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How to upload your thesis

You will need the following information:

• The type of degree - PhD, DM, MPhil, MRes, etc. 
• The full title of your thesis 
• The abstract of your thesis 
• The names of your supervisors 
• The year and month when you expect to graduate 
• The full text of your thesis, in PDF format 

Go to Nottingham ePrints and log in with your university username and password.

Click on 'New Item'.

On the following pages, you should then select the relevant options from ‘Item Type’, ‘Thesis Type’ and ‘Faculty/School’. 

On the following pages, select Item Type (i.e. ‘Thesis’), Thesis type and Faculty/School from the pick lists.

Upload your PDF(s). This should follow the format of [your surname, your first name, student ID, type of submission (ie first, corrections, resub). 

For each file you need to provide further information. Please do not start a new thesis deposit if you have supplemental files (e.g. audio, video, list of required corrections). Put them all on the same record. 

Please note, research data should be archived separately. You can find more information on the research data management webpage . 

You should use 'Version' to indicate:

'Thesis – as examined'

'Thesis for reader access – any sensitive & copyright-infringing material removed'

In the ‘Description’ field please indicate if this is your first submission, corrections or re-submission. 

‘Visible to’ allows you to specify who can access the full text of your thesis. UoN advocates a policy of openness wherever possible and research funders may also require outputs to be available open access. Please consider the open access status of your thesis in discussion with your supervisor.

You can select: 

‘Anyone’ - the document is available to anyone via the world wide web 

‘Repository staff only’ - the document can be requested by site visitors who identify themselves via a web form. 

If you don’t choose the ‘Anyone’ option, you should choose ‘Repository staff only’. This allows a log to be maintained of those requesting the full text of a thesis. If the title is embargoed (i.e. suppressed pending future publication), then access will be declined. If your thesis is restricted, then there is a later option to specify this and it will not be discoverable at all. 

For ‘Licence’, you should check the appropriate licence to assign to your work with your supervisor as they know the circumstances surrounding your research (the commercial and ethical sensitivity, possibility of patent application and funder requirements). For more information on the meaning of Creative Commons licences, please see UoN Libraries Licences webpage . 

For ‘Supervisor Discussion’, you must check the appropriate licence to assign your work and whether an embargo is required with your supervisor. 

Within ‘Embargo’, you may request an embargo period if you wish to suppress the full text pending publication of an article or book based on the content of your thesis. Please note that bibliographic details of your thesis, including any abstract, will be visible to the public. 

‘Waiver’ refers to supervisor access. Where an embargo is applied to your thesis, it cannot be released without author permission. Please indicate whether you will pre-approve a request from your supervisor to view the thesis during an embargo period. 

Click ‘Next’ to fill in the bibliographic details (author, title, abstract etc). 

For ‘Award Date’ enter the date when you expect to graduate. 

If a thesis has an official ‘Restriction’ then enter the details here to ensure that the thesis is not visible within the live repository. 

Optionally add ‘Keywords’ to help others to find your thesis. 

‘Comments and Suggestions’ are only visible to you and administrative staff. If there are particular reasons why you would need an embargo for longer than two years, please give details here. 

Read the ‘Deposit Licence’ carefully and deposit your files(s). There is no automated confirmation from the system. 

Your submission will be checked by Registry and Academic Affairs team and we will acknowledge your submission via email. First submissions, corrections and re-submission will be forwarded to examiner(s). 

Once the degree has been conferred, the final version of your thesis will be published (i.e. the full text made available on an open access basis online) unless: 

The content contains confidential material, or material that infringes copyright. In this case an alternative version with the sensitive or copyright-infringing material removed should also be submitted. 

The content includes third party copyright material for which permission to reproduce cannot be established. There are several options that may lead to permission for third party copyright material to remain (the guide Copyright and intellectual property guidance for electronic thesis submission outlines these).  If none of these succeed, an alternative version with the copyright material removed should also be submitted. 

A restriction has been applied for due to time-limited confidentiality issues. In this case bibliographic details and the full text would only be visible to repository staff. 

An embargo has been requested. The thesis is not formally restricted, but the author wishes it to remain confidential prior to publication in a different form. In this case the full-text would only be visible to repository staff.  However, it is important to note that with embargoed theses, the bibliographic details (author, title and abstract) are discoverable and available to read.  Please consider whether the abstract contains commercial or sensitive information in consultation with your supervisor. 

