts or mechanisms that support rapid decision-making, such as ‘don’t touch a hot stove!’”

But Dailey added that sometimes the cognitive shortcuts people use are based upon faulty assumptions. “Having officers repeatedly go through different simulated scenarios helps us isolate what factors may influence officer decision-making.”

Dailey provided several examples of how the behavioral cues displayed by the subjects in the simulated experiments are manipulated in isolation or in combination with other characteristics thus giving researchers the opportunity to observe the officer’s reactions under different scenarios. The combination of these variables is randomized and determined by algorithms designed to identify factors that may merit further investigation in subsequent runs of the simulated experiments.

“We look at different combinations of factors and see where there are statistically significant variations in the decisions made by an officer on how to interact with the subject, including use of force decisions,” said Dailey, who watches the simulations in real time.

She added that the officer’s use of force is based upon a continuum and not limited to discharging a service weapon but could include verbal commands, soft hand controls, using a taser, attempts at physical restraint, or other nonlethal actions.

The next phase of the project will center on the impact of training supporting equitable policing. Researchers will survey law enforcement officers who have had this training to investigate if it has positively impacted officer behaviors and well-being in the field.

Dailey emphasized the importance of being proactive in ensuring that law enforcement officers are well-equipped to make good decisions not only when faced with a threat, but to be prepared even before a threat presents itself. This can enhance the protection and safety of both the officer and the community.

“The idea is to provide recommendations for these trainings and to help law enforcement agencies understand what part of equitable policing training is most helpful for officers,” she said. “The primary focus of this training is self-awareness, de-escalation skills, and procedural justice.”

The research team will examine whether there are specific aspects of this training that are especially beneficial in enhancing an officer’s ability to respond to a high-stress situation in a way that protects the safety and well-being of the community.

“If my main goal is to help communities that are impacted by police violence, then the best place to start is with the decision-making of officers,” said Dailey. “As a researcher, I am trying to support safer and more just communities by helping officers make informed decisions.”

This is Dailey’s second time working with MITRE on research using their SIMEX. Read about the the school safety project.

Read our research on: Gun Policy | International Conflict | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

7 facts about americans and taxes.

Spring reliably brings a whirlwind of number-crunching and form-filing as Americans finish their tax returns. Altogether, the IRS expects to process more than 160 million individual and business tax returns this season.

Ahead of Tax Day on April 15, here are seven facts about Americans and federal taxes, drawn from Pew Research Center surveys and analyses of federal data.

Ahead of Tax Day 2024, Pew Research Center sought to understand Americans’ views of the federal tax system and outline some of its features.

The public opinion data in this analysis comes from Pew Research Center surveys. Links to these surveys, including details about their methodologies, are available in the text.

The external data comes from the U.S. Office of Management and Budget and the IRS Data Book . Data is reported by fiscal year, which for the federal government begins Oct. 1 and ends Sept. 30. For example, fiscal 2024 began Oct. 1, 2023, and ends Sept. 30, 2024.

A majority of Americans feel that corporations and wealthy people don’t pay their fair share in taxes, according to a Center survey from spring 2023 . About six-in-ten U.S. adults say they’re bothered a lot by the feeling that some corporations (61%) and some wealthy people (60%) don’t pay their fair share.

Democrats are far more likely than Republicans to feel this way. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, about three-quarters say they’re bothered a lot by the feeling that some corporations (77%) and some wealthy people (77%) don’t pay their fair share. Much smaller shares of Republicans and GOP leaners share these views (46% say this about corporations and 43% about the wealthy).

Meanwhile, about two-thirds of Americans (65%) support raising tax rates on large businesses and corporations, and a similar share (61%) support raising tax rates on households with annual incomes over $400,000. Democrats are much more likely than Republicans to say these tax rates should increase.

Just over half of U.S. adults feel they personally pay more than what is fair, considering what they get in return from the federal government, according to the same survey.

This sentiment has grown more widespread in recent years: 56% of Americans now say they pay more than their fair share in taxes, up from 49% in 2021. Roughly a third (34%) say they pay about the right amount, and 8% say they pay less than their fair share.

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to say they pay more than their fair share (63% vs. 50%), though the share of Democrats who feel this way has risen since 2021. (The share among Republicans is statistically unchanged from 2021.)

Many Americans are frustrated by the complexity of the federal tax system, according to the same survey. About half (53%) say its complexity bothers them a lot. Of the aspects of the federal tax system that we asked about, this was the top frustration among Republicans – 59% say it bothers them a lot, compared with 49% of Democrats.

