what is case study method discuss its merits and demerits

Case Study: Types, Advantages And Disadvantages

  Case Study: Types, Advantages And Disadvantages 

Case study is both method and tool for research. Case study is the intensive study of a phenomenon, but it gives subjective information rather than objective. It gives detailed knowledge about the phenomena and is not able to generalize beyond the knowledge.

Case studies aim to analyze specific issues within the boundaries of a specific environment, situation or organization. According to its design, case study research method can be divided into three categories: explanatory, descriptive and exploratory.

Explanatory case studies aim to answer ‘how’ or ‘why’ questions with little control on behalf of the researcher over occurrence of events. This type of case study focuses on phenomena within the contexts of real-life situations.

Descriptive case studies aim to analyze the sequence of interpersonal events after a certain amount of time has passed. Case studies belonging to this category usually describe culture or sub-culture, and they attempt to discover the key phenomena.

Exploratory case studies aim to find answers to the questions of ‘what’ or ‘who’. Exploratory case study data collection method is often accompanied by additional data collection method(s) such as interviews, questionnaires, experiments etc.

DEFINITION OF CASE STUDY

The case study or case history method is not a newer thing, but it is a linear descendent of very ancient methods of sociological description and generalization namely, the ‘parable’, the ‘allegory’, the ‘story’ and the ‘novel’.

According to P.V. Young . “A fairly exhaustive study of a person or group is called a life of case history.”

Thus, the case study is more intensive in nature; the field of study is comparatively limited but has more depth in it.

TYPES OF CASE STUDY

Six types of case studies are conducted which are as follows:

Community Studies: The community study is a careful description and analysis of a group of people living together in a particular geographic location in a corporative way. The community study deals with such elements of the community as location, appearance, prevailing economic activity, climate and natural sources, historical development, how the people live, the social structure, goals and life values, an evaluation of the social institutions within the community that meet the human needs etc. Such studies are case studies, with the community serving as the case under investigation.

Casual Comparative Studies: Another type of study seeks to find the answers to the problems through the analysis of casual relationships. What factors seem to be associated with certain occurrences, conditions or types of behaviour? By the methodology of descriptive research, the relative importance of these factors may be investigated.

Activity Analysis: The analysis of the activities or processes that an individual is called upon to perform is important, both in industry and in various types of social agencies. This process of analysis is appropriate in any field of work and at all levels of responsibility. In social system, the roles of superintendent, the principal, the teacher and the custodian have been carefully analyzed to discover what these individuals do and need to be able to do.

Content or Document Analysis: Content analysis, sometimes known as document analysis. Deals with the systematic examination of current records or documents as sources of data. In documentary analysis, the following may be used as sources of data: official records and reports, printed forms, text-books, reference books, letters, autobiographies diaries, pictures, films and cartoons etc . But in using documentary sources, one must bear in mind the fact that data appearing in print is not necessarily trustworthy. This content or document analysis should serve a useful purpose in research, adding important knowledge to a field to study or yielding information that is helpful in evaluating and improving social or educational practices.

A Follow-up Study: A follow-up study investigates individuals who have left an institution after having completed programme, a treatment or a course of study, to know what has been the impact of the institutions and its programme upon them. By examining their status or seeking their opinions, one may get some idea of the adequacy or inadequacy of the institutes programme. Studies of this type enable an institution to evaluate various aspects of its programme in the light of actual results.

Trend Studies: The trend or predictive study is an interesting application of the descriptive method. In essence, it is based upon a longitudinal consideration of recorded data, indicating what has been happening in the past, what does the present situation reveal and on the basis of these data, what will be likely to happen in the future.

Whatever type of case study is to conduct, it’s important to first identify the purpose, goals, and approach for conducting methodologically sound research.

ADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY

The main points of advantages of case study are given below:

Formation of valid hypothesis: Case study helps in formulating valid hypothesis. Once the various cases are extensively studied and analyze, the researcher can deduce various generalizations, which may be developed into useful hypotheses. It is admitted by all that the study of relevant literature and case study form the only potent sources of hypothesis.

  Useful in framing questionnaires and schedules: Case study is of great help in framing questionnaires, schedules or other forms. When a questionnaire is prepared after thorough case study the peculiarities of the group as well as individual units, become known also the type of response likely to be available, liking and aversions of the people. This helps in getting prompt response.

Sampling: Case study is of help in the stratification of the sample. By studying the individual units the researcher can put them in definite classes or types and thereby facilitate the perfect stratification of the sample.

Location of deviant cases: The case study makes it possible to locate deviant cases. There exists a general tendency to ignore them, but for scientific analysis, they are very important. The analysis of such cases is of valuable help in clarifying the theory itself.

Study of process: In cases where the problem under study constitutes a process and not one incident e.g. courtship process, clique formation etc., case study is the appropriate method as the case data is essential for valid study of such problems.

Enlarges experience: The range of personal experience of the researcher is enlarged by the case study on the other hand in statistical methods a narrow range of topics is selected, and the researcher’s knowledge is restricted to the particular aspect only.

Qualitative analysis in actual situation: Case study enables the establishment of the significance of the recorded data when the individual is alive and later on within the life of the classes of individuals. The researcher has the opportunity to come into contact with different classes of people and he is in a position to watch their life and hear their experiences. This provides him with an opportunity to acquire experiences of such life situations which he is never expected to lead.

This discussion highlights the advantages of the case data in social research. Social scientists developed the techniques to make it more perfect and remove the chances of bias.

LIMITATIONS/DISADVANTAGES OF CASE STUDY METHOD

Subjective bias: Research subjectivity in collecting data for supporting or refuting a particular explanation, personal view of investigation influences the findings and conclusion of the study.

Problem of objectivity: Due to excessive association with the social unit under investigation the researcher may develop self-justificatory data which are far from being factual.

Difficulty in comparison: Because of wide variations among human beings in terms of their response and behaviour, attitudes and values, social setting and circumstances, etc., the researcher actually finds it difficult to trace out two social units which are identical in all respects. This hinders proper comparison of cases.

A time, energy and money consuming method: The preparation of a case history involves a lot of time and expenditure of human energy, therefore, there is every possibility that most of the cases may get stray. Due to such difficulties, only a few researchers can afford to case study method.

Time span: Long time span may be another factor that is likely to distort the information provided by the social unit to the researcher.

Unreliable source material: The two major sources of case study are: Personal documents and life history. But in both these cases, the records or the own experience of the social units may not present a true picture. On the contrary, the social unit may try to suppress his unpleasant facts or add colour to them. As a result, the conclusions drawn do not give a true picture and dependable findings.

Scope for wrong conclusions: The case study is laden with inaccurate observation, wrong inferences, faulty reporting, memory failure, repression or omission of unpleasant facts in an unconscious manner, dramatization of facts, more imaginary description, and difficulty in choosing a case typical of the group. All these problems provide the researcher with every possibility of drawing wrong conclusions and errors.

Case studies are complex because they generally involve multiple sources of data, may include multiple cases within a study and produce large amounts of data for analysis. Researchers from many disciplines use the case study method to build upon theory, to produce new theory, to dispute or challenge theory, to explain a situation, to provide a basis to apply solutions to situations, to explore, or to describe an object or phenomenon. The advantages of the case study method are its applicability to real-life, contemporary, human situations and its public accessibility through written reports. Case study results relate directly to the common readers everyday experience and facilitate an understanding of complex real-life situations.

