research methodology in social sciences book

Principles of Social Research Methodology

• © 2022
• M. Rezaul Islam 0 ,
• Niaz Ahmed Khan 1 ,
• Rajendra Baikady 2

Centre for Family and Child Studies, Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

You can also search for this editor in PubMed   Google Scholar

Department of Development Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Department of social work, school of humanities, university of johannesburg, johannesburg, south africa.

• Emphasizes the essentials and fundamentals of research methodologies
• Covers the entire research process, beginning with the conception of the research problem
• Combines theory and practical application to familiarize the reader with the logic of research design

81k Accesses

34 Citations

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this book

• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Other ways to access

Licence this eBook for your library

Institutional subscriptions

Table of contents (35 chapters)

Front matter, introduction to social research, inquiry: a fundamental concept for scientific investigation.

M. Rezaul Islam

Research: Meaning and Purpose

• Kazi Abusaleh, Akib Bin Anwar

Social Research: Definitions, Types, Nature, and Characteristics

• Kanamik Kani Khan, Md. Mohsin Reza

Theory in Social Research

• Mumtaz Ali, Maya Khemlani David, Kuang Ching Hei

Philosophy of Social Science and Research Paradigms

Inductive and/or deductive research designs.

• Md. Shahidul Haque
• Premalatha Karupiah

Critical Theory in Social Research: A Theoretical and Methodological Outlook

• Ashek Mahmud, Farhana Zaman

Narrative Inquiry, Phenomenology, and Grounded Theory in Qualitative Research

• Rabiul Islam, Md. Sayeed Akhter
• Md. Rafiqul Islam

Quantitative Research Approach

Designing research proposal in quantitative approach.

• Md. Rezaul Karim

Experimental Method

• Syed Tanveer Rahman, Md. Rabiul Islam

Social Survey Method

• Isahaque Ali, Azlinda Azman, Shahid Mallick, Tahmina Sultana, Zulkarnain A. Hatta

Survey Questionnaire

• Shofiqur Rahman Chowdhury, Mohammad Ali Oakkas, Faisal Ahmmed

Interview Method

• Hazreena Hussein

Sampling Techniques for Quantitative Research

• Moniruzzaman Sarker, Mohammed Abdulmalek AL-Muaalemi

Data Analysis Techniques for Quantitative Study

• Social Science Research
• Social Research Methods
• Qualitative Research
• Quantitative Research
• Mixed Method Research
• Research Design

About this book

This book is a definitive, comprehensive understanding to social science research methodology. It covers both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The book covers the entire research process, beginning with the conception of the research problem to publication of findings. The text combines theory and practical application to familiarize the reader with the logic of research design, the logic and techniques of data analysis, and the fundamentals and implications of various data collection techniques. Organized in seven sections and easy to read chapters, the text emphasizes the importance of clearly defined research questions and well-constructed practical explanations and illustrations. A key contribution to the methodology literature, the book is an authoritative resource for policymakers, practitioners, graduate and advanced research students, and educators in all social science disciplines.

Editors and Affiliations

Niaz Ahmed Khan

Rajendra Baikady

About the editors

Bibliographic information.

Book Title : Principles of Social Research Methodology

Editors : M. Rezaul Islam, Niaz Ahmed Khan, Rajendra Baikady

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2

Publisher : Springer Singapore

eBook Packages : Social Sciences

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022

Hardcover ISBN : 978-981-19-5219-7 Published: 27 October 2022

Softcover ISBN : 978-981-19-5524-2 Published: 28 October 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-981-19-5441-2 Published: 26 October 2022

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XXXI, 508

Number of Illustrations : 24 b/w illustrations, 45 illustrations in colour

Topics : Social Work , Education, general

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research

• Technical Support
• Find My Rep

You are here

Research Methodology A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners

• Ranjit Kumar - University of Western Australia, Australia
• Description

Designed with students, for students and now shortlisted for the British Book Design and Production Awards 2019!

Eight steps, two pathways, one book.  The Fifth Edition of the bestseller  Research Methodology  has reimagined, redesigned, and fully renovated how a textbook can help students achieve success in their methods course or research project.

Eight steps:  Foolproof for any beginner researcher, the book breaks the process of designing and doing a research project into achievable stages. It delivers students from research problem to their written research report at the pace they need, with clear explanations, DIY tasks and study skills support.  In a new  landscape format  it presents figures, models and visualizations elegantly, so they don't break over a page, making even complex concepts easier to understand.

