how long should conclusion be for 2000 word essay

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The Ultimate 2000 Word Essay Writing Guide

How long does it take to write a 2000-word essay? It’s a common myth that the longer an essay is, the better. But research from Frontiers shows this isn’t true. The perfect essay length allows students to share their ideas and knowledge completely yet in a clear and straightforward way.

Perhaps you’re asking yourself, “What does a 2000-word essay even look like?” or “How should I structure my ideas?”. You may even be grappling with understanding how lengthy it should be or how many paragraphs it should contain. You’ve come to the right place if you’ve pondered these questions.

This comprehensive guide aims to take you through every step of crafting an excellent 2000-word essay, from the preliminary planning stages to the final touch-ups.

What Does a 2000-word Essay Look Like?

A 2000-word essay is a fairly manageable and comprehensive write-up that allows you to explore your chosen topic in depth. This type of essay provides a golden opportunity to strike a balance between discussing the breadth of a subject while also focusing on its intricate details. It’s lengthy enough to articulate and substantiate your arguments with concrete evidence yet concise enough to keep your reader engaged.

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The appearance or structure of a 2000-word essay can vary widely based on the formatting style used. For instance, an essay structured according to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style may look quite different from one structured according to the American Psychological Association (APA) style. Despite these stylistic differences, a 2000-word essay essentially adheres to a universal structure that includes an essay introduction , several body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

2000 Word Essay Structure

A well-structured essay forms the cornerstone of compelling writing. Even though it might seem straightforward, adhering to a specific structure is essential to ensure your ideas are communicated logically, coherently, and persuasively. When you write essays, regardless of the length, follow a basic structure that will guide your thoughts. This traditional academic essay structure has three key parts: an introduction, the main body, and a conclusion.

Introduction

The introduction plays a crucial role in any essay. It’s the proverbial “first impression” of your work, setting the stage for everything that follows. Your introduction should be engaging and informative, giving readers a glimpse of what to expect from your essay.

In a 2000-word essay, the introduction typically ranges between 150 to 200 words, although this isn’t a hard-and-fast rule. This section should include a brief overview of the nursing essay topic , background context where necessary, and, most importantly, developing your thesis statement.

The thesis statement is a clear, concise statement of your main argument or the central point you wish to make in your essay. It anchors your essay, guiding your writing and keeping your argument focused.

The main body of your essay is where you explain why your argument matters . Here, you’ll expand on your thesis statement, presenting evidence and examples that support your argument. In a 2000-word essay, the main body typically makes up about 80% of the word count, translating to approximately 1600 words. This section usually contains several paragraphs, each discussing a different aspect of your thesis.

Each paragraph within the body of your essay should start with a topic sentence, which introduces the specific point or idea you’ll discuss in that paragraph. Following this, you should provide evidence or arguments that support the topic sentence. This might come from external sources, personal observations, or analytical insights.

Remember to maintain a logical flow between your paragraphs. One idea should naturally lead to the next, ensuring a smooth reading experience.

Here, you wrap up your discussion, summarizing your main points and reiterating your thesis statement in light of the evidence and arguments you’ve presented. It’s your chance to leave a lasting impression on your readers, offering final thoughts or implications of your argument.

In a 2000-word essay, your conclusion would likely range between 150 to 200 words. You can use a word counter to confirm the number of words. However, these numbers can vary based on your specific topic and argument. The primary aim here is to create a sense of closure and leave your reader with something thought-provoking to consider.

2000 Word Essay Length

How long is a 2000-word essay? It ranges around 7-8 pages if it’s double-spaced . This format is often used in academic and formal writing as it provides ample space for comments or edits and enhances readability. If it’s single-spaced, more common in professional or business settings, your essay might run about 3-4 pages.

These are approximate estimates. The actual length of your essay can be influenced by several factors. If you’re handwriting the essay (though that’s less common these days), the size of your handwriting can drastically affect how many pages your essay will cover.

