milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

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Ethiopia National Dairy Development Strategy 2022–2031

Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa. According to a CSA (2021) livestock sample survey, the country possesses 70.3 million cattle, 42.9 million sheep, 52.5 million goats and 8.1 million camels. The livestock sector contributes about 45% of the agricultural GDP, 18.7% of the total national GDP, and 16–19% of the total foreign exchange earnings of the country (Behnke and Metaferia 2011). In Ethiopia, dairy production depends mainly on indigenous livestock genetic resources of cattle, camels and goats. Cattle are the largest contributors to the total national annual milk output, followed by camels (CSA 2021). Ethiopia has a huge potential for dairy development. The large and diverse livestock genetic resources, existence of diverse agro-ecologies suitable for dairy production, increasing domestic demand for milk and milk products, developing market opportunities, and proximity to international markets all contribute to the potential and opportunities for dairy development in the country. However, dairy development has been hampered by multifaceted, production system-specific constraints related to genotype, feed resources and feeding systems, access to services and inputs, and low adoption of improved technologies. An inefficient marketing system and absence of clear policy support, poor access to finance, weak regulatory system to enforce government rules and regulations are also among the systemic constraints to the development of the Ethiopian dairy sector. Moreover, the sector is constrained by poor rural infrastructure, high post-harvest losses, weak value addition and poor product quality and safety. The government of Ethiopia plans to increase milk production four-fold by 2031 through targeted interventions aimed at improving the productivity of dairy cows, camels and goats. Investment in the dairy sector has been prioritized in the ten-year perspective plan of the government. It is anticipated that the plan will contribute to unlocking major bottlenecks in genetics, improved technologies, feeding, health, input and output marketing, value addition, product quality and consumer safety. It is also envisaged to reduce post-harvest loss of milk and milk products and enhance use of improved technologies in the dairy sector. This strategy document aims to guide implementation of the ten-year perspective plan and associated initiatives such as the dairy project in the Ten-in-Ten and Yelemat Tirufat initiatives developed to transform the dairy sub-sector. It highlights key interventions to be implemented in the short-, medium- and long-term plan periods from 2022 to 2031. The document identifies strategic issues and priority interventions in the short-, medium- and long-term in dairy breed improvement, feeds and nutrition, biosecurity and dairy health management, milk quality and safety, dairy business management and market development, investment in commercial farming and processing industry, extension linkage, capacity development and some cross-cutting issues. It also highlights various roles and responsibilities of different actors.

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Dairy Product Processing and its Marketing in Ethiopia: Current Scenario and Way Forward

  • Published 2021
  • Agricultural and Food Sciences, Business

One Citation

Review on the status of dairy production and processing in ethiopia, 47 references, dairy development in ethiopia, smallholder milk processing and marketing characteristics at urban dairy farms in jimma town of oromia regional state, ethiopia, microbial properties of ethiopian dairy products: a review, options for smallholder milk processing in sub-saharan africa.

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Urban livestock production and gender in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

A survey on current milk production and pricing in sokoto state, nigeria., analysis of the dairy value chain: challenges and opportunities for dairy development in dire dawa, eastern ethiopia., dairy production system in lowland areas of gambella, ethiopia, dairy marketing chains analysis: the case of shashemane, hawassa and dale district’s milk shed, southern ethiopia, dairy products marketing systems and its constraints in gimbi district, west wollega zone, oromia, ethiopia, related papers.

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Nat'l Dairy Dev’t Strategy that Envisions Quadrupling Milk Production Unveiled - ENA English

milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

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milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

Nat'l Dairy Dev’t Strategy that Envisions Quadrupling Milk Production Unveiled

milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

Addis Ababa, December 19/2023 (ENA) A National Dairy Development Strategy, which aims to quadruple milk production by 2031 in Ethiopia, was officially launched today. 

The strategy under implementation since 2022 was unveiled by the Ministry of Agriculture, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), and the Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN). 

Agriculture State Minister Fikru Regassa said on the occasion that the 10-year strategy is a crucial step forward toward transforming the dairy sector.

Effective implementation, however, needs collective effort and support from all stakeholders, he added.

Stressing Ethiopia's large but diverse livestock resource, Fikru noted that the resources have not been fully exploited. 

But “now livestock have been elevated on Ethiopia’s development agenda and recognized as providing important assets for livelihood and job creation as a source of income and foreign currency earning as well as important cultural resources, social safety nets, and means of saving.”

According to him, the potential for livestock to contribute to national economic growth and poverty reduction is strongly acknowledged.

The Ten-Year Perspective Plan prioritizes investments in dairy sector development to address major bottlenecks in genetics, improved technologies, feeding, health, input and output marketing, value addition, product quality, and consumer safety. 

ILRI Director General's Representative to Ethiopia, Namukolo Covic said the strategy is aimed at helping and guiding the development of the dairy sector in Ethiopia.

milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

And this will improve milk production, increase productivity by looking at genetic improvements of the breeds and the quality of feed that is given, in addition to health like vaccination.  

ILRI's work seeks to improve food security through better production of foods and addressing the different challenges including climate and environmental issues, she pointed out.

“Our work really seeks to help smallholder farmers to have better lives through livestock and  improving the production and productivity of dairy cows is one way through which we can help smallholder farmers to have better lives through livestock.” 

So in Ethiopia, Covic stated that ILRI's work is to align to the national transformation efforts. 

“We are researching institution. So through our research, we can contribute evidence that can help guide that transformation process in a positive way.” 

According to the CSA (2021) livestock sample survey, Ethiopia boasts of 70.3 million cattle, 42.9 million sheep, 52.5 million goats, and 8.1 million camels.

milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

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Dairy Plant Processing Capacity and Challenges in Milk Processing Industry of Ethiopia

Profile image of Assefa Bezie

2019, European Journal of Biological Sciences

Ethiopia has a high number of livestock populations and suitable climate for livestock development, a country has been dependent on importing milk and dairy products for long period of time. 95% of the national milk is marketed through informal channels and unprocessed. Only 5% of the milk produced is marketed as liquid milk. Processing capacity and their challenge were not well identified. Objective of the study was to evaluate the current situation and challenge of milk processing industries in Ethiopia. About 32 milk processing industries were established in the country. Out of them the study was conducted in 21 milk processing industries were selected purposely. Data was collected by prepared questioner to identify key problems and opportunities found in dairy industry. Data analysis was processed using the Procedure for Social Science (SPSS) version 23.0 (2016) software. The results are presented in descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, standard deviation and percentage) the mean difference is tested at 0.05 level of significance. Result indicate that Milk processing capacity and Milk processing with ownership type, the value of p < 0.05 there is significance difference in milk processing capacity among ownership of the industries.

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The aim of this review was to assesses consumer preferences and its determinates towards milk and milk product in Ethiopia. To do this review secondary data such as books, journals, and domestic and foreign published articles were used. According to different past studies result fresh milk, traditional butter, butter milk, cottage cheese, whey and ghee were the common products which consumed frequently in almost all part of the country. Fresh milk was the most preferable product in the country as compared to others due to high fat content, availability, taste and lower price. The review indicates that better educated household head, higher income households, younger and female household head and people who agree with "unpacked and unprocessed milk is not healthy" consume more packed and processed /pasteurized / milk than do others. Generally, consumer preference towards milk and milk product were significantly dependent on demographic, socioeconomic and psychological characteristics of household as well as market mixed variables includes product characteristics, pricing strategies, packaging, Promotion and place factors. thus, it is recommended that, milk producing and processing companies need to design better pricing, promotion and advertising strategies for different milk product consumption to attract consumers. Keyword-Consumer preference, milk and milk product.

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Preface............................................................................................................... iii Acronyms .................. .................................................................... ... ... Table 1: Livestock population estimates (1,000s) in Kenya. ............................................... 3 Table 2: Key factors affecting milk production per ...

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Dairy Ethiopia

A sharing platform for the commercial dairy sector in ethiopia.

Dairy Ethiopia

Business Plan Competition Guideline

DairyBISS (Dairy Business Information Service & Support) Business Plan Competition Guideline

1. DairyBISS background

Wageningen University Livestock Research as part of BENEFIT(Bilateral Ethiopia Netherlands Effort for Food, Income and Trade) promoted a project called Dairy Business Information service and support (DairyBISS)to stimulate private dairy sector development in Ethiopia with a financial support by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

The project is designed in consideration of the following key issues:

  • The specialized medium and large scale dairy farms could be catalysts in local dairy development and could facilitate the further commercialization of smallholder dairy farming, as well as input & service delivery in their vicinity, once the farms can serve as example.
  • Most dairy development initiatives, including the government extension system, provide limited support on knowledge and innovations that are suitable to medium and large scale specialized dairy farms.
  • The private dairy sector (commercial medium and large scale dairy farmers, milk processors, input suppliers) lacks up-to-date knowledge and advice, skilled staff, exposure to new innovations, and international linkages.
  • Introduction of new innovations and improvement of management at farms and companies is still very dependent on foreign expertise. A broader base of expertise and qualified staff is needed for the sector.
  • The opportunity for private advice to medium/large scale commercial farms is growing. However, the capacity and knowledge level (technical, business development) of Ethiopian private advisors is still limited.

Therefore, by setting up a dairy business platform for networking, business development support, and capacity and knowledge base development, DairyBISS is aiming to increase the number of profitable farms and firms in the Ethiopian dairy sector through realizing the following three strategic objectives:

  • Develop and support a dairy business platform that becomes an effective private sector network for business development, B2B relations, business information, and learning;
  • Develop quality business information and examples of successful business cases to support business development;
  • Develop a pool of quality private business consultants/advisors for specialized commercial dairy farms and dairy related firms, as well as training modules for dairy business consultants/ advisors, farm managers, staff of milk collection centers, etc.

2. The ultimate for business plan competition

The productivity level of the commercial medium and large-scale dairy farms in Ethiopia is low among others due to poor management practices as result of lack of knowledge, application of outdated technologies and lack of proper management tools. The government extension service for dairy sector development mainly focuses to the needs of smallholder dairy farms and not on the right setup to serve technical advice to medium- and large-scale commercial dairy farms. The commercial dairy firms like dairy processing and feed processing industries, input and services providers and alike are also operating under their capacity due to absence of innovation, proper management etc.,. Access to sound business development and management advisory services also exist in low level that makes business to operate at low level of technical efficiency across most aspects of the business issues.

With this in mind, DairyBISS has conducted dairy advisors training and coaching program on dairy production, dairy business development and dairy processing streams. The training has been designed and implemented in a way to create vibrant dairy advisors pool in Ethiopia that could support private commercial dairy sector in ranges of technical and business development issues.As a follow up activity of the training and coaching, dairy business plan competition is organized by the project to create an opportunity for trained and freelance advisors to bring innovative dairy business cases/models as a result of training, exposure visits, and experience working as an advisor in the commercial dairy sector. The business plan completion is prepared with the following

  • Encourage advisors to innovate business cases that could address systemic challenges of the commercial dairy sector that able the commercial dairy farms and firms to achieve high and consistent performance in their business
  • Create linkage between dairy advisors and potential dairy business and market for long-term business as advisor and service recipients.

3. Networking

Following the selection process which stated under # 7,the networking event will be organized to create linkage between dairy advisers and the potential private commercial business. This networking event allows, each ten finalists will present his/her posters to the audience. Q&A session will follow by judge committee on each posters.

The poster presentation aims to create an opportunity to both business owners and finalists to reach in agreement for further implementation and test of business idea with the arrangements made between them (advisor and business entity). To this effect, DairyBISS trained dairy advisors and other dairy sector freelance consultants encourages to participate on the call and come up with innovative business models through combining the learning from dairy advisor training and coaching program as well as the experience have got in process of advising commercial dairy business.

4. Eligibility Criteria

  • The applicant must be a graduate of one of the dairy advisors training and coaching program or working
  • Freelance consultant working in the dairy sector is also eligible if and only if he/she should justify as he/she works as dairy freelance consultant.
  • The project to be promoted by the applicant should be dairy oriented

5. General Rules

  • Business plans may be submitted by individuals or by teams, but the prize amount is the same for both types of applicants.
  • There is no limit on the number of people on a team
  • Any area of dairy related business undertaking is valid
  • The proposed innovation business model is prepared based on cases of dairy business entity which the advisor/s has/have been given an advisory service
  • Applications should be sent to DairyBISS online with concept note. Partially completed applications will not be accepted.
  • The concept notes and written business plans should be sent to DairyBISS before their respective deadlines
  • All ten finalists will receive certificate of diploma and winning prize money as stated below in bullet
  • The winner prize is as follows 1st ETB 100,000 2nd ETB 80,000 3rd ETB 70,000 4th ETB 60,000 5th ETB 50,000 6th – 10th ETB 5, 000/each  
  • The prize money shall be paid to the recipients according to the terms and conditions indicated in Annex III.
  • DairyBISS has right to cancel the competition fully or partially, or it can limit the number of winners if the quality of innovation business cases are confirmed do not as expected  standard

7. The Selection Process and Criteria Three stages screening and selection of the recipients will be conducted

The first screening step is checking the fulfillment of the eligibility criteria and the submission and preparation of the concept note by the applicant according to Annex I.Following the selection of concept note, qualified applicants are required to submit their full/complete business plan.

Second stage screening/evaluation of business plan that to be done by an independent jury of five judges to be constituted from experienced dairy business and dairy professionals.

The Third stage screening will be carried out by the same jury by evaluating the oral presentation of the applicants who have submitted written business plans and poster.

  • Written business plan carries 60% while and poster and poster presentation constitutes 40%.
  • The decisions of the judges are final, including interpretation of the rules
  • All finalists (applicants who have submitted complete business plan and appeared for poster presentation) will be awarded certificate of participation.