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The Repository@Nottingham is intended to be an Open Access showcase for the published research output of the university. Whenever possible, refereed documents accepted for publication, or finished artistic compositions presented in public, will be made available here in full digital format, and hyperlinks to standard published versions will be provided. See our Policies for further information.

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Oxygen-resistant [FeFe]hydrogenases: new biocatalysis tools for clean energy and cascade reactions (2024) Journal Article Valetti, F., Morra, S., Barbieri, L., Dezzani, S., Ratto, A., Catucci, G., …Gilardi, G. (2024). Oxygen-resistant [FeFe]hydrogenases: new biocatalysis tools for clean energy and cascade reactions. Faraday Discussions, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4fd00010b The use of enzymes to generate hydrogen, instead of using rare metal catalysts, is an exciting area of study in modern biochemistry and biotechnology, as well as biocatalysis driven by sustainable hydrogen. Thus far, the oxygen sensitivity of the fas... Read More about Oxygen-resistant [FeFe]hydrogenases: new biocatalysis tools for clean energy and cascade reactions.

The future of the food supply chain: a systematic literature review and research directions towards sustainability, resilience, and technology adoption (2023) Journal Article Su, I., Wu, L., & Hua Tan, K. (2023). The future of the food supply chain: a systematic literature review and research directions towards sustainability, resilience, and technology adoption. Journal of Digital Economy, 2, 303-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2024.03.001 In recent years, our food supply chain facing various disruptions shows a need for higher resilience and sustainability. To better prepare for future uncertainties the food supply chain may encounter, it is imperative to understand the status quo of... Read More about The future of the food supply chain: a systematic literature review and research directions towards sustainability, resilience, and technology adoption.

Impact of Business Strategy on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firms (2024) Journal Article Abdelfattah, T., Ullah, S., Houqe, N., & Zahir-ul-Hassan, M. (in press). Impact of Business Strategy on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firms. Business Strategy and the Environment, This study examines the nexus between business strategy and carbon emissions by utilising a dataset of U.S. firms from 2007 to 2020. It focuses on two broad types of firms, that is, prospectors and defenders. Regarding carbon emissions, we consider t... Read More about Impact of Business Strategy on Carbon Emissions: Empirical Evidence from U.S. Firms.

A Joint Sustainable Order-Packing Vehicle Routing Optimisation for the Cold Chain E-Fulfilment (2024) Journal Article Tsang, Y., Ma, H., Tan, K., & Lee, C. (in press). A Joint Sustainable Order-Packing Vehicle Routing Optimisation for the Cold Chain E-Fulfilment. Annals of Operations Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-024-05949-y Due to the new normal caused by the pandemic, consumer behaviour has now shifted to online shopping not only for general commodities but also for food and other perishable products. Therefore, e-commerce fulfilment is now integrated with cold chain c... Read More about A Joint Sustainable Order-Packing Vehicle Routing Optimisation for the Cold Chain E-Fulfilment.

Introducing IOS11 as an extended interactive version of the ‘Inclusion of Other in the Self’ scale to estimate relationship closeness (2024) Journal Article Baader, M., Starmer, C., Tufano, F., & Gächter, S. (2024). Introducing IOS11 as an extended interactive version of the ‘Inclusion of Other in the Self’ scale to estimate relationship closeness. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 8901. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58042-6 The study of relationship closeness has a long history in psychology and is currently expanding across the social sciences, including economics. Estimating relationship closeness requires appropriate tools. Here, we introduce and test a tool for esti... Read More about Introducing IOS11 as an extended interactive version of the ‘Inclusion of Other in the Self’ scale to estimate relationship closeness.

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Nato's new design: struggles, practices, and the alliance's post-cold war transformation.

