logical order essay examples

Logical Order

11 December 2023

last updated

The primary purpose of writing is to communicate views and ideas. Basically, learners organize written pieces in a way that gives meaning. In this case, the functional organization of sentences in paragraphs helps readers to follow the development of thoughts. Besides, the method allows authors to deliver written works that meet academic standards. Hence, a logical order is the organization of ideas from general to specific, which enhances the overall quality of papers.

Organizing Specific Ideas

The logical order requires learners to organize ideas from general to specific. For example, students make a general statement and then provide explanations. In this case, authors must ensure that readers can understand the described concepts. Besides, they must explain one idea exhaustively before moving to the next paragraph. In turn, authors must follow a sequence when writing. Also, the proper flow of information relies on the useful classification of concepts. Therefore, successful learners organize their thoughts logically by making general claims followed by specific details. 

The Thesis Statement With the Local Order of Presenting Information

Well-organized papers encourage learners to develop an effective thesis statement . For instance, exceptional essays rely on a unique central argument. In this case, students develop a general claim in their introduction. Besides, each body paragraph must support the main idea, covering the logical order. Thus, the need to organize thoughts logically encourages writers to develop strong thesis statements.  

Following the Logical Order

The logical order improves the overall quality of paragraphs in essays. For example, effective papers have paragraphs that deal with a single idea. In this case, the first sentence in a section makes a general statement related to the central assertion. Then, other parts of the passage contain supporting examples and explanations. Besides, one should provide a transition to the different parts of the essay. Thus, following well-organized points in writing encourages students to shape the quality of academic papers through effective subsections.

Enhancing Quality

The logical order enables writers to enhance the quality of written papers by organizing concepts from known to new. For instance, capable learners communicate novel ideas and place them in the right context. In this case, one should explain familiar concepts followed by unknown thoughts. Also, the audience can develop a better understanding of various ideas. Therefore, researchers can express new concepts to readers through logical organization.

Consistency

The logical order helps learners to improve the tone of academic essays through consistency. For example, capable learners rely on a uniform writing style. In this case, authors must develop complete and clear sentences that enhance the overall meaning of the paragraph. Besides, writers use similar grammatical structures throughout papers. Then, citing references determines the uniformity of one’s work. In turn, students should use the same style to acknowledge materials used to support arguments. Also, the approach enhances the credibility of written pieces. Therefore, authors who utilize consistency improve written articles through uniformity of sentences and citations.

Conclusion on the Logical Order

In conclusion, successful learners unify written works to ensure that it meets the right quality. Basically, the logical order refers to the organization of discussed points from general to specific. In this case, students develop a thesis statement, which is a comprehensive claim. Besides, authors must provide accurate details to support the central argument. In turn, this approach helps writers to organize concepts and ideas to achieve a unique flow. On the other hand, organizing papers logically enhance their overall quality. Moreover, learners should check examples of well-organized works, such as the cause and effect essay and rhetorical analysis sample .

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9.3 Organizing Your Writing

Learning objectives.

• Understand how and why organizational techniques help writers and readers stay focused.
• Assess how and when to use chronological order to organize an essay.
• Recognize how and when to use order of importance to organize an essay.
• Determine how and when to use spatial order to organize an essay.

The method of organization you choose for your essay is just as important as its content. Without a clear organizational pattern, your reader could become confused and lose interest. The way you structure your essay helps your readers draw connections between the body and the thesis, and the structure also keeps you focused as you plan and write the essay. Choosing your organizational pattern before you outline ensures that each body paragraph works to support and develop your thesis.

This section covers three ways to organize body paragraphs:

• Chronological order
• Order of importance
• Spatial order

When you begin to draft your essay, your ideas may seem to flow from your mind in a seemingly random manner. Your readers, who bring to the table different backgrounds, viewpoints, and ideas, need you to clearly organize these ideas in order to help process and accept them.

A solid organizational pattern gives your ideas a path that you can follow as you develop your draft. Knowing how you will organize your paragraphs allows you to better express and analyze your thoughts. Planning the structure of your essay before you choose supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and targeted research.

Chronological Order

In Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , you learned that chronological arrangement has the following purposes:

• To explain the history of an event or a topic
• To tell a story or relate an experience
• To explain how to do or to make something
• To explain the steps in a process

Chronological order is mostly used in expository writing , which is a form of writing that narrates, describes, informs, or explains a process. When using chronological order, arrange the events in the order that they actually happened, or will happen if you are giving instructions. This method requires you to use words such as first , second , then , after that , later , and finally . These transition words guide you and your reader through the paper as you expand your thesis.

For example, if you are writing an essay about the history of the airline industry, you would begin with its conception and detail the essential timeline events up until present day. You would follow the chain of events using words such as first , then , next , and so on.

Writing at Work

At some point in your career you may have to file a complaint with your human resources department. Using chronological order is a useful tool in describing the events that led up to your filing the grievance. You would logically lay out the events in the order that they occurred using the key transition words. The more logical your complaint, the more likely you will be well received and helped.