8. The Concept Note

The concept note is prepared to inform the preparation of project that is designed and implemented to test the technical and commercial viability of an innovation. It shall focus on new products or in technologies and business/service models that increase efficiency and quality of current operations, preferably addressing systemic issues in the commercial dairy sector. Some of the systemic issues identified in DairyBISS are: Access to quality feed and fodder all over the year, feed preservation, feed rationing for production specific production target, improved private AI-service delivery, heifer supply, cow-productivity and milk quality, product diversification and safety in dairy processing, improved dairy processing industry technical and operational efficiency, improved access and affordability of dairy products by low-income groups to safe and nutritious dairy products and alike . The concept note should be prepared not more than 4 pages and cover the points indicated in Annex I.

9. Full Business Plan

The business plan shall clearly describe the innovative nature of the proposed activities and how this will address the identified systemic issues effectively and efficiently. It shall indicate an innovative activity or set of activities that form(s) a commercially viable business case, or is a clearly defined and essential (and innovative) part of a business case or business proposition.The business plan is prepared according to a format displayed in Annex II and not more than 16 pages excluding cover page, content page and appendices. Relevant appendices that are required to clarify or substantiate the business plan can be attached to the report.

10. Poster Presentation

The duration of the presentations will be 10 minutes with an additional 10 minutes allocated for questions from the judges. The presentation and Q & A time can be changed by the jury. The presenter has to deliver the presentation in a logical, persuasive manner, and answer questions well. The presentation may address the following issues:

  • Situational analysis:briefly explain systemic constraints that could limit the performance of the private commercial dairy sector. Briefly explain the proposed innovation business model wants to promote (new product, new technology, system,)
  • Assess the availability of inputs and means of production: raw material, land, labor, skilled manpower and how to acquire them to implement the innovation business model
  • Describe the distinctive Competence: Distinctive benefits the innovation business model to the business owner, customers/consumers and competitive advantage of the product in the market.
  • Market Prospective: Market potential, distribution channels and market strategy
  • Management Capability: The required management team composition and capability
  • Financial Feasibility : the financial requirements of the innovation business model and expected return from the business

11. Schedules

Deadline for submission of application with concept note: September 15, 2018

  • Announcement of the accepted applicants for the next stage of competition: September 17, 2018
  • Deadline for submission of complete business plan: September 27, 2018
  • Announcement of 10 finalist of business plan completion for the next poster presentation, October 1, 2018
  • Poster presentation and final Award ceremony: October 5, 2018.

12. How to apply

Eligible applicants should mail application with the concept note Click Here to [email protected] on or before the closing date of application acceptance.

For more Information Please contact the coordinator: Tel : 011 911694257, Email : [email protected]

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milk production business plan in ethiopia pdf addis

Anim Ind Technol 2023 ; 10 ( 1 ): 1 - 27

pISSN: 2383-5761, eISSN: 2383-6385

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5187/ait.2023.10.1.1

Constraints and prospective of dairy value chain in Ethiopia: a review

© Copyright 2023 Korean Society of Animal Science and Technology. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: Mar 02, 2023 ; Revised: Mar 20, 2023 ; Accepted: Mar 20, 2023

Published Online: Jun 30, 2023

The Ministry of Agriculture of Ethiopia and national research institutes in the dairy sector concentrate on breeding crossbreed varieties for environmental adaptability and improving the genetic traits of 25 native indigenous cattle. The purpose of spreading the crossbreeds is to perform the goal to increase the average milk productivity from 1.5–2 L to 8–10 L/cow/d and to escape from the self-sufficient supply to the farm households with less than five cattle of indigenous species. The proclamation of innovative policies and livestock legislations related to the Ethiopian dairy industry’s prospects is to maximize the ripple effect by procuring crossbreed varieties with a high-capacity pure Holstein breed. It is especially emphasized in the strict article of the related regulations for informal milk channels because of the possibility of violation of the milk component adjustments and adulterations. It will be a very effective measure to accomplish the actor’s voluntary refinement of the present regulations. Otherwise, legal reform is necessitated. Establishing a milk quality inspection organization is inevitable for adapting a milk price-differentiated payment system according to the quality grading by the fat and protein content and sanitary grading by the counts of total mesophilic bacteria and somatic cells as already proclaimed. To adapt stakeholders to the new milk price system, the establishment of a cold chain infrastructure is an essential solution above all. In addition, to enhance the economic effectiveness of the 53 dairy cooperatives and dairy unions, capacity building of the staff personnel and market sales opportunities need to strengthen through procuring milk processing equipment and training in advanced processing technology.

INTRODUCTION

Dairy farms under Government control before 1975 included the Holleta Dairy (Ministry of Agriculture), and Shola Dairy (Dairy Development Agency), consolidated into 19 state dairy farms with 1,734 dairy cattle. A dominant milking herd was introduced when the Cuban Government donated 120 Holstein-Friesian heifers/cows in 1980. With the political changes in the last 30 years, many reports and studies on the livestock sector accomplished by Ethiopian researchers insisted on the same challenges over decades [ 1 – 6 ]. The detailed solutions were suggested by the official development asssistance (ODA) donor countries [ 7 – 9 ], organizations belonged United Nations [ 10 , 11 ], but the past efforts and the impact of political changes resulted in categorizing dairy development in Ethiopia as commercial and smallholder using exotic, improved and indigenous breeds of cattle [ 12 ]. Our study aims to try to understand the reason for the stagnation of dairy development through direct interviews with farmers and indirect experience of foreign ODA organizations’ output so that we could suggest an executive plan for the KOICA project as a suitable implementation model. As the Korean-style dairy cooperatives have made remarkable achievements despite the short history of the dairy industry in 50 years, it will be worthy of exemplifying for the Ethiopian government organizations, the dairy industry, and dairy farmers. The challenges faced in the dairy sector of Ethiopia realized by the preliminary survey were summarized as follows.

It was estimated that the total number of cattle is over 70 million in 10 regions [ 13 ]. “Ye Lemat Tirufat” legacy, a national dairy, poultry and honey production improvement program, aims at achieving commercialization and scale-up of existing small-scale dairy. In particular, the goal is to reduce the number of existing dairy farms from 12.8 million to 9 million and to increase the ratio of households to 8.31% (148,199 households) of them possessing more than ten cows ( Table 1 ). The ratio of high-performance breeds increased from 2.7% to 17%. Concerning cows’ productivity, three individual goals are determined as increase milk production from 1.45 L to 2.02 L/cow/d for local cattle breeds, from 6 L to 10.7 L/cow/d for crossbreed with exotic milking breeds, and 13 L to 17 L/cow/d for exotic milking breeds.

Regions 1–4 head 5–9 head 10–19 head 20–49 head Over 50 Total owners
Tigray 598,590 267,238 70,967 13,729 1,504 952,108
Afar 61,436 52,270 38,398 15,908 2,941 171,053
Amhara 2,736,754 953,993 132,376 11,283 1,389 3,835,975
Oromia 2,813,993 1,423,187 419,686 57,115 2,515 4,726,596
Somali 50,596 31,019 14,750 4,041 196 100,602
Benishanule-Gumuz 58,653 30,093 13,925 4,754 161 107,586
SNNP 2,084,851 634,189 90,814 22,156 5,903 2,837,923
Gambela 11,022 4,657 4,971 4,033 481 27,164
Harari 16,845 2,986 397 - - 20,228
Dire Dawa 17,198 1,765 97 - - 19,060
Total 8,461,938 3,401,497 786,481 133,019 15,180 12,798,115
(%) 66.11 26.58 6.15 1.04 0.12

The numbers of households not own cattle are 3,731,833, which are not included the total owners in Ethiopia.

Adapted from CSA (2016) [13] with public domain.

SNNP, Southern nations, nationalities, and peoples.

On matters related to the dairy products processing sector, it was determined to increase the domestic market share of milk products from 30% to 60% by replacing imported milk products.

Overall, urban demand for milk in Ethiopia is driving the modernization of agricultural production systems. Urban proximity proved to directly affect dairy productivity, input decisions that dairy farmers make, and their access to “modern” value chains in the process of agricultural transformation [ 14 ]. It was estimated by setting-up empirical equations of the spatial autoregression model of the “spivreg” package in addition to urban proximity as an endogenous variable [ 15 ]. In Ethiopia, almost all milk and milk products are consumed domestically, and the demand is growing, but there is no substantial export market.

The dairy value chain so-called generally starts from the supply of raw milk to the market via the processing stages. However, there are two supply systems in the formal and the informal channels according to whether the unities are licensed/registered channels. Currently, the market shares that 93%–97.5% is supplied by the informal market and 2.5%–7% by the formal market of the national milk supply market [ 16 ]. On the other hand, of the raw milk produced in urban areas such as North Shewa in the vicinity of Addis Ababa, 53% of the raw milk collected by the formal chain and 48% by the informal chain was delivered to the processors for milk product processing [ 16 ]. The raw milk utilization form of the households was prioritized in that majority of the household was used for processing, home consumption, calf feeding, and sale. The consumption pattern of milk and milk products at home varies depending upon the amount produced per household, the market access, the year’s season, and the religious fasting period. The raw milk is used for processing in a variety of products in Bako Tibe district, Oromia regional state, such as fresh liquid milk, fermented milk ( ergo ), butter, cottage cheese ( ayib ), buttermilk ( arrera ), and whey ( aguat ) [ 17 ]. According to an assessment study for the outlets of butter, an open local market (62.7%) was a significant market flowing farm gate (21.3%) and delivery to the buyer (16.0%). The reason for the choice of outlets was because of reasonable prices (74.7%), and short distances (14.0%), reliable customers (6.7%), respectively. Also, the mode of payment is another reason because of cash preference. The frequent buyers in the areas were consumers (53.3%) and traders (46.7%). Nevertheless, the results showed differences depending on the type of agroecology categorized as lowland (n = 58), midland (n = 50), and highland (n = 42) [ 17 ]. The specific objectives of identifying factors affecting milk market participation decisions were studied by Ayyano et al. [ 18 ]. They used a multivariate probit model for identifying the market outlets’ choice decision factors. One hundred forty-two farmers among 1,558 household producers in the Kofale district of West Arsi Zone, the most common market outlet is the retailer (48.59%) with a supply of 3.93 L/d, and 42.25%, 40.68% of the producers sold to cooperatives and collectors with a supply of 3.86 and 3.4 L/d, respectively. Mamo et al. [ 19 ] studied the determination of the milk marketing channel of 475 urban and peri-urban dairy farms by a Multivariate Prohibit Model. The informal channel was dominated, but the choices were affected by education, farm experience, farm size, market distance, membership in local dairy cooperatives, price, and farm locations.

The milk consumption per capita in Ethiopia is deficient (19–20 L) compared to Kenya (115 L) and Uganda (65 L). One of the reasons can partly be ascribed to the religious fasting practices of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church [ 6 ]. 43% of the total population does not consume animal products such as dairy, meat, and eggs for about 200 days per year.

Most household consumers prefer raw milk because of its natural flavor (high-fat content), availability, and lower price. However, specific upper-income market segments prefer and can afford packaged processed milk [ 20 ]. The high cost, insufficient supply, and lack of promotion of nutritious diets also limit dairy product consumption. The most consumed products in the markets of Addis Ababa were pasteurized milk and powdered milk followed by cows’ milk (44.4%) and butter (36.5%) in 2016 [ 21 ]. However, it is worth noting that the preference for raw milk, aside from the price incentive, stems from the notion that pasteurized milk may be diluted and unhealthy. Although dairy products are supplied through formal and informal markets, about 78%–95% of milk is sold through the informal market. In a study on the consumption patterns for purchases of specific dairy products of the households dwelling in the area of Addis Ababa [ 22 ], the buyers’ preferences on the farm made cottage butter 94%, pasteurized milk 73%, cottage cheese 64%, raw milk 46%, factory yogurt 26%, imported powdered milk 12%, cottage yogurt 11%, factory cheese 9% among a total 384 dairy products. The authors emphasized that most dairy products are perishable, except cottage butter which can be processed into ghee ( neter kibe ), so they are consumed immediately, especially during fasting by Orthodox Christians. In CSA annual report [ 6 ], 15.4% of the milk produced is sold in the market, whereas 54.7% is consumed at home by traditional processing technologies, and the remaining 29.5% of milk into butter and cottage cheese ( ayib ). Despite pasteurized milk, cheese, butter, yogurt, ghee, cream, and ice cream being produced in Ethiopia, milk ice, ice confection, flavored milk, chocolate milk, fermented skim milk, sterilized milk, and milk powder are imported for diversified dairy products. Due to technical and economic constraints, the major dairy products found in the rural area are yogurt-like fermented/sour milk ( ergo ), traditional butter ( kibe ), traditional ghee ( neter kibe ), and cottage cheese ( ayib ) [ 23 ]. The price of traditional milk products is much lower than that of imported, US$1.10 and 1.78 per liter of pasteurized milk and UHT vs. 3.22–3.9 for UHT milk imported, US$1.4–2.0 and 3.80 per kg of yogurt and cottage cheese vs. 41.85 for the imported cheese, and butter is US$30.20 /kg [ 24 ]. Milk processing is now in the hand of the private sector but is struggling against unfair competition from the informal sector and imported similar dairy commodities. The dairy marketing system prevailed in Ethiopia consumers obtain dairy products manufactured by informal raw milk, which can be a potent risk for cows disease transmission.

