Identify
Explore
Discover
Discuss
Summarise
Describe
Interpret Apply Demonstrate Establish Determine Estimate Calculate Relate | Analyse Compare Inspect Examine Verify Select Test Arrange | Propose Design Formulate Collect Construct Prepare Undertake Assemble | Appraise Evaluate Compare Assess Recommend Conclude Select | Last, format your objectives into a numbered list. This is because when you write your thesis or dissertation, you will at times need to make reference to a specific research objective; structuring your research objectives in a numbered list will provide a clear way of doing this.
To bring all this together, let’s compare the first research objective in the previous example with the above guidance:
Checking Research Objective Example Against Recommended Approach
Research Objective:
1. Develop finite element models using explicit dynamics to mimic mallet blows during cup/shell insertion, initially using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum.
Checking Against Recommended Approach:
Q: Is it specific? A: Yes, it is clear what the student intends to do (produce a finite element model), why they intend to do it (mimic cup/shell blows) and their parameters have been well-defined ( using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum ).
Q: Is it measurable? A: Yes, it is clear that the research objective will be achieved once the finite element model is complete.
Q: Is it achievable? A: Yes, provided the student has access to a computer lab, modelling software and laboratory data.
Q: Is it relevant? A: Yes, mimicking impacts to a cup/shell is fundamental to the overall aim of understanding how they deform when impacted upon.
Q: Is it timebound? A: Yes, it is possible to create a limited-scope finite element model in a relatively short time, especially if you already have experience in modelling.
Q: Does it start with a verb? A: Yes, it starts with ‘develop’, which makes the intent of the objective immediately clear.
Q: Is it a numbered list? A: Yes, it is the first research objective in a list of eight.
Mistakes in Writing Research Aims and Objectives
1. making your research aim too broad.
Having a research aim too broad becomes very difficult to achieve. Normally, this occurs when a student develops their research aim before they have a good understanding of what they want to research. Remember that at the end of your project and during your viva defence , you will have to prove that you have achieved your research aims; if they are too broad, this will be an almost impossible task. In the early stages of your research project, your priority should be to narrow your study to a specific area. A good way to do this is to take the time to study existing literature, question their current approaches, findings and limitations, and consider whether there are any recurring gaps that could be investigated .
Note: Achieving a set of aims does not necessarily mean proving or disproving a theory or hypothesis, even if your research aim was to, but having done enough work to provide a useful and original insight into the principles that underlie your research aim.
2. Making Your Research Objectives Too Ambitious
Be realistic about what you can achieve in the time you have available. It is natural to want to set ambitious research objectives that require sophisticated data collection and analysis, but only completing this with six months before the end of your PhD registration period is not a worthwhile trade-off.
![](//nandemo.space/777/templates/cheerup1/res/banner1.gif)
3. Formulating Repetitive Research Objectives
Each research objective should have its own purpose and distinct measurable outcome. To this effect, a common mistake is to form research objectives which have large amounts of overlap. This makes it difficult to determine when an objective is truly complete, and also presents challenges in estimating the duration of objectives when creating your project timeline. It also makes it difficult to structure your thesis into unique chapters, making it more challenging for you to write and for your audience to read.
Fortunately, this oversight can be easily avoided by using SMART objectives.
Hopefully, you now have a good idea of how to create an effective set of aims and objectives for your research project, whether it be a thesis, dissertation or research paper. While it may be tempting to dive directly into your research, spending time on getting your aims and objectives right will give your research clear direction. This won’t only reduce the likelihood of problems arising later down the line, but will also lead to a more thorough and coherent research project.
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How to Write Research Objectives
![examples of general and specific research objectives How to Write Research Objectives](https://proofed.com/wp-content/webp-express/webp-images/uploads/2021/11/12-Graphic-How-to-Write-Research-Objectives.png.webp)
- 3-minute read
- 22nd November 2021
Writing a research paper, thesis, or dissertation ? If so, you’ll want to state your research objectives in the introduction of your paper to make it clear to your readers what you’re trying to accomplish. But how do you write effective research objectives? In this post, we’ll look at two key topics to help you do this:
- How to use your research aims as a basis for developing objectives.
- How to use SMART criteria to refine your research objectives.
For more advice on how to write strong research objectives, see below.
Research Aims and Objectives
There is an important difference between research aims and research objectives:
- A research aim defines the main purpose of your research. As such, you can think of your research aim as answering the question “What are you doing?”
- Research objectives (as most studies will have more than one) are the steps you will take to fulfil your aims. As such, your objectives should answer the question “How are you conducting your research?”
For instance, an example research aim could be:
This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia.
To develop a set of research objectives, you would then break down the various steps involved in meeting said aim. For example:
This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia. To achieve this, the study objectives w ill include:
- Replicat ing a small Singaporean study into the role of dehydration in UTIs in hospital patients (Sepe, 2018) in a larger Australian cohort.
- Trialing the use of intravenous fluids for intensive care patients to prevent dehydration.
- Assessing the relationship between the age of patients and quantities of intravenous fluids needed to counter dehydration.
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Note that the objectives don’t go into any great detail here. The key is to briefly summarize each component of your study. You can save details for how you will conduct the research for the methodology section of your paper.
Make Your Research Objectives SMART
A great way to refine your research objectives is to use SMART criteria . Borrowed from the world of project management, there are many versions of this system. However, we’re going to focus on developing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timebound objectives.
In other words, a good research objective should be all of the following:
- S pecific – Is the objective clear and well-defined?
- M easurable – How will you know when the objective has been achieved? Is there a way to measure the thing you’re seeking to do?
- A chievable – Do you have the support and resources necessary to undertake this action? Are you being overly ambitious with this objective?
- R elevant – Is this objective vital for fulfilling your research aim?
- T imebound – Can this action be realistically undertaken in the time you have?
If you follow this system, your research objectives will be much stronger.
Expert Research Proofreading
Whatever your research aims and objectives, make sure to have your academic writing proofread by the experts!
Our academic editors can help you with research papers and proposals , as well as any other scholarly document you need checking. And this will help to ensure that your academic writing is always clear, concise, and precise.
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How to Write Objectives in a Research Proposal
Last Updated: April 30, 2024 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Marissa Levis . Marissa Levis is an English Teacher in the Morris County Vocational School District. She previously worked as an English director at a tutoring center that caters to students in elementary and middle school. She is an expert in creating a curriculum that helps students advance their skills in secondary-level English, focusing on MLA formatting, reading comprehension, writing skills, editing and proofreading, literary analysis, standardized test preparation, and journalism topics. Marissa received her Master of Arts in Teaching from Fairleigh Dickinson University. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 128,746 times.
A research proposal is a detailed outline for a significant research project. They’re common for class assignments, capstone papers, grant applications, and even job applications in some fields, so it's possible you'll have to prepare one at some point. The objectives are a very important part of a research proposal because they outline where the project is headed and what it will accomplish. Developing objectives can be a little tricky, so take some time to consider them. Then work on wording them carefully so your readers understand your goals. With clear objectives, your research proposal will be much stronger.
Brainstorming Your Objectives
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 1 State your main research question to guide your ideas.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f9/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-1.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-1.jpg)
- For example, your research question might be “What is the effect of prolonged TV-watching on children?” You can then use that question to build your study around.
- Narrow down your research topic if it’s too broad. A broad research topic makes breaking the objectives down much more difficult. A research question like “How can we save the environment?” is a huge question. Something like “What safety measures would prevent ocean pollution?” is more specific and attainable. [2] X Research source
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 2 Describe the ultimate goal of your study.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/4/42/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-2.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-2.jpg)
- Remember that in most cases, you shouldn’t state that your study will prove or disprove something exactly since you haven’t done the work yet. Don’t say “This study proves that honey is not an effective treatment for acne.” Instead, make it something like “This study will demonstrate whether or not honey is an effective treatment for acne.”
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 3 Break that goal down into sub-categories to develop your objectives.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/1/14/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-3.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-3.jpg)
- If your research question was “What is the effect of prolonged TV-watching on children?” then there are a few categories you could look at. Objectives wrapped up within that question might be: 1) the incidence of eyestrain among children who watch a lot of TV, 2) their muscular development, 3) their level of socialization with other children. Design your objectives around answering these questions.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 4 Limit your objectives to 3 to 5 at most.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/e/e0/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-4.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-4.jpg)
- You could always state in your research proposal that you plan to design future experiments or studies to answer additional questions. Most experiments leave unanswered questions and subsequent studies try to tackle them.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 5 Divide your objectives into 1 general and 3-4 specific ones.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/5/58/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-5.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-5.jpg)
- A general objective might be "Establish the effect of diet on mental health." Some specific goals in that project could be 1) Determine if processed foods make depression worse, 2) Identify foods that improve mood, 3) Measure if portion sizes have an impact on mood.