Choose an accomplishment you have achieved in your life. The important moment could be in sports, schooling, or extracurricular activities. On your own sheet of paper, list the steps you took to reach your goal. Try to be as specific as possible with the steps you took. Pay attention to using transition words to focus your writing.

Keep in mind that chronological order is most appropriate for the following purposes:

• Writing essays containing heavy research
• Writing essays with the aim of listing, explaining, or narrating
• Writing essays that analyze literary works such as poems, plays, or books

When using chronological order, your introduction should indicate the information you will cover and in what order, and the introduction should also establish the relevance of the information. Your body paragraphs should then provide clear divisions or steps in chronology. You can divide your paragraphs by time (such as decades, wars, or other historical events) or by the same structure of the work you are examining (such as a line-by-line explication of a poem).

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that describes a process you are familiar with and can do well. Assume that your reader is unfamiliar with the procedure. Remember to use the chronological key words, such as first , second , then , and finally .

Order of Importance

Recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” that order of importance is best used for the following purposes:

• Persuading and convincing
• Ranking items by their importance, benefit, or significance
• Illustrating a situation, problem, or solution

Most essays move from the least to the most important point, and the paragraphs are arranged in an effort to build the essay’s strength. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to begin with your most important supporting point, such as in an essay that contains a thesis that is highly debatable. When writing a persuasive essay, it is best to begin with the most important point because it immediately captivates your readers and compels them to continue reading.

For example, if you were supporting your thesis that homework is detrimental to the education of high school students, you would want to present your most convincing argument first, and then move on to the less important points for your case.

Some key transitional words you should use with this method of organization are most importantly , almost as importantly , just as importantly , and finally .

During your career, you may be required to work on a team that devises a strategy for a specific goal of your company, such as increasing profits. When planning your strategy you should organize your steps in order of importance. This demonstrates the ability to prioritize and plan. Using the order of importance technique also shows that you can create a resolution with logical steps for accomplishing a common goal.

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that discusses a passion of yours. Your passion could be music, a particular sport, filmmaking, and so on. Your paragraph should be built upon the reasons why you feel so strongly. Briefly discuss your reasons in the order of least to greatest importance.

Spatial Order

As stated in Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” , spatial order is best used for the following purposes:

• Helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it
• Evoking a scene using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound)
• Writing a descriptive essay

Spatial order means that you explain or describe objects as they are arranged around you in your space, for example in a bedroom. As the writer, you create a picture for your reader, and their perspective is the viewpoint from which you describe what is around you.

The view must move in an orderly, logical progression, giving the reader clear directional signals to follow from place to place. The key to using this method is to choose a specific starting point and then guide the reader to follow your eye as it moves in an orderly trajectory from your starting point.

Pay attention to the following student’s description of her bedroom and how she guides the reader through the viewing process, foot by foot.

Attached to my bedroom wall is a small wooden rack dangling with red and turquoise necklaces that shimmer as you enter. Just to the right of the rack is my window, framed by billowy white curtains. The peace of such an image is a stark contrast to my desk, which sits to the right of the window, layered in textbooks, crumpled papers, coffee cups, and an overflowing ashtray. Turning my head to the right, I see a set of two bare windows that frame the trees outside the glass like a 3D painting. Below the windows is an oak chest from which blankets and scarves are protruding. Against the wall opposite the billowy curtains is an antique dresser, on top of which sits a jewelry box and a few picture frames. A tall mirror attached to the dresser takes up most of the wall, which is the color of lavender.

The paragraph incorporates two objectives you have learned in this chapter: using an implied topic sentence and applying spatial order. Often in a descriptive essay, the two work together.

The following are possible transition words to include when using spatial order:

• Just to the left or just to the right
• On the left or on the right
• Across from
• A little further down
• To the south, to the east, and so on
• A few yards away
• Turning left or turning right

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph using spatial order that describes your commute to work, school, or another location you visit often.

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Key Takeaways

• The way you organize your body paragraphs ensures you and your readers stay focused on and draw connections to, your thesis statement.
• A strong organizational pattern allows you to articulate, analyze, and clarify your thoughts.
• Planning the organizational structure for your essay before you begin to search for supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and directed research.
• Chronological order is most commonly used in expository writing. It is useful for explaining the history of your subject, for telling a story, or for explaining a process.
• Order of importance is most appropriate in a persuasion paper as well as for essays in which you rank things, people, or events by their significance.
• Spatial order describes things as they are arranged in space and is best for helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it; it creates a dominant impression.