The Ethiopian dairy farming systems are categorized under five operating systems according to agroecology. Pastoral farming is traditional livestock farming, agropastoral farming is traditional mixed crop-livestock farming in the lowland and the highland, and urban and peri-urban farming is specialized smallholder dairy farming and commercial intensive dairy farming [ 25 ]. The general household characteristics of three prevailing dairy production systems categorized by the size of the farm, large (≥ 30 heads), medium- and small (≤ 5 heads) size in 236 dairy farms of six districts of Tigray, Dire Dawa, Harar, and Oromia were investigated for the assessment of milk production constraints [ 26 ]. The preference ranking and dairy cattle production constraints were calculated as an index value with the principle of weighted average according to the following formula,

(Where, R n = the last rank, R 1 = the first rank, C n = the % of respondents in the last rank, C 1 = the % of respondents in the first rank)

The overall index to keep exotic dairy cow breeds revealed that in the pure Holstein Friesian dairy, producers kept dairy cattle mainly for milk production (0.46), whereas in the crossbreed dairy cattle owners were for both milk production and replacement heifers (0.43). This result implies that Ethiopia’s low-input and low-output dairy production systems were characterized and identified that the husbandry practices and the cow breed are vital for developing viable, systemized, and sustainable breeding programs. On the other hand, in Chiro and Gemechis districts of West Hararghe province, shortage of grazing land (93%) and disease (75%) were the significant challenges or constraints of respondents. Feed shortage was the second (65%) constraint of dairy cattle production [ 27 ]. Abegaz [ 28 ] insisted that the main constraints of indigenous cattle from 217 farms in Raya Kovo districts in North-Eastern Ethiopia were calving in the summer season and disease, parasites challenges, housing conditions, and lack of forage land.

DAIRY FARMING IN CENTRAL EAST OROMIA

In Ethiopia, there are seven milk sheds: Ambo-Woliso, Hawassa-Shashamene-Dilla, Bahir Dar-Gondor, Mekele, Addis-Ababa, Adama-Asella, and Dire Dawa. Among these, Hawassa-Shashamene-Dilla and Adama-Asella milk sheds belong to central ast Oromia.

Kidane et al. [ 26 ] categorized the production systems of dairy farms into three major prevailing dairy production systems in the study; large-scale (> 30 cows), medium-scale (> 5 ≤ 30 cows), and small-scale (≤ 5 cows) dairy farms. Van Geel et al. [ 29 ] divided dairy farms into five types according to the method of using farmland in Oromia regional state, organized based on the results of a survey on specialized dairy companies in traditional breeding dairy farming and compared the farm status as follows.

The basic information on dairy farms by classifying the farm types in Oromia regional state into peri-urban farms using or not using farmland in the suburbs of the city, rural farms using farmlands that combine farms with other crop cereals or exclusive perennial farmland, and smallholder farms (urban SHF) in the vicinity of large cities, the farm management and herd performance, the composition of breed stock and lactation performance by the type of farmland use ( Table 2 ).

Farm information Peri-urban land-based Peri-urban landless Rural cereal-based Rural perennial based Urban SHF Average
Members for labor 7 9 40 10 7 73
Adult 4.0 3.0 4.2 4.0 6.4 4.2
Children 1.7 2.0 2.7 2.9 2.3 2.5
Milking frequency
3 times/d NA NA 1 NA NA 1
2 times/d 7 9 39 10 7 72
Milk cooler
Not respond NA NA 1 NA NA 1
No 6 8 36 10 4 64
Yes 1 1 3 NA 3 8
Farm management
Lactating cows 2.7 3.9 1.9 0.8 7.0 2.5
Dry cows conceived 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 2.7 0.9
Dry cows, not conceived 0.6 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.3
Heifers conceived 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.3 0.5
Heifers not conceived 1.6 2.7 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.2
Oxen 3.0 0.2 2.9 1.7 0.0 2.1
Bulls dam 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4
Young males 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.9 0.1 0.5
Calves 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.5 1.4 1.2
Total 10.0 10.4 9.4 5.9 13.4 9.5
Herd performance
Bull/cows ratio 1.10 0.11 1.35 1.67 0.03 0.76
Replacement rate 0.28 0.38 0.25 0.13 0.28 0.27
Mortality (%) 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.00 0.13 0.13
Mortality calves (%) 0.25 0.47 0.33 NA 0.43 0.40
First calving (M) 45 25 37 38 27 34
Parity interval (M) 12.0 14.3 18.1 17.3 14.8 16.5
Milk yields (kg/Y) 1,096 1,745 1,249 411 3,616 1,407
Cattle breeds
Indigenous 3.6 2.0 5.2 5.0 0.0 4.1
Exotic 4.9 8.3 1.2 0.0 13.0 3.4
Cross-bred 1.6 0.1 3.0 0.9 0.4 1.9
Av. body wt. (kg) 449 503 385 331 547 425
Lactating cows 2.7 3.9 1.8 0.8 7.0 2.5
Dry cows conceived 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.4 2.7 0.9
Lactation peak (M) 13.2 14.7 11.4 8.4 13.3 11.8
Lactation lowest (M) 10.0 8.9 7.0 6.1 8.8 7.6

Adapted from Van Gee et al. (2018) [ 29 ] with permission of Solidaridad, modified by the authors.

SHF, smallholder farms; NA, not available.

In Table 2 , the breeding type, labor force, and milking frequency according to the type of farmland usage are milked twice a day regardless of the type of farmland used, and only 11% of farms are cooling milk at eight farms. If the milk is not cooled, it will cause severe deterioration problems in the milk and storage process until processing. Then the milk is unsuitable for processing, especially if it makes coagulum in the pipe when heat treated, resulting in the refusal of receiving milk.

The average number of breeding cows and herd performance by breeding type was also compared. The average number of breeding cows is 9.5, of which only 2.5 are milked. Urban SHF had the highest number of cows, with 13.4 cows and 7.0 cows for milking, and the total number of cows for permanent grassland (presumably pastoral grazing) farms was 5.9 cows and 0.8 cows for milking, showing a small herd size. Therefore, there is a difference in the size of breeding by farm type.

The average mortality rate of calves was 0.4, and the mortality rate of cows was 0.1. The high mortality rate of calves is probably because veterinary treatment was not provided immediately after a natural delivery. The annual milking yield is meager at an average of 1,407 kg, as suggested in Table 2 . Also, looking at the first mating age and the parity interval according to breeding type, although the first mating month ordinally begins about 6 to 12 months, the average 34 months of the first delivery is relatively longer than the international average of 23–28 months. It may be caused by the severely low body condition score (BCS), the high number of mating failures, the late observation of the first menstruation, and the long parity interval. Because it shortens the economic life cycle of dairy cows, higher profitability per cow, establishing an ICT-controlled model farm, and accumulation of data-based digital dairy farming management technology are necessitated to support.

Looking at the number of heads and average body weight by breed in Table 2 , farms in rural areas have a high ratio of native breeds and crossbreeds, while farms in urban areas focus on exotic breeds (urban SHF farms). Comparing the lactation performance by the breeding type, the average milking amount is 7.6 kg/d, much higher than the national average of 1.5 kg/d in Oromia regional state. Comparing the time to reach the peak milk production during the lactation, there is a prominent difference at 13.3 kg/d for exotic species and 8.4 kg/d for native species. The milk productivity is lower than that of the country group of lower milk yield (< 4,000 kg SCM/year) from the crossbreed and local breed fed with high fiber contents, and found mainly in the countries of Africa, South, and Southeast Asia and on the household farm in Eastern Europe [ 30 ]. In addition to this report, there are other problems, such as climate environment and the procurement of feed concentrates and supplementary feed.

The annual milk production of urban SHF farms raising Holstein’s exotic species was 3,616 kg. In contrast, farms using rural permanent grasslands raising native species stayed at 411 kg only, which is about nine folds. This report shows the difference between the type of farms, the level of raising and feeding technology, and the limitations of cow breeds. Therefore, distributing Holstein F1 crossbreeds between Holstein and local breeds is proposed in rural areas of the Oromia regional state.

Oromia regional state has two milk sheds, called Adama-Asella milk shed and Shashamene-Dodola-Robe milk shed ( Fig. 1 ). Central-Eastern Oromia has four zones, Arsi, West Arsi, East Shewa, and Bale. There were 1.54 million dairy cows [ 6 ], and most of them were indigenous breeds. The number of milking cows in Arsi is the highest (about 507,362 heads), followed by West Arsi (498,730 heads), Bale (356,556 heads), and East Shewa (176,899 heads).

The number of crossbreeds was relatively high (115,358 heads) compared with the rest of the country. In 2021, there will be between 38,000 and 57,500 households with crossbreed cows. While crossbreed and grade cows, such as Holstine-Friesian, Jersey, and Simmental, represent 1.8 percent of total dairy cows in Ethiopia, they account for 47% in the Addis Ababa milk shed, where commercial farms and urban SHF farms are concentrated.

Most of the cows in the urban SHF system of the Addis Ababa milk shed are of the grade stock of Holstein-Friesian (over 97%), while in the rural farming system accounts for about 7% in Adama-Asella milk shed, and 26%–40% in the urban SHF system of the Shashamene–Dodola-Robe milk shed. The total milk production in Central-Eastern Oromia continuously grew to about 50,000 MT in 2015 compared with 45,200 MT in 2014, with an increase of 10.6%.

Adama-Asella milk shed covers Adama in the East Shewa zone to the north and Asella, the capital of the Arsi zone, to the south. Amada is a major city located about 90 km southeast of Addis Ababa and 75 km north of Asella. Adama and Bishoftu are included in the East Shewa zone alongside the Rift Valley. The climate of Adama is not considered suitable for raising dairy cows. However, the zone is a route connected to a dairy product consumption area or a large-scale consumption market (Addis Ababa). It is evaluated as a suitable place for processing and distribution. However, Asella city in Arsi Zone is a low-temperature highland with an altitude of over 2,400 m above sea level. It has been evaluated as a climate suitable for raising professional dairy farmers. The Ethiopian government has also been making ongoing efforts to modernize the dairy sector in the Arsi region ( Fig. 1 ).

As of 2013/2014, among 64 dairy cooperatives, only 13 dairy cooperatives belonged to four dairy unions in Central East Oromia: Annan Arsi, Awash Olana, Galama, and Biftu Guddina, in two zones of Central East Oromia, except West Arsi zone and Bale zone ( Table 3 ).

Name of zone No. dairy cooperative No. farmers Name of dairy union Ave. no. of dairy cattle/farm
Arsi 35 1,316 Annan Arsi, Awash Olana, Galama 4.0
West Arsi - 109 - 2.9
Bale - 181 - NA
East Shewa 24 1,916 Biftu Guddina 19

As of 2023, about 43 dairy cooperatives work in the 24 Woredas in the Arsi zone. The current status of the dairy cooperatives on cattle population and milk delivery distance to Asella is summarized in Table 4 . Among them, 7 were in operation with solid activity, 17 were in operation but not strongly, 8 were not in operation, and the other 11 were no dairy cooperatives. 3,517,628 cattle are raised in the Arsi zone within 8–260 km of Asella. The largest district based on the number of dairy cows is district Lemmu/Bilbillo (262,107 heads) and followed by district Sude (258,272 heads), and district Shirak (218,042 heads) within 100 km from the Asella city, but Sude and Shirak formed no dairy cooperatives.

District Name of dairy cooperative Date of establish Current activity Total members Cattle population Km from Asella
Male Female Total
Aminya - NA × NA NA NA 106,805 154
Asako - NA × NA NA NA 97,647 170
Balee Gaz. Misooma Aana B/Balee 2008 16 2 18 136,295 166
Colee O/Annan Madda Guugu NA 29 4 33 116,379 200
Digalu Tijo Omishitota Aanan Ashabaqaa 2010 40 6 46 199,804 25
Omishitota Aananii Madituu Dansaa 2008 32 14 46
Omishitota Aanan Fittee 2011 NA 30 2 32
Omishitota Aanan Bulchanaa 2010 NA 35 2 37
Omishitota Aanan Alaaltuu saaguree 2013 19 58 77
Aanan Sasabuu Fi Qindesu Nanno Xijjoo 2011 20 3 23
Calleessituu Aananii Gooba Leencaa 2001 72 36 108
Diksis Naannoo/Wataraa NA NA NA NA 210,841 74
Dodota Guddina Sawaa 2011 32 21 53 57,894 50
Gololcha Sintaayaw NA NA NA NA 161,474 260
Guna Wandwasanii Fi Hiriyootaisa NA NA NA NA 95,522 170
Honkolo Abdii Boruu 2005 20 3 23 93,532 78
Limmuu Cirquu 2017 29 1 30
Heexoosa Elemituu 2015 47 10 57 157,264 25
Harmee 2015 37 12 49
Anaan Ittittuu 2016 39 11 50
Burqa 2016 43 19 62
Jaju - NA × NA NA NA 158,993 130
Lemmuu Bilbiloo Naano Bokojjii 2000 ○○ 92 18 110 262,107 56
Leemu Araya 2008 ○○ 90 23 113
Lemmuu Bubisaa 2008 NA 21 1 22
Lemmuu Diimmaa 2006 ○○ 24 7 31
Lemmuu Mikaa’eela 2007 ○○ 52 12 64
Lemmuu Bilbiloo Farchuu 2006 NA 25 0 25 NA NA
Dobaa Qeransaa 2015 NA 14 6 20 NA NA
Maraaroo 2006 NA 29 3 32 NA NA
Roobee Fi Walta’ii 2010 NA 20 0 20 NA NA
Burqaa Aannanii 2010 NA 20 0 20 NA NA
Abdii Waaqaa 2008 NA 42 8 50 NA NA
Lemmuu /Heexoosa Hurutaa Fi Naannoo 2007 20 25 45 152,970 59
Marti - NA × NA NA NA 107,199 140
Munesaa Aanaan Qarsaa 2009 27 1 28 210,859 60
Roobee N/Sadiqaa 2005 NA 29 1 30 NA NA
Omisha/Ananni 2005 NA 24 2 26 NA NA
Naanno Ataaba NA NA NA NA 205,709 108
Seru - NA × NA NA NA 92,195 180
Shirka - NA × NA NA NA 218,042 90
D/Sire - NA × NA NA NA 74,494 80
Sude - NA × NA NA NA 258,271 97
Tena - NA × NA NA NA 96,611 135
Xiyoo Dhangaaga Qonnichaa 2008 ○○ 54 17 71 110,241 8
Doosha 2007 41 4 45
Gooraafaanaa 2006 17 - 17
Waajjii Billaalloo 2002 48 1 49
Gondee Mokroo 2010 ○○ 48 27 75
Gaara Cilaaloo 2006 42 17 59
Burqaa Qacamaa 2006 ○○ 23 1 24
Urjii 2007 NA 8 2 10
Z/Dugda NA × NA NA NA 136,380 47
24 43 NA NA 1,350 380 1,730 3,517,528 NA

Dairy cooperative in operation with strong activity (○○), and in operation but not strongly (○), not in operation (△), and no responded to their activities (×).