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Research Methodology Methods and Techniques~C. R. Kothari (p.113) - Link

Fundamental of Research Methodology and Statistics~Yogesh Kumar Singh (Chapter–10: Case Study Method p. 147) - Link

Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches~W. Lawrence Neuman (p.42) - Link

The Basics of Social Research~Earl Babbie (p.280) - Link

Social Science Research Principles, Methods, and Practices~Anol Bhattacherjee (93) - Link

PREPARING A CASE STUDY: A Guide for Designing and Conducting a Case Study for Evaluation Input - Link

A Case in Case Study Methodology - Link

Case Study Method - Link1 & Link 2

Unit-4 Case Study - Link

Case study as a research method - Link

Case_Study~Tanya Sammut-Bonnici and John McGee - Link

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10 Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A case study in academic research is a detailed and in-depth examination of a specific instance or event, generally conducted through a qualitative approach to data.

The most common case study definition that I come across is is Robert K. Yin’s (2003, p. 13) quote provided below:

“An empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, especially when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident.”

Researchers conduct case studies for a number of reasons, such as to explore complex phenomena within their real-life context, to look at a particularly interesting instance of a situation, or to dig deeper into something of interest identified in a wider-scale project.

While case studies render extremely interesting data, they have many limitations and are not suitable for all studies. One key limitation is that a case study’s findings are not usually generalizable to broader populations because one instance cannot be used to infer trends across populations.

Case Study Advantages and Disadvantages

1. in-depth analysis of complex phenomena.

Case study design allows researchers to delve deeply into intricate issues and situations.

By focusing on a specific instance or event, researchers can uncover nuanced details and layers of understanding that might be missed with other research methods, especially large-scale survey studies.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue,

“It allows that particular event to be studies in detail so that its unique qualities may be identified.”

This depth of analysis can provide rich insights into the underlying factors and dynamics of the studied phenomenon.

2. Holistic Understanding

Building on the above point, case studies can help us to understand a topic holistically and from multiple angles.

This means the researcher isn’t restricted to just examining a topic by using a pre-determined set of questions, as with questionnaires. Instead, researchers can use qualitative methods to delve into the many different angles, perspectives, and contextual factors related to the case study.

We can turn to Lee and Saunders (2017) again, who notes that case study researchers “develop a deep, holistic understanding of a particular phenomenon” with the intent of deeply understanding the phenomenon.

3. Examination of rare and Unusual Phenomena

We need to use case study methods when we stumble upon “rare and unusual” (Lee & Saunders, 2017) phenomena that would tend to be seen as mere outliers in population studies.

Take, for example, a child genius. A population study of all children of that child’s age would merely see this child as an outlier in the dataset, and this child may even be removed in order to predict overall trends.

So, to truly come to an understanding of this child and get insights into the environmental conditions that led to this child’s remarkable cognitive development, we need to do an in-depth study of this child specifically – so, we’d use a case study.

4. Helps Reveal the Experiences of Marginalzied Groups

Just as rare and unsual cases can be overlooked in population studies, so too can the experiences, beliefs, and perspectives of marginalized groups.

As Lee and Saunders (2017) argue, “case studies are also extremely useful in helping the expression of the voices of people whose interests are often ignored.”

Take, for example, the experiences of minority populations as they navigate healthcare systems. This was for many years a “hidden” phenomenon, not examined by researchers. It took case study designs to truly reveal this phenomenon, which helped to raise practitioners’ awareness of the importance of cultural sensitivity in medicine.

5. Ideal in Situations where Researchers cannot Control the Variables

Experimental designs – where a study takes place in a lab or controlled environment – are excellent for determining cause and effect . But not all studies can take place in controlled environments (Tetnowski, 2015).

When we’re out in the field doing observational studies or similar fieldwork, we don’t have the freedom to isolate dependent and independent variables. We need to use alternate methods.

Case studies are ideal in such situations.

A case study design will allow researchers to deeply immerse themselves in a setting (potentially combining it with methods such as ethnography or researcher observation) in order to see how phenomena take place in real-life settings.

6. Supports the generation of new theories or hypotheses

While large-scale quantitative studies such as cross-sectional designs and population surveys are excellent at testing theories and hypotheses on a large scale, they need a hypothesis to start off with!

This is where case studies – in the form of grounded research – come in. Often, a case study doesn’t start with a hypothesis. Instead, it ends with a hypothesis based upon the findings within a singular setting.

The deep analysis allows for hypotheses to emerge, which can then be taken to larger-scale studies in order to conduct further, more generalizable, testing of the hypothesis or theory.

7. Reveals the Unexpected

When a largescale quantitative research project has a clear hypothesis that it will test, it often becomes very rigid and has tunnel-vision on just exploring the hypothesis.

Of course, a structured scientific examination of the effects of specific interventions targeted at specific variables is extermely valuable.

But narrowly-focused studies often fail to shine a spotlight on unexpected and emergent data. Here, case studies come in very useful. Oftentimes, researchers set their eyes on a phenomenon and, when examining it closely with case studies, identify data and come to conclusions that are unprecedented, unforeseen, and outright surprising.

As Lars Meier (2009, p. 975) marvels, “where else can we become a part of foreign social worlds and have the chance to become aware of the unexpected?”

Disadvantages

1. not usually generalizable.

Case studies are not generalizable because they tend not to look at a broad enough corpus of data to be able to infer that there is a trend across a population.

As Yang (2022) argues, “by definition, case studies can make no claims to be typical.”

Case studies focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. They explore the context, nuances, and situational factors that have come to bear on the case study. This is really useful for bringing to light important, new, and surprising information, as I’ve already covered.

But , it’s not often useful for generating data that has validity beyond the specific case study being examined.

2. Subjectivity in interpretation

Case studies usually (but not always) use qualitative data which helps to get deep into a topic and explain it in human terms, finding insights unattainable by quantitative data.

But qualitative data in case studies relies heavily on researcher interpretation. While researchers can be trained and work hard to focus on minimizing subjectivity (through methods like triangulation), it often emerges – some might argue it’s innevitable in qualitative studies.

So, a criticism of case studies could be that they’re more prone to subjectivity – and researchers need to take strides to address this in their studies.

3. Difficulty in replicating results

Case study research is often non-replicable because the study takes place in complex real-world settings where variables are not controlled.

So, when returning to a setting to re-do or attempt to replicate a study, we often find that the variables have changed to such an extent that replication is difficult. Furthermore, new researchers (with new subjective eyes) may catch things that the other readers overlooked.

Replication is even harder when researchers attempt to replicate a case study design in a new setting or with different participants.

Comprehension Quiz for Students

Question 1: What benefit do case studies offer when exploring the experiences of marginalized groups?

a) They provide generalizable data. b) They help express the voices of often-ignored individuals. c) They control all variables for the study. d) They always start with a clear hypothesis.

Question 2: Why might case studies be considered ideal for situations where researchers cannot control all variables?

a) They provide a structured scientific examination. b) They allow for generalizability across populations. c) They focus on one specific instance of a phenomenon. d) They allow for deep immersion in real-life settings.

Question 3: What is a primary disadvantage of case studies in terms of data applicability?

a) They always focus on the unexpected. b) They are not usually generalizable. c) They support the generation of new theories. d) They provide a holistic understanding.