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Ordering Information in the Body of the Essay

Choosing a Logical Order for Ideas - Once you have your thesis and your groups of supporting information with topic sentence ideas, you can determine the best possible order in which to present them in the essay. To determine the most logical shape or order, ask and answer these questions:

• Is there a basic topic sentence idea that you should present first, before you explain the others, because the reader needs its information as background and because the other topic sentence ideas build upon it?
• Are there some topic sentences and groups of information that are more important than others? Can you discern a logical pattern, either in ascending or descending order of importance?
• Are there some topic sentences and groups of information that normally come first in a time sequence?

Order of complexity, order of importance, and time order are three basic, logical ways of shaping ideas to help the reading audience follow the flow of thought.

For example, consider the sample topic sentence, Adults returning to college face time, study, emotional, and family problems. Assuming that the order of the topic sentences in the support follows the order of ideas in the thesis, are these ideas arranged in a logical order? There doesn't seem to be any idea that has to be explained first. Also, each of the topic sentences that could be developed from this thesis seems equally complex. And the ideas don't exist in any type of chronological order.  So how do you determine a logical shape and order of ideas for this essay? One way is to move from the problems that affect just one person, the student, to the problems that affect the whole family (emotional problems, study skills, juggling work and family, changing family roles).  Another way is to move from the problems that can be dealt with more directly to those that are more complex to deal with (study skills, juggling work and family, changing family roles, emotional problems). The point here is that there needs to be some rationale or logical connection for ordering the ideas in the essay so that the essay's shape makes sense to others. And, whatever way the writer chooses, he/she then needs to align the order of ideas in the thesis to reflect the actual order of ideas in the support in order to complete the essay's logical shape.

Emphasis as a Means of Ordering Information in an Essay

Emphasis, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, is a "special importance or significance placed upon . . . something." You can choose to emphasize different things in an essay by choosing where to place the essay's main ideas (the thesis and topic sentence ideas).

You emphasize main ideas when you place them at the start of the essay or the unit of support. If you place the thesis toward the start of the essay and the topic sentences toward the start of each unit of support, you gear all of the support toward proving those main ideas. Emphasizing main ideas by placing them first is called deduction, which creates a general-to-specific structure in the essay by placing the major information first. Deduction helps you focus on an argument and create a case, as it requires you to develop support around a main point.

For example:

The Impatient Silent Twitchers form an interesting group of line-standers because of their variety. The Wristwatch Checkers are the mildest sub-group of this larger group. Their bodies remain quiet except for the one arm where that powerful necessity, the wristwatch, sits. Maybe that the electric battery in the watch emits tiny electrical impulses to the nerves, but whatever it is, something creates a knee-jerk reaction in the arm to make the Wristwatch Checker's elbow defy gravity every minute and a half. Wristwatch Checkers are dangerous only in busy lines that wind back on themselves. As long as you're far enough away from them, though, they can make good line companions on warm, windless days.

You emphasize the method of reasoning and the particulars of the support as opposed to the main idea when you place the main ideas at the end of the essay or the unit of support. Main ideas still remain important when you place them at the end, but you offer them more as logical outcomes than as initial arguments (so the emphasis has changed). Putting the main idea at the end is called induction, which moves from specific information to general conclusions. Induction may help you present a controversial thesis to your reading audience. For example, if you were in favor of banning smoking in the doorways outside of buildings, you'd probably alienate many in your audience by placing that main idea first. But if you presented your support and lead into the main idea, your reading audience (smokers included!) might see the logic of your case (even if they didn't agree).

Some people stand in line quietly except for one arm which they constantly move up and down. These people check their wristwatches persistently, usually in regular short intervals which seem to become shorter as the line wait gets longer. Their arms jerk upward compulsively, elbows thrust out to the side, while their heads go down simultaneously. As the spasms subside, they usually accompany the arm's return to position by tapping their feet, exhaling loud breaths, or fidgeting in some other way. The Wristwatch Checkers are the subtlest and mildest members of the Impatient Silent Twitchers group of line-standers; they lend variety to a group whose movements usually are more pronounced.

You emphasize major ideas and method equally when you place main ideas in the middle of the essay or unit of support. In this case, the main idea exists neither as a generating point for the essay nor as a logical conclusion. Instead, it's a fulcrum which both grows out of and generates more particular support.

Imagine a sultry day. Imagine having to stand in a slow line to cash your paycheck after hours at an ATM. Imagine, all of a sudden, feeling a slight but steady breeze. The trees are not affected; where is the breeze coming from? After a while you realize that you're getting fanned by the arm motions of the Wristwatch Checkers, the mildest group of the Impatient Silent Twitchers, an interesting group of line-standers. Their bodies remain quiet except for one arm where that powerful necessity, the wristwatch, sits. It may be the battery's impulses to the nerves that causes the twitch, but whatever it is, something creates that urge to make the arm defy gravity every minute and a half. On a hot day, though, you'll be grateful for whatever causes their compulsion to make the line move by checking the time as that slight breeze wafts your way.