Two pathways:  With an innovative, beautiful design, regular progress checkpoints have been built into the book and its online resources. As students proceed through the 8 steps, each chapter provides regular opportunities for students to check understanding or give themselves a challenge. Each pathway then gives them the resources they need.

• Confused? Stop, practise with quizzes and flashcards, or use a video to look at a concept a different way.
• Up for a challenge? Access a wealth of additional material including research articles, readings, case studies, activities, bibliography tools and inspiration to pursue your curiosity, impress your lecturer, and nail your assignments.

With this one book,  every student gets what they need to succeed. It is the perfect essential text for students and beginner researchers across the social sciences.

See what’s new to this edition by selecting the Features tab on this page. Should you need additional information or have questions regarding the HEOA information provided for this title, including what is new to this edition, please email [email protected] . Please include your name, contact information, and the name of the title for which you would like more information. For information on the HEOA, please go to http://ed.gov/policy/highered/leg/hea08/index.html .

For assistance with your order: Please email us at [email protected] or connect with your SAGE representative.

SAGE 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 www.sagepub.com

Supplements

Good book for beginner

This is an excellent resource on research methodology and very accessible for the students I teach.

This is an excellent book BUT this edition is HIDEOUS.

It is a weird shape and won't fit well on our library shelves. One of my students mentioned she keeps her's on the floor.

The text is at times pink on pink or blue on blue and the contrast is terrible - that's an accessibility issue.

On a more subjective note, the fonts and the neons look like someone was trying to be cool and trendy and it smacks of 'hello fellow kids'. Fire the graphic designer.

I have suggested that my students buy 4th eds used if possible as it looks like a grow-up book for adults, and will fit on a bookshelf, and is actually LEGIBLE especially if they have any eye issues, colour blindness or specific learning difficulties

Standard classic text - appropriate for any level of study. Excellent overview of concepts and terminology.

A colourful and easy to use text book which I think the students will enjoy.

Fantastic research book. Very easy to read, well laid out and informative

An extremely detailed yet accessible introduction to conducting and evaluating research in a variety of subjects. This is a really helpful resource for students and is presented in an engaging manner.

I am no longer the course leader for this module but this is the best book on the market It is so well structured and very informative in an easier to read format than many other books on this topic

Great overview of research in a user friendly presentation, love the bright colours and unusual landscape layout.

Love this book. Very useful to dip in an out of and is bright and engaging. Clearly defined chapters with a good range of practical activities and exercises to reinforce learning. Student friendly and the bonus of online resources.

Preview this book

Sample materials & chapters, for instructors, select a purchasing option, related products.

Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction

(0 reviews)

Valerie Sheppard, JIBC

Copyright Year: 2020

Last Update: 2024

Publisher: BCcampus

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Table of Contents

• Accessibility Statement
• About This Book
• Chapter 1: Introduction to Research Methods
• Chapter 2: Ethics in Research
• Chapter 3: Developing a Research Question
• Chapter 4: Measurement and Units of Analysis
• Chapter 5: The Literature Review
• Chapter 6: Data Collection Strategies
• Chapter 7: Sampling Techniques
• Chapter 8: Data Collection Methods: Survey Research
• Chapter 9: Analysis Of Survey Data
• Chapter 10: Qualitative Data Collection & Analysis Methods
• Chapter 11: Quantitative Interview Techniques & Considerations
• Chapter 12: Field Research: A Qualitative Research Technique
• Chapter 13: Unobtrusive Research: Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches
• Chapter 14: The Research Proposal
• Chapter 15: Sharing Your Research
• Chapter 16: Reading and Understanding Social Research
• Chapter 17: Research Methods in the Real World
• List of Links

Ancillary Material

About the book.

This textbook provides a broad overview of research methods utilized in sociology. It will be of particular value for students who are new to research methods.

About the Contributors

Valerie Sheppard , JIBC

Contribute to this Page

• school Campus Bookshelves
• menu_book Bookshelves
• perm_media Learning Objects
• login Login
• how_to_reg Request Instructor Account
• hub Instructor Commons
• Download Page (PDF)
• Download Full Book (PDF)
• Periodic Table
• Physics Constants
• Scientific Calculator
• Reference & Cite
• Tools expand_more
• Readability

selected template will load here

This action is not available.

Exploding stars send out powerful bursts of energy − I'm leading a citizen scientist project to classify and learn about these bright flashes

Swift is a multiwavelength space telescope that scientists are using to find out more about these mysterious gamma-ray flashes from the universe.

This article was originally published at  The Conversation.  The publication contributed the article to Space.com's  Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights .

Amy Lien is an Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Tampa whose research interests lie in understanding how the universe begins and evolves through the most energetic astrophysical explosions: gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), supernovas, merging neutron stars and black holes. 

When faraway stars explode, they send out flashes of energy called gamma-ray bursts that are bright enough that telescopes back on Earth can detect them. Studying these pulses, which can also come from mergers of some exotic astronomical objects such as black holes and neutron stars, can help astronomers like me understand the history of the universe.

Space telescopes detect on average one gamma-ray burst per day, adding to thousands of bursts detected throughout the years, and a community of volunteers are making research into these bursts possible.

On Nov. 20, 2004, NASA launched the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory , also known as Swift. Swift is a multiwavelength space telescope that scientists are using to find out more about these mysterious gamma-ray flashes from the universe . 

Related: Brightest gamma-ray burst ever seen a 1-in-10,000-years event that's 'absolutely monstrous,' scientists say

Gamma-ray bursts usually last for only a very short time , from a few seconds to a few minutes, and the majority of their emission is in the form of gamma rays , which are part of the light spectrum that our eyes cannot see. Gamma rays contain a lot of energy and can damage human tissues and DNA .

Get the Space.com Newsletter

Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!

Fortunately, Earth’s atmosphere blocks most gamma rays from space , but that also means the only way to observe gamma-ray bursts is through a space telescope like Swift. Throughout its 19 years of observations, Swift has observed over 1,600 gamma-ray bursts . The information it collects from these bursts helps astronomers back on the ground measure the distances to these objects.

Looking back in time 

The data from Swift and other observatories has taught astronomers that gamma-ray bursts are one of the most powerful explosions in the universe. They’re so bright that space telescopes like Swift can detect them from across the entire universe.

In fact, gamma-ray bursts are among one of the farthest astrophysical objects observed by telescopes.

Because light travels at a finite speed, astronomers are effectively looking back in time as they look farther into the universe.

The farthest gamma-ray burst ever observed occurred so far away that its light took 13 billion years to reach Earth. So when telescopes took pictures of that gamma-ray burst, they observed the event as it looked 13 billion years ago.

Gamma-ray bursts allow astronomers to learn about the history of the universe , including how the birth rate and the mass of the stars change over time.

Types of gamma-ray bursts 

Astronomers now know that there are basically two kinds of gamma-ray bursts – long and short. They are classified by how long their pulses last. The long gamma-ray bursts have pulses longer than two seconds, and at least some of these events are related to supernovae – exploding stars.

When a massive star, or a star that is at least eight times more massive than our Sun, runs out of fuel, it will explode as a supernova and collapse into either a neutron star or a black hole.

Both neutron stars and black holes are extremely compact. If you shrank the entire Sun into a diameter of about 12 miles, or the size of Manhattan, it would be as dense as a neutron star .

Some particularly massive stars can also launch jets of light when they explode. These jets are concentrated beams of light powered by structured magnetic fields and charged particles. When these jets are pointed toward Earth, telescopes like Swift will detect a gamma-ray burst .

On the other hand, short gamma-ray bursts have pulses shorter than two seconds. Astronomers suspect that most of these short bursts happen when either two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole merge.

When a neutron star gets too close to another neutron star or a black hole, the two objects will orbit around each other, creeping closer and closer as they lose some of their energy through gravitational waves .

These objects eventually merge and emit short jets. When the short jets are pointed toward Earth, space telescopes can detect them as short gamma-ray bursts.

Classifying gamma-ray bursts 

Classifying bursts as short or long isn’t always that simple. In the past few years, astronomers have discovered some peculiar short gamma-ray bursts associated with supernovae instead of the expected mergers. And they’ve found some long gamma-ray bursts related to mergers instead of supernovae.

These confusing cases show that astronomers do not fully understand how gamma-ray bursts are created. They suggest that astronomers need a better understanding of gamma-ray pulse shapes to better connect the pulses to their origins.

But it’s hard to classify pulse shape, which is different than pulse duration, systematically. Pulse shapes can be extremely diverse and complex. So far, even machine learning algorithms haven’t been able to correctly recognize all the detailed pulse structures that astronomers are interested in.

Community science 

My colleagues and I have enlisted the help of volunteers through NASA to identify pulse structures. Volunteers learn to identify the pulse structures, then they look at images on their own computers and classify them.

Our preliminary results suggest that these volunteers – also referred to as citizen scientists – can quickly learn and recognize gamma-ray pulses' complex structures. Analyzing this data will help astronomers better understand how these mysterious bursts are created.