Question 4: Why might case studies be considered more prone to subjectivity?

a) They always use quantitative data. b) They heavily rely on researcher interpretation, especially with qualitative data. c) They are always replicable. d) They look at a broad corpus of data.

Question 5: In what situations are experimental designs, such as those conducted in labs, most valuable?

a) When there’s a need to study rare and unusual phenomena. b) When a holistic understanding is required. c) When determining cause-and-effect relationships. d) When the study focuses on marginalized groups.

Question 6: Why is replication challenging in case study research?

a) Because they always use qualitative data. b) Because they tend to focus on a broad corpus of data. c) Due to the changing variables in complex real-world settings. d) Because they always start with a hypothesis.

Lee, B., & Saunders, M. N. K. (2017). Conducting Case Study Research for Business and Management Students. SAGE Publications.

Meir, L. (2009). Feasting on the Benefits of Case Study Research. In Mills, A. J., Wiebe, E., & Durepos, G. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Case Study Research (Vol. 2). London: SAGE Publications.

Tetnowski, J. (2015). Qualitative case study research design.  Perspectives on fluency and fluency disorders ,  25 (1), 39-45. ( Source )

Yang, S. L. (2022). The War on Corruption in China: Local Reform and Innovation . Taylor & Francis.

Yin, R. (2003). Case Study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 10 Reasons you’re Perpetually Single
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 20 Montessori Toddler Bedrooms (Design Inspiration)
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 21 Montessori Homeschool Setups
• Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd-2/ 101 Hidden Talents Examples

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Case Study Method – 18 Advantages and Disadvantages

The case study method uses investigatory research as a way to collect data about specific demographics. This approach can apply to individuals, businesses, groups, or events. Each participant receives an equal amount of participation, offering information for collection that can then find new insights into specific trends, ideas, of hypotheses.

Interviews and research observation are the two standard methods of data collection used when following the case study method.

Researchers initially developed the case study method to develop and support hypotheses in clinical medicine. The benefits found in these efforts led the approach to transition to other industries, allowing for the examination of results through proposed decisions, processes, or outcomes. Its unique approach to information makes it possible for others to glean specific points of wisdom that encourage growth.

Several case study method advantages and disadvantages can appear when researchers take this approach.

List of the Advantages of the Case Study Method

1. It requires an intensive study of a specific unit. Researchers must document verifiable data from direct observations when using the case study method. This work offers information about the input processes that go into the hypothesis under consideration. A casual approach to data-gathering work is not effective if a definitive outcome is desired. Each behavior, choice, or comment is a critical component that can verify or dispute the ideas being considered.

Intensive programs can require a significant amount of work for researchers, but it can also promote an improvement in the data collected. That means a hypothesis can receive immediate verification in some situations.

2. No sampling is required when following the case study method. This research method studies social units in their entire perspective instead of pulling individual data points out to analyze them. That means there is no sampling work required when using the case study method. The hypothesis under consideration receives support because it works to turn opinions into facts, verifying or denying the proposals that outside observers can use in the future.

Although researchers might pay attention to specific incidents or outcomes based on generalized behaviors or ideas, the study itself won’t sample those situations. It takes a look at the “bigger vision” instead.

3. This method offers a continuous analysis of the facts. The case study method will look at the facts continuously for the social group being studied by researchers. That means there aren’t interruptions in the process that could limit the validity of the data being collected through this work. This advantage reduces the need to use assumptions when drawing conclusions from the information, adding validity to the outcome of the study over time. That means the outcome becomes relevant to both sides of the equation as it can prove specific suppositions or invalidate a hypothesis under consideration.

This advantage can lead to inefficiencies because of the amount of data being studied by researchers. It is up to the individuals involved in the process to sort out what is useful and meaningful and what is not.

4. It is a useful approach to take when formulating a hypothesis. Researchers will use the case study method advantages to verify a hypothesis under consideration. It is not unusual for the collected data to lead people toward the formulation of new ideas after completing this work. This process encourages further study because it allows concepts to evolve as people do in social or physical environments. That means a complete data set can be gathered based on the skills of the researcher and the honesty of the individuals involved in the study itself.

Although this approach won’t develop a societal-level evaluation of a hypothesis, it can look at how specific groups will react in various circumstances. That information can lead to a better decision-making process in the future for everyone involved.

5. It provides an increase in knowledge. The case study method provides everyone with analytical power to increase knowledge. This advantage is possible because it uses a variety of methodologies to collect information while evaluating a hypothesis. Researchers prefer to use direct observation and interviews to complete their work, but it can also advantage through the use of questionnaires. Participants might need to fill out a journal or diary about their experiences that can be used to study behaviors or choices.

Some researchers incorporate memory tests and experimental tasks to determine how social groups will interact or respond in specific situations. All of this data then works to verify the possibilities that a hypothesis proposes.

6. The case study method allows for comparisons. The human experience is one that is built on individual observations from group situations. Specific demographics might think, act, or respond in particular ways to stimuli, but each person in that group will also contribute a small part to the whole. You could say that people are sponges that collect data from one another every day to create individual outcomes.

The case study method allows researchers to take the information from each demographic for comparison purposes. This information can then lead to proposals that support a hypothesis or lead to its disruption.

7. Data generalization is possible using the case study method. The case study method provides a foundation for data generalization, allowing researches to illustrate their statistical findings in meaningful ways. It puts the information into a usable format that almost anyone can use if they have the need to evaluate the hypothesis under consideration. This process makes it easier to discover unusual features, unique outcomes, or find conclusions that wouldn’t be available without this method. It does an excellent job of identifying specific concepts that relate to the proposed ideas that researchers were verifying through their work.

Generalization does not apply to a larger population group with the case study method. What researchers can do with this information is to suggest a predictable outcome when similar groups are placed in an equal situation.

8. It offers a comprehensive approach to research. Nothing gets ignored when using the case study method to collect information. Every person, place, or thing involved in the research receives the complete attention of those seeking data. The interactions are equal, which means the data is comprehensive and directly reflective of the group being observed.

This advantage means that there are fewer outliers to worry about when researching an idea, leading to a higher level of accuracy in the conclusions drawn by the researchers.

9. The identification of deviant cases is possible with this method. The case study method of research makes it easier to identify deviant cases that occur in each social group. These incidents are units (people) that behave in ways that go against the hypothesis under consideration. Instead of ignoring them like other options do when collecting data, this approach incorporates the “rogue” behavior to understand why it exists in the first place.

This advantage makes the eventual data and conclusions gathered more reliable because it incorporates the “alternative opinion” that exists. One might say that the case study method places as much emphasis on the yin as it does the yang so that the whole picture becomes available to the outside observer.

10. Questionnaire development is possible with the case study method. Interviews and direct observation are the preferred methods of implementing the case study method because it is cheap and done remotely. The information gathered by researchers can also lead to farming questionnaires that can farm additional data from those being studied. When all of the data resources come together, it is easier to formulate a conclusion that accurately reflects the demographics.

Some people in the case study method may try to manipulate the results for personal reasons, but this advantage makes it possible to identify this information readily. Then researchers can look into the thinking that goes into the dishonest behaviors observed.

List of the Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

1. The case study method offers limited representation. The usefulness of the case study method is limited to a specific group of representatives. Researchers are looking at a specific demographic when using this option. That means it is impossible to create any generalization that applies to the rest of society, an organization, or a larger community with this work. The findings can only apply to other groups caught in similar circumstances with the same experiences.