Supervisor: Trombetta, M. J. (Supervisor) & Dawson, G. (Supervisor)

Student thesis : PhD Thesis

Studying the symbolic and cultural practices of city diplomacy: the case of Seattle

Supervisor: Trombetta, M. J. (Supervisor) & Bourdais Park, J. (Supervisor)

Implementing collaborative learning in second round review stage in senior high school physics class

Supervisor: Adamson, R. (Supervisor)

Student thesis : EdD Thesis

R&D expense stickiness in Chinese listed firms

Supervisor: Yuan, S. (Supervisor) & Ma, A. H. Y. (Supervisor)

Optimized drop-on-demand printing path strategies for curved shapes

Supervisor: Rushworth, A. (Supervisor), Chen, H. (Supervisor), Li, G. (Supervisor) & Nie, Y. (Supervisor)

Student thesis : MRes Thesis

Post-merger integration and innovation of emerging market multinationals in the context of strategic asset-seeking mergers & acquisitions

Supervisor: Zhou, J. (Supervisor), Zhou, S. (Supervisor) & Peng, X. (External person) (Supervisor)

Developing an effective monitoring system using sensors and artificial intelligence for sensory regulation of children with autism spectrum disorders

Supervisor: Bellotti, A. G. (Supervisor), Rushworth, A. (Supervisor), Dauncey, S. (External person) (Supervisor) & Rattadilok, P. (External person) (Supervisor)

Efficient organic solar cells based on thiophene [3,2-b] pyrrole non-fullerene acceptors

Supervisor: Do, H. (Supervisor), Ren, Y. (Supervisor) & Chen, F. (Supervisor)

Study on phase change material-based thermal management designs for lithium-ion batteries

Supervisor: Shi, Y. (Supervisor) & Xia, L. (Supervisor)

Rational design of functional covalent organic frameworks for the oxygen and Carbon Dioxide reduction reactions

Supervisor: He, J. (Supervisor), Hanson, S. (Supervisor), Chen, G. Z. (External person) (Supervisor) & Zeng, G. (External person) (Supervisor)

An optimization model for developing time-based preventive maintenance strategy for cooling coils in air conditioning systems based on genetic algorithm

Supervisor: Meng, Q. (Supervisor) & Zhang, Z. (Supervisor)

Development of a multi-frequency Beidou PPP algorithm

Supervisor: Chen, Y. (Supervisor) & Kwong, C. (Supervisor)

Oxidative potential and cancer risk of ambient particles in an urban coastal area of China: chemical characterization, source apportionment, and respiratory deposition

Supervisor: He, J. (Supervisor), Snape, C. E. (External person) (Supervisor) & Guo, Q. (External person) (Supervisor)

Numerical simulations and designs for high-efficiency solar cells

Supervisor: Greer, J. (Supervisor) & Zhu, G. (Supervisor)

Visibility of the translator: a data-driven study of Julia Lovell’s translator style

Supervisor: Hall, G. (Supervisor) & Yu, L. (Supervisor)

Managing mega infrastructure complexity: a study on digital construction adoption in Nigeria

Supervisor: Kapogiannis, G. (Supervisor) & Lemanski, M. (Supervisor)

Machine learning and metaheuristic methods for optimizing dynamic truck dispatching in container ports

Supervisor: Bai, R. (Supervisor) & Qu, R. (External person) (Supervisor)

Hegemony on a Leash?: Neo-Conservatism, American foreign policy, and the United Nations

Supervisor: Kiwuwa, D. (Supervisor) & Trombetta, M. J. (Supervisor)

Environmental catalytic materials for VOC degradation

Supervisor: Sun, Y. (Supervisor), Hong-Peng, J. (External person) (Supervisor) & Snape, C. E. (External person) (Supervisor)

Machine learning assisted (Hyper-)heuristic for combinatorial optimization problems with emerging challenges

Supervisor: Bai, R. (Supervisor), Du, H. (Supervisor) & Ren, J. (Supervisor)

Deep reinforcement learning Hyper-heuristics for online marine port truck dispatching

Investigating pedestrians' trust in automated vehicles.