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Writing strong paragraphs: Writing a logical paragraph

• What's in this guide
• Paragraph Structure
• Types of paragraphs
• Writing a logical paragraph
• What are linking words?
• Transitions and their uses
• Additional resources

Writing logical paragraphs

Organising the sentences in your paragraph according to a logical order helps the reader to follow the development of your ideas

Some common kinds of logical order are:

• Chronological order
• Comparison/contrast
• Logical division of ideas
• Order of importance
• Cause and effect

Each kind of order uses particular words and phrases (transition words) to show the relationships between ideas. For example in a paragraph using chronological order , you would use expressions of time : first, next, after that, finally, before the last war, after 2010, since then,

In a paragraph describing differences (contrast) , you would use expressions like these: the most significant difference, larger than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, differ from

In a paragraph showing similarities (comparison) , you would use expressions such as: similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like, compare with, in comparison

Logical division of ideas simply means that ideas are grouped together, and each group is discussed accordingly. They may be introduced in order of importance , or in some other order that makes sense to the reader. You would use transition words such as firstly, secondly, thirdly to introduce each group.

A cause and effect paragraph uses transition words that express reasons and results, such as: the first cause, the next reason, because of ... the first effect, as a result, therefore

Strong writers frequently combine the features of different types of paragraphs in order to successfully express their ideas and to suit the purpose of their writing. Using clear paragraph structure is essential, as it helps the reader to follow your meaning.

Adapted from: Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (1999). Writing Academic English (3 rd ed.). NY:Pearson Education

Pathways and Academic Learning Support

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• Next: What are linking words? >>
• Last Updated: Oct 5, 2023 2:30 PM
• URL: https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/writing-paragraphs

Chapter 9 Writing Essays: From Start to Finish

9.3 organizing your writing, learning objectives.

• Understand how and why organizational techniques help writers and readers stay focused.
• Assess how and when to use chronological order to organize an essay.
• Recognize how and when to use order of importance to organize an essay.
• Determine how and when to use spatial order to organize an essay.

The method of organization you choose for your essay is just as important as its content. Without a clear organizational pattern, your reader could become confused and lose interest. The way you structure your essay helps your readers draw connections between the body and the thesis, and the structure also keeps you focused as you plan and write the essay. Choosing your organizational pattern before you outline ensures that each body paragraph works to support and develop your thesis.

This section covers three ways to organize body paragraphs:

• Chronological order
• Order of importance
• Spatial order

When you begin to draft your essay, your ideas may seem to flow from your mind in a seemingly random manner. Your readers, who bring to the table different backgrounds, viewpoints, and ideas, need you to clearly organize these ideas in order to help process and accept them.

A solid organizational pattern gives your ideas a path that you can follow as you develop your draft. Knowing how you will organize your paragraphs allows you to better express and analyze your thoughts. Planning the structure of your essay before you choose supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and targeted research.

Chronological Order

In Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?”, you learned that chronological arrangement has the following purposes:

• To explain the history of an event or a topic
• To tell a story or relate an experience
• To explain how to do or to make something
• To explain the steps in a process

Chronological order is mostly used in expository writing , which is a form of writing that narrates, describes, informs, or explains a process. When using chronological order, arrange the events in the order that they actually happened, or will happen if you are giving instructions. This method requires you to use words such as first , second , then , after that , later , and finally . These transition words guide you and your reader through the paper as you expand your thesis.

For example, if you are writing an essay about the history of the airline industry, you would begin with its conception and detail the essential timeline events up until present day. You would follow the chain of events using words such as first , then , next , and so on.

Writing at Work

Choose an accomplishment you have achieved in your life. The important moment could be in sports, schooling, or extracurricular activities. On your own sheet of paper, list the steps you took to reach your goal. Try to be as specific as possible with the steps you took. Pay attention to using transition words to focus your writing.

Keep in mind that chronological order is most appropriate for the following purposes:

• Writing essays containing heavy research
• Writing essays with the aim of listing, explaining, or narrating
• Writing essays that analyze literary works such as poems, plays, or books

When using chronological order, your introduction should indicate the information you will cover and in what order, and the introduction should also establish the relevance of the information. Your body paragraphs should then provide clear divisions or steps in chronology. You can divide your paragraphs by time (such as decades, wars, or other historical events) or by the same structure of the work you are examining (such as a line-by-line explication of a poem).

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that describes a process you are familiar with and can do well. Assume that your reader is unfamiliar with the procedure. Remember to use the chronological key words, such as first , second , then , and finally .

Order of Importance

Recall from Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?” that order of importance is best used for the following purposes:

• Persuading and convincing
• Ranking items by their importance, benefit, or significance
• Illustrating a situation, problem, or solution

Most essays move from the least to the most important point, and the paragraphs are arranged in an effort to build the essay’s strength. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to begin with your most important supporting point, such as in an essay that contains a thesis that is highly debatable. When writing a persuasive essay, it is best to begin with the most important point because it immediately captivates your readers and compels them to continue reading.

