(World Health Organization [WHO], 2020)
(WHO, 2020)
first reference:
World Health Organization (WHO, 2020)
subsequent references:
WHO (2020)
** Define the abbreviation for a group author only once in the text, choosing either the parenthetical or the narrative format. Thereafter, use the abbreviation for all mentions of the group in the text (see Section 8.21 of APA Style Manual , 7th edition)
Frequently Asked Questions about In-Text Citation:
When paraphrasing, how often should I cite a source? Do I need to include a parenthetical citation at the end of each sentence? (8.1)
"Avoid both undercitation and overcitation. Undercitation can lead to plagiarism (see Section 8.2) and/or self plagiarism (see Section 8.3). Even when sources cannot be retrieved (e.g. because they are personal communications; see Section 8.9), you still need to credit them in the text. Overcitation can be distracting and is unnecessary. For example, it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed. Instead, when paraphrasing a key point in more than one sentence within a paragraph, cite the source in the first sentence in which it is relevant and do not repeat the citation in subsequent sentences as long as the sources remains clear and unchanged (see Section 8.24)."
How do I cite a direct quote? (8.25)
"A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work of from your own previously published work. It is best ot paraphrase sources (see Sections 8.23-8.24) rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style. Use direct quotations rather than paraphrasing when reproducing an exact definition (see example in Section 6.22), when an author has said something memorably or succinctly, or when you want to respond to exact wording (e.g., something someone said)."
"When quoting directly, always provide the author, year, and page number of the quotation in the in-text citation in either parenthetical or narrative format (see Section 8.11). To indicate a single page, use the abbreviation "p.p" (e.g., p. 25, p.S41, p. e221); for multiple pages, use the abbreviation "pp." and separate the page range with an en dash (e.g., pp. 34-36). If pages are discontinuous, use a comma between the page numbers (e.g., pp. 67, 72). If the work does not have page numbers, provide another way for the reader to locate the quotation (see Section 8.28).
For help citing block quotations (40 words or more), see section 8.27 of the APA Manual.
What if the work doesn't have an author? (8.14)
"When the author of a work is not named, the author may be unknown (i.e., no author is listed on the work, as with a religious work) or identified specifically as "Anonymous". For works with an unknown author (see Section 9.12), include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation (note that the title moves to the author position in the reference list entry as well). If the title of the work is italicized in the reference, also italicize the title in the in-text citation. If the title of the work is not italicized in the reference, use double quotation marks around the title in the in-text citation. Capitalize these titles in the text using title case (see Section 6.17), even though sentence case is used in the reference list entry. If the title is long, shorten it for the in-text citation."
See Section 9.49 for how to order works with no authors in the reference list.
How do I cite more than one source in the same parentheses? (8.12)
"When citing multiple works parenthetically, place the citations in alphabetical order, separating them with semicolons. Listing both parenthetical in-text citations and reference list entries in alphabetical order helps readers locate and retrieve works because they are listed in the same order in both places."
(Fischer et al., 2011; Hasan, 2017; Polman et al., 2008)
"Arrange two or more works by the same authors by year of publication. Place citations with no date first, followed by works with dates in chronological order; in-press citations appear last. Give the authors' surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date."
(Drapalski, n.d., 2016, 2018)
How do I cite an indirect (secondary) source? (8.6)
An indirect or secondary source is one that is cited in another person's work. Whenever possible, find and cite the original work. In some cases, however, the original work may be unavailable, and so you must rely on the secondary citation. However, use this type of source sparingly! Consult a librarian for help finding the original source if needed. Provide the secondary source in the reference list, NOT the original source; in text, name the original work and give the citation for the secondary source (listed in your reference list):
Gunderson's research (as cited in Kuthrapali, 2017)
If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text citation.