- Not all research proposals want you to divide between general and specific goals. Remember to follow the instructions for the proposal you're writing.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 6 Assess each objective using the SMART acronym.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/0/0a/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-6.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-6.jpg)
- The best goals align with each letter in the SMART acronym. The weaker ones are missing some letters. For example, you might come up with a topic that’s specific, measurable, and time-bound, but not realistic or attainable. This is a weak objective because you probably can’t achieve it.
- Think about the resources at your disposal. Some objectives might be doable with the right equipment, but if you don’t have that equipment, then you can’t achieve that goal. For example, you might want to map DNA structures, but you can’t view DNA without an electron microscope.
- Ask the same question for your entire project. Is it attainable overall? You don’t want to try to achieve too much and overwhelm yourself.
- The specific words in this acronym sometimes change, but the sentiment is the same. Your objectives should overall be clear and specific, measurable, feasible, and limited by time.
Using the Right Language
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 1 Start each objective with an action verb.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/0/03/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-7.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-7.jpg)
- Verbs like use, understand, or study is vague and weak. Instead, choose words like calculate, compare, and assess.
- Your objective list might read like this: 1) Compare the muscle development of children who play video games to children who don’t, 2) Assess whether or not video games cause eyestrain, 3) Determine if videogames inhibit a child’s socialization skills.
- Some proposals use the infinitive form of verbs, like “to measure” or “to determine.” This is also fine but refer to the proposal instructions to see if this is correct.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 2 State each objective clearly and concisely.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/7/73/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-8.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-8.jpg)
- You can further explain your objectives further in the research proposal. No need to elaborate a lot when you’re just listing them.
- If you’re having trouble shortening an objective to 1 sentence, then you probably need to split it into 2 objectives. It might also be too complicated for this project.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 3 Use specific language so readers know what your goals are.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/6/64/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-9.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-9.jpg)
- For example, “Determine if sunlight is harmful” is too vague. Instead, state the objective as “Determine if prolonged sun exposure increases subjects’ risk of skin cancer.”
- It’s helpful to let someone else read your proposal and see if they understand the objectives. If they’re confused, then you need to be more specific.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 4 State your objectives as outcomes rather than a process.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/e/ea/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-10.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-10.jpg)
- For example, don’t say “Measure the effect of radiation on living tissue.” Instead, say “Determine what level of radiation is dangerous to living tissue.”
- Remember, don’t state the objectives as you’ve already done the experiments. They’re still not answered.
Writing the Objectives
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 1 Insert your objectives after your introduction and problem statement.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/a/a7/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-11.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-11.jpg)
- This is a common format for research proposals, but not universal. Always follow the format that the instructions provided.
- Depending on how long your introduction has to be, you might also list the objectives there. This depends on whether or not you have room.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 2 Note the objectives...](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/3/30/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-12.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-12.jpg)
- At the very least, the abstract should list the general objective. This tells the readers what your study is working towards.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 3 Introduce the section with your general objective first.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/f/f6/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-13.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-13.jpg)
- In some research projects, the general objective is called a long-term goal instead. Adjust your language to the proposal requirements.
- Some proposals directions may just want the specific objectives rather than a division between the general and specific ones. Don’t divide them if the instructions tell you not to.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Step 4 List your specific objectives next.](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/b/b0/Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-14.jpg/v4-460px-Write-Objectives-in-a-Research-Proposal-Step-14.jpg)
- Your introduction may be as follows: "My long-term objective with this project is determining whether or not prolonged video-game playing is harmful to children under 5. I will accomplish this aim by meeting the following objectives: 1) Compare the muscle development of children who play videogames to children who don’t 2) Assess whether or not videogames cause eyestrain 3) Determine if videogames inhibit a child’s socialization skills"
- The specific objectives are usually listed as a bullet or numbered points. However, follow the instructions given.
Research Proposal Templates
![examples of general and specific research objectives examples of general and specific research objectives](https://www.wikihow.com/images/thumb/e/ee/Research-Proposal-Objectives-Template_sample.png/340px-Research-Proposal-Objectives-Template_sample.png)
Expert Q&A
- It’s always a good idea to let someone else read your research proposals and make sure they’re clear. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
- Proofread! A great proposal could be ruined by typos and errors. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
![examples of general and specific research objectives examples of general and specific research objectives](https://www.wikihow.com/images/0/07/Meme_v06_0420x0250.jpg)
- Some proposal instructions are very specific, and applicants that don’t follow the format are eliminated. Always follow the instructions given to stay within the requirements. Thanks Helpful 3 Not Helpful 0
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- ↑ https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-assets/15490_book_item_15490.pdf
- ↑ https://research-methodology.net/research-methodology/research-aims-and-objectives/
- ↑ https://www.uh.edu/~lsong5/documents/A%20sample%20proposal%20with%20comment.pdf
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3282423/
- ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/evaluation/pdf/brief3b.pdf
- ↑ https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=231§ion=8.6.2
- ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6398294/
- ↑ https://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/0601009.pdf
- ↑ https://www.bpcc.edu/institutional-advancement-grants/how-to-write-goals-and-objectives-for-grant-proposals
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Formulating Research Aims and Objectives
Formulating research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner is one of the most important aspects of your thesis. This is because research aim and objectives determine the scope, depth and the overall direction of the research. Research question is the central question of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.
Research aim emphasizes what needs to be achieved within the scope of the research, by the end of the research process. Achievement of research aim provides answer to the research question.
Research objectives divide research aim into several parts and address each part separately. Research aim specifies WHAT needs to be studied and research objectives comprise a number of steps that address HOW research aim will be achieved.
As a rule of dumb, there would be one research aim and several research objectives. Achievement of each research objective will lead to the achievement of the research aim.
Consider the following as an example:
Research title: Effects of organizational culture on business profitability: a case study of Virgin Atlantic
Research aim: To assess the effects of Virgin Atlantic organizational culture on business profitability
Following research objectives would facilitate the achievement of this aim:
- Analyzing the nature of organizational culture at Virgin Atlantic by September 1, 2022
- Identifying factors impacting Virgin Atlantic organizational culture by September 16, 2022
- Analyzing impacts of Virgin Atlantic organizational culture on employee performances by September 30, 2022
- Providing recommendations to Virgin Atlantic strategic level management in terms of increasing the level of effectiveness of organizational culture by October 5, 2022
Figure below illustrates additional examples in formulating research aims and objectives:
![examples of general and specific research objectives Formulating Research Aims and Objectives](https://rm-15da4.kxcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Formulating-Research-Aims-and-Objectives-30x28.png)
Formulation of research question, aim and objectives
Common mistakes in the formulation of research aim relate to the following:
1. Choosing the topic too broadly . This is the most common mistake. For example, a research title of “an analysis of leadership practices” can be classified as too broad because the title fails to answer the following questions:
a) Which aspects of leadership practices? Leadership has many aspects such as employee motivation, ethical behaviour, strategic planning, change management etc. An attempt to cover all of these aspects of organizational leadership within a single research will result in an unfocused and poor work.
b) An analysis of leadership practices in which country? Leadership practices tend to be different in various countries due to cross-cultural differences, legislations and a range of other region-specific factors. Therefore, a study of leadership practices needs to be country-specific.
c) Analysis of leadership practices in which company or industry? Similar to the point above, analysis of leadership practices needs to take into account industry-specific and/or company-specific differences, and there is no way to conduct a leadership research that relates to all industries and organizations in an equal manner.
Accordingly, as an example “a study into the impacts of ethical behaviour of a leader on the level of employee motivation in US healthcare sector” would be a more appropriate title than simply “An analysis of leadership practices”.
2. Setting an unrealistic aim . Formulation of a research aim that involves in-depth interviews with Apple strategic level management by an undergraduate level student can be specified as a bit over-ambitious. This is because securing an interview with Apple CEO Tim Cook or members of Apple Board of Directors might not be easy. This is an extreme example of course, but you got the idea. Instead, you may aim to interview the manager of your local Apple store and adopt a more feasible strategy to get your dissertation completed.
3. Choosing research methods incompatible with the timeframe available . Conducting interviews with 20 sample group members and collecting primary data through 2 focus groups when only three months left until submission of your dissertation can be very difficult, if not impossible. Accordingly, timeframe available need to be taken into account when formulating research aims and objectives and selecting research methods.
Moreover, research objectives need to be formulated according to SMART principle,
where the abbreviation stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.
| |
Study employee motivation of Coca-Cola | To study the impacts of management practices on the levels of employee motivation at Coca-Cola US by December 5, 2022 |
Analyze consumer behaviour in catering industry | Analyzing changes in consumer behaviour in catering industry in the 21 century in the UK by March 1, 2022 |
Recommend Toyota Motor Corporation management on new market entry strategy | Formulating recommendations to Toyota Motor Corporation management on the choice of appropriate strategy to enter Vietnam market by June 9, 2022 |
Analyze the impact of social media marketing on business | Assessing impacts of integration of social media into marketing strategy on the level of brand awareness by March 30, 2022 |
Finding out about time management principles used by Accenture managers | Identifying main time-management strategies used by managers of Accenture France by December 1, 2022 |
Examples of SMART research objectives
At the conclusion part of your research project you will need to reflect on the level of achievement of research aims and objectives. In case your research aims and objectives are not fully achieved by the end of the study, you will need to discuss the reasons. These may include initial inappropriate formulation of research aims and objectives, effects of other variables that were not considered at the beginning of the research or changes in some circumstances during the research process.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Research Aims and Objectives](https://rm-15da4.kxcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/E-book-photo.jpg)
John Dudovskiy
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How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)
![examples of general and specific research objectives how to write a research proposal](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/pexels-karolina-grabowska-8539429-1-1170x780.jpg)
Table of Contents
Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.
Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.
This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.
What is a Research Proposal ?
A research proposal¹ ,² can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.
With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.
Purpose of Research Proposals
A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.
Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³
- To describe the importance of research in the specific topic
- Address any potential challenges you may encounter
- Showcase knowledge in the field and your ability to conduct a study
- Apply for a role at a research institute
- Convince a research supervisor or university that your research can satisfy the requirements of a degree program
- Highlight the importance of your research to organizations that may sponsor your project
- Identify implications of your project and how it can benefit the audience
What Goes in a Research Proposal?
Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.
The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.
The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.
The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.
Research Proposal Example
Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.
![examples of general and specific research objectives Research Proposal Template](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Research-proposal-Template-1-2_page-00011-scaled.jpg)
Structure of a Research Proposal
If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹
1. Introduction
This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.
2. Literature review
This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.
3. Objectives
Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.
4. Research design and methodology
Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.
5. Ethical considerations
This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.
6. Budget/funding
Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.
7. Appendices
This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.
8. Citations
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Important Tips for Writing a Research Proposal
Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5
The Planning Stage
- Manage your time efficiently. Plan to have the draft version ready at least two weeks before your deadline and the final version at least two to three days before the deadline.
- What is the primary objective of your research?
- Will your research address any existing gap?
- What is the impact of your proposed research?
- Do people outside your field find your research applicable in other areas?
- If your research is unsuccessful, would there still be other useful research outcomes?
The Writing Stage
- Create an outline with main section headings that are typically used.
- Focus only on writing and getting your points across without worrying about the format of the research proposal , grammar, punctuation, etc. These can be fixed during the subsequent passes. Add details to each section heading you created in the beginning.
- Ensure your sentences are concise and use plain language. A research proposal usually contains about 2,000 to 4,000 words or four to seven pages.
- Don’t use too many technical terms and abbreviations assuming that the readers would know them. Define the abbreviations and technical terms.
- Ensure that the entire content is readable. Avoid using long paragraphs because they affect the continuity in reading. Break them into shorter paragraphs and introduce some white space for readability.
- Focus on only the major research issues and cite sources accordingly. Don’t include generic information or their sources in the literature review.
- Proofread your final document to ensure there are no grammatical errors so readers can enjoy a seamless, uninterrupted read.
- Use academic, scholarly language because it brings formality into a document.
- Ensure that your title is created using the keywords in the document and is neither too long and specific nor too short and general.
- Cite all sources appropriately to avoid plagiarism.
- Make sure that you follow guidelines, if provided. This includes rules as simple as using a specific font or a hyphen or en dash between numerical ranges.
- Ensure that you’ve answered all questions requested by the evaluating authority.
Key Takeaways
Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:
- A research proposal is a document that outlines the details of a proposed study and is created by researchers to submit to evaluators who could be research institutions, universities, faculty, etc.
- Research proposals are usually about 2,000-4,000 words long, but this depends on the evaluating authority’s guidelines.
- A good research proposal ensures that you’ve done your background research and assessed the feasibility of the research.
- Research proposals have the following main sections—introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, ethical considerations, and budget.
![examples of general and specific research objectives](https://pp-blog.paperpal.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/AAP-Banner-3.png)
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?
A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6
- Significance —Does the research address any important subject or issue, which may or may not be specific to the evaluator or university?
- Content and design —Is the proposed methodology appropriate to answer the research question? Are the objectives clear and well aligned with the proposed methodology?
- Sample size and selection —Is the target population or cohort size clearly mentioned? Is the sampling process used to select participants randomized, appropriate, and free of bias?
- Timing —Are the proposed data collection dates mentioned clearly? Is the project feasible given the specified resources and timeline?
- Data management and dissemination —Who will have access to the data? What is the plan for data analysis?
Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?
A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.
Q3. How long should a research proposal be?
A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.
| | |
| Arts programs | 1,000-1,500 |
University of Birmingham | Law School programs | 2,500 |
| PhD | 2,500 |
| | 2,000 |
| Research degrees | 2,000-3,500 |
Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?
A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7
- No clear objectives: Objectives should be clear, specific, and measurable for the easy understanding among readers.
- Incomplete or unconvincing background research: Background research usually includes a review of the current scenario of the particular industry and also a review of the previous literature on the subject. This helps readers understand your reasons for undertaking this research because you identified gaps in the existing research.
- Overlooking project feasibility: The project scope and estimates should be realistic considering the resources and time available.
- Neglecting the impact and significance of the study: In a research proposal , readers and evaluators look for the implications or significance of your research and how it contributes to the existing research. This information should always be included.
- Unstructured format of a research proposal : A well-structured document gives confidence to evaluators that you have read the guidelines carefully and are well organized in your approach, consequently affirming that you will be able to undertake the research as mentioned in your proposal.
- Ineffective writing style: The language used should be formal and grammatically correct. If required, editors could be consulted, including AI-based tools such as Paperpal , to refine the research proposal structure and language.
Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.
This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.
References
- Sudheesh K, Duggappa DR, Nethra SS. How to write a research proposal? Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):631-634. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/
- Writing research proposals. Harvard College Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships. Harvard University. Accessed July 14, 2024. https://uraf.harvard.edu/apply-opportunities/app-components/essays/research-proposals
- What is a research proposal? Plus how to write one. Indeed website. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-proposal
- Research proposal template. University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/pediatrics/research/documents/Research-proposal-Template.pdf
- Tips for successful proposal writing. Johns Hopkins University. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://research.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tips-for-Successful-Proposal-Writing.pdf
- Formal review of research proposals. Cornell University. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/surveys/survey-assessment-review-group/research-proposals
- 7 Mistakes you must avoid in your research proposal. Aveksana (via LinkedIn). Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-mistakes-you-must-avoid-your-research-proposal-aveksana-cmtwf/
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- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: Acknowledgements
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: Introduction
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 1. Health Services in Ethiopia
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 2. Management and Leadership in Community Healthcare
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 3. Planning Health Programmes
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- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 8. Ethical Dilemmas in Health Service Delivery
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 9. Rights and Obligations of Health Extension Practitioners
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 10. General Principles of Health Research and Introduction to Community Surveys
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 11. Developing Your Community Profile
- Health Management, Ethics and Research: 12. Data Collection and Analysis for Your Baseline Community Survey
- Introduction
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- 13.1.1 Components of a community profile report
- 13.2.1 Clarifying the problem of malaria infection in your community
- 13.2.2 Criteria for choosing health problems to research
- 13.2.3 Poor sanitary conditions: creating a research question
- 13.2.4 Community participation in prioritising health issues
- 13.3 Choosing which topic to research
13.4.1 What other sources should you consult?
13.4.2 Research objectives
Summary of Study Session 13
- Self-Assessment Questions (SAQs) for Study Session 13
- Health Management, Ethics and Research: 14. Research Strategies and Study Designs for Small-Scale Research
- Health Management, Ethics and Research Module: 15. Sampling Methods and Sample Size in Small-Scale Research
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The final part of clarifying your research project involves thinking in more detail about your research objectives . Research objectives should be closely related to the statement of the problem and summarise what you hope will be achieved by the study. For example, if the problem identified is low utilisation of antenatal care services, the general objective of the study could be to identify the reasons for this low uptake, in order to find ways of improving it.
Writing your research objectives clearly helps to:
- Define the focus of your study
- Clearly identify variables to be measured
- Indicate the various steps to be involved
- Establish the limits of the study
- Avoid collection of any data that is not strictly necessary.
What do you think might happen if you started a research project, but hadn’t written any clear research objectives?
Without clearly written research objectives, you might be confused about the limits of the study, what data should be collected, or how to conduct the research.
Objectives can be general or specific. The general objective of your study states what you expect to achieve in general terms. Specific objectives break down the general objective into smaller, logically connected parts that systematically address the various aspects of the problem. Your specific objectives should specify exactly what you will do in each phase of your study, how, where, when and for what purpose.
How should your objectives be stated?
Your objectives should be stated using action verbs that are specific enough to be measured, for example: to compare, to calculate, to assess, to determine, to verify, to calculate, to describe, to explain, etc. Avoid the use of vague non-active verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, to believe, to study, etc., because it is difficult to evaluate whether they have been achieved.