On the other hand, if you’re typing your essay (as most people do), various elements can come into play. These include:

• Font size and style: A larger font will take up more space than a smaller one, as will a font with a wider character set. The standard font size is often 12, with Times New Roman being a common choice due to its readability and professional appearance.
• Paragraph structure: How you structure your paragraphs can also affect your essay length. Your essay might stretch onto more pages if you favor longer, more complex paragraphs. If you keep your paragraphs concise, you might find you fit more words on a page.
• Margins and spacing: Standard documents typically use 1-inch margins all around. You’ll fit fewer words on each page if your margins are larger. Likewise, spacing between lines (whether you’re double-spacing, 1.5-spacing, etc.) will also impact page count.

How Long Does it Take to Write a 2000-Word Essay? Paragraph Count

An integral part of the essay structure is how you arrange your thoughts into paragraphs. For a 2000-word essay, you can expect to have between 10 to 20 paragraphs.

How long should a paragraph be ? Each paragraph in an academic essay is around 100-200 words long. This length provides enough space to develop an idea but isn’t so long that it overwhelms the reader or veers off-topic. However, this can vary based on the specific requirements of your assignment and the nature of the points you’re discussing.

Each paragraph should generally encompass one main idea or argument supporting your thesis. This idea should be introduced with a clear topic sentence , followed by supporting evidence or analysis, and concluded with a summary or transition to the next paragraph.

Using paragraphs effectively allows you to present your ideas in a clear, organized way and helps guide your reader through your essay. It’s the secret ingredient to writing an engaging, comprehensible, and successful 2000-word essay.

How to Write a 2000-Word Essay

By following a series of methodical steps, you can construct a thoughtful, comprehensive, and effective essay. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Step 1: Pick a Topic

Your topic is the backbone of your essay, so it’s crucial to pick one that interests you and fits the assignment. If you’re passionate about your topic, the research and writing process will be more enjoyable, and your enthusiasm will shine through in your writing, engaging your readers.

If you’re free to choose your own topic , select one broad enough to provide ample discussion points yet specific enough to be covered comprehensively in 2000 words. The key is to balance a too-vague topic that diffuses your focus and a too-narrow one that leaves you struggling to meet the word count.

However, if your topic has been assigned, understand its scope and requirements. Look at the topic from different angles and jot down any initial ideas that come to mind. This initial brainstorming can guide your research and writing process.

Step 2: Prepare an Outline

Outlining helps visualize how your ideas will flow throughout the essay, ensuring a logical progression from one point to the next. Plus, it can save you from writer’s block midway through writing. Here’s how to go about it:

• Identify Main Points: Start by brainstorming the key points you want to discuss in your essay. These will be the main “building blocks” of your argument or discussion. Consider what you must say to cover your topic and answer the essay question adequately.
• Organize your Main Points: Now, arrange these points logically. Generally, you’ll want to start with the most fundamental points and progress towards the most complex, or you might choose to organize them in a way that builds your argument effectively.
• Develop Sub-points: Identify the sub-points or supporting details that bolster each main point. These might be facts, examples, or pieces of evidence that you’ll discuss in-depth in the body of your essay.
• Introduction and Conclusion: Include your introduction and conclusion notes in your outline. Your introduction should state your thesis and briefly overview what the rest of the essay will discuss. Your conclusion should summarize your main points and reiterate your thesis in light of the discussion in your essay.

Step 3: Develop Your Thesis Statement

The thesis statement is the backbone of your essay – it expresses the main argument or perspective you will be arguing or explaining throughout your essay. Here’s how you can develop a strong thesis statement:

• Identify Your Main Argument: Look at the main points you have outlined and try to determine the primary argument or viewpoint they are leading to. This argument or viewpoint should be the crux of your thesis statement.
• Make It Specific: Your thesis statement should be clear and specific. It needs to give your reader a concise understanding of your stance on the topic and what they can expect to read in the essay. Vague or overly broad thesis statements can confuse the reader and make your essay appear disorganized.
• Position It Appropriately: The thesis statement is typically at the introduction’s end. This allows it to act as a segue into the body of your essay, leading your reader into the following discussion.
• Revisit It: It’s good to revisit your thesis statement as your essay progresses. Sometimes, you might find that your argument has evolved or refined itself. In such cases, revise your thesis statement to align it with the content of your essay.