Supervisor: Sun, X. (Supervisor), Liu, B. (Supervisor) & Burnett, G. (External person) (Supervisor)

Improving the performance of discontinuous fibre reinforced composites

Supervisor: Yi, X. (Supervisor) & Pierce, R. S. (External person) (Supervisor)

Development of sustainable hybrid breathing materials and their multiple applications in polymer composites

Supervisor: Yi, X. (Supervisor), Liu, X. (Supervisor) & Tong, J. (External person) (Supervisor)

Mechatronics design of a vision-based laser cutting machine for soft materials

Supervisor: Li, H. (Supervisor), Liu, G. (Supervisor) & Sun, X. (Supervisor)

Studies of the biomimetic synthesis of plumarellide

Supervisor: Do, H. (Supervisor), Tang, B. (Supervisor) & Fow, K. L. (Supervisor)

Institutional dynamics and practices in China's urban transition: a case study of Guangzhou's urban regeneration

Supervisor: Mangi, E. (Supervisor), Heath, T. (External person) (Supervisor) & Cheshmehzangi, A. (External person) (Supervisor)

The examination of the implementation of learning in regular classes(LRC) from the perspectives of teachers

Supervisor: Feng, A. (Supervisor) & Trent, J. (Supervisor)

Three essays about the community mental health in China

Supervisor: Hubbard, R. (Supervisor), Chen, Z. (Supervisor) & Chua, C. (Supervisor)

An exploratory study on developing an effective collaboration between museums and senior high schools in Ningbo, China to improve students’ learning

Supervisor: Hall, G. (Supervisor) & Feng, A. (Supervisor)

An investigation of the impact of digital platforms on value creation – an affordance perspective

Supervisor: Cai, Z. (Supervisor) & Chan, H. K. (Supervisor)

Investigate the learning efficiency of a dual language program in the computer-based flight training virtual environment

Supervisor: Liu, B. (Supervisor) & Sun, X. (Supervisor)

Investor sentiment in the Chinese stock market

Supervisor: Liu, X. (Supervisor) & Jiang, Y. (Supervisor)

Structure modulation strategies for improved Lithium-rich manganese-based positrode materials

Supervisor: Hu, D. (Supervisor), Chen, G. Z. (External person) (Supervisor) & Liu, Z. (External person) (Supervisor)

A droplet production printhead for a novel metal

Supervisor: Chen, H. (Supervisor) & Rushworth, A. (Supervisor)

RoboBIM: a novel low-cost autonomous interior BIM 3D reconstruction mobile robotic system

Supervisor: Rushworth, A. (Supervisor)

Investigating effective mechanisms for crowdsourcing photogrammetry-based 3D cultural heritage via collective behaviour analysis

Supervisor: Chng, E. (Supervisor) & Wang, X. (Supervisor)

First-principles investigation of gas adsorption on monolayer Rhenium Disulfide (ReS2)

Supervisor: Kow, K. W. (Supervisor) & Do, H. (Supervisor)

Investigating Chinese junior high school teachers' beliefs about the teaching of reading in a time of reform

Supervisor: Feng, A. (Supervisor) & Bell, D. (Supervisor)

Molten base carbonisation and activation of biomass for supercapacitor application

Supervisor: Hu, D. (Supervisor)

Insights into mechanical properties and sustainability of packing-enhanced recycled aggregate concrete

Supervisor: Li, B. (Supervisor), He, J. (Supervisor) & Garcia Hernandez, A. (External person) (Supervisor)

Rational design and performance study of solid-state lithium-oxygen batteries

Supervisor: Sun, Y. (Supervisor), Yao, X. (External person) (Supervisor), He, J. (Supervisor) & Chen, G. Z. (External person) (Supervisor)

Classification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells using single cell transcriptomics data and artificial neural networks

Supervisor: Brusic, V. (Supervisor), Du, H. (Supervisor) & Jin, H. (Supervisor)

Bio-sourced epoxy matrix composites with natural fibre reinforcement

Supervisor: Yi, X. (Supervisor), Liu, X. (Supervisor) & Rudd, C. (External person) (Supervisor)

Empowering Chinese university EFL writers with persuasiveness and self-regulation through a SRSD-based writing instruction

Supervisor: Hall, G. (Supervisor)

Enabling people with IDDs to live a “Normal” life: an exploration of the determinants of social entrepreneurship intention

Supervisor: Fu, P. (Supervisor), Li, L. (Supervisor) & Beveridge, A. (External person) (Supervisor)

Investigation on the isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells based on microfluidics and surface-enhanced Raman scattering method

Supervisor: Ren, Y. (Supervisor)

An integration research on the impact of long-term fertilization on soil microbial communities