Case Study 13.3 General and specific objectives for a counselling project
A research study designed to assess the accessibility and acceptability of the Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) Services for HIV infection in kebele X had the following general and specific objectives:
General objective: To identify factors that affects the acceptability of VCT services and to assess community attitudes towards comprehensive care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.
Specific objectives:
- To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of the community towards HIV/AIDS and VCT services.
- To identify barriers and concerns related to VCT and its uptake.
- To assess the awareness and perception of the study community regarding comprehensive care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS.
What is the difference between the specific objectives and the general objective of a research project? You can use the example in Case Study 13.3 to help you answer this question.
Specific objectives are detailed objectives that describe what will be researched during the study, whereas the general objective is a much broader statement about what the study aims to achieve overall.
In the next study session, we will move on to teach you about research strategies and alternative study designs that you may choose to conduct for a small-scale research project in your community.
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General objectives and specific objectives
The general and specific objectives are fundamental elements for the accomplishment of academic works, like for example, a thesis of degree.
The general objective is a statement that summarizes the central idea and purpose of a work.
The specific objectives detail the processes necessary for the complete accomplishment of the work.
| General objectives | Specific objectives |
---|
Function | Summarize and present the central idea of an academic paper. | Present in detail the results that are intended to be achieved through the investigation. |
Sense | Wider. | More detailed. |
Elements | It must contain the hypothesis or the problem that will be investigated in the work, as well as the delimitation of the topic. | It should describe the stages of the search in the sequence of execution. It must also relate the object of the work with its particularities, with greater delimitation. |
General objective
The general objective should present the central idea of an academic work, succinctly and objectively stating the purpose of the study and the goal to be achieved.
In other words, the general objective synthesizes the hypothesis or problem to be investigated, specifies the purpose of the study and defines the topic.
General objective example
“Verify if there is a relationship between the increase in Internet access and the decrease in the use of television in the southwestern region of Mexico.”
The purpose of the work is expressed in “verifying if there is a relationship between the increase in Internet access and the decrease in the use of television.” The delimitation is expressed in “in the southwestern region of Mexico.”
Specific objectives
The specific objectives are directly related to the general objectives, detailing the processes necessary for their realization. In this way, the specific objectives serve as a guide for how the work will be approached.
The specific objectives should present in detail the goals of the project. This is how the object studied is related to its particularities and the steps to be followed to meet the general objective are identified.
Example of specific objectives
Continuing with the previous example, the specific objectives could be:
- Analyze the increase in Internet access in the last year;
- Analyze the number of televisions in homes in the southwestern region of Mexico;
- Verify the use of television in homes in the southwestern region of Mexico;
- Compare the standard of increasing Internet access with a decrease in the use of televisions.
See also Goal and objective .
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Research Objectives
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Research objectives are specific goals or purposes that guide a study or investigation. They are clearly defined statements that outline what the researcher aims to achieve through their research . These objectives help to focus the study, provide direction, and establish the scope of the research design . They typically include the main questions or problems the research seeks to address and are essential for designing the methodology, data collection, and analysis processes. By defining research objectives , researchers can ensure their study remains on track and addresses the key issues relevant to their topic.
What Are Research Objectives?
Research objectives are clear, specific goals that guide a study’s direction and scope. They outline what the researcher aims to achieve, helping to focus the research, design methodologies, and guide data collection and analysis. These objectives ensure the research stays on track and addresses key issues relevant to the topic.
Examples of Research Objectives
- To determine the impact of social media on adolescent mental health.
- To analyze the effectiveness of online learning platforms in primary education.
- To investigate the relationship between diet and cognitive function in adults.
- To assess customer satisfaction with a new product line.
- To explore the effects of climate change on local agriculture.
- To identify key factors influencing employee job satisfaction in the tech industry.
- To evaluate the success of a community health intervention program.
- To compare the environmental benefits of electric vs. hybrid vehicles.
- To examine the role of leadership styles in organizational performance.
- To measure the economic impact of tourism in a specific region.
Examples of Qualitative Research Objectives
- To explore the experiences of patients undergoing chronic pain management.
- To understand the perceptions of teachers on the integration of technology in the classroom.
- To investigate the motivations behind volunteerism in community service organizations.
- To examine the cultural influences on dietary habits among immigrant families.
- To assess the impact of workplace culture on employee morale in remote teams.
- To identify the challenges faced by first-generation college students in higher education.
- To analyze the role of social support networks in the lives of single parents.
- To study the decision-making processes of consumers when choosing organic products.
- To explore the lived experiences of individuals recovering from addiction.
- To understand the factors influencing career choices among high school students.
Examples of Research Objectives in a Research Proposal
- To investigate the effects of social media usage on high school students’ academic performance.
- To explore the relationship between work-life balance and job satisfaction among healthcare professionals.
- To assess the impact of urban green spaces on residents’ mental health in metropolitan areas.
- To analyze the effectiveness of bilingual education programs in enhancing language proficiency among elementary students.
- To determine the influence of corporate social responsibility initiatives on consumer loyalty in the retail industry.
- To examine the role of leadership styles in fostering innovation within technology startups.
- To identify barriers to accessing healthcare services in rural communities.
- To evaluate the success of digital marketing strategies in small businesses.
- To understand the factors affecting voter turnout in local elections.
- To study the impact of remote work on team collaboration and productivity in the IT sector.
Research Objectives in Business
- To evaluate the effectiveness of digital marketing strategies in increasing online sales.
- To analyze customer satisfaction levels with the company’s new product line.
- To investigate the impact of employee training programs on productivity.
- To determine the key factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions in the retail industry.
- To assess the role of corporate social responsibility in enhancing brand reputation.
- To explore the relationship between workplace diversity and employee performance.
- To examine the effects of remote work on team collaboration and company culture.
- To identify market trends and opportunities for business expansion in emerging markets.
- To study the influence of pricing strategies on customer retention and loyalty.
- To measure the impact of leadership styles on organizational innovation and growth.
Why are Research Objectives Important?
Research objectives are crucial because they provide clear direction and focus for a study, ensuring that the research stays on track and addresses the specific goals set by the researcher. They help in the formulation of research questions and the design of the methodology, guiding data collection and analysis processes. Well-defined objectives make it easier to measure the study’s success and ensure that the findings are relevant and meaningful. They also enhance the credibility and reliability of the research by outlining a precise plan, making it easier for others to understand and replicate the study.
Importance of Research Objectives
- Provide Clarity and Focus: Research objectives clearly outline what the study aims to achieve, helping to narrow down the scope and maintain a clear direction throughout the research process.
- Guide Research Design: They help in formulating research questions and determining the most appropriate methodology, ensuring that data collection and analysis are aligned with the study’s goals.
- Ensure Relevance: Well-defined objectives ensure that the research addresses specific, relevant issues, making the findings more meaningful and applicable.
- Measure Success: They provide benchmarks against which the success of the study can be measured, making it easier to assess whether the research has achieved its intended goals.
- Enhance Credibility: Clearly stated objectives enhance the credibility and reliability of the research by demonstrating a systematic and organized approach.
Types of Research Objectives
![examples of general and specific research objectives Types of Research Objectives](https://images.examples.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Types-of-Research-Objectives.png)
1. Descriptive Objectives
Descriptive objectives aim to describe the characteristics or functions of a particular phenomenon or population. These objectives focus on answering the “what” aspect of research. Example : To describe the demographic characteristics of smartphone users in the United States.
2. Exploratory Objectives
Exploratory objectives aim to explore new areas where little information is available. They seek to gain insights and familiarize the researcher with the subject area. Example : To explore the potential factors influencing consumer preferences for electric vehicles.
3. Explanatory Objectives
Explanatory objectives aim to explain the relationships or causality between variables. These objectives focus on understanding the “why” and “how” aspects of research. Example : To explain the relationship between social media usage and academic performance among college students.
4. Predictive Objectives
Predictive objectives aim to predict the future trends, behaviors, or outcomes based on current data or trends. These objectives are used to forecast and anticipate future scenarios. Example : To predict the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity over the next decade.
5. Evaluative Objectives
Evaluative objectives aim to assess the effectiveness or impact of an intervention, program, or policy. These objectives focus on determining the success or value of something. Example : To evaluate the effectiveness of a new employee training program on job performance.
Characteristics of Research Objectives
Research objectives are crucial components of any study as they define the purpose and goals of the research. Well-crafted research objectives provide clarity, direction, and focus to the study. Here are the key characteristics of research objectives:
1. Specific
Research objectives should be clear and precise, leaving no room for ambiguity. They should clearly state what the research intends to achieve. Example: Specific Objective: “To determine the impact of social media marketing on consumer purchasing decisions.”
2. Measurable
Objectives should be quantifiable, allowing researchers to assess the extent to which they have been achieved. This involves using metrics or indicators that can be measured. Example: Measurable Objective: “To measure the increase in sales by 15% after implementing a social media marketing campaign.”