Undeniably, the federal tax code is a massive document, and it has only gotten longer over time. The printed 2022 edition of the Internal Revenue Code clocks in at 4,192 pages, excluding front matter. Income tax law alone accounts for over half of those pages (2,544).

The public is divided in its views of the IRS. In a separate spring 2023 Center survey , 51% of Americans said they have an unfavorable opinion of the government tax agency, while 42% had a favorable view of the IRS. Still, of the 16 federal agencies and departments we asked about, the IRS was among the least popular on the list.

Views of the IRS differ greatly by party:

• Among Republicans, 29% have a favorable view and 64% have an unfavorable view.
• Among Democrats, it’s 53% favorable and 40% unfavorable.

On balance, Democrats offer much more positive opinions than Republicans when it comes to most of the federal agencies we asked about. Even so, the IRS ranks near the bottom of their list.

Individual income taxes are by far the government’s largest single source of revenue, according to estimates from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).

The federal government expects to collect about $2.5 trillion in individual income taxes in fiscal year 2024. That accounts for nearly half (49%) of its total estimated receipts for the year. The next largest chunk comes from Social Security taxes (including those for disability and retirement programs), which are projected to pull in $1.2 trillion this fiscal year (24%).

By comparison, corporate income taxes are estimated to bring in $612.8 billion, or 12% of this fiscal year’s federal receipts. And excise taxes – which include things like transportation trust fund revenue and taxes on alcohol, tobacco and crude oil – are expected to come to $99.7 billion, or 2% of receipts.

American tax dollars mostly go to social services. Human services – including education, health, Social Security, Medicare, income security and veterans benefits – together will account for 66% ($4.6 trillion) of federal government spending in fiscal 2024, according to OMB estimates.

An estimated 13% ($907.7 billion) will go toward defense spending. Another 13% ($888.6 billion) will repay net interest on government debt, and 10% ($726.9 billion) will fund all other functions, including energy, transportation, agriculture and more.

Related: 6 facts about Americans’ views of government spending and the deficit

The vast majority of Americans e-file their taxes, according to IRS data . In fiscal 2022, 150.6 million individual federal income tax returns were filed electronically, accounting for 94% of all individual filings that year.

Unsurprisingly, e-filing has become more popular since the turn of the century. Fiscal 2000, the earliest year for which comparable data is available, saw 35.4 million individual income tax returns filed electronically (including those filed over the phone). These accounted for just 28% of individual filings that year.

By fiscal 2005, more than half of individual income tax returns (52%) were filed electronically.

Note: This is an update combining information from two posts originally published in 2014 and 2015.

Sign up for our weekly newsletter

Fresh data delivered Saturday mornings

International Humanitarian Law and New Technologies Workshop - Kigali, Rwanda

About the event.

The workshop will provide a platform for expert exchanges between military practitioners, humanitarians and academic experts to raise awareness on emergingtechnologies used in warfare and the need to adapt the IHL to these new development in order to restrict means and methods of warfare and to protect civilians.

Participants

The workshop is jointly organized by the ICRC and Rwanda Defence Force (RDF), with the participation of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Rwanda National Police (RNP), Rwanda Investigation Bureau (RIB), Rwanda Space Agency (RSA), National Cyber Security Authority (NCSA) and Rwanda Red Cross Society (RRCS). Participants will include military officers ranking from Major to Brigadier General, as well as civilian experts and ICRC staff.

IHL and New Technologies

New technologies are changing human interaction profoundly – including in times of armed conflict. Many military forces are investing heavily in the development of means and methods of warfare that rely on digital technology. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) or drones, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Cyber Operations, Autonomous Weapon Systems (AWS) and Outer Space are being used in contemporary armed conflicts including the military use of space objects.

Technological advances can have positive consequences for the protection of civilians in armed conflict: weapons can be used with more precision, military decisions can be better informed, and military aims can be achieved without the use of kinetic force or physical destruction. At the same time, new means of warfare and the way they are employed can pose new risks to combatants and civilians. States that develop or acquire such weapons or means of warfare are responsible for ensuring that they can be used in compliance with International Humanitarian Law (IHL).

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)'s assessment of the foreseeable humanitarian impact of these technologies focuses on the applicability of IHL and the associated military, technical, ethical, and humanitarian considerations.

 For more details please download the PDF flyer here below.

Date & Time

14 May 2024 08:30 - 16 May 2024 14:00 Central Africa Time

Venue address

Hôtel des Milles Collines 2KN, 6th Ave, Kigali, Rwanda +250 788 192 000 [email protected]