Allport's diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
How do I cite a personal communication? (8.9)
Use personal communication citations only when a recoverable source is not available. Cite personal communications such as emails, letters, telephone conversations, personal interviews, etc. in the text only. Since you can't provide retrieval information for these sources, they are not included in the reference list. Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as possible for when the communication occurred:
N.D. Tyson (personal communication, June 10, 2017)
(M. Gillespie, personal communication, May 15, 2018)
How do I cite a lecture or presentation? (8.9)
"If you learned about a topic via a classroom lecture, it would be preferable to cite the research on which the instructor based the lecture. However, if the lecture contained original content not published elsewhere, cite the lecture as a personal communication "
And What Is Common Knowledge?
Echo/Cultura/Getty Images
"Write an essay and back it up with facts."
How many times have you heard a teacher or professor say this? But many students might wonder what exactly counts as a fact, and what doesn't. That means they don't know when it is proper to cite a source, and when it's OK not to use a citation.
Dictionary.com states that a fact is:
"Demonstrated" is a hint here. What the teacher means when she/he tells you to use facts is that you need to back up your claims with some evidence that supports your claims (sources). It's one trick that teachers use to make sure you actually use some references when you write a paper, instead of simply offering a list of your opinions.
This may sound easy, but it's actually tough sometimes to know when you need to back up a statement with evidence and when it is fine to leave a statement unsupported.
You should use evidence ( citations ) any time you make a claim that is not based on a well-known fact or common knowledge. Here's a list of situations when your teacher would expect a citation:
Although there may be interesting facts that you have believed or know for many years, you will be expected to provide proof of those facts when you're writing a paper for school.
So how do you know when you do not need to cite a source? Common knowledge is basically a fact that practically everyone knows, like the fact that George Washington was a U.S. president.
A well-known fact is something that many people know, but it is also something that a reader could look up easily if he/she didn't know.
If you're not really certain about something being common knowledge, you could give it the little sister test. If you have a younger sibling, ask him or her the subject you're pondering. If you get an answer, it could be common knowledge!
A good rule of thumb for any writer is to go ahead and use a citation when you're not certain whether or not the citation is necessary. The only risk in doing this is littering your paper with unnecessary citations that will drive your teacher crazy. Too many citations will give your teacher the impression that you are attempting to stretch your paper to a certain word count!
Simply trust your own best judgment and be honest with yourself. You'll get the hang of it soon!
What is a citation.
Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process. Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or websites in your research, you must give credit to the original author by citing the source.
Scholarship is a conversation and scholars use citations not only to give credit to original creators and thinkers, but also to add strength and authority to their own work. By citing their sources, scholars are placing their work in a specific context to show where they “fit” within the larger conversation. Citations are also a great way to leave a trail intended to help others who may want to explore the conversation or use the sources in their own work.
In short, citations
(1) give credit
(2) add strength and authority to your work
(3) place your work in a specific context
(4) leave a trail for other scholars
"Good citations should reveal your sources, not conceal them. They should honeslty reflect the research you conducted." (Lipson 4)
Lipson, Charles. "Why Cite?" Cite Right: A Quick Guide to Citation Styles--MLA, APA, Chicago, the Sciences, Professions, and More . Chicago: U of Chicago, 2006. Print.
Different subject disciplines call for citation information to be written in very specific order, capitalization, and punctuation. There are therefore many different style formats. Three popular citation formats are MLA Style (for humanities articles) and APA or Chicago (for social sciences articles).
MLA style (print journal article):
Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles Vol. 49.3 (2003): 179-182.
APA style (print journal article):
Whisenant, W. A. (2003) How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX. Sex Roles , 49 (3), 179-182.
Chicago style (print journal article):
Whisenant, Warren A. "How Women Have Fared as Interscholastic Athletic Administrators Since the Passage of Title IX." Sex Roles 49, no. 3 (2003): 179-182.
No matter which style you use, all citations require the same basic information:
You are most likely to have easy access to all of your citation information when you find it in the first place. Take note of this information up front, and it will be much easier to cite it effectively later.
One of the most common questions about citing sources is: how often must I cite? Many students think it’s acceptable to cite a source once at the end of a paragraph, but to make clear where your information came from, you need to cite much more often than that.