3. Achievable
The objectives should be realistic and attainable within the scope and resources of the study. Setting achievable goals ensures that the research can be completed successfully. Example: Achievable Objective: “To survey 500 consumers within a three-month period to understand their social media usage patterns.”
4. Relevant
Objectives must be relevant to the research problem and aligned with the overall purpose of the study. They should address the key issues and contribute to solving the research problem. Example: Relevant Objective: “To analyze the relationship between social media engagement and brand loyalty among teenagers.”
5. Time-bound
Objectives should have a clear timeframe within which they are to be achieved. This helps in planning and maintaining the research schedule. Example: Time-bound Objective: “To complete data collection within six months and publish findings within one year.”
How to write Research Objectives?
1. identify the research problem.
- Clearly define the research problem.
- Understand the main issue or question you want to address.
2. Conduct a Literature Review
- Review existing literature to understand what has already been done in the field.
- Refine your research problem and identify gaps.
3. Define the Scope of Your Study
- Determine the boundaries of your research.
- Specify what aspects of the problem you will address and what you will exclude.
4. Formulate Specific Questions
- Break down your research problem into specific, clear, and focused questions.
5. Use Action Verbs
- Use specific action verbs such as “analyze,” “determine,” “evaluate,” “explore,” and “compare” to articulate your aims.
6. Be Clear and Concise
- Ensure your objectives are clear, concise, and easy to understand.
- Avoid ambiguous language and make each objective specific and measurable.
7. Align with Research Goals
- Ensure that your objectives are aligned with the overall goals of your research.
- Each objective should contribute to achieving these goals.
8. Prioritize Objectives
- List your objectives in order of importance.
- Focus on primary objectives first, followed by secondary ones.
9. Ensure Feasibility
- Make sure your objectives are realistic and achievable within the scope of your resources, time, and capabilities.
10. Review and Refine
- Review your objectives to ensure they are comprehensive and cover all aspects of your research problem.
- Refine them as necessary for clarity and focus.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Objectives
Advantages of research objectives.
- Clarity and Focus Objectives provide a clear direction, helping you stay on track. Example: “To study the impact of social media on teenagers’ mental health” keeps your research focused on a specific topic.
- Guidance for Methodology They help in choosing the right methods and tools for your research. Example: “To test the effectiveness of new teaching methods” suggests using experiments and tests.
- Measurement and Evaluation Objectives make it easy to measure success. Example: “To improve test scores by 15% with a new teaching method” provides a clear goal to aim for.
- Resource Allocation They ensure efficient use of time, money, and effort. Example: If your objective is “To survey 500 people,” you can plan your resources accordingly.
- Communication Objectives help explain your research to others. Example: Clear objectives can be shared in grant proposals to get funding.
Disadvantages of Research Objectives
- Rigidity Objectives can be too rigid, limiting flexibility. Example: If new data shows something unexpected, a fixed objective might stop you from exploring it.
- Over-Simplification They might oversimplify complex issues. Example: “To study the effect of diet on health” might ignore the many factors that influence health.
- Bias Introduction Specific objectives can lead to focusing too narrowly. Example: Studying only the positive effects of a new drug might overlook side effects.
- Pressure to Achieve They can create pressure to meet specific outcomes, risking research integrity. Example: You might feel pressured to show that a new teaching method works, even if it doesn’t.
- Resource Constraints Some objectives may require more resources than available. Example: “To survey 1,000 people” might be hard if you have limited funds.
FAQ’s
Why are research objectives important.
Research objectives provide direction and focus for the study, ensuring that the research stays on track and addresses relevant questions.
How do you formulate research objectives?
Formulate research objectives by identifying key questions your research aims to answer, ensuring they are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).
What is the difference between research objectives and research questions?
Research objectives outline the goals of the study, while research questions specify what the researcher aims to find out.
Can research objectives change during the study?
Yes, research objectives can be refined or adjusted as the study progresses, especially if new insights emerge.
How many research objectives should a study have?
The number of research objectives depends on the scope of the study but typically ranges from two to five.
How do research objectives relate to hypotheses?
Research objectives guide the study, while hypotheses are testable predictions derived from these objectives.
Can research objectives be qualitative or quantitative?
Yes, research objectives can be either qualitative, focusing on understanding phenomena, or quantitative, focusing on measuring variables.
How do you prioritize research objectives?
Prioritize research objectives based on their relevance to the research problem and feasibility within the study’s constraints.
What role do research objectives play in a literature review?
Research objectives help structure the literature review, guiding the selection of relevant studies and identifying gaps in existing research.
How do research objectives influence data collection?
Research objectives determine the type of data needed and the appropriate methods for collecting this data.
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10 Research Question Examples to Guide your Research Project
Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on October 19, 2023.
The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper , thesis or dissertation . It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started.
The exact form of your question will depend on a few things, such as the length of your project, the type of research you’re conducting, the topic , and the research problem . However, all research questions should be focused, specific, and relevant to a timely social or scholarly issue.
Once you’ve read our guide on how to write a research question , you can use these examples to craft your own.
Research question | Explanation |
| The first question is not enough. The second question is more , using . |
| Starting with “why” often means that your question is not enough: there are too many possible answers. By targeting just one aspect of the problem, the second question offers a clear path for research. |
| The first question is too broad and subjective: there’s no clear criteria for what counts as “better.” The second question is much more . It uses clearly defined terms and narrows its focus to a specific population. |
| It is generally not for academic research to answer broad normative questions. The second question is more specific, aiming to gain an understanding of possible solutions in order to make informed recommendations. |
| The first question is too simple: it can be answered with a simple yes or no. The second question is , requiring in-depth investigation and the development of an original argument. |
| The first question is too broad and not very . The second question identifies an underexplored aspect of the topic that requires investigation of various to answer. |
| The first question is not enough: it tries to address two different (the quality of sexual health services and LGBT support services). Even though the two issues are related, it’s not clear how the research will bring them together. The second integrates the two problems into one focused, specific question. |
| The first question is too simple, asking for a straightforward fact that can be easily found online. The second is a more question that requires and detailed discussion to answer. |
? dealt with the theme of racism through casting, staging, and allusion to contemporary events? | The first question is not — it would be very difficult to contribute anything new. The second question takes a specific angle to make an original argument, and has more relevance to current social concerns and debates. |
| The first question asks for a ready-made solution, and is not . The second question is a clearer comparative question, but note that it may not be practically . For a smaller research project or thesis, it could be narrowed down further to focus on the effectiveness of drunk driving laws in just one or two countries. |
Note that the design of your research question can depend on what method you are pursuing. Here are a few options for qualitative, quantitative, and statistical research questions.
Type of research | Example question |
Qualitative research question | |
Quantitative research question | |
Statistical research question | |
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Comparison of urban climate change adaptation plans in selected european cities from a legal and spatial perspective.
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1. Introduction
- compare solutions between more vulnerable countries and less vulnerable ones [ 16 ];
- contrast approaches in Western European and Central and Eastern European countries [ 17 ].
- Does the content of municipal climate change adaptation plans align with the diagnosis of climate challenges at a broader geographical level and with the scientific discourse?
- How can/do legal and institutional conditions determine the effectiveness of implementing these plans?
- How do provisions within these plans translate into urban spatial planning?
2. Literature Review
- The critical links between urban planning and climate challenges;
- The way city authorities should respond to such challenges institutionally;
- What is the relevance of urban climate change adaptation plans against this background?
- Protecting green open spaces [ 19 , 20 , 21 ];
- Shaping green infrastructure [ 22 , 23 ];
- Expanding environmental protection [ 24 , 25 ];
- Protection against weather hazards [ 26 , 27 , 28 ];
- Water management [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].
- Identify the challenges and aims for climate change adaptation in cities;
- Ensure a holistic view of these goals and challenges, especially from a cross-sectoral policy perspective;
- Provide an opportunity for flexible action, based on in-depth expert analyses.
- Sanchez-Plaza et al. [ 51 ] emphasize the importance of thoroughly evaluating the findings of climate change adaptation plans. Jung et al. [ 52 ] explicitly point out the need for spot-checking the assumptions made in such plans [ 53 ].
- On the other hand, Lee et al. [ 54 ] stress the need for climate change adaptation plans to be based on in-depth, interdisciplinary studies. According to these authors, such studies will facilitate the evaluation of a plan’s provisions.
- spatial plans also include development parameters (building height, building intensity, etc.). Moreover, these parameters can block or enable certain developments [ 74 , 75 ]. In addition, there is a need to include less frequently used parameters in the plans, e.g., forcing the planting of trees or the use of green roofs.
- Facilitate investments in renewable energy sources [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 ];
- Prepare areas for the implementation of green infrastructure and in various other ways extend the range of green areas in cities (parks, green roofs, etc.), enabling the widest possible protection of nature in cities [ 80 , 81 , 82 ];
- Set aside space for climate shelters or emergency areas (in the context of sudden weather changes).
3. Materials and Methods
- They are states located in different parts of the same continent. This gives a certain coherence to their legal, political, and social features (manifested, among other things, by the fact that all of them are members of the European Union).