NA, not available.

When it considers dairy cattle owners of more than 12.8 million, as summarized in Table 1 , there are many members of 1,730 farmers of 40 dairy cooperatives. The gender ratio of females to males is 2.8:1. The most active dairy cooperatives are located in the vicinity of Asella within a boundary of 8–56 km. Although most cooperatives were established in 1997–2000, the oldest was Naano Bocojjii in 1992, and the latest was Lemmuu Cirque in 2017.

As a legal entity, the dairy cooperative is operated by a management committee composed of 5–7 members elected by general assemblies and comprised of several sub-committees (3 members each). Each sub-committee may have tasks such as inspection, procurement and sales, gender, loans, and training. The operation staff, such as technicians, salespersons, managers, and accountants, are usually hired but cannot be a member of the committee. The dairy cooperatives can operate as milk collection units and dairy processing units. In the Oromia regional state, three or more cooperatives operate in each woreda ( Table 4 ), usually at most one in Amhara and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) [ 31 ].

The role of the dairy cooperatives in milk collection is to receive fresh milk from 131 milk collection centers (MCCs) stored in 56 tanks under the operation of 180 cooling tanks installed by the processors nationwide [ 31 ]. One of the roles of dairy cooperatives is to process milk. Also, some MCCs fill milk products into commercial packages, such as skimmed milk, butter, and cheese, for distribution to the retail markets through the formal channel [ 31 ]. Also, dairy cooperatives functioned generally, taking tasks of procuring and distributing inputs and providing extension services to farmers ( Table 5 ).

Unit structure Management/operation Functions Compose level
Dairy cooperative Legal Entity

Managed by management committee (5–7 members elected)

Hired staffs (manager, accountant, technician, salesperson)

Milk collection & processing unit

Packaging of fluid milk

Marketing

About 3 dairy Co-Ops in Woreda level

Milk collection centre (MCC) Branch of dairy Co-Op.

Central point of milk collection

Milk delivery to dairy-Co-Op.

Can be a processing unit

1 to 3 Milk collection groups in Kebele level

Milk collection group (MCP) Dairy farmers’ group

Managed by management committee in itself

Transportation of milk to MCC

Can operated by dairy Co-Op.

20–25 farmers in Kebele level (5 in Oromia and 3 in Amhara)

Dairy farm household Represented by head of each farm household

Raising cows and milking

Deliver milk in cans by horse, cart, children to MCP

Adapted from Jote (2018) [ 31 ] with permission of SNV, and modified by the authors.

DAIRY PROCESSING INDUSTRY

Table 6 presents an overview of all dairy processors active in Ethiopia and their products. According to the SNV’s BRIDGE Project (Building rural income through inclusive dairy business growth in Ethiopia), there are 45 dairy processors, including those operated by dairy cooperatives, with a total production capacity of 1,200 MT per day. Among the processors, 31 companies currently operate at only 28% of their production capacity. The private dairy processors process only 2.6% of the annual milk production (4.69 million MT) [ 7 ]. This surprisingly small proportion can mainly be attributed to the poor quality of the supplied milk, caused by poor handling, the absence of a cold chain collection system, and an unstable power supply [ 3 ].

Region. Company name (brand name) Factory location (city) Processing capacity (L/d) Daily attained capacity (L) Products (price)
Addis Ababa Lame Dairy PLC (Shola Milk) Addis Ababa 160,000 90,000 Pasteurised milk, table butter, cheese, yogurt, bottled products
MB PLC (Family Milk) Addis Ababa 70,000 30,000 Pasteurised milk, UHT, yogurt, cheese, table butter
Nuredin Hassen Milk Processing Addis Ababa 30,000 Yogurt, cheese
Seven D Food Factory PLC Addis Ababa 24,000 2,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Berta and Family PLC Addis Ababa 12,000 6,000 Cheese
Chuye Milk & Milk Products Addis Ababa 8,000 2,000 Pasteurised milk, butter, soft cheese (ayib)
Amhara Evergreen Bahir Dar 24,000 6,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Embet and Her Children Milk Processing Bahir Dar 10,000 5,000 Yogurt, cheese
Ruth & Hirut Milk Production & Milk Processing PLC Chacha 30,000 5,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, UHT, table butter
Misale Dairy Chacha 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Happy Milk Chacha 24,000 5,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream
Yohannse Ashenafi Milk Processing (Mulu Milk) Chacha 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Fana Milk Processing PLC Debre Birhan 1,000 800 Cheese, butter
GAPE PLC Debre Markos 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Jantekel Dairy Union (Fassil Milk) Gondar 8,000 Pasteurised milk, butter, soft cheese (ayib)
Oromia Enat Wotete Addis Alem 24,000 5,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream
Adama Wotete Adama 24,000 5,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Awash Melkasa Milk Processing (Fana Milk) Awash Melkasa 15,000 5,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Bekoji Wotete Bekoji 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, butter
Holland Dairy Bishoftu 50,000 19,000 Pasteurised milk, plain and fruit flavoured yogurt, gouda cheese
Ada’a Dairy Cooperative Bishoftu 15,000 2,000 Pasteurised milk, butter
Prime Milk Bishoftu 1,500 300 Cheese, butter
Azu Dairy Bishoftu 1,000 350 Cheese
Helen Agro Industry (Selam Milk) Chancho 24,000 10,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Bobo Agro Processing Dukem 60,000 30,000 Flavoured UHT milk
Lasal Milk (Latica Cheese) Meki 8,000 5,000 Cheese
One-to-One International Business PLC (Lena Dairy) Mojo 12,000 4,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Maza Dairy Farm and Processing (IDC) Muketuri 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Selale Dairy Development PlC Muketuri 12,000 Pasteurised milk, butter
Sebeta Agro Industry (Mama Dairy) Sebeta 70,000 35,000 Pasteurised milk, UHT, yogurt, cheese, table butter
Etete Milk Sendafa 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, table butter
Elemtu Integrated Milk Industry S.Co Sululta 60,000 20,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, table butter
Selale Milk Processing Union Sululta 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese
Loni Agro Industry PLC Sululta 24,000 8,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Zagaol Sululta 20,000 15,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Agar Agro Industry Sululta 20,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Life Agro Industry (Life Milk) Sululta 5,000 1,500 Pasteurised milk
Lala Dairy Teji 24,000 8,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt, cheese, ice cream
Yaya Milk Ziway 10,000 5,000 Yogurt, butter, soft cheese (ayib)
Sidama JoJo Milk Yirgalem 30,000 13,000 Flavoured UHT milk
Almi Tekus (Almi Fresh Milk) Hawassa 24,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
SNNP Sosi Milk Butajera 18,000 Pasteurised milk, yogurt
Tigray AJGG Dairy Products PLC Adigudom 12,000 Pasteurised milk, butter, cream, yogurt
Bokra Union (Bokra Milk) Maychew 5,000 500 Butter, yogurt, cheese, milk
Mulu Dairy Processor Mekelle 2,000 500 Butter, yogurt, cheese
Total 1,139,500 343,950

Price (US$) of Pasteurized milk: 1.10 /L; UHT milk: 1.65–1.78 /L; UHT milk imported: 3.22–3.91 /L; Yogurt 1.40–2.00; Cottage (Farm) cheese: 3.80 /kg; Slice cheese: 15.5/ kg; Imported cheese: 41.85; Butter: 30.20/ kg).

Adapted from De Raad et al. (2021) [ 24 ] with CC-BY.

Furthermore, the milk supply through the formal channel system must be higher. The formal channel system means the authorities control milk by the authorities over the quality, prices, and delivered and produced by licensed operators. The reason is that most of the milk consumed by most urban areas is supplied through the informal sector, mainly by the producers in rural and peri-urban areas, supplied directly to traders and local kiosks, hotels, and coffee shops. Because the informal channel characterizes by low costs of operation due to no license and delivered from producers to consumers directly or through a low number of market agents without control over quality and prices, consumers prefer to buy milk products through the informal channel market [ 32 ].

Lame Dairy PLC, located in Addis Ababa, was established in 2007 by the MIDROC investment group with $2 million from the government and a growing milk production company with an additional $4 million investment. The number of employees is about 310, including 100 full-time and daily workers. It continues to play a leading role in the expansion of milk and dairy product consumption in Ethiopia, and its vision is to process 60% of milk in the domestic market. The raw milk is collected according to a contract with the dairy farmer, which is renewed every three months. The milk price and amount collected are determined according to the change in production volume and market price according to the season.

The capacity of the daily milk collected is about 90–160 tons, and the percentage of milk collected directly by 30 milk delivery tank lorries from 60,000 to 70,000 membership farms every day is about 30%, and 70% of milk is collected from milk collection facilities operated by nine dairy cooperatives or MCC. Various milk products are processed, including liquid dairy products such as UHT milk, extended shelf life (ESL) milk, pasteurized milk, and several named cheeses such as Gouda, Mozzarella, Provolone cheese, and local cheeses, butter, and yogurt. In 2021, Lame Dairy PLC produced about 85 tons daily and sold the Shola milk brand at 17 Bir per 500 mL.

For dairy cooperatives’ milk products, according to an SNV’s project, enhancing dairy sector growth in Ethiopia (EDGE) contributed to community awareness raising and purchasing essential equipment, such as aluminum cans for milk collection, milk storage tanks, cream separators, and butter churners. The project provided dairy cooperatives with lactometers for raw milk quality control and cold storage of processed milk products [ 8 ].

Nineteen dairy cooperatives were established in late 2017 with 1,362 farm members in 51 woredas in the three regional states of Oromia, Amhara, and SNNPR. The dairy cooperatives supplied nearly 250,000 L of milk in the first six months of the year and produced and sold dairy products such as butter, cottage cheese, yogurt, skimmed milk, and whole milk. In the same period, the total sales amount of the cooperatives was approximately US$135,000, and they earned a total profit of US$12,300, a worth of 9% of total sales despite expenditure (US$107,500) into consideration [ 31 ]. This result indicates that one of the dairy cooperative’s goals is to double the income of smallholder dairy farms.

Currently, Ethiopia has no ISO or HACCP-certified domestic dairy producers or processors. Only Mama Dairy PLC was known to produce milk products under controlled conditions by the certified HACCP system as of 2013. There are Ethiopian regulations related to dairy production and processing standards for unprocessed whole/raw cow milk (ES 3460: 2009) ( Fig. 2A ), yogurt (ES 3468: 2009), cream (ES 3466: 2009), butter (ES ISO 8851-10-1: 2009) and pasteurized liquid milk (ES 3462: 2009) ( Fig. 2B ) below the standard set by the Ethiopian Standard Agency but compliance to these standards is rare [ 32 ]. Also estimation of psychrotrophic microorganisms at 20℃ (ES ISO 8552: 2016), enumeration of microorganisms at 31℃ (ES ISO 8553: 2016), and colony count technique at 6.5℃ (ES ISO 6730: 2016) of milk, yogurt (ES ISO 9232: 2016), butter, fermented milk and fresh cheese (ES ISO 13559: 2016), and microbiological quality control for colony counts (ES ISO 14461-1: 2016) and determination of the reliability (ES ISO 14461-2: 2016) of milk and milk products [ 33 ]. Besides these regulations on production processes and quality controls, the regulatory bodies should take strict safety monitoring and quality control management at all levels, from production to consumption.

However, Ethiopia imports a significant volume of dairy products through importers/trading agents, wholesalers, supermarkets, and dairy processing plants. Between 2011 and 2015, Ethiopia spent more than US$15 million/year on average for imported dairy products, with the leading share of the spending on powdered milk [ 32 ]. From 2015 to 2019, dairy products imports averaged around US$8.28 million per year, which amounted to an average of 2,328 MT/year. A view of the Ethiopian dairy sector and its contribution to the country’s economy was reviewed by Mihret et al. [ 34 ]. Among the 2,328 MT of imported dairy products per year, milk, milk powder, and UHT sterilized milk and cream made up 71.3% of dairy import volume ( Fig. 3 ), followed by whey products (19.4%) and cheese (5.8%). Ethiopia mainly imports powdered milk and cream from the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland; cheese from Egypt, France, and the Netherlands; and yogurt from Spain, France, and Germany [ 24 ].

CONSIDERATIONS IN THE SURVEY AREA

The main problems in the dairy industry could be accounted for by low milk productivity, poor milk quality, and limited accessibility to the market ( Fig. 4 ) [ 35 ]. The dairy industry must address these challenges so that it can produce milk and milk products that satisfy Ethiopean consumers.

Ethiopia has about 70 million cattle, the largest population among 50 African countries, and the fifth globally. Of these, about 15 million were reported to be milk cows, of which only 0.31% are exotic breeds, and about 2.29% are known to crossbreed [ 24 ]. The milk production of indigenous cows depended on the species, lactation period, and rearing technology, but the average milking volume was about 1.9 to 2.9 L/d. In a study on spatial heterogenicity in farm productivity, an increase of the travel time to Addis Ababa by one h decreases the daily production of raw milk by dairy households by 2.7 L and the daily milk productivity by 0.8 L/cow [ 14 ]. Considering that the number of full-time dairy farms is minimal, and most are small-scale dairy farms, the average milk production per farm is 5–10 L/d. This low productivity not only adds to the burden on farmers who go into milk production costs but is also a hindrance to forming a profit structure.