Our team hopes to learn about whether more gamma-ray bursts in the sample challenge the previous short and long classification. We'll use the data to more accurately probe the history of the universe through gamma-ray burst observations .

This citizen science project, called Burst Chaser , has grown since our preliminary results, and we’re actively recruiting new volunteers to join our quest to study the mysterious origins behind these bursts.

Read the original article at The Conversation.

Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].

My research interests lie in understanding how the universe begins and evolves through the most energetic astrophysical explosions: gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), supernovae, merging neutron stars and black holes. My main research utilizes GRBs detected by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, a multi-wavelength space telescope dedicated to studying GRBs and the transient sky. GRBs are seen from within our neighborhood of galaxies to the early universe when the rst stars were expected to form (Fig. 1). I use GRBs to explore the history of the universe, and study how nature can form these energetic bursts from either the collapse of massive stars or merging of compact objects like neutron stars and black holes.

Stellar detectives find suspect for incredibly powerful 'superflares'

Giant gamma-ray flare from 'recently deceased' magnetar lights up Cigar Galaxy

Watch 2 gorgeous supernova remnants evolve over 20 years (timelapse video)

Most Popular

• 2 Boeing Starliner 1st astronaut flight: Live updates
• 3 US Space Force picks Rocket Lab for 2025 Victus Haze space domain awareness mission
• 4 Exploding stars send out powerful bursts of energy − I'm leading a citizen scientist project to classify and learn about these bright flashes
• 5 Wow! Private space-junk probe snaps historic photo of discarded rocket in orbit

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals
• Explore content
• About the journal
• Publish with us
• Sign up for alerts

Latest science news, discoveries and analysis

Could a rare mutation that causes dwarfism also slow ageing?

Bird flu in US cows: is the milk supply safe?

Future of Humanity Institute shuts: what's next for ‘deep future’ research?

Judge dismisses superconductivity physicist’s lawsuit against university

Nih pay raise for postdocs and phd students could have us ripple effect, hello puffins, goodbye belugas: changing arctic fjord hints at our climate future, china's moon atlas is the most detailed ever made, ‘shut up and calculate’: how einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality, ecologists: don’t lose touch with the joy of fieldwork chris mantegna.

Should the Maldives be creating new land?

Lethal AI weapons are here: how can we control them?

Algorithm ranks peer reviewers by reputation — but critics warn of bias

How gliding marsupials got their ‘wings’

Audio long read: why loneliness is bad for your health, nato is boosting ai and climate research as scientific diplomacy remains on ice, rat neurons repair mouse brains — and restore sense of smell, plastic pollution: three numbers that support a crackdown.

Retractions are part of science, but misconduct isn’t — lessons from a superconductivity lab

Any plan to make smoking obsolete is the right step

Citizenship privilege harms science

European ruling linking climate change to human rights could be a game changer — here’s how charlotte e. blattner, will ai accelerate or delay the race to net-zero emissions, current issue.

The Maldives is racing to create new land. Why are so many people concerned?

Surprise hybrid origins of a butterfly species, stripped-envelope supernova light curves argue for central engine activity, optical clocks at sea, research analysis.

Ancient DNA traces family lines and political shifts in the Avar empire

A chemical method for selective labelling of the key amino acid tryptophan

Robust optical clocks promise stable timing in a portable package

Targeting RNA opens therapeutic avenues for Timothy syndrome

Bioengineered ‘mini-colons’ shed light on cancer progression, galaxy found napping in the primordial universe, tumours form without genetic mutations, marsupial genomes reveal how a skin membrane for gliding evolved.

Scientists urged to collect royalties from the ‘magic money tree’

Breaking ice, and helicopter drops: winning photos of working scientists

Shrouded in secrecy: how science is harmed by the bullying and harassment rumour mill

Want to make a difference try working at an environmental non-profit organization, how ground glass might save crops from drought on a caribbean island, books & culture.

How volcanoes shaped our planet — and why we need to be ready for the next big eruption

Dogwhistles, drilling and the roots of Western civilization: Books in brief

Cosmic rentals

Las borinqueñas remembers the forgotten puerto rican women who tested the first pill, dad always mows on summer saturday mornings, nature podcast.

Latest videos

Nature briefing.

An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday.