- Despite this consistency, there are also significant differences between them. Spain is a Western European country, Poland is a Central Eastern European country, and Greece is a Southern European country. The differences lie both in the levels of climate challenges and with the approaches to public policies [ 18 ]. Undoubtedly, it is interesting and necessary to compare public policy responses in these countries, especially when studying urban climate change adaptation plans. The countries studied also have varying gross domestic product, with Spain having the highest and Greece the lowest [ 83 ].
- The climate challenges for Athens are extreme heat, urban heat island, energy consumption in municipal buildings and facilities, transportation, densely packed neighborhoods, and pollution—traffic congestion [ 57 ];
- The climate challenges for Barcelona are the need for a reduction in traffic and its emissions, the loss of thermal comfort (especially in summer), the increase in heavy rains, and the increase in the intensity of droughts and problems with urban water supply [ 84 , 85 ];
- The climate challenges for Warsaw include sudden weather changes and the progressive development of the urban heat island effect [ 26 , 86 ];
- It provides insight into how adaptation plans operate in countries with diverse climates and social attitudes towards climate challenges. It also allows for an examination of whether the level of climate risks and societal attitudes impact the use of such plans.
- Additionally, it offers the opportunity to investigate how adaptation plans work in different parts of Europe, considering their varying institutional characteristics.
- In the first step, the team created a questionnaire with common questions about climate challenges and municipal climate change plans (the question sheet can be found at the end of the article). It was based on insights gained from the literature and the previous studies conducted by the authors. The questions were directed to the co-authors—national experts in the field of urban planning and climate challenges in the countries studied (questionnaires were not directed to other people who were not co-authors of the article). The questions from the questionnaire were adapted to the research questions in the article.
- In a second step, representatives of each surveyed country or city answered all questions. It is important to note here that the authors specialize in the national climatic and spatial conditions of these countries.
- In the third step, the team compared responses from each country’s representatives and organized them into a table. The answers were carefully reviewed by all authors. This step was essential to ensure that the diverse land use planning legislation, policies, and administrative structures across the three countries did not hinder the comparability of results. It also made the subsequent analysis clearer and more straightforward.
- In the final and fourth step, the results were aggregated in tabular form (see Table 1 , Table 2 , Table 3 and Table 4 ). The development of these tables was crucial for organizing the information collected in the questionnaire, and it became the basis for preparing the results and writing the Discussion and Conclusions sections.
Issues Requiring Action by Sectors | Greece | Spain | Poland |
---|
Air quality | No | No | No |
Water resources | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Coast/littoral | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Mountain areas | No | No | Yes |
Forestry | Yes | No | Yes |
Forest fires | No | Yes | No |
Biodiversity and ecosystems | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Fishery and aquaculture | Yes | Yes | No |
Desertification | No | Yes | No |
Urban build (connection with climate adaptation) | Yes | No | Yes |
Spatial planning | No | No | Yes |
Health | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Agriculture | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Tourism | Yes | Yes | No |
Infrastructure and transportation | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Mining | Yes | No | No |
Energy | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Insurance | Yes | No | No |
Cultural heritage | Yes | Yes | No |
Social attitudes | No | No | Yes |
Innovation | No | No | Yes |
4.1. Climate Challenges from the Perspective of the Central Documents of the Studied Countries
4.2. legal conditions for the adoption and content of municipal climate change adaptation plans in the countries studied.
City | Athens | Barcelona | Warsaw |
---|
Legal conditions | No obligation to adopt a plan at the municipal level. The provisions of the plan are not legally binding. Adopting climate change adaptation plans at the regional level is mandatory. | No obligation to adopt a plan at the municipal level. The plan’s provisions are not legally binding. In some regions, regional climate change laws were passed that require the preparation of local adaptation plans (Basque Country, Catalonia, Valencian Community). | No obligation to adopt a plan at the municipal level. The provisions of the plan are not legally binding. |
Key elements of the plan content | | | |
Main recommendations included in the plan | | | |
Greece | Spain | Poland |
---|
Local Urban Plans (LUPs) and Special Urban Plans (SUPs). The Local Urban Plans (L. 4258/2014, art. 2): The Special Urban Plans: situations due to lack or inadequacy of urban planning. | The state Climate Change Law (2021) includes the obligation to incorporate climate change in regional and urban planning and management, with the following principles: For its part, it is necessary to consider the principle of prevention of natural risks and severe accidents in the planning of land uses. Risks derived from climate change will also be included: | There is a lack of spatial planning instruments that can be directly linked to the response to climate challenges. There is a lack of clear ranking of spatial planning objectives in the context of climate challenges. It is only possible to indicate that some parts of the spatial planning instruments can be linked to climate challenges. This is framed chaotically and haphazardly (especially from the perspective of climate challenges). Examples include: |
4.3. Linking Climate Change Adaptation Plans with Spatial Planning
City | Athens | Barcelona | Warsaw |
---|
Key spatial recommendations in climate change adaptation plans | Installation of photovoltaic systems in municipal buildings. Installation of photovoltaic systems on the roofs of Athens. Mapping of the street lighting network to replace all the lamps. Upgrading and widening sidewalks, light traffic roads, and walkways. Expansion of the bicycle paths network. Restorations and renovations of public areas. Pocket parks. Establishment and acquisition of green spaces. Building shell planting, green roofs, walls, and stops. Green roads, corridors, and routes. | Rehabilitation of homes for vulnerable people. Create new green areas: “Barcelona, city of shadow”. Create “climate shelters”. Regulate pavements and roofs to increase the albedo. Adapt current urban planning regulations to climate change. Use draining pavements. Creation of “superblocks” throughout the city, to reduce vehicle circulation and recover the streets for citizens. | Implementation of sustainable development. Protection of green spaces. Management of rainwater in the rainfall area. Considering the heat island in planning documents, including monitoring and causal factors. Considering potential flooding and flood risk analyses in planning documents. |
- They refer to particularly important areas (irrespective of administrative boundaries), which require special regulations;
- Their regulations are implemented swiftly;
- Previously adopted Local Urban Plans need to be adapted to their content.
4.4. Effectiveness of Municipal Climate Change Adaptation Plans
5. discussion, 5.1. key topics addressed in the article.
- Considering supra-local guidelines, particularly those outlined in national strategic documents;
- The legal features of climate change adaptation plans;
- The way and extent to which climate change adaptation plans relate to spatial planning;
- Verifying the potential and actual implementation of climate change adaptation plan provisions, as well as evaluating the implementation process.
5.2. Linking the Content of Surveyed Climate Change Adaptation Plans to Climate Challenges and a Characterization of the Legal Considerations for the Plans
- The details of provisions: Plans cannot be too general and fragmented, like in Warsaw (see Table 2 ). On the one hand, they should set general objectives (linked to the national level); however, these objectives must be translated into detailed, specific guidelines (something done well in Athens). It is also worth highlighting the example of Barcelona, where the guideline plan is formulated to lend itself to rapid evaluation.
- The mechanisms for evaluating provisions: Here, defining them as an obligation for public authorities (public participation included) provides an opportunity for more effective implementation. The literature underscores the importance of ongoing evaluation when implementing climate change adaptation plans. The examples of Barcelona and Athens (see Table 2 ) validate the relevance of this requirement in certain planning contexts. Conversely, the limited evaluation processes in Warsaw highlight that overlooking this aspect can lead to substantial difficulties in implementing climate change adaptation strategies in cities.
- The link between climate change adaptation plans and spatial planning: A major prerequisite for successfully implementing climate change adaptation plans is aligning spatial planning instruments with them. This issue is associated with the third research question, which examines how climate change adaptation objectives intersect with urban spatial policies. This analysis is detailed in Table 3 and Table 4 , which relate climate objectives to urban spatial policies. Countries like Greece and Spain offer two possible approaches: integrating climate guidelines into existing statutory instruments or developing dedicated ‘climate-spatial’ instruments for quicker and more adaptable responses. Adaptation plans should also incorporate specific directives for spatial planning, with the Barcelona plan serving as a notable illustration of this integration.
5.3. Links between Climate Change Adaptation Plans and Spatial Planning Instruments
5.4. limitations of the study.
- Verifying features of climate change adaptation plans in other countries. This comparison seems justified, and the article highlights critical criteria in this respect;
- Considering the possibility of compiling and comparing other acts concerning climate in individual countries. This comparison should also include the regional perspective;
- Identifying “climate-spatial” demands (the example of Barcelona seems most inspiring in this respect) and developing a comprehensive European catalog.
6. Conclusions
- Climate change adaptation plans in Athens and Barcelona are prepared more ambitiously and in a more systemically thought-out manner than the plan for Warsaw. However, in Poland, the government is currently considering changing the regulations on climate change adaptation plans (and taking into account solutions from other countries);
- When translating the content of adaptation plans into the spatial sphere, the solutions are more in-depth in the Spanish and Greek systems (which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of further partial revisions).