You need to cite every time you’ve used words, ideas, or images from a source. If it didn’t come from your own head, show where it did come from. And you need to place the citation with the source material either in the sentence itself or in parenthesis at the end of it.
Citing Sources: What to Cite
There are only two things that don’t require citation. They are:
- Common knowledge. If it’s a fact the average person could be expected to know, or if you could easily find the same information in numerous reference materials, you don’t need a citation. For example, if you write that the American Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, you wouldn’t need to cite a source.
- Your own experiences, observations, memories, thoughts, and opinions. If you’re writing from knowledge that you had already before you did any research, you don’t need to cite a source. It’s assumed that anything in your paper that isn’t attributed to a source comes from you.
Citing Sources: When to Cite
Remember that the purpose of citations is to make clear to readers which material in your essay comes from a source and which is your own thoughts. So you need to cite every time to use material from your research.
You should place a citation in any sentence in which you use words, thoughts, facts, or opinions that you learned from a source. This is true whether you use the exact words of the source or put the information into your own words.
If you’ve used a lot of research in your paper, this may mean that every sentence will contain a citation. That’s a good thing: it shows that you did extensive research and can back up your points. To keep the citations from becoming repetitious, you can very them: sometimes putting the citation directly into the sentence (“According to…”) other times using parenthetical citations. (See the articles on how APA and MLA work).
Citing Sources: How Often to Cite
Whenever you use a source, you should let readers know that as early as possible and tell them what the source is.
Because citations are designed to show readers which material came from a source and which from you, it isn’t sufficient to cite once at the end of a paragraph. You need to include a citation for every piece of borrowed information. But you don’t always have to do it in parenthesis. If you have a long passage of information paraphrased from a single source, you can introduce it with a signal phrase (such as “According to…”) and place a parenthetical citation at the end.
MLA Citation Examples
When the advent of large publishing firms in the twentieth century made it possible to offer authors everything from editing to distribution under one roof, self-publishing fell out of favor (DuHadaway par. 2). While the option for an author to publish his or her own work has always been available through book manufacturers and subsidy publishers, the resulting books have been looked down on by booksellers and reviewers as inferior products (Ross 1). Tom and Marilyn Ross quote one reviewer, “Self-published books come in four at a time, and when I see the imprint, I throw them immediately in the wastebasket. I wouldn’t even give them away” (44). A further difficulty is created by the fact that self-publishing outfits offer bookstores only a twenty-five to thirty percent discount as opposed to the usual forty percent and don’t allow the return of books (Ross 35).
You’ll notice in this paragraph that every sentence contains information from a source, one from DuHadaway and the other three from Ross. Do you see how easy it is to identify which information came from each one? You’ll also notice that the frequent citations don’t interfere at all with reading the paragraph smoothly. In one case, the authors are named in the sentence; in the other cases they’re in the parenthesis. But either way, you can clearly see which information came from which sources.
NOTE: You don’t need to put parenthesis around a signal statement. Students sometimes mistakenly think that because they are citing their source, parenthesis are necessary. Use the parenthesis only if you’re adding the citation to the end of the sentence, not if it’s part of the sentence.
Use the MLA and APA style guides to be sure you’re including the correct information in the your citations. It will be very brief, such as author and page number or year. You never want to include full bibliographic information in the body of your essay. Save the publication information for the bibliography at the end of your paper.
I hope this answers all your questions about citing sources. You can find specific instructions for citing in APA and MLA style on the Research Paper Help page.
Check the current status of our systems, applications, and online resources
Looking for a book, article, database or something else for your research, what is plagiarism.
Plagiarism is defined as "a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work" or "taking someone's words or ideas as if they were your own" [ 1 ]
Plagiarism is a serious issue in the academic community. While plagiarism sometimes does occur intentionally, it also occurs because the writer doesn’t understand or does not know how to avoid it. Please visit our online tutorial: Plagiarism 101 for an entertaining and interesting look at why people plagiarize and strategies to avoid it.