Step 4: Write the Body

The body of your essay is where you delve into the details of your argument or explanation. In the body paragraphs , you provide evidence, examples, and detail to support your thesis statement. Here’s how you can effectively write the body of your 2000-word essay:

• Start with a Topic Sentence: Each paragraph in the body of your essay should start with a topic sentence. The topic sentence acts as a mini-thesis for the paragraph—it outlines what the paragraph will discuss. It should be clear and directly support your thesis statement.
• Provide Supporting Details: After the topic sentence, provide the details, evidence, or examples that support the point made in the topic sentence. This could include data, quotations, summaries of relevant research, or your own analysis.
• Explain Your Evidence: Don’t assume that your evidence speaks for itself. Spend some time explaining how the evidence you’ve provided supports your topic sentence and, ultimately, your thesis. This is your chance to make your argument clear and convincing.
• Use Transitions: Making your essay flow using transitions at the end of each paragraph prepares the reader for the next paragraph. Transition sentences can help your essay flow smoothly, making it easier for readers to follow your argument.
• Maintain Paragraph Length: As a rule of thumb, each body paragraph should be approximately 100-200 words long. This keeps your paragraphs digestible and your argument clear and focused.

Step 5: Complete the Introduction

Though it might seem counterintuitive, many writers find it easier to write the introduction after they have completed the body of their essay. This approach has its benefits:

• Understanding of the Content: By the time you’ve finished writing the body of your essay, you’ll have a deep understanding of your content. You’ll know the nuances of your argument, the details of your evidence, and the direction of your discussion. This knowledge will help you write an introduction that effectively frames your essay.
• Present a Clear Thesis Statement: Since you’ve already worked out the details of your argument, you can more accurately present your thesis statement. This means your introduction will give a clear and precise preview of what’s to come in your essay.
• Engage Your Reader: With a good grasp of your content, you can draw your reader more effectively. You can highlight intriguing points or questions that will be answered in your essay, enticing your reader to keep reading.

To complete your introduction, you should:

• Introduce Your Topic: Start by introducing the topic of your essay in a general but interesting way. You could use an interesting fact, a compelling question, or a relevant quote to grab your reader’s attention.
• Narrow Down Your Focus: After introducing your topic, gradually narrow your focus to your specific argument or perspective. This could include briefly discussing your topic’s broader context or relevance.
• Present Your Thesis Statement: Your introduction should end with your thesis statement. As discussed earlier, this statement should be clear and concise, presenting your main argument.

Step 6: Write the Conclusion

The conclusion provides closure and helps to synthesize your ideas and arguments. Here’s how you can go about crafting a meaningful conclusion for your 2000-word essay:

• Restate Your Thesis: Start your conclusion by restating your thesis statement, but in a way that resonates with the evidence and arguments you’ve presented in the body of your essay. This reinforces your main argument and reminds the reader of the purpose of your essay.
• Summarize Key Points: Briefly summarize the key points you made in your essay. This helps the reader recall the progression of your argument and the evidence you provided. Be careful not to repeat the exact words you used earlier simply; instead, offer a fresh perspective on these points.
• Provide a Sense of Closure: Your conclusion should give your reader a sense of closure. This can be done by tying all your points together, answering any questions posed in your introduction, or explaining the relevance or implications of your findings.
• Leave the Reader with a Final Thought: Consider ending your conclusion with a thought-provoking statement, a call to action, or a question for further thought. This keeps your reader engaged even after they’ve finished reading and encourages them to reflect on your topic further.

How Long Does it Take to Write a 2000-Word Essay: Final Thoughts

The key to writing a 2000-word essay lies in understanding the topic, outlining your thoughts, substantiating your arguments with appropriate evidence, and sticking to a disciplined writing schedule. Remember, the more you practice, the better you get at essay writing. So, pick a topic that interests you, and start writing.

Don’t let the pressure of crafting the perfect essay weigh you. Allow our experts to guide you through this crucial step, turning the hard task into a seamless process that paves the way for a perfect 2000 word essay. Ready to take the leap? Place your order , and let’s start crafting your essay today.

How Long Does it Take to Write a 2000-Word Essay: FAQs

How long is a 2000-word essay.