The cattle’s health is a factor that significantly affects milk production yield and productivity. Generally, diseases in dairy cows affect reproduction, milk production, and quality and cause mortality and morbidity. It was reported that Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) with an animal-level seroprevalence of about 9%–26% with a herd level of 48% [ 36 ], Giardia infection [ 37 , 38 ]. It was also reported that the animal level prevalence of 25% of the herd (herd level prevalence of 44%) was infected with lumpy skin disease with morbidity of 10%–17% [ 39 ]. The infection of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia differs according to agroecology, and 40% of the lowland livestock is the most severe [ 40 ]. Bovine tuberculosis is prevalent in urban and peri-urban dairy farms (55% at the herd level and 32.3% at the animal level [ 41 ]. Duguma et al. [ 42 ] reported that Stap. aureus (43%) was the most dominant isolate. Micrococcus spp., S. agalactiae , and S. disgalactiae were also isolated from 275 quarters infected with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis among 90 crossbreeds in Holleta national research center. Lemma et al. [ 27 ] reported that about 50% of cows were infected with mastitis in both Chiro and Gemechis districts, and 87% were Black Leg as a prevailed disease in Gemechis. Veterinary diagnosis services and treatment for emerging cattle diseases are not provided to dairy farmers, resulting in high calf mortality rates. The price of livestock medicines and pesticides continues to rise, adversely affecting the profitability of dairy farms. Trypanosomosis (43%) and parasitic infection (36.2%) prevailed in the lowland (n = 58), trypanosomosis (31%) and pasteurellosis (31%) in the highland (n = 42), but leeches (36%) and pasteurellosis (22%) in the midland (n = 50) [ 17 ].

Benti et al. [ 17 ] explined that 89.5% farms prefer natural mating system above AI system because AI service is not accesibble at all in Bako Tibe district in West Shewa zone. It is essential that AI technician should arrive at the farm at the right time for fertilization with the fsemen stored in a forzen liquid nitrogen container. In Ethiopia, however, the production efficiency is low (35%) due to the failure of the liquid nitrogen cryo-generator and the delay in replacing parts. 98% of 150 farms had in low conception rate, where natural mating was practiced, and AI inseminated only 2%. Therefore 45.3% of 150 farms have their breeding bulls, and absent, use neighbors’ bulls (42.7% of 150 farms). Because it is common to raise the bulls with cows all year round, so breeding is thus not controlled by the farmers [ 17 ].

In Ethiopia, the national conclusion has been reached that it is desirable to apply a breeding cows improvement scheme that produces crossbreeds in large numbers. However, milk production of native, crossbreed and valuable species is determined mainly by feed supply technology, such as the roughage ratio to enriched feed. According to Brasesco [ 32 ], in the Arsi highlands, a milking cow of an indigenous breed produces about 2.6 L/d of milk. Boran breed in the Asella area consumed 3 kg of concentrate feed daily, then productivity increased to 5.9 L/d, which reflects the relationship between milk productivity and the better supply of concentrate feed. Holstein crossbreed in the Arsi zone reached up to 9–11 L per day by two milking times, and some farmers got up to 17 L/d. While Holstein-Friesian cows kept under good management circumstances in the East Shewa zone consumed 8 kg of concentrated feed and could produce 23 L/cow/d. However, the price of concentrate feed in 2020/2021 reached 22–23 Birr/kg [ 10 ], escalated in price from 6.1 Birr for dairy ration, 8.56 Birr for calf ration, 6.44 Birr for heifer ration in 2015/2016 [ 43 ]. Because such a high price of concentrates-feed has a competitive relationship with the unit price of food, it cannot be affordable to supply a sufficient amount of high-quality concentrated feed in small-scale dairy farms. Insufficient concentrate feed will cause malnutrition in cow’s body development and cannot obtain the BCS, which is required for high mating efficiency and good milking capacity.

Up to now, the 25 native cattle species are adapted to the climatic environment and diseases and pests, and donor countries worldwide have tried to develop and establish milking cow species suitable for Ethiopia’s climate environment. However, despite 100 years of efforts, either breeds with high milk yield or fixed genetic traits have yet to be. Edea et al. [ 44 ] investigated the genotype of native Ethiopian cattle species for ten years and concluded that all efforts to settle down indigenous Ethiopian and Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) failed. Investment in performance recording will pay off in the long run for selecting the best animals/bull dams at private farms for further breeding [ 45 ]. For the genetic data collection in Ethiopia, an old data processor (Server Model: HP Proliant DL380 Gen9 provided by the Finnish Government 40 years ago is currently being used in the National Dairy Cattle Database Center. This processor is (8 TB of storage, and 256 GB of RAM, Server link: https://www.hpe.com/psnow/doc/c04346247 ), outdated for the improved informatization system secures data on various genetic traits.

According to an assessment of the management routines and hygienic practices of cow’s milk at 120 small-scale dairy farmers from 12 rural kebeles, two districts in west Harargae Zone, Oromia regional state [ 27 ], teats of cow udder cleaning before milking practice were reported by 51% of Chiro district farmers and 49% by Gemechis district respondents. Some smoked plants, such as Ejersa or Olea Africana, are in use to clean the milk holding utensils, but the chemical component and the content playing as sterilizers were not identified. Cow mastitis was a suffering disease, and the shortage of grazing land (93%) and disease (75%) were challenges/ constraints for the respondents. In a microorganism study investigated in the highland of Oromia regional state, 108 dairy farm milk samples were counted. The total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and coliforms were 8.2 and 8.58 Log10 CFU/mL, respectively. The overall mean of titratable acid (TA, %) reached 0.27% in the range of 0.16 to 0.44% [ 46 ] was too high level, which level is not suitable for heat treatment for processing. Kuma et al. [ 47 ] assessed the raw milk microbial quality produced in Addis Ababa. A high level of coliform bacteria (5.42 ± 1.74 Log10 CFU/mL) was counted, and the same level (5.78 ± 0.99) was detected in the raw milk in the Sebeta site. Such a poor quality of milk would be rectified by delivering milk by cold chain system from farms to milk collection group (MCP) and from MCP to the processors.

Milk and milk products can be easily adulterated with foreign materials purposefully. Standard adulteration practices include skimming the fat, adding water and flour to milk, and for butter with banana and other vegetable oils. However, milk products should be inspected and controlled in the marketing routes except at the dairy plants. A need for milk-quality standards control and enforcement, as well as grading and pricing policies, was one of the challenges and strategies in the dairy sector of the GTP II plan in the execution year of 2015–2020 [ 48 ]. About 30% of raw milk from 50 farms and 70% of pasteurized milk from 55 processors were reported to add water to get higher milk quantity, so the lactose content resulted in a decrease to about 3.2%–4.4%, compared to lactose content of 5.54% (crossbreed 5.66%, local breed 5.43%) of Zimma zone of Oromia regional state [ 49 ].

The chemical components of raw milk collected from small-scale farms (n = 108) in peri-urban areas of Ejere, Walmera, Selale, and Debre Birhan districts in the central highlands were 3.76% milk fat, 3.10% milk protein, 5.08% lactose, and total solids and solid-not-fat (SNF) contents were calculated 12.24% and 8.56%, respectively [ 46 ]. It was reported that about 30% of raw milk (n = 50) and 71% of pasteurized milk (n = 55) were diluted with water. The more surprising reality was to know that in 10% of raw milk and 9% of pasteurized milk, a harmful substance was added illegally to the milk in order to retard the acidification by the growth of acid-producing spoilage microorganisms. Milk component adulteration induces a severe problem in the point of public health concerns and a reliability loss in the quality of domestic milk products from consumers. Farmers and processors should be aware that keeping the standardized value of specific gravity (≥ 1.032) and titratable acidity (≤ 0.18%) of fresh farm gate milk is more important rather than the efforts to increase farm milk volume. In an SNV investigation on milk quality in 2021, most stakeholders in the milk collection line, such as dairy farms, milk collectors, dairy cooperatives, and dairy unions, seemed to have original fresh raw milk composition with the foreign components not permitted. For this reason, abnormal milk was also being collected voluntarily due to the shortage of milk production volume and intended to sell in the informal channels. The milk products are directly manufactured by commercial dairy processing farms or other donor country’s farms equipped with processing facilities sold through formal channels. Also, a compulsory revision of strengthened milk collection regulation, such as education for improving awareness of foreign substances except for the natural state milk components that threaten human health and adoption of a penalties system imposed on the milk collection points MCP and the MCC are essential preconditions.

The milk collection system of the dairy union proceeds in three stages. The individuals deliver morning milk from the farms to MCP. The milk quality test is conducted at MCP using the specific gravity test and sometimes alcohol test and keeping the milk holding bowl alongside the street without cooling storage. Then the milk bowls were loaded into the MCP vehicle, which eventually became a factor in further deteriorating the milk quality exposed to hot outside temperature. Although the distance to bring the unsanitary plastic milk container from the farm to the MCP is about 3 km, it takes about 2 hours to reach. The whole process of milk collection takes at least 5 hours to be cooled down when about 40 milk cans and a lot of small size plastic containers from a transportation truck are unloaded, filtered, and transferred to the cooling tank to start cooling, but failure to observe the milk cooler operating. Minten et al. [ 50 ] insisted that a challenge limiting development includes inadequate availability of MCC with chilling tanks for dairy cooperatives or the private sector. In addition, the underdeveloped short value chain has limited spatial outreach, so the access of rural consumers to milk could have improved. In addition, about 200 days of Orthodox Christian fasting can affect the consumption of milk and increase wastage affected.

The Iteya Dairy Union comprised 130 members and 4 MCPs, in which stage, an alcohol test and a specific gravity test should be performed to check the milk’s freshness and weight for payment. However, it was heard that the tests were not performed because of a shortage of 75% ethyl alcohol supplied. The milk collectors would not provide glassware for the tests, and a lactometer was unavailable, which gives data to detect the water-addition levels of abnormal milk. Procurement of laboratories for the chemical analyses of milk components and microorganism contamination to Arsi University is a substantial contribution in terms of operation capability by the highly trained technician for analyzing instruments without any intervention of stakeholders. The acquired data on milk can be transmitted to the variables to determine the price of farm-gate raw milk according to the freshness, nutrition, and safety points of view so that it may be helpful for the adaptation of a milk price-differentiated payment system. Suppose the best way to improve milk quality is to apply the supplier’s economic logic to the market price. The dairy farmer’s reaction will also move toward selling milk at a higher price, that is, supplying fresh, nutritious, and highly hygienic quality milk like other dairy-developed countries. Instead, milk processors will also need to pay attention and invest in the milk delivery lines so that fresh milk from farm milk can be kept fresh even in the process of receiving.

The following equation calculates the farm-gate milk price in Korea.

The base price per liter was KRW 947 in 2021, and the price is changed depending on four factors fixed in 2015 [ 51 ] ( Fig. 5 ), which is one of the highest in the world, but it can be prompted efficiently upgrade the hygienic quality of the milk. As a result, the nutrition contents were increased to 3.8%–4.2% milk fat and 3.2%–3.4% milk protein of Holstein cows’ milk. Furthermore, the hygienic quality reaches the top level in the total bacteria number, 1st-A grade milk accounted for 90.7%–95.4%, and somatic cell count 1st-grade milk accounted for 57.5%–73.0% of the total milk produced in 2022 [ 52 , 53 ].

In the two dairy cooperatives producing for direct on-site sale, not for market sale, a cream separator, and a butter churner were installed on the soil floor in the processing room. One dairy cooperative was equipped with a manually operating cream separator, and the other with an electric cream separator. The milk processing capacity of the cream separator of both cooperatives was about 30 L/h and the wooden butter churner was manual type. For enhancing the processing environment and equipment from such inferior conditions to meet the hygienic standard as defined by CSA, it is inevitable that dairy cooperatives must invest financially and improve their technical know-how.

The current dairy value chain of Ethiopia can be summarized in Fig. 6 . Only 5% of milk products are sold through formal market and 95% of milk supposed to be consumed at home without commercialization.

Although the visual quality of the butter of a local dairy processing cooperative, visited for this investigation, which was stored in a plastic barrel seemed to be sound, the preservation temperature was likely conductive for the growth of spoilage bacteria, which will bring about a rapid rancid. Also, the safety of the product seemed insecure due to selling without microbial inspection. Because there was no packaging machine found in the dairy cooperative, the butter was manually packed into a vinyl bag using a scoop made of wood. The pasteurized milk and yogurt have been produced in small quantities through a consignment to a middle-size private milk processor, I-MAX PLC, nearby.

Bocoji dairy cooperative was one of the three dairy processing cooperatives that opened public relation booth held at a Poultry Symposium in Addis Ababa during our visit. At Symposium, their own made butter and three types of OEM-made dairy products had been on selling to the visitors in the event. However, the marketing strategy for the milk products of these cooperatives didn’t make them successful, the main reason for this is because the production volume was not enough to supply the market demand so far. To make its marketing strategy accelerate, it will be effective to increase the production volume through the supply of production facilities with the support of the ODA program. As a resource for increasing raw milk, the evening milk, which milk collectors are not in a position to receive due to their being a way to keep the milk during the night, which supposed to be used for commercialization, instead consumed at the household level by the producers. On the other hand, if there is financial support or credit facilitated for install the regular sales place the local dairy cooperative can sell to the visitors such as at their own operated milk café, and by this, the marketing strategy of each dairy cooperative will be activated much more.