Plagiarism occurs when you use someone else’s ideas and PRETEND they are your own. Avoiding plagiarism doesn’t mean that you can never use other people’s ideas. It’s a widely known secret that in fact you CAN use other peoples’ ideas and even their words. For many research papers you NEED to do this in order to prove your own points. So use their ideas! Use their words! Professors expect to see in your writing that you’ve done your research and understand what the experts think when you formed your own opinions. The trick is to acknowledge who these expert ideas really belong to by CITING them!
So let’s assume you don’t want to plagiarize, you’ve given yourself enough time to do it right, but you’re still not sure about “putting things in your own words,” judging when to cite work, or how to cite it. Read on for more information and examples.
Doing research for a paper is an exploration and learning process. By acknowledging our sources we show our reader the path we took to come to our conclusions. Citing the authors we read shows how we tied others’ research and ideas together and how we came to learn about and develop our own ideas and opinions.
Why should you cite your sources?
1. Citations reflect the careful and thorough work you have put into locating and exploring your sources.
2. Citations help readers understand the context of your argument and are a courtesy to the reader, who may share your interest in a particular area of study.
3. Citations allow you to acknowledge those authors who contributed to your learning and your work.
4. Citations, by illustrating your own learning process, also draw attention to the originality and legitimacy of your own ideas.
5. By citing sources you demonstrate your integrity and skill as a responsible student and participant in your field of study. [2]
While professors and scholars may have specific requirements based on the needs of their discipline, there are cases where you should always cite your sources.
1. Direct quotes of more than one word. If the author’s words are powerful or you need to be specific for your argument, the authors’ words can be used as a direct quote.
2. Paraphrasing or summarizing. If you want to use someone else’s idea to help you make your point or to support your own ideas, in this case you would “translate” the ideas into your own words.
3. Information which may be common knowledge but still unfamiliar to your reader. This would also include statistical information which may be familiar information but still requires confirmation.
4. Not just books or articles should be cited. Any source that you use for information can and should be cited including interviews, websites, TV programs, etc.
5. Whenever you are not sure if something should be cited, err on the side of caution and cite sources.
Let’s look at some examples…
How much you quote will determine how it appears in the body of your paper but whether it is one word or an entire paragraph, direct quotes need to be cited.
Lappe’s explanation of a "thin democracy" [3] addresses a number of basic flaws within our American society.
Global warming is being recognized as a major issue throughout the world and as Al Gore instructs, "it is time to make peace with our planet." [4]
This involves translating what you have read (or heard) and putting it into your own words. Paraphrasing typically refers to putting an idea or passage into your own words. Summarizing involves capturing the main idea or reducing a detailed piece to a shorter and more general synopsis.
"Instructors usually allow students to find their own topics for a major writing assignment; thus choose something of interest to you so you won’t get bored after a few days. At the same time, your chosen topic will need a scholarly perspective." [5]
Paraphrase : When students are permitted to select their own topic to write about they should choose one that is interesting to them. The topic should also be scholarly in nature so that students will be able to find appropriate research and resources on the topic. [5]
Summary : Students should select writing topics that are interesting and also lend themselves to academic research. [5]
A summary generally addresses the overall theme of a passage, article, opinion, etc. while a paraphrase generally restates a more specific thought or idea. The difference between summarizing and paraphrasing is sometimes obvious and sometimes subtle — do you see the difference?
Some basic facts are common knowledge and easily confirmed from a variety of sources. Statistics should always be cited, as well as opinions and less familiar facts. Information that is considered well-known within your field of study will also help determine if it is considered common or not. However, if you are not sure, cite it!
The University at Albany located in Albany, New York and is part of the State University of New York.
This is common knowledge and easily confirmed in a multitude of sources.
The State University of New York was officially established in February of 1948 and currently consists of 64 institutions. The University at Albany is one of ten University Centers that are part of the SUNY system. [6]
While the SUNY system is well known and these facts are easily confirmed, specific historical information or statistics should be cited.