It is useful to use the case study method when attempting to discover the specific reasons why some people behave in a specific way. If researchers need something more generalized, then a different method must be used.

2. No classification is possible with the case study method. This disadvantage is also due to the sample size in the case study method. No classification is possible because researchers are studying such a small unit, group, or demographic. It can be an inefficient process since the skills of the researcher help to determine the quality of the data being collected to verify the validity of a hypothesis. Some participants may be unwilling to answer or participate, while others might try to guess at the outcome to support it.

Researchers can get trapped in a place where they explore more tangents than the actual hypothesis with this option. Classification can occur within the units being studied, but this data cannot extrapolate to other demographics.

3. The case study method still offers the possibility of errors. Each person has an unconscious bias that influences their behaviors and choices. The case study method can find outliers that oppose a hypothesis fairly easily thanks to its emphasis on finding facts, but it is up to the researchers to determine what information qualifies for this designation. If the results from the case study method are surprising or go against the opinion of participating individuals, then there is still the possibility that the information will not be 100% accurate.

Researchers must have controls in place that dictate how data gathering work occurs. Without this limitation in place, the results of the study cannot be guaranteed because of the presence of bias.

4. It is a subjective method to use for research. Although the purpose of the case study method of research is to gather facts, the foundation of what gets gathered is still based on opinion. It uses the subjective method instead of the objective one when evaluating data, which means there can be another layer of errors in the information to consider.

Imagine that a researcher interprets someone’s response as “angry” when performing direct observation, but the individual was feeling “shame” because of a decision they made. The difference between those two emotions is profound, and it could lead to information disruptions that could be problematic to the eventual work of hypothesis verification.

5. The processes required by the case study method are not useful for everyone. The case study method uses a person’s memories, explanations, and records from photographs and diaries to identify interactions on influences on psychological processes. People are given the chance to describe what happens in the world around them as a way for researchers to gather data. This process can be an advantage in some industries, but it can also be a worthless approach to some groups.

If the social group under study doesn’t have the information, knowledge, or wisdom to provide meaningful data, then the processes are no longer useful. Researchers must weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method before starting their work to determine if the possibility of value exists. If it does not, then a different method may be necessary.

6. It is possible for bias to form in the data. It’s not just an unconscious bias that can form in the data when using the case study method. The narrow study approach can lead to outright discrimination in the data. Researchers can decide to ignore outliers or any other information that doesn’t support their hypothesis when using this method. The subjective nature of this approach makes it difficult to challenge the conclusions that get drawn from this work, and the limited pool of units (people) means that duplication is almost impossible.

That means unethical people can manipulate the results gathered by the case study method to their own advantage without much accountability in the process.

7. This method has no fixed limits to it. This method of research is highly dependent on situational circumstances rather than overarching societal or corporate truths. That means the researcher has no fixed limits of investigation. Even when controls are in place to limit bias or recommend specific activities, the case study method has enough flexibility built into its structures to allow for additional exploration. That means it is possible for this work to continue indefinitely, gathering data that never becomes useful.

Scientists began to track the health of 268 sophomores at Harvard in 1938. The Great Depression was in its final years at that point, so the study hoped to reveal clues that lead to happy and healthy lives. It continues still today, now incorporating the children of the original participants, providing over 80 years of information to sort through for conclusions.

8. The case study method is time-consuming and expensive. The case study method can be affordable in some situations, but the lack of fixed limits and the ability to pursue tangents can make it a costly process in most situations. It takes time to gather the data in the first place, and then researchers must interpret the information received so that they can use it for hypothesis evaluation. There are other methods of data collection that can be less expensive and provide results faster.

That doesn’t mean the case study method is useless. The individualization of results can help the decision-making process advance in a variety of industries successfully. It just takes more time to reach the appropriate conclusion, and that might be a resource that isn’t available.

The advantages and disadvantages of the case study method suggest that the helpfulness of this research option depends on the specific hypothesis under consideration. When researchers have the correct skills and mindset to gather data accurately, then it can lead to supportive data that can verify ideas with tremendous accuracy.

This research method can also be used unethically to produce specific results that can be difficult to challenge.

When bias enters into the structure of the case study method, the processes become inefficient, inaccurate, and harmful to the hypothesis. That’s why great care must be taken when designing a study with this approach. It might be a labor-intensive way to develop conclusions, but the outcomes are often worth the investments needed.

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Case Study Method

• What is Case Study Method

Why Case Study Method?

• Meaning and Definitions of Case Study Method

Characteristics of Case Study Method

• Types of Case Study Method

Steps in Case Study Method

• Advantages and Disadvantages

Introduction

The case study method is one of many research approaches utilized in the social sciences, alongside experiments, surveys, historical analyses, and archival investigations. Unlike broad statistical surveys or comprehensive comparative inquiries, it involves in-depth exploration of a specific research problem. This method excels in narrowing expansive fields of study to manageable examples, enabling researchers to assess the applicability of theories and models to real-world phenomena with limited information available.

Each research method has its own set of advantages and disadvantages, influenced by various factors:

(a) the nature of the research question, (b) the level of control over actual behavioural events, (c) the focus on contemporary versus historical phenomena.

The case study approach is highly effective in providing a nuanced comprehension of intricate issues through thorough contextual examination of a limited set of events or circumstances and their interconnectedness. Researchers utilizing this method can employ diverse methodologies and draw from various sources to investigate a research problem, enriching or complementing existing knowledge from prior research endeavours. Social scientists commonly employ this approach to scrutinize real-world situations, thereby bolstering the application of concepts and theories and advancing methodologies, often furnishing detailed portrayals of specific and uncommon cases.

Nevertheless, this research methodology, particularly when focused on a single or a small number of cases, encounters hurdles in establishing reliability and extrapolating findings to broader populations. Intense concentration on a case may skew researchers’ interpretations, and the design may not facilitate the assessment of causal relationships. Moreover, essential information might be lacking, rendering interpretation challenging, while the selected case may not adequately represent the larger issue under investigation. If a case is chosen for its uniqueness, findings may only be pertinent to that specific instance.

The origin of the case study method is credited to Frederic Leplay, an English philosopher. Herbert Spencer further developed it, and Healey was among the pioneers in advocating for and applying this method in the study of juvenile delinquency. Subsequently, sociologists, anthropologists, ethnologists, and other researchers became intrigued by the use of the case study method to examine various cultures.

      Thorough investigations often involve conducting case studies in genuine settings, allowing researchers to gain authentic insights into the subjects’ nature. These studies rely on information gathered from documents, observations, and interviews, which serve as valuable sources. Generally, case studies are undertaken for three primary purposes:

      1. As Pilot Research: To embark on broader research into creativity, a researcher might commence by examining a few case studies. This initial phase enables them to identify potential trends and establish the most effective methodology for conducting more comprehensive research—a crucial stage often termed as pilot investigation.

      2. To develop new theories: Case studies often spark the development of new psychological theories, stemming from initial explorations or independent case analyses. For example, when studying a businessman’s routines and observing his peak cognitive abilities in the early morning, an observer might hypothesize that early mornings enhance creativity. This hypothesis could then be tested through wider research methods beyond individual case studies.