Supervisor: Ren, J. (Supervisor), Feng, M. (Supervisor) & He, J. (Supervisor)

Developing a sponge catchment management framework with natural flood management in Guiyang, Southwest China

Supervisor: Chan, F. (Supervisor), Feng, M. (Supervisor) & Thorne, C. (External person) (Supervisor)

The effectiveness of climate adaptation strategies in Chinese traditional courtyard house: a case study of the Yan's courtyard complex in Ningbo

Supervisor: Botti, G. (Supervisor) & Xie, J. (Supervisor)

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Wall Street is souring on Tesla's pivot away from low-cost vehicles towards autonomous driving

• Tesla is losing the confidence of Wall Street amid reports it's pivoting from a low-cost Model 2 to robotaxis.
• Deutsche Bank just downgraded Tesla's stock and Barclays cut its price target. Both see double-digit declines over the next year.
• "We view Tesla's shift as thesis-changing, and worry the stock will need to undergo a potentially painful transition in ownership base," Deutsche Bank said.

Another day, another negative Tesla note from Wall Street.

Tesla has come under intense scrutiny from sell-side analysts after a Reuters report from earlier this month said that the EV maker was shifting away from its low-cost Model 2 vehicle to instead focus on building a fully-autonomous robotaxi.

Deutsche Bank downgrades Tesla

Deutsche Bank analyst Emmanuel Rosner is not impressed with the potential pivot, calling it "thesis-changing" for investors in a note on Thursday.

Rosner downgraded Tesla stock to "Hold" from "Buy" and cut its price target to $123 from $189, suggesting potential downside of about 19% from current levels. 

"Pushing out Model 2 will create significant earnings and FCF pressure on 2026+ estimates, and make the future of the company tied to Tesla cracking the code on full driverless autonomy, which represents a significant technological, regulatory and operational challenge," Rosner said. 

Rosner slashed his 2027 earnings per share estimate for Tesla to $2.40 from a prior estimate of $4.25, and added that there could be further downside to the company's earnings power if they completely abandon the development of a low-cost vehicle. 

"The delay of Model 2 efforts creates the risk of no new vehicle in Tesla's consumer lineup for the foreseeable future, which would put continued downward pressure on its volume and pricing for many more years, requiring downward earnings estimate revisions for 2026+," Rosner said.

Tesla stock fell 2% in early Thursday trading, and is down nearly 40% year-to-date. 

Perhaps the biggest risk to Tesla, aside from lower earnings, is the idea that a pivot to robotaxis could cause a complete recalibration of its underlying shareholder base.

"We view Tesla's shift as thesis-changing, and worry the stock will need to undergo a potentially painful transition in ownership base, with investors previously focused on Tesla's EV volume and cost advantage potentially throwing in the towel, and eventually replaced by AI/tech investors with considerably longer time horizons," Rosen said.

Barclays cuts Tesla price target

It's not just Deutsche Bank that has soured on Tesla.

Barclays slashed its Tesla price target on Wednesday by 20%, and said it expects the company's first-quarter earnings call next week to be a negative catalyst.

Calling it "one of the most widely anticipated calls ever," Barclays analyst Dan Levy said the company is facing challenging near-term fundamentals in combination with a longer-term "investment thesis pivot" as it considers moving away from the Model 2.

According to Levy, if Tesla is indeed moving away from the Model 2, that would be bad news for the stock valuation going forward, calling it a "clear net negative for the Tesla investment thesis."

"It casts significant uncertainty on the path ahead for Tesla, making success of the stock dependent on bets with seemingly binary outcomes," Levy said. "Indeed, we are hard pressed to think of any other precedent of a company of Tesla's size basing its path of success on such binary bets."

Wedbush also concerned about Model 2 pivot

Even long-time Tesla bull Dan Ives is worried about Tesla's potential pivot away from a low-cost Model 2.

In a note from last week, Ives said Tesla needs to commit to its Model 2 development plans if it wants to have any chance in reversing this year's painful stock price decline. 

"If robotaxis is viewed as the 'magic model' to replace Model 2 we would view this as a debacle negative for the Tesla story. It would be a risky gamble if Tesla moved away from the Model 2 and went straight to robotaxis," Ives said.