Every stakeholder in the dairy value chain must adapt to new dairy industry environments and require enthusiastic efforts to transform from a means of subsistence to a market-oriented mind. Since the prosperity of the dairy industry is one of the driving forces for the economic development of Ethiopia, the government has to take efficient measures to support the dairy sector. In the front of transformation to the levels of urban SHF farming system showing a high farm performance, many constraints to be solved exists. It might be the breeding of genetic resources, enhancement of raw milk quality, supply of feed concentrates, and expansion of the formal markets. In addition, a consistent development strategy by the government for providing the pertinent reform, such as Ye Lemat Tirufat Legacy, needs to adapt actions like the execution of a new milk price determination system depending on the quality grade. Primarily, it cannot emphasize enhancing the labor efficiency of dairy farmers and upgrading the genetic traits of research institutions to ensure the high performance of livestock. Secondly, intensive investigations need to increase the ratio of farm raw milk selling through formal rather than informal channels. Finally, procuring milk processing modules for the dairy cooperatives is necessary to achieve the economic goals by strengthening the milk processing technology and market-oriented new product development capabilities.

Competing interests

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Funding sources

Not applicable.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Korea International Cooperation Agency under the title of “Preliminary study for the development of Ethiopia dairy value chain and improvement of milk products quality by the capacity building of the related stakeholders in 2021”.

Availability of data and material

Upon reasonable request, the datasets of this study can be available from the corresponding author.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization: Park S.

Data curation: Park S, Chemere B.

Formal analysis: Park S, Huh C.

Methodology: Park S, Chermere B.

Software: Park S.

Validation: Huh C

Investigation: Park S, Chermere B.

Writing - original draft: Park S.

Writing - review & editing: Park S, Huh C, Chemere B.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This article does not require IRB/IACUC approval because there are no human and animal participants.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article

Availability, distribution and quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in ethiopia.

Tesfaye Feyisa,*

  • 1 School of Animal and Range Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
  • 2 Department of Animal Science, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
  • 3 Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States

Livestock production is a major contributor to the national economy in Ethiopia, of which ruminants, particularly cattle, are the dominant and most important livestock species. Limited supply of quality feeds is a major constraint to the improvement of livestock production in Ethiopia. The expansion of agro-industries in Ethiopia, over the last three decades, has created an opportunity for an increased supply of agro-industrial byproducts as a source of feed for livestock. This study was conducted to assess the availability, distribution, and quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in Ethiopia. About 310 flour mill factories, 194 oil factories, 13 brewery factories, 7 sugar factories, 4 malt factories, 2 meat and bone meal processing plants, 8 limestone factories, and 112 feed processing plants were surveyed to assess the availability and distributions of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds. A total of 757 feed samples were collected for evaluating nutritional values. The annual production of agro-industrial byproducts ranges from 18,065 tons DM/year (abattoir byproducts) to 3,092,035 tons DM/year (malt byproducts) and the total annual production of the different agro-industrial by-products amounts to 5,245,854 tons DM. The annual production of compound feeds was reported to be 5,812,608 tons DM. All agro-industries are processing under their capacity, ranging from 11.7% in sugar factories to 93% in breweries. Shortage and seasonal fluctuation of supply of raw materials (34.8%), high price and price fluctuations of raw materials (17.5%) and electric power interruptions (17.5%) were the major challenges faced by different agro-industries. The crude protein (CP) concentrations of agro-industrial byproducts ranges from 6.2% in maize grain screening to 15.9% in wheat bran for flour mill byproducts; 28% in cotton seed cake to 49.7% in groundnut cake for oilseed cakes and 14.8% in areqe atela to 24.8% in brewery spent grains for brewery and local distillery byproducts. High protein or energy contents of agro-industrial byproducts indicated their potential to be utilized in intensive livestock rations. Thus, it is necessary to create enabling conditions to allow the existing agro-industries to operate at full capacity and to attract new ones into the business to boost the production and availability of agro-industrial byproducts needed as main inputs to manufacture compound feeds.

1 Introduction

Livestock production is a major contributor to the national economy in Ethiopia, of which ruminants, particularly cattle, are the dominant and most important livestock species. This is because cattle contribute about 45 percent to the value added of agriculture ( FAO, 2018a ). However, limited supply of quality feed is the major constraint to improving livestock productivity. Most of the available feeds are dominated by crop residues and low-quality natural pastures that cannot meet the nutrient requirements of the country’s livestock population ( Tolera, 2007 ). Under such conditions, it is difficult to meet the nutrient requirement of animals for production and reproduction without protein and energy supplementation. The expansion of agro-industries in the last three decades has provided an opportunity for increasing the supply of agro-industrial byproducts, which can be used as a supplement to low-quality feeds. High nutritive value and availability during most of the year make agro-industrial byproducts good supplements for livestock. However, information on the current scale of production and nutritive quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds at the national level are scanty, given that only a limited number of assessments have been made ( Tolera, 2007 ; Tegegne and Assefa, 2010 ; Tesfay, 2010 ; Feyissa et al., 2015 ; FAO, 2018b ). However, all the previous assessments were limited either in area coverage or scope.

The current study envisages building on what has already been done with a particular focus on filling the missing gaps in the previous assessments to provide a complete national picture of feed resource availability, distribution, and quality. Moreover, the quantities and qualities of agro-industrial byproducts change periodically as they are influenced by different factors ( Makkar and Ankers, 2014 ). According to CSA (2017) , there were around 300 flour mill factories in Ethiopia in 2017. Currently, there are 310 flour mill factories in the country excluding those in Tigray and parts of the Amhara region, which were inaccessible due to insecurity. Feyissa et al. (2015) also reported that the qualities of feed resources are highly dynamic and subject to variations depending on the type of raw material, processing method, season, handling, storage, transportation, and utilization. Hence, up-to-date information is needed regarding the availability, distribution, and nutritional quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds. Assessing the availability and nutritive value of feed resources at the national level is critical for planning the optimal utilization and distribution of available feed resources ( Makkar and Ankers, 2014 ). This survey was, therefore, undertaken to assess the availability, distribution, and quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in Ethiopia.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 study areas.

This was a country-wide survey to assess the availability, distribution and quality of various agro-industrial byproducts of flour mills, oil factories, breweries, sugar factories, malt factories, and abattoirs. The assessments were conducted all over the country by interviewing representative of the agro-industries except in Tigray and northern parts of the Amhara regions, which could not accessed due to security problems. Production and nutritional quality of the byproduct of home distilled alcoholic liquor (areqe atela) was assessed in Arsi Negelle in West Arsi zone of Oromia Region and in Debre Birhan town in North Shewa zone of Amhara region because of the high potential of the two locations to meet the national demand for areqe atela production.

2.2 Availability and distribution assessment procedures

Different agro-industries that produce agro-industrial by-products used as feed ingredients were assessed from 2019 to 2021. Accordingly, about 310 flour mills, 194 oil factories, 13 breweries, 7 sugar factories, 4 malt factories, 2 meat and bone processing abattoirs, 8 limestone factories and 112 feed processing plants were surveyed. The number, location, production capacity, actual production performance, raw materials utilized and constraints faced by the agro-industries were assessed. For this purpose, all available agro-industries were visited and the manager or focal person of each agro-industry was interviewed.

The average percentage increase in the production of flour mill byproducts for Oromia and SNNPR since the FAO (2018b) report was used to estimate the percent of increase in flour mill byproducts in the Amhara region due to similarities among these regions. The total production of flour mill byproducts in the Amhara region was estimated by adding the latter increase to the value reported in the FAO (2018b) report. Similarly, the percentage increase in the Oromia region was used to estimate the current production of oilseed seed cakes in the Amhara region. The data in the FAO (2018b) report for the Tigray region for the production of flour mill byproducts and oilseed cakes was used as is. The Bediye (2017) report was used for the production of compound feeds in the Tigray region due to the unavailability of recorded data after 2017/18, and the difficulty of assessing the region due to security problems. The annual production of areqe atela in Arsi Negelle and Debre Birhan towns was assessed by interviewing 377 and 102 areqe producers, respectively. The total areqe atela production in each town was estimated by multiplying the average annual actual atela production per household with the total number of households engaged in distilling the liquor.

2.3 Feed quality assessment

2.3.1 feed sample collection and preparation.

Samples of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds were collected from the surveyed agro-industries and feed processing plants. A total of 757 feed samples (361 flour mill by-products, 124 oilseed cakes, 61 brewery and local distillery by-products, 22 sugarcane factory byproducts, 6 malt byproducts, 1 meat and bone meal, and 182 compound feeds) were collected for determination of chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility. The collected feed samples were sub-sampled, oven-dried at 60°C for 48h, ground to pass through a 1 mm mesh sieve, packed in airtight clean plastic bags and stored until analysis.

2.3.2 Chemical analysis

Chemical analyses of feed samples were conducted at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory of International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometry (NIRS) was used to scan the feed samples to determine the dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), metabolizable energy (ME) and in-vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) of the samples using predictive equations developed for agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds. The NIRS instrument used was Foss 5000 forage analyzer with software package Win ISI II in a spectral range of 1108 to 2492 nm (Win Scan version 1.5, 2000, intrasoft international, L.L.C, Luxembourg). General mixed feed model was used to predict the chemical composition, IVOMD and ME content of the feed samples. Calibration equations were evaluated by using coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of calibration (SEC), and standard error of prediction (SEP).

2.4 Data analysis

Descriptive statistics such as mean, percentage and standard deviations were used for the availability and distributions of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds while the chemical composition and in-vitro organic matter digestibility data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures of R programming software package (R i386) version 3.4.2. To compare differences among flour mill byproducts (i = 1, 2,…, 6); oilseed cakes (i = 1, 2,…, 9); brewery and local distillery byproducts (i = 1, 2,…, 4); sugar factory byproducts (i = 1, 2, 3); malt byproducts (i = 1, 2, 3), and compound feeds (i = 1, 2,…,15), one-way ANOVA was used with the following model: Yij = μ + Di + eij. Where; Yij = dependent variable; μ = the overall mean; Di = effect of differences in flour mill byproducts/oilseed cakes/brewery and local distillery byproducts/sugar factory byproducts/malt byproducts or effect of differences in compound feeds; eij = random error. Tukey’s test was used to compare differences between means. Differences between means were declared significant at P ≤0.05.

3.1 Annual production and distribution of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in Ethiopia

3.1.1 flour mill byproducts.

Annual production and distributions of flour mill byproducts are shown in Table 1 . Annually, 918,648 tons DM of flour mill byproducts were produced with the highest production being in Oromia followed by SNNPR and Addis Ababa city administration. In contrast, the lowest production of flour mill byproducts was observed in Gambella followed by Harari and Benishangul Gumuz. There was no flour factory in the Afar region and hence no flour mill byproducts were reported in the region during the study. The flour factories were processing at 52.4 ± 14.9% of their capacity on average. Among the flour mill byproducts, the annual production of wheat bran was the highest followed by wheat grain screenings and wheat shorts. However, the lowest annual production was recorded for the maize grain screenings followed by oat bran and maize shorts.

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Table 1 Annual production and distribution of flour mill byproducts in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.1.2 Oilseed cakes

The annual production of oilseed cakes was 345,974 tons DM with the greatest annual production being in Oromia followed by Amhara and Tigray regions ( Table 2 ). In contrast, the lowest annual production of oilseed cakes was observed in SNNPR followed by Benishangul Gumuz and Harari regions. There was no oil factory in the Afar region hence there is no any oilseed cake production. The oil factories reported that they are processing at 43.2 ± 28.7% of their capacity on average. The annual production of noug (Niger) seed cake was the highest followed by cotton seed cake and soybean seed cake. In contrast, the annual production of rape seed cake was the lowest followed by sunflower seed cake and linseed cake.

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Table 2 Annual production and distribution of oilseed cakes in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.1.3 Brewery and distillery byproducts

Annually, 57,695 tons DM of brewery-spent grains and 8,767 tons DM of brewery-spent yeast were produced during the study period ( Table 3 ). The annual production of areqe atela was 88,214 tons DM in Arsi Negelle (78,959 tons DM) and in Debre Birhan (9,255 tons DM) towns only, indicating the high potential production of the local distilleries in the area. The annual production of brewery byproducts (both brewery-spent grains and brewery-spent yeast) in the Amhara region was the highest followed by Oromia and Addis Ababa city administration. However, it was the lowest in the Harari region followed by Tigray and SNNPR regions. The brewery factories reported that they are processing at 93 ± 8.1% of their capacity while the local distilleries indicated that they are processing at 63.6 ± 22.5% of their capacity on average.

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Table 3 Annual production and distribution of brewery and distillery byproducts in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.1.4 Sugar factory byproducts

Annual production and distributions of sugar factory byproducts are depicted in Table 4 . The sugar factories in the country reported that they produce 75,511 tons DM molasses, 316,079 tons DM bagasse and 324,867 tons cane tops per annum. The total annual production of sugar factory byproducts was greatest in Oromia region while it was lowest in the Amhara region. The main byproducts by the sugar factories were sugar cane tops and bagasses, both which are the more fibrous low-quality feeds whereas the annual production of molasses, which serves as sources readily digestible source of energy feed is relatively low. The sugar factories reported that they are processing at 11.7 ± 2.2% of their capacity on average.

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Table 4 Annual production and distribution of sugar factory byproducts in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.1.5 Malt byproducts

The number of malt factories in the country, which produce different malt byproducts that could be used as livestock feed, has increased from two in 2015 to four in 2021. Annual production of malt factory byproducts during the study period was 3,092,035 tons DM. The Amhara region produced more malt byproducts compared to Addis Ababa city administration and Oromia region ( Table 5 ). Comparison of the different types of malt byproducts show that the annual production of broken/feed barley was highest followed by germ/rootlet whereas of malt dust was the lowest. The malt factories were processing at 87.5 ± 10.7% of their capacity on average.