      3. To challenge traditional theories: Science is an ever-changing domain, constantly adapting to fresh evidence and questioning old assumptions. Throughout history, prevailing scientific beliefs have been overturned, like the once-held notion of a flat Earth with the sun revolving around it. Yet, ongoing research continually corrects such misunderstandings. Case studies offer a means to scrutinize and refine scientific theories. By examining specific instances, researchers can challenge established beliefs. For instance, the common belief that creative individuals often display symptoms of mental illness can be challenged by a case study of a successful businessman who exhibits creativity without any mental health issues.

Moreover, case studies not only challenge existing theories but also pave the way for new ones. Pilot research, for instance, may reveal inconsistencies that prompt a reassessment of prevailing ideas, leading to the development of fresh hypotheses and theories. While not every case study may overturn established scientific paradigms, they are crucial in the ongoing process of scientific inquiry, contributing to the enhancement and expansion of our knowledge.

      Following are the characteristics of case study method:

      1. Small Study Unit: Case study research examines various facets of a small number of chosen cases, which may include individuals, groups, organizations, movements, events, or geographical locations. The information gathered for each case is thorough, varied, and extensive, facilitating thorough analysis. This research method can focus on a particular moment or extend over a period of time.

      2. Qualitative as well as Quantitative: The bulk of case-study inquiries usually lean towards qualitative examination, though this isn’t an absolute norm. Conversely, the majority of cross-case studies, also referred to as non-case research, often embrace quantitative methodologies. Despite their differences, qualitative research and case studies both aim to craft comprehensive depictions grounded in thorough case understanding. Take, for example, Venkatesh’s ethnographic exploration of urban gangs—a case study detailing the dynamics and interactions within a singular gang across eight years in a particular locale of South Chicago.

      3. Intensive Study: Case-study research entails a comprehensive investigation into one or a select few cases, meticulously exploring the nuances of each case and its contextual backdrop. Its objective is to dissect both the particular elements within each case and the wider situational variables. This methodology enables the correlation between individual behaviors on a micro scale and the larger frameworks and dynamics on a macro scale. In line with Walton’s perspective, the crux of case studies lies in elucidating the causal connections between broader societal influences and specific results within distinct settings.

      4. Link to Abstract Ideas: Case-study research presents several benefits. It helps deepen comprehension and bridges theoretical concepts with practical applications through in-depth examination of specific cases. Furthermore, it enables the refinement of abstract ideas through real-life observations and established evidential criteria. Moreover, case studies play a pivotal role in theory development, as highlighted by Walton, who proposed that they frequently produce the most robust theoretical frameworks.

      5. Close Familiarity: Having a deep understanding of the subject, conducting thorough analysis involves immersing oneself in a significant amount of information about specific units or cases, covering either one period or multiple periods. This approach can result in the creation of innovative theories suited to complex scenarios or the improvement of existing theories to better address intricate situations.

      6. Cause and Effect Relationship: When researchers delve into specific instances, they unveil the intricate workings of social processes and causal connections, revealing the complexity of social existence. This heightened understanding facilitates the creation of thorough explanations capable of capturing the multifaceted essence of societal occurrences. Furthermore, case studies provide evidence that more accurately depicts intricate events or circumstances shaped by numerous factors unfolding over time and space. Additionally, case study research has the ability to encompass entire scenarios and multiple perspectives within its purview.

From the aforementioned description, it can be deduced that the case study approach involves in-depth investigation aimed at comprehensively examining individuals or phenomena. Nevertheless, detractors argue that studying a limited number of cases compromises the reliability or applicability of findings. Some assert that excessive focus on a single case may skew the results. Certain critics perceive case study research merely as a preliminary tool. Despite these critiques, researchers continue to successfully utilize the case study method in meticulously designed inquiries into real-life situations, issues, and challenges. Accounts of case studies spanning various fields are readily available in scholarly literature.

Case study research is distinguished by its capacity to explore intricate issues or topics, providing fresh insights that complement or enrich existing knowledge derived from previous studies. It places significant importance on scrutinizing particular events or circumstances within their wider contexts, enabling researchers to delve into relationships and subtleties with precision. This methodology has enjoyed widespread adoption across diverse domains for many years, especially by social scientists who exploit its qualitative nature to investigate real-world scenarios and pave the way for further theoretical developments and methodological refinements.

Robert K. Yin, a prominent authority in case study research, describes this method as involving empirical investigation into a contemporary phenomenon within its genuine setting, where the boundaries between the phenomenon and its context may be blurred. This approach relies on multiple sources of evidence to construct a comprehensive understanding.

Several influential scholars, including Robert E. Stake, Helen Simons, and Robert K. Yin himself, have made substantial contributions to the body of literature on case study research, furnishing insights and proposing methodologies for effective implementation. Drawing on their collective expertise, this overview suggests a structured approach comprising six pivotal steps indispensable for conducting any research based on case studies:

      Step 1. Determine the Research Questions: The initial step in conducting a case study involves establishing a clear research focus, which serves as a guiding framework throughout the investigation of a complex phenomenon or entity. This entails formulating relevant questions about the subject and defining the study’s purpose. Case studies typically examine programs, individuals, or groups, each intertwined with socio-political, historical, and personal factors, offering numerous avenues for inquiry and increasing the study’s complexity. Researchers employ various data collection methods to deeply explore the subject, generating substantial evidence to aid in understanding the case and addressing research questions.

Case study inquiries often center around “how” or “why” questions, probing specific events or conditions and their connections. To craft these questions effectively, researchers conduct a comprehensive literature review, identifying prior research and developing insightful inquiries about the issue. Clearly framing the questions allows for targeted examination of evidence and facilitates the selection of appropriate analytical methods. The literature review, along with defining the case study’s purpose and identifying its audience, shapes the study’s design, execution, and eventual sharing of findings.

      Step 2. Case selection and Determination of Data Gathering and Analysis Techniques: In the initial stages of conducting case study research, the investigator faces the task of carefully selecting real-life cases for in-depth examination and determining the appropriate tools and methodologies for data collection. In instances involving multiple cases, each case is individually analyzed, with their respective conclusions contributing to the overall study while maintaining their distinctiveness. Ensuring high-quality case studies entails meticulous case selection and thoughtful consideration of available research tools to bolster the study’s credibility. Discrimination during the selection process serves to delineate the boundaries of each case.

Researchers must make choices regarding whether to focus on unique cases or those considered representative, and they may opt for cases that reflect diverse geographic regions, sizes, or other pertinent parameters. Consistently referencing the study’s objectives helps steer the selection process, ensuring alignment between the chosen cases and evidence with the research inquiries. While the decision to select either multiple or single cases is pivotal, a case study may encompass various units of analysis, such as examining both an industry and a participating firm, thereby heightening complexity and data volume.

One of the significant advantages of the case study method lies in its utilization of diverse sources and techniques for data collection. Researchers predefine the evidence to collect and the analytical methods to employ in addressing the research queries. Data collection typically leans towards qualitative methods but may incorporate quantitative elements as well. Common instruments for data collection encompass surveys, interviews, document analysis, observation, and the scrutiny of physical artifacts.

The systematic and precise use of designated data collection tools is crucial for effective evidence gathering. Throughout the design phase, researchers must ensure the study’s robustness to uphold construct validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability. Construct validity necessitates selecting suitable measures for the concepts under examination. Internal validity, particularly crucial in explanatory or causal studies, involves establishing causal relationships and requires multiple sources of evidence to validate findings. Researchers strive to establish a coherent chain of evidence. External validity evaluates the extent to which findings can be generalized beyond the immediate cases, with techniques such as cross-case and within-case examinations, along with literature review, aiding in this regard. Reliability pertains to the consistency and precision of measurement. Exemplary case study design entails well-documented procedures that yield consistent results upon replication.