Ives said Wall Street's criticism of Tesla is warranted, especially given the fact that the EV maker has seen declining profit margins and its first year-over-year sales decline since 2020.

"For Musk, this is a fork in the road time to get Tesla through this turbulent period otherwise dark days could be ahead," Ives said. 

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• 2023-24 Everton Match Previews

Everton vs Nottingham Forest: Predicted Line-Up | Gomes to Start?

How will Everton line-up in this season defining game?

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After a thumping defeat at Stamford Bridge, Everton need to quickly dust themselves off for a not quite “must-win” game, but certainly a “must-not-lose” one.

If Everton can beat Forest and Luton, they’ll surely be safe. But losing to either will spell another almighty relegation scrap.

So how will Sean Dyche line up his Blues for the most important game of the season, with three home games in week on the horizon?

As well as the depressing result, Everton’s misery was compounded by some injuries during the defeat to Chelsea.

The bad news is that Nathan Patterson requires surgery on his hamstring and will miss the rest of the season.

Big Jarrad Branthwaite also hobbled off, but his injury is – fortunately – not serious. He, Dominic Calvert-Lewin and Idrissa Gueye all took part in light training on Friday, although none are 100% for Sunday.

Seamus Coleman also has an injury problem and looks likely to miss out, while Dobbin and Dele are longer-term absentees.

EVERTON SQUAD AVAILABLE VS FOREST

Goalkeepers: Pickford, Virginia, Lonergan

Defenders: Keane, Godfrey, Branthwaite (DOUBT), Tarkowski, Mykolenko, Coleman (MAJOR DOUBT) , Patterson, Young

Midfielders: Doucoure, Onana, Gueye (DOUBT), Garner, Onyango, Gomes, Dele (INJURED)

Wingers: McNeil, Danjuma, Dobbin (INJURED) , Harrison

Attackers: Calvert-Lewin (DOUBT), Beto, Chermiti

Tactics and Formation

With Patterson and Coleman out, Ashley Young is likely to return to right-back, although it could also be Ben Godfrey (however, I’d personally be in favour of James Garner slotting in there). The rest of the defence should remain the same, as long as Branthwaite is fit enough.

There are some decisions to be made in midfield. Gueye will likely anchor if he’s fit enough. Both Garner and Onana were hooked at half-time against Chelsea, so it could be an opportunity for Gomes to slide in behind Doucoure.

Jack Harrison should return to the starting XI, unless Godfrey comes in at right-back, with McNeil on the left.

Beto missed a slew of gilt-edged changes against Chelsea, so hopefully DCL is fit enough to lead the line, with Doucoure playing just off him.

Starters (likelihood of starting rated out of 10)

Jordan Pickford – 9/10

Ashley Young – 7/10

James Tarkowski – 9/10

Jarrad Branthwaite – 9/10

Vitaliy Mykolenko – 9/10

Abdoulaye Doucoure - 9/10

Idrissa Gueye – 6/10

Andre Gomes – 6/10

Dwight McNeil – 9/10

Jack Harrison – 6/10

Dominic Calvert-Lewin – 6/10

Joao Virginia

Michael Keane

Ben Godfrey

Lewis Warrington

Amadou Onana

James Garner

Arnaut Danjuma

Youssef Chermiti

More From Royal Blue Mersey

• Brighton & Hove Albion 1-2 Everton Women | Twins lead Blues to win
• Patterson surgery, Everton could have Branthwaite, Calvert-Lewin & Gana available
• Everton Women vs Brighton & Hove Albion: WSL Match Preview
• Friday’s Everton News: Tim Howard reflects, Sorensen new contract, FA Cup changes
• Everton Women's manager Sorensen signs contract extension
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Opening statements in Trump's historic trial set to begin Monday after tense day of jury selection

Opening statements are set to begin next week in Donald Trump’s historic criminal trial after the final members of the jury were seated Friday, following a dramatic day in which two prospective jurors broke down in tears, an appeals court judge rejected Trump's request for a stay, and a man set himself on fire in front of the courthouse.

“We’re going to have opening statements on Monday morning. This trial is starting,” Judge Juan Merchan said towards the end of the day, after successfully seating the remaining five alternate jurors that were needed.