A 2000-word essay’s length can depend on various factors, including font size and style, spacing, and margins used. Typically, a double-spaced 2000-word essay using a standard font like Times New Roman or Arial with a size of 12 pt and standard 1-inch margins would be around 7-8 pages. On the other hand, a single-spaced essay would roughly be around 3-4 pages.

How Many Pages Is a 2000 Word Essay?

The number of pages for a 2000-word essay can vary depending on font style and size, spacing, and margins. In general, if your essay is double-spaced with standard formatting, it would be around 7-8 pages, while a single-spaced essay would be about 3 pages .

How Many Sources for a 2000 Word Essay?

The number of sources required for a 2000-word essay can depend on the nature of the essay and the guidelines provided by your teacher or professor. As a general rule of thumb, you should aim to have at least one source for every major point or argument you make in your essay. This might result in anywhere between 5-10 sources for a 2000-word essay, but this can vary widely based on your specific situation.

How Long Does It Take to Write a 2000-Word Essay?

The time it takes to write a 2000-word essay can vary significantly based on your typing speed , familiarity with the topic, and how much research you need to do. On average, it might take a few hours to a few days to write a 2000-word essay. Remember that this time includes all aspects of the writing process, including planning, researching, writing, and revising.

How Much Is a 2000-Word Essay?

The “value” of a 2000-word essay can vary significantly based on the context. If you’re asking about academic grading, that would depend on the specific grading rubric used by your teacher or professor. If you’re talking about professional writing services, the price can vary based on various factors, including the nature of the topic, the deadline, and the writer’s expertise.

Can you write a 2000-word essay in 6 hours?

Yes, it is possible to write a 2000-word essay in 6 hours. However, this depends on several factors, including the topic, your familiarity, research skills, and typing speed. Remember, it’s not just about writing the essay but a high-quality one that meets all the requirements.

How long does it take to write a 2000-word research paper?

The time it takes to write a 2000-word research paper varies greatly depending on the complexity of the topic, the amount of research required, and the writer’s skill and experience. On average, it could take several hours to a few days.

Is it possible to write a 2500-word essay in 3 days?

Absolutely! Writing a 2500-word essay in 3 days is feasible. This gives you ample time to plan, research, write, and revise your essay. The key is to stay organized and use your time efficiently.

How long does it take to write an essay?

The time it takes to write an essay depends on its length, the complexity of the topic, and the writer’s skills. For example, a 1000-word essay might take an hour or two, while a 3000-word essay might take several hours over a few days.

How long does it take you on average to write an essay?

On average, a professional writer can write about 500 to 800 words per hour, depending on the topic’s complexity and the amount of research required. For students or less experienced writers, it might take a bit longer.

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How to write a 2000-word Essay: What works Best?

Writing a remarkable 2000-word essay is an overwhelming task for students. This type of essay requires an overwhelming amount of knowledge, time to write, and the ability to organize your thoughts concisely. This guide will explain everything you need to complete a 2000-word essay.

How long is a 2000-word essay?

In academic writing, a 2000-word essay is the same as four pages of a single-spaced document or eight pages double-spaced one . Double spacing means there should be blank lines between each line of text that prevent them from blurring together. Your instructor may ask you to double-space the essay to make it easier to read and to allow reviewers to make comments or suggestions about the assignment.

Each page of single-spaced content has 500-550 words, while a double-spaced page has 250-275. If you are using MLA or APA formatting style, the formatting standard for an essay should be (1) double-spaced, (2) Times New Roman font, and (3) one-inch margins all around. If you use Ariel font pages

How Many Paragraphs is a 2000 Words Essay

A 2000-word essay consists of between 7 and 9 paragraphs, each having between 3 and 5 or more full and coherent sentences. Please note that there are no proper rules on how many sentences your paragraph should have since each paragraph discusses different ideas relating to the main topic of your essay.

Some paragraphs could be shorter and others longer. Some paragraphs could be a sentence shorter, and others about half a page long. What matters more is how you structure and complete the paragraphs.

However, you should not concern yourself with the length of your paragraph that you forget what matters most: the content of the paragraphs. Communicate effectively the quality of the message to ensure you answer the topic.

Can I Write 2000 Words in Two Hours?