      Step 3. Preparation of data collection: Given the vast amount of data amassed through case study research across diverse sources, it’s imperative to methodically structure this data to prevent overwhelming the researcher and veering off from the original research objectives. Adequate preparation entails the creation of databases for organizing, classifying, storing, and retrieving data for analysis in an efficient manner. Exemplary case studies incorporate comprehensive training programs for investigators, establish clear protocols and procedures prior to fieldwork, and conduct pilot studies to preemptively tackle potential obstacles and concerns. The investigator training regimen encompasses foundational study concepts, terminology, processes, and methodologies, ensuring their appropriate application. It underscores the importance of employing multiple data-gathering techniques for triangulation during analysis and delineates protocols for case study research, including deadlines, reporting formats, field note guidelines, and data collection procedures.

Investigators must possess adept listening skills to accurately interpret interview responses, pose insightful questions, and differentiate between factual information and interpretations in documents. They must be adaptable to real-world scenarios, maintaining flexibility and readiness for unforeseen developments. Grasping the study’s objectives and intricacies is crucial, as is being open to conflicting findings. Investigators must acknowledge the human dimension inherent in case studies and exhibit sensitivity to potential participant concerns or uncertainties.

Subsequent to investigator training, the final preparatory phase involves selecting a pilot site and conducting tests with each data collection method to identify and resolve potential issues. Researchers should anticipate challenges, institute measures for confidentiality, and be amenable to refining the research design to effectively address emerging inquiries.

     Step 4. Data collection in the Field: In the realm of research, it’s vital for the investigator to compile and arrange a wide range of evidence systematically and thoroughly. This evidence should be stored in formats conducive to easy reference and sorting, facilitating the identification of patterns and converging lines of inquiry. Throughout the research process, meticulous observation of the subject matter is crucial, aiming to pinpoint causal factors associated with the phenomenon under scrutiny. Adjustments to research methodologies or interview questions might be required as the study progresses, and any alterations should be meticulously recorded.

Well-executed case studies employ various tools such as field notes and databases to organize and store data, ensuring its accessibility for subsequent analysis. Field notes not only document factual information but also capture subjective impressions, inquiries, and the ongoing evolution of the research process. They record personal narratives and anecdotes that can enhance later reports and may serve as early indicators of bias or emerging patterns. Additionally, they aid in evaluating whether adjustments to the research approach are necessary based on ongoing observations. It’s crucial to maintain a clear separation between field notes and the primary data collected for analysis.

Establishing a coherent connection between the research question and the amassed evidence is paramount. Whether data is entered into databases or physically stored, it’s essential for the researcher to thoroughly document, categorize, and cross-reference all evidence to facilitate its efficient retrieval and examination throughout the duration of the study.

      Step 5. Analyze and Evaluate the Data: The researcher employs a range of methodologies to scrutinize raw data with the aim of establishing correlations between the subject of study and the outcomes based on the original research queries. They maintain openness to new insights and possibilities throughout this process. By utilizing the case study approach, which involves employing diverse data collection techniques and analytical methods, researchers can corroborate data to bolster the reliability of their findings and conclusions.

This analytical strategy urges researchers to surpass initial interpretations to refine the accuracy of their findings. Well-crafted case studies intentionally structure data in various formats to unveil fresh perspectives and actively seek contradictory data to test their analysis. Researchers organize, condense, and reframe data to address initial hypotheses or research objectives while cross-referencing facts and inconsistencies in narratives. Additionally, they may conduct focused, concise follow-up interviews to gather additional data to validate key observations or facts.

Specific techniques include arranging information into arrays, constructing category matrices, creating flowcharts or other visual aids, and quantifying event frequencies. Quantitative data is leveraged to validate and bolster qualitative data, particularly aiding in understanding the underlying rationale or theoretical frameworks governing relationships. Involving multiple investigators brings the benefit of diverse viewpoints and insights, bolstering confidence in findings when observations align. Conversely, conflicting viewpoints prompt researchers to delve deeper into their analysis.

Another method, the cross-case search for patterns, guards against premature conclusions by requiring a thorough exploration of data from various perspectives. This approach entails categorizing data types across all studied cases, with each researcher meticulously analyzing a specific data type. When patterns identified in one data type are corroborated by evidence from another, the findings gain credibility. Contradictory evidence triggers further inquiry to uncover underlying causes. Throughout, researchers approach the evidence objectively to derive analytical conclusions that address the original “how” and “why” research inquiries.

      Step 6. Preparation of the Report: Exemplary case studies excel in presenting complex data in a comprehensible manner, allowing readers to critically engage with the material and develop their own insights, independent of the researcher’s viewpoint. The main goal of these reports is to clarify intricate issues by immersing readers in a simulated experience. They employ accessible data presentation methods, encouraging readers to apply newfound knowledge to their own situations. Researchers ensure the report is supported by sufficient evidence, instilling confidence that all aspects of the problem are thoroughly explored. Moreover, they transparently define the case’s boundaries and address conflicting perspectives.

Various techniques are utilized in crafting such reports, including dedicating separate sections to individual cases or presenting them in a chronological narrative. Some researchers choose a storytelling approach. Throughout the report creation process, researchers meticulously review for gaps or oversights. They seek feedback from diverse audience groups, incorporating suggestions and making necessary revisions. Some proponents of case study research advocate involving journalists or participants in the review process.

Strengths of Case Study Method in Research

Case study research demonstrates several strengths:

• Concept Validation: Case studies help to elucidate and validate key concepts or variables, offering insight into their fundamental essence within abstract theory.
• Facilitating Learning and Discovery: They foster learning, discovery, and problem-solving, contributing to the development of new theories and the refinement of existing ones. They also explore interconnections among related ideas.
• Uncovering Causal Mechanisms: Case studies provide insight into the complex social processes and mechanisms through which one factor influences others, shedding light on underlying causal dynamics.
• Capturing Complexity and Process: They excel in depicting intricate events or situations, allowing for meticulous tracing of processes across time and space.
• Ensuring Accuracy: Case studies enable researchers to align measurements of abstract concepts with concrete standards and reliable real-life experiences.
• Holistic Exploration: They offer a comprehensive examination of entire situations or processes, accommodating multiple perspectives for a fuller understanding.

In summary, case studies provide detailed examination while encompassing a broader narrative. This is exemplified in Walton’s analysis of Owens Valley, California, where he aimed to convey a larger narrative through the microcosm of a single case. The study delved into the community’s struggle for control over its vital resource, water, and its fate, spanning over a century. Walton utilized various data sources, including firsthand observation, interviews, demographic data, maps, archival photographs, newspaper articles, historical documents, and official records.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Case Study Method

      The use of case studies is widely recognized as a valuable research approach in numerous industries and academic fields. While they offer many advantages, it’s important to acknowledge that they also come with certain limitations. Here are some advantages of utilizing the case study method:

Advantages:

      1. Intensive Study: The case study approach enables a thorough analysis of a particular subject, allowing for a deep exploration of its complexities and subtleties. By employing this method, researchers can thoroughly investigate events or individuals, leading to a comprehensive understanding that may be difficult to achieve through other means. This methodology is especially useful in situations where it’s not feasible to physically or ethically replicate the subject matter.