We’ve talked about plagiarism as well as why and when to cite. The next question is "How?"
There are two things you need to know from your professor.
The FIRST is how you will reference your sources within your paper. Generally you will use one of the following options:
The SECOND thing you need to know is what Format and Style Guide to use. There are very specific rules about how to do this that are not included in this document. Your professor will tell you which s/he wants you to follow. The choices will typically be one of the following:
Please visit the University Libraries' Citation Basics research guide for information and instructions on these style guides. Once you know what your professor wants you will need to follow the rules of that format accordingly.
[ 1 ] "Plagiarism." WordNet 3.0 . Princeton University. 03 Apr. 2008. Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/plagiarism .
[ 2 ] Adapted from "Sources and Citation at Dartmouth College." Dartmouth College. 1998. Retrieved 9 Feb 2009. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~writing/sources/sources-citation.html
[ 3 ] Lappe, Frances Moore. Getting a Grip. Cambridge, MA : Small Planet Media, 2007.
[ 4 ] Gore, Al. "Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech." Al’s Journal . December 10, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2008 http://blog.algore.com/2007/12/nobel_prize_acceptance_speech.html
[ 5 ] Lester, James D. & James D. Lester Jr. Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide, 11th Ed. New York: Pearson Education, 2005.
[ 6 ] "Short History of SUNY." The State University of New York. 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2008. http://www.suny.edu/student/university_suny_history.cfm
I analyzed a random sample of 96,685 full-text research papers, uploaded to PubMed Central between the years 2016 and 2021, in order to answer the question:
How many references should you cite when writing a research article?
I used the BioC API to download the data (see the References section below).
1- The average number of references for a research paper is 45 , with 90% of research papers having between 8 and 102 references. However, this number depends a lot on study design . For instance, a systematic review typically has 49 references while a case report has only 24.
2- As a rule of thumb, consider citing 1 reference for every 95 words (or 4 sentences) .
3- The more research you do will be reflected in the number of references you use in your paper, since high-quality articles usually have 5 more references than the median .
The histogram below shows that most research papers have between 25 to 50 references, and only a few exceed 100:
Because the distribution has a right tail, the median number of references becomes a more reliable metric than the mean. Here are a few other numbers that summarize the data:
Sample Size | 96,685 research papers |
---|---|
Mean | 45.07 references |
Minimum | 1 reference |
25th Percentile | 25 references |
50th Percentile (Median) | 39 references |
75th Percentile | 56 references |
Maximum | 911 references |
From this table we can conclude that:
The median research paper has 39 references, and 50% of papers have between 25 and 56 references. An article can have as few as 1 reference as a minimum, and 911 references as a maximum.
Next, let’s see if the number of references depends on the study design.
The table below shows that:
1- Secondary study designs (systematic reviews and meta-analyses) have the highest number of references (median = 49), which is to be expected as these articles review a large body of information.
2- Experimental, quasi-experimental and analytical designs typically have between 35 and 39 references.
3- Descriptive designs (case reports and case series) have the lowest number of references (median ≈ 25), which also makes sense as these describe the clinical story of a single (or a few) patient(s) and generally have a very short literature review section.
Study Design | Article Count (Total: 16,321) | Median Number of References |
---|---|---|
Meta-Analysis | 1,952 | 49 |
Systematic Review | 884 | 49 |
Quasi-Experiment | 166 | 39 |
Cohort Study | 5,589 | 37 |
Randomized Controlled Trial | 1,137 | 37 |
Cross-Sectional Study | 3,811 | 36 |
Pilot Study | 794 | 36 |
Case-Control Study | 486 | 35 |
Case Series | 195 | 26 |
Case Report | 1,307 | 24 |
Some journals may specify the maximum number of citations allowed. For instance, Nature allows articles to have at most 30 references in the main text [ Source ]. So make sure to check the authorship guidelines of the journal where you want to submit.
That being said, often is the case where we ask ourselves: am I taking too much information from outside sources? or maybe too few? So I would argue that it would be useful to know, for a given article size, how many references to cite.