Writing a 2000-word article in two hours is challenging but not impossible. Typically, a good essay requires in-depth research, a clear structure for the paper, and an organization of your ideas, which requires adequate time.

However, quickly completing an essay depends on your familiarity with the topic and typing speed. Most adults have an average typing speed of 40 words per minute (WPM). However, for experienced typists, the average typing speed is about 76 words per minute. Many college students trying to finish their assignments on time usually type 60-70 words per minute.

If you are having an essay crisis and can’t seem to figure out how to write a 2000-word essay in two hours, use the following tips;

Plan your essay

Take 10 – 15 minutes to organize your thoughts by identifying your essay's main topics and ideas. Focus only on key ideas and avoid unnecessary details to save time. Then, decide how you will organize them in your paper. A great tip is to have a logical order, ensuring a link between all ideas.

Research Efficiently and effectively

All academic papers, especially long-form essays like a 2000-word essay, require in-depth research to gather supporting information for your topic. You need to dedicate a few minutes to gather sources before writing.

Write the Introduction

Use 5-10 minutes to write a compelling introduction, beginning with a hook to grab readers' attention. Then, provide some context about the topic and state your thesis statement.

Write the Body Paragraphs

Allocate 10- 15 minutes to discuss each idea supporting your main topic. If you have 5 ideas, it will take you about 50 minutes to finish writing the body of your essay.

Write Your Conclusion

Use 10-15 minutes to finalize your essay by restating your thesis statement, summarizing the main points, reminding the readers why they should care, and providing recommendations/ suggestions for the main topic.

Revise Your Essay

Use 20 minutes to review your draft to correct any mistakes you made while writing. The final draft should be free of any errors (punctuation, grammar, and spelling) and be plagiarism-free. You must also ensure that all ideas are clearly and concisely written.

Please note that writing a 2000-word essay under time constraints will likely affect the quality of your work; however, following the above tips ensures you finish a well-structured 2000-word essay quickly.

What is the Format for a 2000 Word Essay?

A 2000-word essay is an academic paper with the same format as others. This means it has an introduction, a body paragraph, and a conclusion. Your introduction and conclusion should comprise approximately 25% of the total word count of the essay, while the rest of 75% should be dedicated to the body.

Introductions

An introduction of a 2000-word essay is 5-10% of the total word count. It should be between 100 – 150 words of concisely written content. If you have no idea what to include in the introduction, the following tips will offer a starting point.

• Set the scene
• Introduce the topic or problem under discussion.
• If needed, provide definitions of complex concepts.
• An explanation of why the topic or problem matters. (provide the size or the scope of the matter).
• The purpose of the essay.
• Introduce the thesis statement, which is the central idea of the essay.
• Briefly provide the outline you will use to explain the paper's logic.

Your introduction should be a paragraph or two long since a paragraph is made of 100 words.

The Main Body

A body of a 2000-word essay will make up about 75% of the total word count. It should be divided into 5-7 paragraphs, each discussing one central idea that identifies the main topic. These paragraphs should be 150- 250 words, each supported by 2 or more references. Note that the longer the assignments, the more important it is to provide links that refer to earlier points, thus connecting ideas.

When you begin writing the body, your ideas will likely flow randomly from the mind. Since you are writing for readers with different backgrounds and viewpoints, you must organize these ideas to make it easier for them to process and understand. Use the following format to organize the body of your essay;

• Write a topic sentence that identifies the paragraph topic you will discuss.
• Supporting information , such as examples, details, and evidence, contributes to the main topic. When you provide evidence, ensure you explain why it is relevant to the topic.
• A concluding sentence also acts as a transition to the next paragraph. Provide a conclusion that reminds readers of what they have read and shows the topic's significance.

Use the above format to organize the rest of the body paragraphs. Consider writing this plan on paper and pinning it on your desk to remind yourself whenever you write an essay. 

Additionally, consider using the following writing techniques and tools to help finish your essay in under two hours.

Technique 1: The Pomodoro technique

The Pomodoro Technique. This technique involves working continuously for 25 minutes and then taking a 5-minute break. The Pomodoro technique is effective because it allows you to focus while avoiding burnout. Research shows that taking regular breaks can increase well-being and performance.