Author Contributions
Institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Greece | Spain | Poland |
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Improve the Municipality’s ability to address the increasing urban temperatures. Transform the built environment to establish neighborhoods that are more livable, appealing, and sustainable. Increase in RES share in electricity consumption. Sustainable and smart mobility. | Approval of urban plans for the creation of urban superblocks, which already has concrete examples in the L’Eixample área. Since 2019, creation of a network of 300 climate shelters in public buildings in the city. Approval of the expansion of the Prat de Llobregat desalination plant with the new floating desalination plant in the port of Barcelona, which will increase the desalination capacity of the first one by 14 hm /year (60 hm /year). This guarantees 40% of Barcelona’s urban supply in the event that a new drought could endanger the supply from the water transfer from the Ter River. In 2023, the construction of 31 new rainwater tanks has been approved to store rainwater and reduce the risk of flooding in the urban area. | No significant effects. The plans are a postulatory instrument without broader translation into concrete spatial effects. |
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Share and Cite
Nowak, M.J.; Bera, M.; Lazoglou, M.; Olcina-Cantos, J.; Vagiona, D.G.; Monteiro, R.; Mitrea, A. Comparison of Urban Climate Change Adaptation Plans in Selected European Cities from a Legal and Spatial Perspective. Sustainability 2024 , 16 , 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156327
Nowak MJ, Bera M, Lazoglou M, Olcina-Cantos J, Vagiona DG, Monteiro R, Mitrea A. Comparison of Urban Climate Change Adaptation Plans in Selected European Cities from a Legal and Spatial Perspective. Sustainability . 2024; 16(15):6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156327
Nowak, Maciej J., Milena Bera, Miltiades Lazoglou, Jorge Olcina-Cantos, Dimitra G. Vagiona, Renato Monteiro, and Andrei Mitrea. 2024. "Comparison of Urban Climate Change Adaptation Plans in Selected European Cities from a Legal and Spatial Perspective" Sustainability 16, no. 15: 6327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156327
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ChatGPT: Disruptive or Constructive?
Thursday, Jul 18, 2024 • Jeremiah Valentine : [email protected]
What is Chat GPT?
ChatGPT is a popular emerging technology using Artificial Intelligence. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which describes an AI program that looks for patterns in language and data learning to predict the next word in a sentence or the next paragraph in an essay. The website has a friendly interface that allows users to interact with AI in a n efficient conversational tone . ChatGPT provides another opportunity for students, instructors, researchers, workers, and others to find practical solutions to everyday and complicated problems.
At the root of this conversation is Artificial Intelligence. I plan to explore applicable uses of AI and ChatGPT in the classroom , entrepreneurial potential uses, and applications in industry .
![examples of general and specific research objectives A person types on a laptop.](https://cdn.web.uta.edu/-/media/project/website/college-of-business/events/news/chatgpt-disruptive-or-constructive/chatgpt-stock-photo-1.ashx?h=350&w=700&revision=646f0e94-9263-4d98-8066-ea1a99cb0bb0&hash=6A672901EBEF779D41C7DDB67D486981)
Everyday Uses of Artificial Intelligence
The use of Artificial I ntelligence varies based on the user and their end goal. While many individuals will use certain programs or websites to meet specific objectives , many companies and apps have begun to utilize this emerging technology to better meet their customer's needs.
Duolingo is a popular foreign language learning application that I use to supplement my Spanish studies . The app uses Artificial Intelligence to assess users' knowledge and understanding as they interact with the program , thus streamlining users learning outcomes.
As another example, Khan Academy is a free online resource that helps teachers and students learn any level of math or other grade school topics for free. They have created Khanmigo , using AI. The model acts as a tutor that helps work through a problem while not directly providing the answer. It can assist in writing an essay or solving a complex math problem step by step.
These everyday applications continue a trend of companies implementing this new technolog y into students and teachers' lives . . This new AI technology also allows business professionals to enhance aspects of their processes.
Entrepreneurs, A.I. and the Advantages
While AI already provides companies and organizations with new ways to interact with and better support their customers, AI could also provide emerging industries and entrepreneurs with new paths to business success.
According to Entrpreneur.com, most businesses currently use AI for customer service purposes , however , AI could also help entrepreneurs create effective spreadsheets cataloging useful data with accuracy that can be incredibly specific or broad. Specifically with customer service, AI can quickly find what a customer needs and solve their problems efficiently. It could also analyze how effective marketing campaigns are influencing customers’ purchases.
As I researched for more information about this topic, I found an article in The Journal of Business Venturing Insights published in March 2023, sharing different techniques business students can use ChatGPT as an asset to generate entrepreneurial business pitches. The article titled “ The Artificially Intelligent Entrepreneur” written by Cole Short, an Assistant Professor of Strategy at Pepperdine University, and Jeremy C. Short, a UTA alumni and Professor at the University of North Texas at Denton, showcased different elevator pitch scenarios.
Students and entrepreneurs study CEOs who have impacted an industry dynamically; the CEO's mentality is an asset . I had the opportunity to question Dr. Jeremy Short on how he arrived at the initial question of using AI as a CEO archetype business consultant. An archetype is a symbol, term, or pattern of behavior which others have replicated or emulated.
He responded, “ We used this existing framework and selected a CEO from each archetype and used ChatGPT to create elevator pitches, social media pitches, and crowdfunding pitches. The strength of ChatGPT is based largely on the creativity of the prompt, which is where we aim as authors.”
![examples of general and specific research objectives An empty classroom sits unused.](https://cdn.web.uta.edu/-/media/project/website/college-of-business/events/news/chatgpt-disruptive-or-constructive/chatgpt-stock-photo-3.ashx?h=393&w=700&revision=84475887-9c2d-408d-a0fc-51c2ab8fd605&hash=59D43627367C126D12B9C94873CE84AD)
CEO Archetypes and Prompt Engineering
ChatGPT allows the user to understand the archetypes of successful CEOs and collaborate with entrepreneurial styles. These archetypes are accessible options to consult with AI. Let ’ s break down different CEO archetypes students used during this study:
Creator CEOs are typically serial entrepreneurs and serve during the growth stages of developing new businesses. These individuals are risk takers recognizing opportunities that others don ’ t see. Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, SpaceX, and Twitter is the creator archetype.
Transformer CEOs are created by climbing the ladder of a successful business and adding new ideas . They have a firm understanding of the company's culture and work to dramatically change the company, separating it from missteps in the past. Indra Nooyi CEO of PepsiCo is the transformer archetype.
Savior CEOs rescue businesses on the verge of failure with disciplined actions, unique experience and insights they forge a successful path forward for declining businesses. Lisa Su, CEO of AMD is the savior archetype.
ChatGPT was prompted to write an elevator pitch in the style of the previously listed CEOs.
The response for Elon Musk included language about “ building” a product with “ cutting-edge technology.”
Indra Nooyi ’s response included phrases like “ the world is changing” and making “ a positive impact in the world.”
Lisa Su's response produced a pitch speaking about being “ accountable, tough and disciplined” with an emphasis on “ a strong focus on efficiency and performance.”
However, I believe these positions can help entrepreneurs develop their own successful business practices; creating a product your former employer could use to gain an advantage over the competition is disruptive. B uying a company on the brink of bankruptcy that has been mismanaged is a scenario entrepreneurs have explored and practiced .
Prompt engineering is the description of a task AI can accomplish , with instructions embedded in the input. Using prompt engineering, users can fine-tune their input to achieve a desired output incorporating a task description to guide the AI model.
Conversation around ChatGPT and Artificial Intelligence
I asked Dr. Short about how students could use this technology as an asset that guides their learning and, additionally, how instructors can use this as well. He spoke about an assignment he is currently using in his classes. “ Chat GPT might be valuable in helping create a recipe for material that students can then refine. For example, in my social entrepreneurship class students create crowdfunding campaigns for either DonorsChoose , a platform that caters to public school teachers or GoFundMe , a service which allows a variety of project types to a larger userbase . I plan on students using ChatGPT to create a ‘rough draft’ to show me so I can see how they refine their responses for their particular campaigns this upcoming fall.” Th is approach allows students to take advantage of popular technology in a constructive way.
The journal article provided some notable conclusions about ChatGPT , i ncluding “ quality control is essential when using automated tools; a hallmark of success for large language models is their vast associative memory, this strength can also be a weakness. Specifically, models such as OpenAI’s GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 are capable of confidently generating “ hallucinated” output that appears correct but, it is incorrect or completely fabricated. ChatGPT serves as an emerging tool that can efficiently and flexibly produce a range of narrative content for entrepreneurs and serve to inspire future research at the intersection of entrepreneurship and AI.” ChatGPT ’s limitations and potential applications are continually being explored.
Industry Application
After researching various applications of AI, I spoke with Dr. George Benson, Professor and Department Chair of the Department of Management at The University of Texas at Arlington, about AI and ChatGPT from an industry perspective. His research focuses on Artificial Intelligence with Human Resource Management .