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Table 5 Annual production and distribution of malt byproducts in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.1.6 Abattoir byproducts

Yet, there are only two abattoirs processing meat and bone meal and one abattoir producing bone meal in Ethiopia with annual production of 18,054 tons DM of meat and bone meal, and 11 tons DM of bone dust. The abattoirs producing meat and bone meal, and bone dust were processing at 43% and 52.2% of their capacity on average, respectively. The average meat and bone meal produced per head of slaughtered cattle, and sheep and goats were 4.75 and 3.5 kg, respectively.

3.1.7 Cement factory byproduct or limestone

Annually, 3,111,071 tons DM of limestone was produced in Oromia and Amhara regions. Out of this, 3,100,664 tons DM of limestone was produced from the Oromia region whereas 10,407 tons was annually produced from two zones (North Shewa and East Gojjam zones) of Amhara region. The limestone factories were processing at 71.9% of their designed capacity.

3.1.8 Compound feeds

The annual production and distributions of compound feeds are shown in Table 6 . The annual production of compound feeds was 5,812,608 tons DM. The production was greatest in the Oromia region followed by Addis Ababa city administration and SNNPR. There was no production of compound feeds in the Gambella region during the study period, due to absence of feed processing plants in the region. The feed processing plants were processing only at 24 ± 36.5% of their capacity on average. The annual production of layer feed was highest followed by dairy cattle feed and broiler finisher feeds. The annual production of fish feed was the least followed by pig and equine feeds.

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Table 6 Annual production and distribution of compound feeds in Ethiopia by region (tons DM/year).

3.2 Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds

3.2.1 flour mill byproducts.

The ash, NDF, ADF and ADL values of rice bran were greatest (P<0.05) compared to all other flour milling byproducts, whereas the CP of wheat bran was highest (P<0.001) ( Table 7 ). The ME and IVOMD of wheat bran and wheat short were greatest (P<0.05) in comparison to all flour milling byproducts.

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Table 7 Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of flour mill byproducts and oilseed cakes (Mean ± SD).

The CP concentration of flour mill byproducts varied from 6.2% in maize grain screening to 15.9% in wheat bran. The NDF concentration was as low as 35% in maize grain screening to as high as 50.4% in rice bran. The ADF concentration ranged from 8.9% in wheat short to 35.1% in rice bran. The ME (MJ kg −1 DM) of flour mill byproducts varied from 8.7 in wheat grain screening to 10.4 in wheat shorts. The IVOMD ranged from 58.3% in maize grain screening to 71.1% in wheat bran.

3.2.2 Oilseed cakes

The chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of oilseed cakes varied ( Table 7 ). The CP concentration of groundnut cake and soybean cake were greatest (P<0.05) compared to other types of oilseed cakes evaluated in this study. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in CP concentrations of other oilseed cakes such as noug seed cake, cotton seed cake, linseed cake, rape seed cake, sesame seed cake and sunflower seed cake. The NDF concentration of cotton seed cake was higher (P<0.05) than those of groundnut cake, soybean cake, linseed cake and rape seed cake. The ADF concentration of cotton seed cake was greatest (P<0.01) compared to other oilseed cakes except noug seed cake and sunflower seed cake while the ADL of noug seed cake was higher (P<0.01) compared to all other oilseed cakes except cotton seed cake and sunflower seed cake. The ME value of soybean cake was greater (P<0.05) than other oilseed cakes except for rape seed cake and sesame seed cake, whereas the IVOMD of soybean cake was greater (P<0.05) compared to all other oilseed cakes except groundnut cake. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between soybean and groundnut cakes; linseed and rape seed cakes; rape seed and sesame seed cakes, and among noug seed, cottonseed and sunflower seed cakes for ash, CP, NDF, ADF, ADL and IVOMD indicating that these oilseed cakes can be used interchangeably in supplementing low-quality feeds.

The CP concentration of oilseed cakes highly varied from 28% in cottonseed cake to 49.7% in groundnut cake. The NDF and ADF content ranged from 11.1% in groundnut cake to 40.9% in cottonseed cake for NDF and from 13.3% in soybean cake to 35.9% in cottonseed cake for ADF. The ME also varied from 7.66 MJ kg −1 DM in noug seed cake to 10.9MJ kg −1 DM in soybean cake, and IVOMD varied from 58.4% in sunflower seed cake to 81.5% in soybean cake.

3.2.3 Brewery and distillery byproducts

The CP concentration of brewery spent grains was greater (P<0.05) than that of areqe atela and local brewery byproducts (borde atelas) ( Table 8 ). The NDF, ADF and ADL values of tella atela were greater (P<0.01) compared to other brewery byproducts and areqe atela except for the ADF concentration which was similar (P>0.05) to that of brewery spent grains. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between brewery and local distillery byproducts for ME and IVOMD.

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Table 8 Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of brewery and distillery, sugar factory, malt and abattoir byproducts (Mean ± SD).

The CP concentration varied from 14.8% in areqe atela to 24.8% in brewery-spent grains. The NDF and ADF values ranged from 32.9% in areqe atela to 54.3% in tella atela for NDF and from 12% in areqe atela to 24.9% in tella atela for ADF. The ME and IVOMD varied from 8.8 MJ kg −1 DM in borde atela to 9.8MJ kg −1 DM in areqe atela for ME, and from 56.9% in tella atela to 66.3% in areqe atela for IVOMD.

3.2.4 Sugar factory byproducts

The CP concentration of sugarcane tops was greater (P<0.001) than molasses and sugarcane bagasse ( Table 8 ). The ME and IVOMD of molasses were greater (P<0.001) than sugarcane tops and bagasse, whereas the NDF, ADF and ADL of molasses were lower (P<0.05) than those of sugarcane tops and bagasse. In contrast, the NDF, ADF and ADL of sugarcane bagasse were higher (P<0.01) than molasses and sugarcane tops while the ME and IVOMD of sugarcane bagasse were lower (P<0.001) than molasses and sugarcane tops.

The nutritive value of sugar byproducts indicated that the CP concentration varied from 2.6%in sugarcane bagasse to 7.1% in sugarcane tops. The NDF value ranged from 13.4% in molasses to 88% in sugarcane bagasse, and that of ADF varied from 2.8% in molasses to 59.8% in bagasse. The IVOMD of sugar byproducts was as low as 32.8% in sugar cane bagasse to as high as 94.4% in molasses. The ME concentration highly varied from 5.2 MJ kg −1 DM in sugarcane bagasse to 14.8MJ kg −1 DM in molasses.

3.2.5 Malt byproducts

The chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of malt byproducts are shown in Table 8 . The multiplication of beer factories in the country resulted in more malt factories, which produce different byproducts that can be used as animal feed due to their good protein or energy value. There was no difference (P>0.05) among different malt byproducts for chemical composition and in-vitro organic matter digestibility.

The chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of malt byproducts varied from 7.3% in feed barley to 13.8% in germ for CP, 37.1% in broken barley to 39.5% in malt dust for NDF, 12.8% in malt dust to 13.8% in germ for ADF, 10.7 MJ kg −1 DM in germ/rootlet to 11.2 MJ kg −1 DM in feed barley, and 73.3% in germ/rootlet to 75.6% in feed barley.

3.2.6 Abattoir byproducts

The CP concentration of meat and bone meal was more than all plant-origin protein source feeds ( Tables 7 , 8 ). The NDF and ADF of meat and bone meal were relatively lower than oilseed cakes indicating its potential to supplement low-quality feeds. However, meat and bone meal was low in ME and IVOMD.

3.2.7 Compound feeds

The chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of compound feeds are presented in Table 9 . There was no significant difference (P>0.05) among different compound feeds for ash, ADL and ME. However, a significance difference was observed in CP, NDF, ADF and IVOMD concentrations. The CP and IVOMD values of Tilapia fish grower feed were greatest (P<0.05) compared to all other compound feeds. The CP concentration of layer starter and rearing (breeder) feed was higher (P<0.05) than beef and dairy feeds. The NDF concentration of ruminant feed (i.e. dairy, beef, calf, heifer and shoat feeds) and equine feed was greater (P<0.05) than monogastric animals (i.e. layer, starter, grower, broiler finisher and pig fattening feeds) and Tilapia fish grower feed.

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Table 9 Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of compound feeds (Mean ± SD).

The CP concentration of compound feeds varied from 16.7% in beef feed to 33.8% in Tilapia fish grower feed. The NDF and ADF content ranged from 17.9% in Tilapia fish grower feed to 36.7% in equine feed for NDF and from 10.6% in Tilapia fish grower feed to 17.4% in calf feed for ADF. The ME concentration ranged from 9.15 MJ kg −1 DM in calf feed to 10 MJ kg −1 DM in Tilapia fish grower feed whereas the IVOMD varied from 64.6% in calf feed to 75% in Tilapia fish grower feed.

3.3 Challenges and opportunities in the production of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds

Agro-industries in Ethiopia are facing different challenges to produce their main products and byproducts. Most of the respondents indicated that shortage and seasonal variations of raw materials were the major challenges faced by the agro-industries followed by high price and price fluctuations of raw materials and electric power interruptions ( Table 10 ). In contrast, the lowest challenge faced by agro-industries was market inaccessibility followed by lack of capital and lack of skilled manpower.

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Table 10 Major challenges of agro-industrial byproducts (AIBP) and compound feeds (% of respondents).

The high demand for agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds mainly during the dry season indicated a major opportunity to leverage. The majority of agro-industries (especially flour and oil factories), storied their byproducts for less than a week followed by two weeks and three weeks during the dry season, indicating a high demand for the byproducts ( Table 11 ). However, there was less demand during the main rainy season in which the majorities of agro-industries stored their byproducts for a month followed by two months and three months. About 19.6% of feed processing plants also indicated lower demand for compound feeds during the main rainy season.

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Table 11 Storage duration of agro-industrial byproducts (% of respondents).

4 Discussion

4.1 annual production and distribution of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in ethiopia, 4.1.1 flour mill byproducts.

The high production of flour mill byproducts in the Oromia region is due to the existence of many flour mill factories in the region, which is a reflection of the suitability of the region for growing cereals. According to our survey, 173 flour factories out of the 310 factories surveyed are in the Oromia region. The higher production of wheat bran in the country compared to other types of flour mill byproducts could be associated with the higher extraction rate of wheat bran (20.5%) compared to wheat short (3.7%), maize bran (12.5%), maize short (3.5%), wheat grain screening (3.1%) and maize grain screening (2.4%). The higher production of wheat bran compared to rice bran despite the higher extraction rate of rice bran (42.3%) is related to the lower number of rice milling factories in the country. The lower production of maize grain screening is attributed to the lower number of maize milling factories and its extraction rate. The current lower actual annual production (52.4%) of flour mill byproducts compared to the potential capacity could be attributed to shortage and seasonal variations of raw materials supply (45.9%), electric power interruptions (29.1%), and high price and price fluctuations of raw materials (14%). Market problems (8.2%), machine spare part problems (6.2%), water problems (2.7%) and lack of capital (financial problems) (2.1%) were also other constraints for the lower production of flour mill byproducts compared to the potential capacity.

4.1.2 Oilseed cakes

The high production of oilseed cakes observed in the Oromia region is related to the greater number of oil factories in the region (136 out of the 194 oil factories surveyed are located in the region). In contrast, the lower production of oilseed cakes in SNNPR can be attributed to the few oil factories (2 oil factories) in the region. The lower actual production (43.2%) of oil seed cakes compared to the capacity is due to shortage and seasonal variations of oilseed supply (46.3%), high price and price fluctuations of oilseeds (18.4%) and electric power interruptions (17.4%). Lack of market (7.4%), lack of finance (4.2%), lack of spare parts (3.7%) and low quality of oilseeds (2.6%) were also other challenges for the low productions of oilseed cakes.

According to Foreign Agricultural Service ( FAS, 2021 ), the production of sesame, Noug and soybean seeds during 2019/20 was 280,000, 295,000 and 132,000 metric tons, respectively, and about 213,905, 12,057 and 75,670 MT of sesame, Noug and soybean seeds were exported in the same year with the export percentage of 76%, 4% and 57%, respectively. The high production of Noug seed cake in Ethiopia is associated with the high production and low export of Noug seed compared with other oilseeds ( CSA, 2021 ; FAS, 2021 ). The low production of sunflower seed cake is due to the lower production and supply of sunflower seed. According to CSA (2021) , the production of sunflower seed in 2020/21 was 42,878 quintals which is the lowest value compared with other oilseeds.

4.1.3 Brewery and distillery byproducts

The number of brewery factories in Ethiopia increased from 5 in 2010 to 13 in 2021. These brewery factories have been producing a large amount of byproducts, which are important for supplementing low-quality roughage feeds such as crop residues, natural pastures and hays. The high annual production of brewery byproducts in the Amhara region is due to presence of more (3) of brewery factories in the region. However, the low production of brewery byproducts in the Harari region is related to the lower number (1) and capacity of beer factories in the region. The brewery factories were operating at 85.6% of their capacity during the study period, which is commendable. They did not operate at full capacity due to foreign currency inaccessibility (32%), COVID-19 disruptions (25%), high taxation for imported raw materials (18%), security problems (14%) and electric power interruptions (11%). Similarly, the local distillery byproduct (areqe atela) producers reported that they were operating at only 75.5% of their capacity due to high price and price fluctuations of inputs (84%), lack of capital (7%), electric power problem (5.4%) and water problem (3.6%). The estimate for areqe atela could be much greater than the reported value if the survey was done widely at the country level. Production of local home-brewed brewery byproducts (tella atela) was not included due to difficulty of collecting data on the volume of the atela produced at household level although it makes a substantial contribution to livestock feed in smallholder households particularly for urban and peri-urban livestock producers in different parts of the country.