Technique 2: Write in Batches

Writing in batches is an effective method to finish a 2000-word essay in two hours. It involves dividing your essay into sections and working on them before taking a break.

Use tools such as Grammarly and Hemingway Editor to help edit your work and ensure no errors before submission.

This is the final paragraph of your essay. Like an introduction, a conclusion makes up about 5-10% of a 2000-word essay. This means that a conclusion for a 2000-word essay has approximately 100-150 words.

If you follow the above format, the total word count will 2050.

How Long Will It Take to Write a 2000 Words Essay?

Finishing a 2000-word essay will take 6-8 hours on average. However, if you are just typing the essay without doing any in-depth research, outlining the work, or adding citations and references, it will take about 50 minutes. For a handwritten essay, it takes about 1.7 hours to finish a 2000-word essay.

Please note that some students can finish a 2000-word essay in just under two hours, while others can take at least five days (2 for in-depth research, 2 for writing the essay, and one for revising and editing) to finish. All this will depend on the complexities of the topic. A complex topic will probably require more time for research, especially if getting the sources for the topic is challenging.

The assignment deadline will also influence whether someone can finish the essay quickly or not. Many students often find themselves swamped with assignments, wondering which to prioritize. If you have a 1000-word essay and another for 2200 words, prioritize the latter and focus on finishing the shorter one later.  

If you want to finish your essay quickly, avoid distractions such as social media, TV, friends, etc.

How Many References Are in a 2000 Words Essay

A 2000-word essay should have between 10 and 20 high-quality references. Please take note that these are just suggestions. Logically, there should be a source in every paragraph. Each argument supported by credible evidence must have a reference. Some factors that will determine how many references each of your paragraphs will have include:

The Type of Research

If you are conducting empirical research, you will need more references compared to doing research for a theoretical paper. This is because the latter focuses on synthesizing existing concepts.

Depth of the Research

If your 2000-word essay is about a complex topic, you must do more thorough research to locate all the evidence supporting or refuting your claims. This means your essay will have more references than one that does not need much research.

Assignment’s Requirements

Your instructors will specify the number of references to use in your essay; they might verbally communicate this in class or highlight it on the assignment prompt. Thus, it's essential to always read and understand your prompt before working on the assignment.

If there are no specifications about essay references, check with your instructor how many are appropriate for the type of essay you are writing.

Writing Time by Word Counts

The following table outlines how long it takes to complete an essay, depending on the number of words.

From the above table, it's clear that a person's typing speed will dictate whether they can finish an assignment quickly or not.

Writing Time by Page Counts

Wondering how long it takes to complete a page? The table below will let you know how long it will take to finish an essay based on page counts.

This rough estimate is based on slow, average, and fast writers.

Tips to Help You Finish a 2000 Words Essay

So, you left your 2000-word essay until the last minute and can't seem to figure out how to finish it on time? No worries. The following tips can help.

Eat a Good Breakfast

A study published in the National Library of Medicine has shown that eating a good breakfast is associated with positive outcomes for learners and professionals. Breakfast gives you energy after fasting overnight for more than 7 hours. Take some brain food fuel, such as yogurts topped with berries, to give you steady energy as you write your essay. This will prevent you from feeling hungry, which could be a distraction.

Pick Your Equipment and Workstation

When you sit down to write, everything must be within reach. So, pick a conducive environment away from distractions and collect all materials like your laptops, pens, notebooks, etc.

Set Time Management Goals

When you have an urgent assignment that is 2000 words long, time management is key to success. Good time management skills will help you finish the task quickly while avoiding distractions. You can break up your tasks into chunks and work on them individually.

Use Online Tools to Speed Up the Research Process

Research can take an awful amount of time, especially for a complex topic. So, speed up the process by using online tools like Google Scholar to find sources for your essay.

Also, check if your instructor has published a list of sources on your module's online platform. Most of them are kind enough to put them online.

Write Your Notes directly on Your Laptop.

Normally, when researching a topic, you will write ideas in a notebook and then use it later when typing on your laptop. However, since you are in a hurry, skip this step and directly type the ideas and their sources on our computer. Once you are done, you can drag and drop paragraphs in the correct order.