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Gary Dagorn et al Release News Article Featuring PFAS Project Lab’s Methodology

Northeastern’s PFAS Project Lab’s methodology for presumptive contamination sites was used by a team of European investigative journalists, headed by  Le Monde,  to prepare a European map of known and presumptive PFAS contamination sites. The article, “Forever pollution: Explore the map of Europe’s PFAS contamination” is written by Gary Dagorn , Raphaëlle Aubert , Stéphane Horel , Luc Martinon and Thomas Steffen. The article highlights the first map to illustrate the widespread contamination of Europe by toxic and persistent substances.

More Stories

The largest body of water west of the mississippi disappeared 130 years ago—now it’s back, lauren ellis publishes new study in ehp.

Phil Brown Published New Paper in AJPH

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

Chapter 13: Unobtrusive Research: Qualitative And Quantitative Approaches

Babbie, E. (2010). The practice of social research (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Esterberg, K. G. (2002). Qualitative methods in social research . Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Garfinkle, H. (1967). Studies in ethnomethodology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Gubrium, J. F., & Holstein, J. A. (2000). Analyzing interpretative practice. In N. Denzin & Y.S. Lincoln (Eds.), The handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed.), (pp. 487-508). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Heritage, J. C. (1984). Garfinkel & ethnomethodology. Cambridge: UK. Polity Press.

Krippendorff, K. (2004a). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Krippendorf, K. (2004b). Reliability in content analysis: Some common misconceptions and recommendations. Human Communication Research, 30 (3), 411-433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2004.tb00738.x

Lombard, M., Snyder-Duch, J., & Campenella Bracken, C. (2010). Practical resources for assessing and reporting intercoder reliability in content analysis research projects. Retrieved from http://matthewlombard.com/reliability/#How%20should%20researchers%20calculate%20intercoder%20reliability%20What%20software%20is%20available

Palys, T., & Atchison, C. (2014). Research decisions: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.) . Toronto, Canada: Nelson Education.

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Saylor Academy. (2012). Principles of sociological inquiry: Qualitative and quantitative methods. Washington, DC: Saylor Academy. Retrieved from https://www.saylor.org/site/textbooks/Principles%20of%20Sociological%20Inquiry.pdf

Schutt, R. K. (2012). Investigating the social world: The process and practice of research. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

Sheppard, V. A., & Fennell, D. A. (2019, August). Progress in public sector tourism policy: Toward an ethic for non-human animals. Tourism Management, 73 , 134-142. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.11.017

Research Methods for the Social Sciences: An Introduction Copyright © 2020 by Valerie Sheppard is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

Maintenance work is planned for Wednesday 1st May 2024 from 9:00am to 11:00am (BST).

During this time, the performance of our website may be affected - searches may run slowly and some pages may be temporarily unavailable. If this happens, please try refreshing your web browser or try waiting two to three minutes before trying again.

We apologise for any inconvenience this might cause and thank you for your patience.

Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology

Critical evaluation of current isolation, detection and genotyping methods of cryptosporidium species and future direction.

Globally, Cryptosporidium continues to pose a significant health and economic burden despite significant efforts to develop effective on-site biosecurity and best management practices. According to the Global Burden of Disease Study (2016), this parasitic protozoan is responsible for more than 48 thousand deaths in children under the age of five and 7.2 million disability-adjusted life-years worldwide. Additionally, most Cryptosporidium species (e.g., Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium parvum, etc.) are resistant to the majority of common disinfectants and can survive outside the body for extended periods. Consequently, it is crucial to establish a prompt and accurate diagnosis as well as the severity of the disease to prevent the spread of parasites and to enable effective management strategies. USEPA Method 1623 is currently used in centralized laboratories to perform routine diagnostic tests for this parasite. This process is laborious, expensive, and time-consuming. In the past ten years, a multitude of techniques based on conventional molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested-PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, have been utilized to analyze Cryptosporidium species. Similarly, several biosensing techniques have been developed in recent years, including electrochemical biosensors and the CRISPR-Cas system in lateral flow assays. This review discusses the most frequently employed techniques for isolating, quantifying, and genotyping Cryptosporidium species, and their implication on the diagnostic landscape. A subsequent evaluation of the most significant technical and biological challenges and limitations of these techniques is also undertaken.

Supplementary files

• Supplementary information PDF (494K)

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

R. G. Mahmudunnabi, S. Kasetsirikul, N. Soda, M. Sallam, A. S. Pannu, N. Nguyen, H. Stratton and M. J. A. Shiddiky, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. , 2024, Accepted Manuscript , DOI: 10.1039/D3EW00469D

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given.

If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you want to reproduce the whole article in a third-party publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which permission is not required) please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content .

Social activity

Search articles by author.

This article has not yet been cited.

Advertisements