      2. Developing New Research: Case studies play a crucial role in sparking new directions for research. Through conducting in-depth analyses and gleaning insights, researchers can lay the groundwork for further exploration and progress in their fields. Many research projects have been inspired and propelled forward by the foundational work of case studies.

      3. Contradiction of Established Ideas: In numerous instances, theories come under scrutiny when confronted with real-life situations, such as case studies. Consider the case commonly known as the John/John case, which posed a challenge to the prevailing belief that gender and sexual identity were primarily influenced by environmental factors rather than biological predispositions. This particular case centered around twin boys who both underwent circumcision at the age of six months. However, due to a mishap during the procedure, one of the twins suffered irreversible damage to his genitalia. Distressed about their child’s future, the parents sought guidance from Dr. John Money, a proponent of the theory that upbringing played a greater role in determining gender identity than inherent biology.

Dr. Money proposed a controversial solution: the twin who had suffered damage, named Bruce, could be raised as a girl. Bruce underwent extensive surgeries, including genital reconstruction, and was given the name Brenda. Despite concerted efforts to align Brenda’s identity with the theory, the outcome proved far from successful. Subsequent developments revealed that Brenda experienced significant psychological distress and struggled with the gender identity assigned to her. The deception surrounding the perceived success of the procedure added another layer of ethical and moral complexity to the case.

Ultimately, the John/John case underscored the flaws in Dr. Money’s theory. It demonstrated that attempting to manipulate an individual’s gender identity solely through environmental factors was not only ineffective but also harmful. Despite being tarnished by deceit and ethical shortcomings, this case remains noteworthy as a cautionary narrative, emphasizing the critical importance of evaluating theories in light of empirical evidence.

      4. Giving New Insight: Case studies provide invaluable insights into phenomena that are typically beyond the reach of conventional methods. A striking example of this is found in the story of Sidney Bradford. Born blind, Bradford regained his sight at 52 through a corneal transplant, offering researchers a rare opportunity to explore the complexities of perception and movement post-surgery. His experience provided a unique window into how the sudden restoration of sight affects aspects like colour perception and spatial awareness in humans. Interestingly, Bradford opted to continue living and working with his eyes closed due to the overwhelming sensory overload caused by sight.

This inquiry not only deepened our understanding of the physiological aspects of vision but also yielded significant sociological implications. It illuminated the intricate interplay between societal norms and individual ethics, enriching our comprehension of human behavior within social frameworks.

Disadvantages:

      Following are disadvantages of case study method:

      1. Inability to Replicate: The Genie case study highlights the common hurdles encountered in replicating research efforts, which in turn obstructs validation. Without successful replication, the conclusions drawn from these studies are limited to the unique circumstances of the individuals involved. While there may be a temptation to extend the findings of the Genie study to similar cases of feral children, complete certainty can only be achieved through additional research and analysis.

      2. Researcher Bias: In the course of conducting a case study, authors might unknowingly inject biases into their work. These biases can take different shapes, including a partiality towards the subject, the methods used to gather data, or the interpretation of that data. Human subjectivity is a key factor here, as seen in documented instances of bias in the case studies and analyses of influential psychologists like Sigmund Freud. Furthermore, researchers may form strong connections with their study subjects or start empathizing with them, which can compromise objectivity and lead them away from the stance of a neutral observer.

      3. No Classification: It can be difficult to categorize results when the investigation is limited in scope. The capacity to derive broader implications becomes constrained when the research remains focused on a specific, restricted demographic. Nevertheless, these constraints might not be problematic, especially if the study’s goals do not emphasize generalizability.

      4. Time Intensive: Case studies frequently require a substantial commitment of time. Collecting data can prove to be a thorough and demanding undertaking, especially for inexperienced researchers unfamiliar with its intricacies. Constructing a comprehensive case study entails dedicating significant time and effort to both the development and analysis of the gathered data.

      5. Possibility of Errors: The case study method can be prone to inaccuracies due to memory gaps and subjective interpretations. Memory reconstruction, essential in constructing case histories, inherently carries the risk of introducing errors. Moreover, personal interpretations of past events can vary greatly among individuals, resulting in inconsistencies. Furthermore, people tend to prioritize certain aspects of their lives based on personal significance, which can lead to biased perspectives and possibly overshadow alternative viewpoints.

      6. Ethical Issues: Ethical dilemmas frequently arise in small-scale studies, prompting crucial inquiries into the point at which a study veers into unethical territory. The Genie case stands out as a prime example, sparking ongoing ethical debates. Moreover, concerns emerge regarding researchers’ potential biases when deeply immersed in a study, leading to questions about their willingness to disclose any unethical behavior they might encounter.

Case studies present a unique challenge due to their complexity, involving various data sources, multiple cases, and substantial datasets for analysis. Scholars from diverse disciplines employ the case study method to advance theories, challenge established ideas, shed light on complex situations, propose solutions, investigate phenomena, or provide detailed descriptions of specific subjects. The method’s strengths lie in its capacity to address real-world human scenarios and its accessibility through written reports, which enables findings to resonate with everyday experiences and enhances understanding of intricate real-life contexts.

Home » Pros and Cons » 12 Case Study Method Advantages and Disadvantages

12 Case Study Method Advantages and Disadvantages

A case study is an investigation into an individual circumstance. The investigation may be of a single person, business, event, or group. The investigation involves collecting in-depth data about the individual entity through the use of several collection methods. Interviews and observation are two of the most common forms of data collection used.

The case study method was originally developed in the field of clinical medicine. It has expanded since to other industries to examine key results, either positive or negative, that were received through a specific set of decisions. This allows for the topic to be researched with great detail, allowing others to glean knowledge from the information presented.

Here are the advantages and disadvantages of using the case study method.

List of the Advantages of the Case Study Method

1. it turns client observations into useable data..

Case studies offer verifiable data from direct observations of the individual entity involved. These observations provide information about input processes. It can show the path taken which led to specific results being generated. Those observations make it possible for others, in similar circumstances, to potentially replicate the results discovered by the case study method.

2. It turns opinion into fact.

Case studies provide facts to study because you’re looking at data which was generated in real-time. It is a way for researchers to turn their opinions into information that can be verified as fact because there is a proven path of positive or negative development. Singling out a specific incident also provides in-depth details about the path of development, which gives it extra credibility to the outside observer.

3. It is relevant to all parties involved.

Case studies that are chosen well will be relevant to everyone who is participating in the process. Because there is such a high level of relevance involved, researchers are able to stay actively engaged in the data collection process. Participants are able to further their knowledge growth because there is interest in the outcome of the case study. Most importantly, the case study method essentially forces people to make a decision about the question being studied, then defend their position through the use of facts.

4. It uses a number of different research methodologies.

The case study method involves more than just interviews and direct observation. Case histories from a records database can be used with this method. Questionnaires can be distributed to participants in the entity being studies. Individuals who have kept diaries and journals about the entity being studied can be included. Even certain experimental tasks, such as a memory test, can be part of this research process.

5. It can be done remotely.

Researchers do not need to be present at a specific location or facility to utilize the case study method. Research can be obtained over the phone, through email, and other forms of remote communication. Even interviews can be conducted over the phone. That means this method is good for formative research that is exploratory in nature, even if it must be completed from a remote location.