An essay that is 2000 words long is a common type of essay you will encounter in school. You must be well prepared by understanding what it takes to complete this type of essay. Whether you are a seasoned writer or a beginner, the above guide will be helpful when writing a 2000-word essay.

If you are struggling with writing a paper or essay that is 2000 or 2200 words long, we can help. EssayManiacs has a team of professional writers who can write such an essay in under a day or between 7 and 8 hours or less. Therefore, if you want help with your assignments , we are online and ready to help. Please place an order, and we will assign your paper to a writer within the next few minutes. In terms of cost, it should cost you around $18-25/page, depending on the urgency. Engage us for a discount.

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In a short paper—even a research paper—you don’t need to provide an exhaustive summary as part of your conclusion. But you do need to make some kind of transition between your final body paragraph and your concluding paragraph. This may come in the form of a few sentences of summary. Or it may come in the form of a sentence that brings your readers back to your thesis or main idea and reminds your readers where you began and how far you have traveled.

So, for example, in a paper about the relationship between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, Vanessa Roser begins by introducing readers to the fact that researchers have studied the relationship between the two conditions and then provides her explanation of that relationship. Here’s her thesis: “While socialization may indeed be an important factor in RS, I argue that individuals with ADHD may also possess a neurological predisposition to RS that is exacerbated by the differing executive and emotional regulation characteristic of ADHD.”

In her final paragraph, Roser reminds us of where she started by echoing her thesis: “This literature demonstrates that, as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Highlight the “so what”  

At the beginning of your paper, you explain to your readers what’s at stake—why they should care about the argument you’re making. In your conclusion, you can bring readers back to those stakes by reminding them why your argument is important in the first place. You can also draft a few sentences that put those stakes into a new or broader context.

In the conclusion to her paper about ADHD and RS, Roser echoes the stakes she established in her introduction—that research into connections between ADHD and RS has led to contradictory results, raising questions about the “behavioral mediation hypothesis.”

She writes, “as with many other conditions, ADHD and RS share a delicately intertwined pattern of neurological similarities that is rooted in the innate biology of an individual’s mind, a connection that cannot be explained in full by the behavioral mediation hypothesis.”  

Leave your readers with the “now what”  

After the “what” and the “so what,” you should leave your reader with some final thoughts. If you have written a strong introduction, your readers will know why you have been arguing what you have been arguing—and why they should care. And if you’ve made a good case for your thesis, then your readers should be in a position to see things in a new way, understand new questions, or be ready for something that they weren’t ready for before they read your paper.

In her conclusion, Roser offers two “now what” statements. First, she explains that it is important to recognize that the flawed behavioral mediation hypothesis “seems to place a degree of fault on the individual. It implies that individuals with ADHD must have elicited such frequent or intense rejection by virtue of their inadequate social skills, erasing the possibility that they may simply possess a natural sensitivity to emotion.” She then highlights the broader implications for treatment of people with ADHD, noting that recognizing the actual connection between rejection sensitivity and ADHD “has profound implications for understanding how individuals with ADHD might best be treated in educational settings, by counselors, family, peers, or even society as a whole.”

To find your own “now what” for your essay’s conclusion, try asking yourself these questions:

• What can my readers now understand, see in a new light, or grapple with that they would not have understood in the same way before reading my paper? Are we a step closer to understanding a larger phenomenon or to understanding why what was at stake is so important?  
• What questions can I now raise that would not have made sense at the beginning of my paper? Questions for further research? Other ways that this topic could be approached?  
• Are there other applications for my research? Could my questions be asked about different data in a different context? Could I use my methods to answer a different question?  
• What action should be taken in light of this argument? What action do I predict will be taken or could lead to a solution?  
• What larger context might my argument be a part of?  

What to avoid in your conclusion  

• a complete restatement of all that you have said in your paper.  
• a substantial counterargument that you do not have space to refute; you should introduce counterarguments before your conclusion.  
• an apology for what you have not said. If you need to explain the scope of your paper, you should do this sooner—but don’t apologize for what you have not discussed in your paper.  
• fake transitions like “in conclusion” that are followed by sentences that aren’t actually conclusions. (“In conclusion, I have now demonstrated that my thesis is correct.”)
• picture_as_pdf Conclusions