The case — the first-ever criminal trial of a former president —will be heard by a panel of 12 jurors and a total of six alternates. It's expected to last roughly six weeks.

The five alternates ultimately selected Friday include an unemployed married woman who’s into art and described herself as not political, an audio professional, a contract specialist, a clothing company executive and a construction company project manager. It took four days of jury selection to find the 18 jurors.

Around the same time the judge declared, "we have our full panel" inside the courtroom in the early afternoon, a man set himself on fire outside the courthouse. The NYPD said the man, identified as Max Azzarello of Florida, later died. He appeared to have had pamphlets describing a conspiracy involving cryptocurrency that he threw around before setting himself ablaze, police said.

Later in the afternoon, Trump's attorneys were in a state appeals court trying again to get an emergency stay of the trial. Trump attorney Cliff Robert argued his client could not get a fair trial in Manhattan, which had been Trump's longtime home before moving to Florida after he was elected president in 2016.

Steven Wu of Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's office countered that "what the last week has shown is that the jury selection has worked."

"We have 18 ordinary New Yorkers who are ready to serve. It would be unfair to them and the public for this to be delayed further," he argued. The judge rejected Trump's stay request a short time later.  

The jury selection process Friday was especially intense, some potential jurors breaking down in tears and others saying they were too anxious to serve.

The day began with the judge calling up the 22 remaining potential jurors from the previous pool of 96 to answer questions designed to indicate whether they could be fair and impartial about the divisive real estate mogul and presumptive Republican nominee for president.

The first of those potential jurors was dismissed after she said she didn’t think she could be fair. “I have really, really bad anxiety and people have found out where I am,” she told the judge. A short time later, two other potential jurors were dismissed after each told the judge that upon further reflection, “I don’t think I can be impartial.”

Other potential jurors included a married father who said he listens to a podcast called “Order of Man,” which is described on Apple’s website as discussions about “reclaiming what it means to be a man.” Some past guests of the podcast include people who’ve been outspoken in their support of Trump and were highly critical of the civil fraud case New York Attorney General Letitia James brought against the former president. The man, an audio specialist, was chosen as one of the alternates.

Another potential juror was a married fund manager who said he’d done “get-out-the-vote” work for former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Trump’s 2016 presidential opponent. Trump and his attorney Todd Blanche passed notes back and forth while that juror was speaking. He was later dismissed after being asked about a 2020 Facebook post where he apparently called Trump “the devil and a sociopath.”

Trump appeared most interested in jurors whose answers offer ambiguity around their personal political views. When one prospective juror said they were a Fox News viewer, Trump cocked his head, then quickly conferred with his lawyer, Todd Blanche.

Another potential juror was a woman who became emotional as she disclosed she'd served two years in prison on drug-related charges, but said she could be "fair and impartial."

During a morning break, Merchan — who'd chided reporters on Thursday for disclosing too much information about potential jurors — said the woman had shared "very personal things about her life" and was "very brave." “I just wanted to encourage the press to please be kind. Please be kind to this person,” the judge said. He later dismissed her, saying she needed a certificate of release to be qualified for service going forward. On her way out, she cheerfully called out, "Good luck!"

Following that juror's departure, the DA's office began its individual questioning of the jurors. One woman, who'd disclosed that her father is lifelong friends with Trump ally turned critic Chris Christie, broke down in tears when prosecutor Susan Hoffinger asked her an innocuous question about the burden of proof in the case. "I feel so nervous and anxious right now. I’m sorry," she responded, bursting out into tears. "I thought I could do this," she said, adding "I wouldn’t want someone who feels this way to judge my case." She was dismissed.

Hoffinger's questioning was followed by Trump attorney Susan Necheles, who asked a potential juror who'd started their own business how she would assess a witness's credibility. The woman then asked to speak to the judge, saying she was "getting anxiety and self-doubt” from Necheles's line of questioning. She was dismissed. 

Necheles later asked another woman — who previously said she was a victim of sexual assault — whether she would hold it against Trump that women outside this case have accused Trump of sexual assault. She said she would not have a problem setting those accusations aside but the judge ultimately excused her, saying, "It’s best to err on the side of caution."

Another man said he has some differences from Trump on his policies but thinks he's “usually awesome.” He was not chosen for the jury.