6. It is inexpensive.

Compared to other methods of research, the case study method is rather inexpensive. The costs associated with this method involve accessing data, which can often be done for free. Even when there are in-person interviews or other on-site duties involved, the costs of reviewing the data are minimal.

7. It is very accessible to readers.

The case study method puts data into a usable format for those who read the data and note its outcome. Although there may be perspectives of the researcher included in the outcome, the goal of this method is to help the reader be able to identify specific concepts to which they also relate. That allows them to discover unusual features within the data, examine outliers that may be present, or draw conclusions from their own experiences.

List of the Disadvantages of the Case Study Method

1. it can have influence factors within the data..

Every person has their own unconscious bias. Although the case study method is designed to limit the influence of this bias by collecting fact-based data, it is the collector of the data who gets to define what is a “fact” and what is not. That means the real-time data being collected may be based on the results the researcher wants to see from the entity instead. By controlling how facts are collected, a research can control the results this method generates.

2. It takes longer to analyze the data.

The information collection process through the case study method takes much longer to collect than other research options. That is because there is an enormous amount of data which must be sifted through. It’s not just the researchers who can influence the outcome in this type of research method. Participants can also influence outcomes by given inaccurate or incomplete answers to questions they are asked. Researchers must verify the information presented to ensure its accuracy, and that takes time to complete.

3. It can be an inefficient process.

Case study methods require the participation of the individuals or entities involved for it to be a successful process. That means the skills of the researcher will help to determine the quality of information that is being received. Some participants may be quiet, unwilling to answer even basic questions about what is being studied. Others may be overly talkative, exploring tangents which have nothing to do with the case study at all. If researchers are unsure of how to manage this process, then incomplete data is often collected.

4. It requires a small sample size to be effective.

The case study method requires a small sample size for it to yield an effective amount of data to be analyzed. If there are different demographics involved with the entity, or there are different needs which must be examined, then the case study method becomes very inefficient.

5. It is a labor-intensive method of data collection.

The case study method requires researchers to have a high level of language skills to be successful with data collection. Researchers must be personally involved in every aspect of collecting the data as well. From reviewing files or entries personally to conducting personal interviews, the concepts and themes of this process are heavily reliant on the amount of work each researcher is willing to put into things.

These case study method advantages and disadvantages offer a look at the effectiveness of this research option. With the right skill set, it can be used as an effective tool to gather rich, detailed information about specific entities. Without the right skill set, the case study method becomes inefficient and inaccurate.

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Case Study Method | Characteristics, Advantages & Limitations of Case Study Method

Posted by Md. Harun Ar Rashid | Aug 5, 2021 | Research Methodology

Case Study Method

The case study method is a very popular form of qualitative analysis and involves a careful and complete observation of a social unit, be that unit a person, a family, an institution, a cultural group, or even the entire community. It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth. The case study places more emphasis on the full analysis of a limited number of events or conditions and their interrelations. The case study deals with the processes that take place and their interrelationship. Thus, the case study is essentially an intensive investigation of the particular unit under consideration. The object of the case study method is to locate the factors that account for the behavior patterns of the given unit as an integrated totality.

“The case study method is a technique by which individual factor whether it be an institution or just an episode in the life of an individual or a group is analyzed in its relationship to any other in the group.” ( H. Odum )

“A comprehensive study of a social unit be that unit a person, a group, a social institution, a district or a community.” ( Pauline V. Young )

The case study method is a form of qualitative analysis wherein careful and complete observation of an individual or a situation or an institution is done; efforts are made to study each and every aspect of the concerning unit in minute details and then from case data generalizations and inferences are drawn.

Characteristics: The essential characteristics of the case study method are as under:

• The researcher can take one single social unit or more of such units for his study purpose, may even take a situation to study the same comprehensively.
• To obtain enough information for drawing correct inferences.
• To make a complete study of the social unit covering all facets.
• Try to understand the complex factors that are operative within a social unit as an integrated totality.
• The approach happens to be qualitative and not quantitative. Mere quantitative information is not collected. Every possible effort is made to collect information concerning all aspects of life.
• To know the mutual inter-relationship of causal factors.
• The behavior pattern of the concerning unit is studied directly and not by an indirect and abstract approach.
• It results in fruitful hypotheses along with the data which may be helpful in testing them, and thus it enables the generalized knowledge to get richer and richer.

Advantages: There are several advantages of the case study method, some of them are being:

• To understand fully the behavior pattern of the concerned unit.
• Helps to obtain a real and enlightened record of personal experiences.
• This method enables the researcher to trace out the natural history of the social unit and its relationship with the social factors and the forces involved in its surrounding environment.
• It helps in formulating relevant hypotheses along with the data which may be helpful in testing them.
• It facilitates the intensive study of social units that’s why the case study method is being frequently used, particularly in social researches.
• It helps a lot to the researcher in the task of constructing the appropriate questionnaire.
• The researcher can use different methods such as depth interviews, questionnaires, documents, study reports of individuals, and so on.
• It has proved beneficial in determining the nature of units to be studied along with the nature of the universe. So it is known as the “mode of organizing data”.
• It means to well understand the past of a social unit because of its emphasis on historical analysis, also it’s a technique to suggest measures for improvement in the context of the present environment of the concerned social units.
• It represents a real record of personal experiences which very often escape the attention of most of the skilled researchers using other techniques.
• It enhances the experience, analyzing ability, and skills of the researcher.
• It facilitates the drawing of inferences and helps in maintaining the continuity of the research process.

Limitations: Important limitations of the case study method may as well be highlighted.

• Case situations are seldom comparable and as such the information gathered in case studies is often not comparable. Since the subject under the case study tells history in his own words, logical concepts and units of scientific classification have to be read into it or out of it by the investigator.
• Read Bain does not consider the case data as significant scientific data since they do not provide knowledge of the “impersonal, universal, non-ethical, non-practical, repetitive aspects of phenomena.”8 Real information is often not collected because the subjectivity of the researcher does enter in the collection of information in a case study.
• The danger of false generalization is always there in view of the fact that no set rules are followed in the collection of the information and only a few units are studied.
• It consumes more time and requires a lot of expenditure. More time is needed under the case study method since one studies the natural history cycles of social units and that too minutely.
• The case data are often vitiated because the subject, according to reading Bain, may write what he thinks the investigator wants; and the greater the rapport, the more subjective the whole process is.
• The case study method is based on several assumptions which may not be very realistic at times, and as such, the use of case data is always subject to doubt.
• The case study method can be used only in a limited sphere, it is not possible to use it in the case of a big society. Sampling is also not possible under a case study method.
• Response of the investigator is an important limitation of the case study method. He often thinks that he has full knowledge of the unit and can himself answer about it. In case the same is not true, then consequences follow. In fact, this is more the fault of the researcher rather than that of the case method.

Despite the above-stated limitations, we find that case studies are being undertaken in several disciplines, particularly in sociology, as a tool of scientific research in view of the several advantages indicated earlier. Most of the limitations can be removed if researchers are always conscious of these and are well trained in the modern methods of collecting case data and in the scientific techniques of assembling, classifying, and processing the same. Besides, case studies, in modern times, can be conducted in such a manner that the data are amenable to quantification and statistical treatment. Possibly, this is also the reason why case studies are becoming popular day by day.

Reference:  Research Methodology written by C.R. Kothari

Former Student at Rajshahi University

About The Author

Md. Harun Ar Rashid

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