For example, if you were supporting your thesis that homework is detrimental to the education of high school students, you would want to present your most convincing argument first, and then move on to the less important points for your case.

Some key transitional words you should use with this method of organization are most importantly , almost as importantly , just as importantly , and finally .

On a separate sheet of paper, write a paragraph that discusses a passion of yours. Your passion could be music, a particular sport, filmmaking, and so on. Your paragraph should be built upon the reasons why you feel so strongly. Briefly discuss your reasons in the order of least to greatest importance.

Spatial Order

As stated in Chapter 8 “The Writing Process: How Do I Begin?”, spatial order is best used for the following purposes:

• Helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it
• Evoking a scene using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound)
• Writing a descriptive essay

Spatial order means that you explain or describe objects as they are arranged around you in your space, for example in a bedroom. As the writer, you create a picture for your reader, and their perspective is the viewpoint from which you describe what is around you.

The view must move in an orderly, logical progression, giving the reader clear directional signals to follow from place to place. The key to using this method is to choose a specific starting point and then guide the reader to follow your eye as it moves in an orderly trajectory from your starting point.

Pay attention to the following student’s description of her bedroom and how she guides the reader through the viewing process, foot by foot.

The paragraph incorporates two objectives you have learned in this chapter: using an implied topic sentence and applying spatial order. Often in a descriptive essay, the two work together.

The following are possible transition words to include when using spatial order:

• Just to the left or just to the right
• On the left or on the right
• Across from
• A little further down
• To the south, to the east, and so on
• A few yards away
• Turning left or turning right

Collaboration

Please share with a classmate and compare your answers.

Key Takeaways

• The way you organize your body paragraphs ensures you and your readers stay focused on and draw connections to, your thesis statement.
• A strong organizational pattern allows you to articulate, analyze, and clarify your thoughts.
• Planning the organizational structure for your essay before you begin to search for supporting evidence helps you conduct more effective and directed research.
• Chronological order is most commonly used in expository writing. It is useful for explaining the history of your subject, for telling a story, or for explaining a process.
• Order of importance is most appropriate in a persuasion paper as well as for essays in which you rank things, people, or events by their significance.
• Spatial order describes things as they are arranged in space and is best for helping readers visualize something as you want them to see it; it creates a dominant impression.
• Successful Writing. Authored by : Anonymous. Provided by : Anonymous. Located at : http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/successful-writing/ . License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Logic in Argumentative Writing

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This resource covers using logic within writing—logical vocabulary, logical fallacies, and other types of logos-based reasoning.

This handout is designed to help writers develop and use logical arguments in writing. This handout helps writers analyze the arguments of others and generate their own arguments. However, it is important to remember that logic is only one aspect of a successful argument. Non-logical arguments , statements that cannot be logically proven or disproved, are important in argumentative writing—such as appeals to emotions or values. Illogical arguments , on the other hand, are false and must be avoided.

Logic is a formal system of analysis that helps writers invent, demonstrate, and prove arguments. It works by testing propositions against one another to determine their accuracy. People often think they are using logic when they avoid emotion or make arguments based on their common sense, such as "Everyone should look out for their own self-interests" or "People have the right to be free." However, unemotional or common sense statements are not always equivalent to logical statements. To be logical, a proposition must be tested within a logical sequence.

The most famous logical sequence, called the syllogism , was developed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. His most famous syllogism is:

Premise 1: All men are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a man. Conclusion: Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

In this sequence, premise 2 is tested against premise 1 to reach the logical conclusion. Within this system, if both premises are considered valid, there is no other logical conclusion than determining that Socrates is a mortal.

This guide provides some vocabulary and strategies for determining logical conclusions.

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• Knowledge Base
• How to write an expository essay

How to Write an Expository Essay | Structure, Tips & Examples

Published on July 14, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

“Expository” means “intended to explain or describe something.” An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a particular topic, process, or set of ideas. It doesn’t set out to prove a point, just to give a balanced view of its subject matter.

Expository essays are usually short assignments intended to test your composition skills or your understanding of a subject. They tend to involve less research and original arguments than argumentative essays .

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Table of contents

When should you write an expository essay, how to approach an expository essay, introducing your essay, writing the body paragraphs, concluding your essay, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about expository essays.

In school and university, you might have to write expository essays as in-class exercises, exam questions, or coursework assignments.

Sometimes it won’t be directly stated that the assignment is an expository essay, but there are certain keywords that imply expository writing is required. Consider the prompts below.

The word “explain” here is the clue: An essay responding to this prompt should provide an explanation of this historical process—not necessarily an original argument about it.

Sometimes you’ll be asked to define a particular term or concept. This means more than just copying down the dictionary definition; you’ll be expected to explore different ideas surrounding the term, as this prompt emphasizes.

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An expository essay should take an objective approach: It isn’t about your personal opinions or experiences. Instead, your goal is to provide an informative and balanced explanation of your topic. Avoid using the first or second person (“I” or “you”).