Dr. Benson told me that Artificial Intelligence is being invested heavily by human resource departments who are looking to automate hiring practices. Specifically, he mentioned “ HR is using this as a market opportunity. AI is a useful tool to sift through potential applicants by scanning their resumes for qualifications and experiences. Allowing professionals to hire applicants faster.”
This application allows the technology to handle low-level tasks, but the results generated are being handed to a human to review and act on. He spoke about the potential of A.I. “ There are a lot of unknowns, but the technology is new and getting better.” Looking towards the future, technology is already being applied in different ways . These applications are being explored in the classrooms of UTA as well.
![examples of general and specific research objectives A group of Alumni discuss rankings in a conference room.](https://cdn.web.uta.edu/-/media/project/website/college-of-business/events/news/chatgpt-disruptive-or-constructive/2024-05-09-mav-pitch.ashx?h=467&w=700&revision=aaee3fcc-9bb7-4cd2-acc1-7dbbd5835378&hash=5FFEF7ABEE0F5307E9AD93BB3D2307F3)
Exploration of AI at UTA
The College of Business conduct ed a survey to understand the faculty’s attitude towards A I in the classroom. It was a part of the “Teaching with Chat GPT” workshop on Friday February 9 th , which focus ed on how to integrate Chat GPT and other AI platforms into teaching .
Dr. Kevin Carr, a Clinical Assistant Professor of Marketing at UTA, was a part of the workshop ; he currently teaches Advanced Business Communication . I talked to him about the purpose of the workshop and what he hopes to gain from the group's sessions.
Dr. Carr explained "The point of the workshop is designed to give faculty ideas for instruction and to develop classroom activities to work with students . Our goal for th e workshop is to introduce Artificial Intelligence as a teaching tool for faculty, including showing what AI can do potentially in the classroom. We are going to be very open to faculty’s direction, in terms of ongoing discu ssions and meetings.”
Personal Take
Artificial Intelligence or Chat GPT , in my view, is another useful tool in the toolbox of technology. It will take the air out of certain industries, and it will change jobs, yet every major technological advancement has the potential to do so. The automobile was considered radical, the use of plastic, computers in the workplace, and alternative energy have been impactful on society.
Alternative energy was headlined as the end of oil use. The automobile changed the way cities were formed and led to the creation of a national highway system. Society has always found a way to adapt and overcome major technological innovations, artificial intelligence is not any different.
AI is the technology of tomorrow. It reminds me of something Dr. George Benson said , “ It's cool software that is a sophisticated search engine.” Google, one of the most popular search engines, reshaped the internet, as you search for resources, it is a natural starting point. AI and ChatGPT are an evolution, for students it is a tremendous resource consulting a CEO archetype, creating business pitches, and most importantly shaping the future .
![examples of general and specific research objectives An unidentified person writes in a journal in front of an open laptop.](https://cdn.web.uta.edu/-/media/project/website/college-of-business/events/news/chatgpt-disruptive-or-constructive/chatgpt-stock-photo-2.ashx?h=267&w=700&revision=4288cf83-4cda-4234-84f8-e8715ae677fa&hash=BE73FFF3E1F58EB7BF916D50D049488E)
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Examples of Specific Research Objectives: 1. "To examine the effects of rising temperatures on the yield of rice crops during the upcoming growth season.". 2. "To assess changes in rainfall patterns in major agricultural regions over the first decade of the twenty-first century (2000-2010).". 3.
General objectives are the main goals of the study and are usually fewer in number while specific objectives are more in number because they address several aspects of the research problem. Example (general objective): To investigate the factors influencing the financial performance of firms listed in the New York Stock Exchange market.
A research aim typically refers to a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear at the end of your problem statement, before your research objectives. ... Your research objectives indicate how you'll try to address your research problem and should be specific: Example: Research objective To ...
Research Objectives. Research objectives refer to the specific goals or aims of a research study. They provide a clear and concise description of what the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the research.The objectives are typically based on the research questions and hypotheses formulated at the beginning of the study and are used to guide the research process.
Research Aims: Examples. True to the name, research aims usually start with the wording "this research aims to…", "this research seeks to…", and so on. For example: "This research aims to explore employee experiences of digital transformation in retail HR.". "This study sets out to assess the interaction between student ...
Research objective can be broadly classified into general and specific objectives. General objectives are broad statements that define the overall purpose of the research. They provide a broad direction for the study and help in setting the context. Specific objectives, on the other hand, are detailed objectives that describe what will be ...
Well-defined research objectives are characterized by the SMART criteria - Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. Specific objectives clearly define what you plan to achieve, eliminating any ambiguity. Measurable objectives allow you to track progress and assess the outcome.
Avoid vague or general terms that could be taken out of context. ... Examples of Well-Written Research Objectives. Example 1- Psychology. Research question: ... The research objective is specific because it clearly states what the researcher hopes to achieve. It is measurable because it can be quantified by measuring the levels of anxiety and ...
You can choose one general objective and a few other specific, narrow objectives. In the general objective, state in a broad sense what you aim to achieve through your research. Then, use the specific objectives to describe how you can achieve your general goal. Related: Research Skills: Definition and Examples 3.
In order to write effective research aims and objectives, researchers should consider all aspects of their proposed work. For example, the sample(s) to be approached for participation in the primary data collection. Identifying research objectives that are SMART is key to ensuring key aspects of the work are considered prior to any data collection.
A research objective is defined as a clear and concise statement of the specific goals and aims of a research study. It outlines what the researcher intends to accomplish and what they hope to learn or discover through their research. Research objectives are crucial for guiding the research process and ensuring that the study stays focused and ...
Summary. The importance of research aims and objectives cannot be over-stressed. It is vital to have a very clear understanding of what the research is about and what you are actually trying to achieve. You need to know this. And you need to be able to communicate it to others. Carrying out a research project is rather like going on a journey.
The research aim focus on what the research project is intended to achieve; research objectives focus on how the aim will be achieved. Research aims are relatively broad; research objectives are specific. Research aims focus on a project's long-term outcomes; research objectives focus on its immediate, short-term outcomes.
To develop a set of research objectives, you would then break down the various steps involved in meeting said aim. For example: This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia. To achieve this, the study objectives w ill include:
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement, before your research objectives. Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you'll address the overarching aim.
goals that lead to fulfilling the general objective. These are always more focused, with each new specific objective building from the last to create a clear plan of action. Specific objectives are often developed at the beginning of a research or study project to expand on the general objective, define the scope of the project, and to steer ...
Divide your objectives into 1 general and 3-4 specific ones. In many research proposals, the proper format is a general or long-term objective followed by a few specific ones. The general objective is essentially what you hope to achieve with the project. The specific objectives are the building blocks of that general goal.
Formulating research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner is one of the most important aspects of your thesis. This is because research aim and objectives determine the scope, depth and the overall direction of the research. Research question is the central question of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.
A research proposal¹,² can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, ... Here is a research proposal sample template ... starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by ...
A research study designed to assess the accessibility and acceptability of the Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) Services for HIV infection in kebele X had the following general and specific objectives: . General objective: To identify factors that affects the acceptability of VCT services and to assess community attitudes towards comprehensive care and support for people living with HIV ...
The general and specific objectives are fundamental elements for the accomplishment of academic works, like for example, a thesis of degree. The general objective is a statement that summarizes the central idea and purpose of a work. The specific objectives detail the processes necessary for the complete accomplishment of the work. Summarize ...
Research objectives are specific goals or purposes that guide a study or investigation. They are clearly defined statements that outline what the researcher aims to achieve through their research.These objectives help to focus the study, provide direction, and establish the scope of the research design.They typically include the main questions or problems the research seeks to address and are ...
The first question asks for a ready-made solution, and is not focused or researchable. The second question is a clearer comparative question, but note that it may not be practically feasible. For a smaller research project or thesis, it could be narrowed down further to focus on the effectiveness of drunk driving laws in just one or two countries.
General Research Objectives. In order to formulate specific research objectives, this chapter condenses insights. from the theoretical background, deriving key objectiv es that are to be analy ...
The example of Poland shows that specific provisions can be formulated in general terms, with little possibility of accounting for effects. The examples of Greece and Spain, on the other hand, show that, in municipal climate change adaptation plans, it is possible to relate precise demands to specific parts of the city and to provide a viable ...
This research required a sample frame of ports that are now undergoing transformation into green ports, according to the Green Port Development Project of the Vietnamese government. Vietnam has a total of 34 seaports, including 13 large and 21 medium-sized and tiny ports. An appropriate sample frame for the survey was the 10 largest ports.
ChatGPT is a popular emerging technology using Artificial Intelligence. GPT stands for Generative Pre-trained Transformer, which describes an AI program that looks for patterns in language and data learning to predict the next word in a sentence or the next paragraph in an essay. The website has a friendly interface that allows users to interact with AI in a n efficient conversational tone.