4.1.4 Sugar factory byproducts

The greater total annual production of sugarcane byproducts in the Oromia region is due to greater number and processing capacity of sugar factories in the region. The region is endowed with good climatic and soil conditions and irrigable land suitable for sugarcane plantations. The greatest production of sugarcane tops is associated with the high extraction rate (30%) of sugarcane tops than bagasse (29.5%) and molasses (3.8%). The lower actual production (11.7%) of sugar factories compared to the capacity can be attributed to the shortage of sugar cane (54.5%), spare parts (27.3%) and high turnover rate of senior or skilled workers (18.2%).

4.1.5 Malt byproducts

The production of malt byproducts was greater in the Amhara region due to greater number (2) and capacity of malt factories in the region ( Table 5 ). The greater production of broken/feed barley can be associated with the high extraction rate of broken/feed barley than other byproducts. The total annual production of malt dust was relatively low due to its low extraction rate. The lower actual production of malt byproducts (87.5%) compared with its capacity can be related to shortage of barley grain (67%), electric power interruptions (17%), and water problems (16%).

4.1.6 Abattoir byproducts

According to CSA (2021) , 391,991 cattle and 8,423,989 sheep and goats were slaughtered in Ethiopia during the reference period of 2019 to 2020. This indicates that the country has a promising opportunity to produce high amounts of meat and bone meal or bone meal alone. However, out of 33 abattoirs visited during the survey, only three process meat and bone meal, and bone meal alone, indicating that a lot of abattoir byproducts have been dumping/voiding from many abattoir services without use. The high annual production (16,171 tons DM/year) of meat and bone meal in the Oromia region is associated with the high capacity (550 tons/day) of meat and bone processing plant in the Oromia region. The lower production of meat and bone meal, and bone dust production compared to its production capacity can be associated with lack of spare parts (50%), electric power interruptions (25%), and shortage of raw materials (slaughtered animals) (25%). According to the key informant interview held with processing plant managers, the factory was processing much less than the demand of meat and bone meal for feed processing plants.

4.1.7 Cement factory byproduct or limestone

The annual production of limestone in this report does not indicate the total production at the country level since Tigray and northern parts of the Amhara regions were not assessed due to security problems. The cement factories indicated that the current production of limestone is lower than the designed capacity of the plants due to electric power interruptions (33.3%), problems with and old age of machines (25%), low demand for limestone for animal feed (25%) and shortage of raw materials (16.7%). In addition, according to the key informant interview held by cement factory managers, limestone is more in demand for soil acidity treatment than for animal feed.

4.1.8 Compound feeds

The highest annual production of compound feeds was reported in the Oromia region, which is due to a greater number (52) of feed processing plants in the region. This could be due to central location of the region and greater availability of the different ingredients used by the feed processing plants. The lower (24%) actual production of feed processing plants compared to production capacity is associated with shortage of raw materials mainly that of vitamin premix (40%), high price and price fluctuations of raw materials (23.2%) and electric power interruptions (17.9%). Lack of market (8.4%), difficulty of accessing spare parts (6.3%), and lack of credit (4.2%) were also other problems that explain the low production volume. Poultry feed, particularly layer feed, is the most widely produced compound in Ethiopia. Commercial poultry farms are dependent on industry-produced compound feed as they cannot undertake home mixing of the feeds because of unavailability of protein supplements and premixes. The compound feeds used in commercial poultry farms are sourced from feed processing plants, whereas most dairy farms and feedlots buy different feed ingredients and mix them on their own farms, which is consistent with the reports of Yami and Woldesemayat (2012) . The relatively lower production of pig and fish feed is probably due to most of the pig and fish farming in Ethiopia is traditional method which may not use commercial/compound feeds. According to Hussen and Abebe (2020) , fish production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia mainly uses the traditional system. The study conducted by Gebregziabhear (2022) also indicated that pig production in Ethiopia is a recently introduced activity with a traditional management based scavenging type of feeding.

4.2 Chemical composition and in-vitro digestibility of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds

4.2.1 flour mill byproducts.

The CP concentration of wheat bran is within the range (15–16% CP) recommended to support lactating dairy cows during mid-lactation; whereas the CP of wheat short is within the range (13–15% CP), and that of wheat grain screening, maize bran, rice bran and maize grain screening is less than the range (13–15% CP) recommended for lactating dairy cows during the late lactation ( NRC, 2001 ). The NDF of wheat short, wheat grain screening and maize grain screening is within the range (30–38%) and the NDF of maize bran is within the range (33–43%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during mid and late lactation, respectively ( NRC, 2001 ) and hence can be supplemented to mid and late stage lactating dairy cows, respectively.

The higher NDF, ADF and ADL values of rice bran compared to other flour milling byproducts could be due to inherent difference of rice from other crops, crop growing environment and method of grain milling. The study conducted by Gloria et al. (2019) also revealed that rice contained arabinoxylan (the main polysaccharide) which increases the concentrations of fiber and decreases in-vitro dry matter digestibility of rice. The greater ME concentration of wheat short than other flour milling byproducts is associated with its higher proportion of germ and flour in wheat short than in the other byproducts, which consistent with the findings of Feyissa et al. (2015) . The greater IVOMD concentration of wheat bran than other flour milling byproducts could be associated with its high CP value. IVOMD is positively correlated with CP and negatively correlated with ADF and lignin ( Girma et al., 2015 ).

4.2.2 Oilseed cakes

The CP concentrations of all oilseed cakes were greater than the range of CP (17–19%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during early lactation ( NRC, 2001 ) indicating their potential to supplement lactating dairy cows during early lactation. The NDF of all oilseed cakes except cotton seed cake were less than the range (30–34%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during early lactation whereas the NDF of cotton seed cake was within the range (33–43%) recommended for late lactation ( NRC, 2001 ). Thus, the cottonseed cake needs to be combined with less fibrous oilseed cakes or other protein supplements during early lactation or for high producing dairy cows. The nutritive attributes of oilseed cakes such as the high CP concentration in groundnut and soybean cakes; the greater NDF and ADF of cotton seed cake; the higher ME value of soybean cake, and the greater IVOMD of groundnut cake compared to the other oilseed cakes, is associated with the type and nature of oilseed ( Tolera, 2008 ; Feyissa et al., 2015 ).

4.2.3 Brewery and distillery byproducts

The CP content of brewery spent grains and tella atela is greater than the range (17–19% CP) recommended for lactating dairy cows during early lactation, whereas the CP content of areqe atela, which is similar to that of borde atela, is comparable with the range (15–16% CP) recommended for lactating dairy cows during mid-lactation ( NRC, 2001 ). The NDF of areqe atela is within the range (30–34%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during early lactation, whereas the NDF of borde atela and brewery spent grains is within the range (30–38%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during mid-lactation ( NRC, 2001 ). This indicated that areqe and borde atelas can be used as protein supplements in lactating dairy cows during early and mid-lactation, respectively.

The greater CP concentration of brewery spent grains than areqe atela and borde atela, and the high NDF of tella atela could be attributed to differences in the types and varieties of crops used for making the beverages and the extraction process used to get the by-product ( Feyissa et al., 2015 ). It could also be attributed to the species of the grains (barley, maize, and rice) used for beer making, their inclusion levels and the processing method ( Kitaw, 2019 ). The nutritive value of the grains used, the period of fermentation, processing techniques and analytical procedures also contribute to variations in the chemical composition of their byproducts ( Senthilkumar, 2009 ).

4.2.4 Sugar factory byproducts

The CP of all sugar factory byproducts is less than the minimum CP level (7.5%) required for proper rumen function ( Van Soest, 1982 ) indicating the need for supplementation with protein rich feeds when any of sugar factory byproducts are used as animal feed. The NDF of sugarcane tops and bagasse are greater than 65%, hence they fall in the category of low-quality feeds ( Singh and Oosting, 1992 ). Molasses is a readily digestible feed with the least fiber content and the greatest IVOMD and ME concentration compared to all other agro-industrial byproducts and can be used as a readily available source of energy supplement ( NRC, 2001 ).

4.2.5 Malt byproducts

The CP concentration of germ is within the range (13–15% CP) recommended for lactating dairy cows during late lactation, whereas the CP concentration of malt dust and feed/broken barley is less than the requirement indicating the need for supplementing with a source of protein when malt dust and/or broken barley are fed to lactating dairy cows (ARC, 2001). The NDF content of malt byproducts is within the range (33–43%) recommended for lactating dairy cows during late lactation ( NRC, 2001 ).

4.2.6 Abattoir byproducts

The CP (56.5%) concentrations of meat and bone meal in the current study is greater than the values (52.3%, 50% and 50%) reported by Sebsibe (2017) ; Mehari et al. (2019) and Chala (2020) , respectively. However, the ME (5.6 MJ/kg DM) concentration of meat and bone meal is less than the values (14.6, 11.8 and 11.8 MJ/kg DM) reported by Sebsibe (2017) ; Mehari et al. (2019) and Chala (2020) , respectively. The variations between different studies might be due to the variations between meat and bone meal processing plants (rendering plants). Hendriks et al. (2004) also reported the variation in meat and bone quality due to variations associated with operation of the rendering system, differences between plants in the animal parts being rendered, handling and treatment of rendered material prior to rendering.

4.2.7 Compound feeds

The CP and NDF of dairy feed are comparable with the 17–19% of CP and 30–34% NDF recommended for lactating dairy cows during early lactation whereas the ADF is less than the recommended (19–21% ADF) ( NRC, 2001 ). The CP of dairy feed is also sufficient enough to meet the 17% CP required for lactating large breed (680 kg live weight) dairy cows in early lactation which produces 30 kg milk per day with 3.5% fat, 2.5% true protein, and 14.5 kg dry matter intake ( NRC, 2001 ).The CP content of heifer feed in the current study is comparable with the 17.9% CP required for large breed non-bred heifers with 150 kg body weight with 1 kg average daily gain and 4.2 kg dry matter intake per day. The CP concentration of calf feed in the current study is also sufficient enough to support the 18% CP required for young calves of 40 kg live weight, 600 grams gain per day and 0.69 kg dry matter intake per day ( NRC, 2001 ).The CP and ME of shoat (sheep and goat) feed in the current study were comparable with 18.2%CP and 9.12 MJ/kg DM ME required for growing early weaned lambs of 20 kg body weight and 300 grams gain per day ( Kearl, 1982 ). The CP concentrations of layer and broiler finisher feed is greater than 18.8% and 18%, required for White-egg layers with the daily feed intake of 80 g per hen, and broiler finishers with the age of 6 to 8 weeks, respectively ( NRC, 1994 ). The greater CP and IVOMD values of fish feed than other compound feeds are due to the types and proportions of ingredients used ( Feyissa et al., 2015 ).

4.3 Challenges and opportunities in the production of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds

Shortage and seasonal variations of raw materials, and their high price and price fluctuations in the current study are consistent with the previous findings of Bediye et al. (2018) and Negash (2020) . The export of oilseeds could be one of the reasons for the shortage and high price of oilseed cakes, which is in agreement with Tolera (2007) , who reported the inadequate supply of oilseeds due to competition between export and the demand for domestic processing. According to Foreign Agricultural Service ( FAS, 2021 ), about 213,905, 12,057 and 75,670 MT of sesame, noug and soybean seeds, respectively were exported during 2019/20. Security problems in different parts of the country are also another reason for the shortage and high price of raw materials. Addressing the security problems across the country and efforts for peaceful resolution of conflicts could help to create a stable conduction environment conducive for various feed business operations. In addition, fair distribution and efficient and effective utilization of the electric power supply generated in the country may help to alleviate electric power interruption problems.

The high demand for agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds can be attributed to the expansion of commercial livestock production as a result of the high demand for livestock products. According to Shapiro et al. (2017) , the production of meat in Ethiopia is projected to grow by about 39% from about 1.1 million tons in 2013 to about 1.6 million tons in 2028 and that of milk is expected to grow by 50% from 5.2 million liters in 2013 to 7.8 million liters in 2028.

5 Conclusion

The expansion of agro-industry in Ethiopia presents a promising opportunity to produce a lot of byproducts to supplement low-quality feeds. Annually, 5.25 million tons DM of agro-industrial byproducts and 5.8 million tons DM of compound feeds were produced in Ethiopia during the study period (2019–2021). High protein or energy contents of some agro-industrial byproducts indicated their potential to be utilized in the intensive livestock operations. Currently, all agro-industries are operating below their installed capacities due to shortage and seasonal fluctuation of raw materials supply, high price and price fluctuations of raw materials, and electric power interruptions. There is a need for addressing these bottlenecks to allow the existing agro-industries to operate at fully capacity and to attract additional agro-industries into the business to boost the production and availability of agro-industrial byproducts badly needed as critical inputs in the manufacture of compound feeds.

Data availability statement

The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.

Author contributions

TF: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. AT: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. AN: Methodology, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. MB: Methodology, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. AA: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. This work was funded in whole or part by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Food Security under Agreement no. AID-OAA-L-15-00003 as part of Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems. Additional funding was received from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation OPP#1175487. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors alone. Under the grant conditions of the Foundation, a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the information provided by different agro-industries. The authors also would like to extend special thanks to different government offices such the bureaus of agriculture, livestock, and trade and industry for their unlimited support.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Keywords: agro-industrial byproducts, availability, brewery spent grain, compound feeds, distribution, distillery byproducts

Citation: Feyisa T, Tolera A, Nurfeta A, Balehegn M and Adesogan A (2024) Availability, distribution and quality of agro-industrial byproducts and compound feeds in Ethiopia. Front. Anim. Sci. 5:1408050. doi: 10.3389/fanim.2024.1408050

Received: 27 March 2024; Accepted: 28 June 2024; Published: 16 July 2024.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2024 Feyisa, Tolera, Nurfeta, Balehegn and Adesogan. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Tesfaye Feyisa, [email protected]

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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