The structure of your expository essay will vary according to the scope of your assignment and the demands of your topic. It’s worthwhile to plan out your structure before you start, using an essay outline .

A common structure for a short expository essay consists of five paragraphs: An introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Like all essays, an expository essay begins with an introduction . This serves to hook the reader’s interest, briefly introduce your topic, and provide a thesis statement summarizing what you’re going to say about it.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a typical introduction works.

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

The body of your essay is where you cover your topic in depth. It often consists of three paragraphs, but may be more for a longer essay. This is where you present the details of the process, idea or topic you’re explaining.

It’s important to make sure each paragraph covers its own clearly defined topic, introduced with a topic sentence . Different topics (all related to the overall subject matter of the essay) should be presented in a logical order, with clear transitions between paragraphs.

Hover over different parts of the example paragraph below to see how a body paragraph is constructed.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

The conclusion of an expository essay serves to summarize the topic under discussion. It should not present any new information or evidence, but should instead focus on reinforcing the points made so far. Essentially, your conclusion is there to round off the essay in an engaging way.

Hover over different parts of the example below to see how a conclusion works.

The invention of the printing press was important not only in terms of its immediate cultural and economic effects, but also in terms of its major impact on politics and religion across Europe. In the century following the invention of the printing press, the relatively stationary intellectual atmosphere of the Middle Ages gave way to the social upheavals of the Reformation and the Renaissance. A single technological innovation had contributed to the total reshaping of the continent.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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An expository essay is a broad form that varies in length according to the scope of the assignment.

Expository essays are often assigned as a writing exercise or as part of an exam, in which case a five-paragraph essay of around 800 words may be appropriate.

You’ll usually be given guidelines regarding length; if you’re not sure, ask.

An expository essay is a common assignment in high-school and university composition classes. It might be assigned as coursework, in class, or as part of an exam.

Sometimes you might not be told explicitly to write an expository essay. Look out for prompts containing keywords like “explain” and “define.” An expository essay is usually the right response to these prompts.

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

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Academic Writing

• Introduction
• Planning an Essay
• Writing Paragraghs

Structure of a Paragraph

Types of paragraghs, writing logical parragraphs, transition & link words.

• Plagiarism This link opens in a new window

A paragraph develops ONE main idea through a series of related sentences. This main idea is usually introduced in the first sentence of the paragraph, called the topic sentence. The idea is then developed further through the sentences that follow.

A paragraph is usually around 250 words and consists of five or six sentences, although this can vary depending on the purpose of the paragraph, and the length of the piece you are writing.  Paragraphs play an important role in writing because they provide a framework for organizing your ideas in a logical order. Using a clear structure for your paragraphs helps guide the reader through your written work.

Paragraph Structure

A useful way of understanding paragraph structure is to think of it as a block that is divided into three sections: the beginning, the middle, and the end.

A basic paragraph follows this structure:

When to start a new paragraph:

• Start new main points or new ideas in a new paragraph. If you have an extended idea across multiple paragraphs, each new point within that idea should have its own paragraph.
• Use a new paragraph to introduce a contrasting or different position. Use a clear topic sentence to identify the main idea.
• If the paragraph becomes too long or the material is overly complex, you will need to create a break to make your writing more readable. Try splitting long paragraphs into two shorter paragraphs. This means you will need to write a new topic sentence at the start of the new paragraph.
• Introductions and conclusions are usually written as separate paragraphs.

The type of paragraph you write will depend on a number of factors:

• The kind of writing you are producing. For example, paragraphs in a report tend to have a different purpose to paragraphs in an essay.
• The position of the paragraph in a longer piece of writing. A body paragraph in an essay has a different purpose to an introduction or conclusion.
• The logical order of the ideas and information in your writing. You may be presenting an argument, organizing facts,comparing and contrasting ideas, defining a key concept, explaining the steps in a process, giving an example or recounting a series of events.

Using clear paragraph structure will help the reader understand the purpose of your writing.

Types of paragraphs

Argument paragraph.

An argument paragraph presents a point of view, and provides evidence to support the position taken by the writer. Evidence to support the position can include reasons, personal experience, statistics, confirmed facts and expert research. 

Classification paragraph

In this type of paragraph, separate items are grouped together according to shared characteristics.

Compare or contrast paragraph

A compare and/or contrast paragraph is required if you are asked to examine similarities and/or differences. Comparing focuses on similarities. Contrasting focuses on differences.

Definition paragraph

The starting point for a definition paragraph is a simple definition in the first sentence (the topic sentence). Support sentences then give more information such as examples, description and explanation.

Description paragraph

A description paragraph is used to write about how something looks, sounds, tastes, smells or feels. It includes specific details of the most important features.

Explanation paragraph

An explanation paragraph is required if you are asked to describe how something works, or how something happens.

Illustration paragraph

In an illustration paragraph, specific examples are used to clarify and support a general statement.