On his way into court in the morning, Trump again complained the case against him is "unfair," and that the partial gag order preventing him from lashing out at witnesses, prosecutors, court staffers and jurors is not "constitutional." "Everyone else can say whatever they want about me. They can say anything they want. They can continue to make up lies and everything else. They lie. They’re real scum. But you know what? I’m not allowed to speak," he told reporters.

Prosecutors this week asked the judge to fine Trump and hold him in contempt for social media posts that they said violate the gag order. A hearing on the matter is scheduled for Tuesday.

The m a in pa nel of 12 is made up of seven men and five women, including two lawyers, a teacher, a retired wealth manager, a product development manager, a security engineer, a software engineer, a speech therapist and a physical therapist. The foreman — the juror who essentially acts as the leader and spokesperson for the panel — is a married man who works in sales and gets his news from The New York Times, MSNBC and Fox News.

The lone alternate selected Thursday is a woman who works as an asset manager.

Trump vented about the speed of the process in a post on social media shortly after the final jurors were selected, claiming the judge is “‘railroading’ me, at breakneck speed, in order to completely satisfy his ‘friends’.”

Later in the day, Merchan held what's known as a Sandoval hearing . That's a type of hearing designed to let defendants know the scope of questions they could face from prosecutors on cross-examination so they can make informed decisions about whether to take the witness stand in their own defense.

Leaving court on Friday, Trump was asked whether he was still planning to testify and he said he was.

Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg's office disclosed in a court filing that it would like to ask Trump about several items, among them the $464 million civil judgment against him and his company for fraud , the total $88 million verdicts and liability findings for sexual abuse  and  defamation in lawsuits brought by writer E. Jean Carroll and a number of other adverse court rulings over the past few years.

Trump has denied wrongdoing in all the cases and is appealing  the fraud judgment and the Carroll verdicts.

Prosecutors said they want to be able to bring those findings up “to impeach the credibility of the defendant” if he takes the witness stand.

Discussing the findings in the fraud case, prosecutor Matthew Colangelo told the judge it was "hard to think of something that is more squarely in the wheelhouse” for the DA to ask Trump about "than a finding by a judge of persistent and repeated fraud and illegality."

Trump's attorney Emil Bove countered that prosecutors shouldn't be able to breach the topic at all because Trump's appeal is still pending. He made similar arguments over the DA's contention that they should be allowed to ask about a judge's finding that he was untruthful on the witness stand during the fraud trial and had violated a gag order in the case.

“Is it your position that because a case is being appealed or might be appealed, that therefore it can not be used?" Merchan asked the lawyer. "Not necessarily," Bove replied.

The judge said he'd issue his ruling on the dispute on Monday morning.

Trump said last week he  “absolutely” plans to testify , but he is under no obligation to do so.

Asked by Necheles at the end of the day who the DA's first witness would be, prosecutor Joshua Steinglass said they wouldn't inform Trump's team of the person's identity until Sunday, given that Trump has been criticizing some witnesses on social media despite the partial gag order in the case. “And if that should be tweeted, that’ll be the last time we provide that courtesy,” Steinglass said.

Merchan called the DA's position "understandable" and told Necheles "I will not compel them to do anything."

Trump has pleaded  not guilty  to 34 counts of falsifying business records and faces up to four years in prison if he is convicted.

Bragg alleges that Trump falsified records to hide money he was paying his former lawyer Michael Cohen to reimburse him for $130,000 he paid adult film actor Stormy Daniels  near the end of the 2016 presidential campaign. Daniels has claimed she had a sexual encounter with Trump in 2006. Trump has denied that he slept with Daniels, but he has acknowledged repaying Cohen.

The DA’s office also alleges that as part of a scheme to boost Trump, National Enquirer publisher American Media Inc. paid $150,000 to model and actor Karen McDougal , who appeared in Playboy magazine and claimed that she had a nine-month affair with Trump before he was elected president “in exchange for her agreement not to speak out about the alleged sexual relationship,” according to a statement of facts filed by Bragg.

Trump has also denied having a sexual relationship with McDougal.

Adam Reiss is a reporter and producer for NBC and MSNBC.

Lisa Rubin is an MSNBC legal correspondent and a former litigator.

Dareh Gregorian is a politics reporter for NBC News.