Adapted from  http://www.une.edu.au/current-students/resources/academic-skills/fact-sheets/media/nested-factsheets/paragraph-types

Organizing the sentences in your paragraph according to a logical order helps the reader to follow the development of your ideas.

Some common kinds of logical order are:

• Chronological order
• Comparison/contrast
• Logical division of ideas
• Order of importance
• Cause and effect

Each kind of order uses particular words and phrases (transition words) to show the relationships between ideas. For example in a paragraph using  chronological order , you would use expressions of  time :  first, next, after that, finally, before the last war, after 2010, since then,

In a paragraph describing  differences (contrast) , you would use expressions like these:  the most significant difference, larger than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, differ from

In a paragraph showing  similarities (comparison) , you would use expressions such as:  similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like, compare with, in comparison

Logical division of ideas simply means that ideas are grouped together, and each group is discussed accordingly. They may be introduced in  order of importance , or in some other order that makes sense to the reader. You would use transition words such as  firstly, secondly, thirdly to  introduce each group.

A cause and effect  paragraph uses transition words that express reasons and results, such as:  the first cause, the next reason, because of ... the first effect, as a result, therefore

Strong writers frequently combine the features of different types of paragraphs in order to successfully express their ideas and to suit the purpose of their writing. Using clear paragraph structure is essential, as it helps the reader to follow your meaning.

Adapted from: Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (1999). Writing Academic English (3rd ed.). NY:Pearson Education

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English Syllabus Guru

Your Ultimate English Syllabus Learning Resource

Ultimate Paragraph Structure with Examples

By Waqas Sharif

Parts of Paragraph Structure

A paragraph is a group of connected sentences (a unit of writing) that focuses on a single topic or subject. A well-ordered paragraph is strategically arranged as a whole like a basic building block. So, a well-organized paragraph not only supports readers in following the argument but also assists an author to structure his ideas properly. For example, a paragraph can be found in almost any type of written material, including essay writing, articles, and stories. Its structure can vary depending on the purpose and style of paragraph writing , but most of them have at least three basic parts:

• Topic Sentence (Introduction)
• Supporting sentences (Details)
• Concluding Sentence (Closing)
• Topic sentence: The topic sentence is the controlling and main idea of the paragraph. It states the main point that the paragraph is trying to make and sets the tone for the rest of the paragraph. Most probably, the first sentence of the paragraph appears as the topic sentence.
• Supporting sentences ( Supporting Details ): The supporting sentences provide evidence and details. It supports the topic sentence because it contains key facts and points which explain, illustrate, or give examples of the main idea.
• Concluding sentence: The concluding sentence is the final sentence of the paragraph. It summarizes the main points of the paragraph and ties the paragraph together. It gives the readers reminder of the main point and to make an It gives the readers reminder of the main point and to make an observation. It may also suggest future implications or provide a transition to the next paragraph.

Sample Paragraph Structure

2. Analyze the following paragraph after Reading.

The abundance of locally grown, high-quality products at the farmer’s market is always impressive. The local farmer’s market was bustling with activity on Saturday morning. Customers browsed stalls filled with fresh produce, handmade crafts, and homemade baked goods. One booth caught my eye with its colorful array of heirloom tomatoes. I chatted with the friendly farmer, who told me about the sustainable practices they use on their farm. I left with a bag full of juicy tomatoes and a newfound appreciation for small-scale agriculture. Overall, the farmer’s market is a great place to support local businesses and find unique, high-quality products.

Unity and Coherence in Paragraph Layout

Paragraph unity.

Unity in paragraph structure refers to all the sentences and ideas in a paragraph fitting together to form a cohesive whole. And it indicates that all of our points are connected to our main idea s and are unified in support of it. A paragraph is said to have unity when all of the sentences in a paragraph relate to the main idea or topic sentence.

Paragraph Coherence

In Paragraph writing, coherence implies that all of our contributions come together to make a whole. Coherence in writing aids readers in understanding how one point leads to the next. So, Individual concepts should be linked together to form a coherent whole. The use of transition words (Conjunctions) is an effective technique to promote coherence. Coherence also means that the ideas in a paragraph flow logically from one sentence to the next. A paragraph is said to be coherent when the ideas in the paragraph are presented in a clear and logical order. So, the transitions between sentences help the reader understand how the ideas are connected.

Together, unity and coherence help to create a paragraph that is easy to understand and follow. When a paragraph has both unity and coherence, the reader can easily grasp the main idea of the paragraph and see how it is supported by the details and examples provided.

Use of Logical Orders in Paragraph Structure

Paragraph order refers to the pattern in which we communicate our ideas in writing. It matters to be aware of what comes first, what comes next, and what last in good paragraph order. And, there are three kinds of paragraph order : Time order , Space order , and order of importance .

In a paragraph, the structure can be organized in three different ways: Time order , Space order , and Order of importance .

1. Time Order (chronological sequence)

It is used to write about events and to organize points according to the order in which they occurred. So, arrange the paragraph details in the order in which they occurred. This is often used when describing events, processes, or stories. When we’re writing about events, it’s better to write in chronological sequence.

We can start with:

• From first to last/last to first.
• From the most recent to least recent / least recent to the most recent.

2. Space Order (location sequence)

To explain Objects, Places, or People , use spatial order to organize ideas. So that your readers can visualize your topic in the same manner you do. This refers to organizing the details in a paragraph based on their bodily location. This is often used when describing the structure of a place or the features of an object. So, when writing about a physical thing, location, or person’s looks, use space order. It is normally the best choice.

We can move from:

• Top to the bottom/bottom to the top
• Near to far/far to near
• Left to right/right to left
• Back to front/front to back

3. Order of Importance (relative sequence)

We use order of importance to emphasize a specific point or to organize facts according to their great significance, interest, or surprise value, use the order of importance. This refers to arranging the details in a paragraph based on their relative importance or significance. This is often used when writing persuasive texts or when trying to emphasize the most important points . But, the most crucial items are usually saved until last.

We can put it as:

• Least important to the most important
• Unwanted to the most wanted
• Most important to the least important

Examples of Paragraph Arrangement Orders

Example of time order.

For example, if you want to describe a trip to a museum, you might use time order to describe the events of a day: “First, we arrived at the museum and purchased tickets. Next, we walked through the exhibits on the first floor. After that, we stopped for lunch at the museum cafe. Finally, we ended our visit with a tour of the special exhibit on the second floor.”

Example of Space order

Alternatively, you might use space order to describe the layout of the museum: “The museum entrance was located at the front of the building, with the gift shop to the right and the cafe to the left. The first-floor exhibits were arranged in a loop, starting with ancient artifacts and ending with modern art. The special exhibit on the second floor was located at the back of the building, and featured interactive displays and multimedia presentations.”

Example of an order of Importance

Finally, you may use an order of importance to highlight the most interesting and valuable aspects of the museum: “The museum’s special exhibit was the highlight of our visit. Featuring interactive displays and multimedia presentations, it offered a unique and engaging experience. The first-floor exhibits were also impressive, with a wide variety of ancient artifacts and modern art. The cafe and gift shop was convenient amenities, but not as noteworthy as the exhibits.”

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Mr. Waqas Sharif is an English Language Teaching (ELT) Professional, Trainer, and Course Instructor at a Public Sector Institute. He has more than ten years of Eng Language Teaching experience at the Graduate and Postgraduate level. His main interest is found in facilitating his students globally He wishes them to develop academic skills like Reading, Writing, and Communication mastery along with Basics of Functional Grammar, English Language, and Linguistics.

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2.9: Developing Body Paragraphs

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As we discussed earlier, an essay has three parts: it thoroughly introduces its topic in an introductory paragraph, discusses each subtopic in detail in its body paragraphs, and concludes the topic and makes its final remarks in a conclusion paragraph.

Developing detailed and coherent body paragraphs is essential to essay writing. Yet, many students fail to adequately develop the content of their essays. Your body paragraphs should do the following:

• introduce your subtopic in a topic sentence with transitions
• provide an explanation that links the subtopic to your original claim (thesis)
• expand on your explanation with adequate detail or specific examples

Exercise 10

Read the following thesis statement and topic sentences. Fill in the missing information with your own details and examples.

Thesis Statement: People who live outside the U.S. often hold misconceptions about life in the U.S.

Topic Sentence 1: One misconception of many people outside the U.S. is that everyone in the U.S. is wealthy.

Explanation: Provide some explanation of why people might think everyone in the U.S. is wealthy. ____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

Example: Share some specific examples that you have seen or heard about showing that people believe everyone in the U.S. is wealthy. ____________________________

Details: This is a good place to share a personal story about this misconception or to give further details about why others think that everyone in the U.S. is wealthy.

Conclude: Finish this paragraph by transitioning to the next paragraph or summing up your thoughts about the misconception about people in the U.S. being wealthy.

Topic Sentence 2: Another misconception people hold about life in the U.S. is that we have a lot of leisure time.

Explanation: Explain why people are misinformed about how people spend their time in the U.S. ____________________________________________________________

Example: Give an example of how people actually spend their time based on your experience ___________________________________________________________

Details: Provide more details about leisure time in the U.S. _____________________

Conclude: Finish this paragraph by transitioning to the next paragraph or summing up your thoughts on the misconception of leisure time in the U.S. ___________________

Topic Sentence 3: The third common misconception people hold about life in the U.S. is that ________________________________________________________________

Explanation: Explain why people have this misconception. ______________________

Example: Give an example of where you have seen this misconception ____________

Details: Provide more details about this topic. ________________________________

Conclude: Finish this paragraph by summing up your thoughts on this misconception about life in the U.S. ____________________________________________________

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