If we measure the length of all the articles in our dataset combined and divide it by the total number of references, we get the following numbers:
On average, 1 reference is cited for every 95 words, that is 1 reference for every 4 sentences. In terms of paragraphs, an article has approximately 1.5 references for each paragraph.
Here’s a table that shows the median number of references cited for each word count category:
Article Size (Word Count) | Median Number of References |
---|---|
(1000, 2000] | 15 |
(2000, 3000] | 28 |
(3000, 4000] | 36 |
(4000, 5000] | 44 |
(5000, 6000] | 51 |
(6000, 7000] | 57 |
(7000, 8000] | 63 |
(8000, 9000] | 67 |
(9000, 10000] | 72 |
Hypothesis 1: It is well-known that citing more resources is usually associated with more in-depth research, therefore, we would expect high-quality articles to include a higher number of references.
Hypothesis 2: Some experts believe that a good writing habit is to keep the number of references to a minimum (see: Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers by Mimi Zeiger), so according to this hypothesis, high-quality articles should have, on average, fewer references.
Let’s find out what researchers are doing in practice and which hypothesis our data support.
In order to answer the question, I collected the journal impact factor (JIF) for 71,579 articles and divided the dataset into 2 groups:
After controlling for study design, the group with JIF ≤ 3 had a median number of references of 37, while the group with JIF > 3 had a median of 44.
Remember that the median article overall had 39 references (as we saw above), so based on these results, we can conclude that:
High-quality articles, in general, have about 5 more references than the median article. So a comprehensive literature review and a more in-depth discussion section can make the difference between a good and an excellent research article.
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The example is when you might be reading a certain paper, and the authors refer to another paper. You can't get that other paper as it's unpublished, or it's in a language that you can't read, or maybe something else.
My guess is:
Featherstone et al 1900 (in Thomas and Cullen 2002).
And how is it to be handled in the bibliography?
In APA style, you can write, (e.g., see this APA tutorial )
Featherstone et al 1900 (as cited in Thomas and Cullen 2002)
Of course, in general you should try your best to read the original and cite the original directly.
Someone in the comments asked:
"In such case do I need to list original paper also in reference section or only the recent one I am referring to?"
The reference to the original article is the more important reference to include, but you should include both in your reference list.
The following is with regards to Chicago Style as of 11/25/2018 14.260: Citations taken from secondary sources Chapter Contents / Special Types of References / Citations Taken from Secondary Sources To cite a source from a secondary source (“quoted in . . .”) is generally to be discouraged, since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, both the original and the secondary source must be listed.
If you are using a quote from author A that author B is citing, you would go ahead and use the quote from author A and cite it like this:
Blah blah, blahblahblah, blah blah blah-blah blah (qtd. in Author B 65).
If you cannot get that paper, you should not cite it.
What is a citation? The word citation comes from Latin verb cio (past participle: citum ) that means to call somebody , to invite somebody , or preferably to demand someone to give his own testimony .
So, in your case, if you would like to cite that paper, that means that you invite that paper to give its own testimony. But if it's not available , how could it do it?
Simply, it can't .
Not the answer you're looking for browse other questions tagged citations ..
Citation management software can help you manage your research and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below for more information about these useful programs.
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From choosing a topic and conducting research to crafting a strong argument, writing a thesis paper can be a rewarding experience.
It can also be a challenging experience. If you've never written a thesis paper before, you may not know where to start. You may not even be sure exactly what a thesis paper is. But don't worry; the right support and resources can help you navigate this writing process.
A thesis paper is a type of academic essay that you might write as a graduation requirement for certain bachelor's, master's or honors programs. Thesis papers present your own original research or analysis on a specific topic related to your field.
“In some ways, a thesis paper can look a lot like a novella,” said Shana Chartier , director of information literacy at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU). “It’s too short to be a full-length novel, but with the standard size of 40-60 pages (for a bachelor’s) and 60-100 pages (for a master’s), it is a robust exploration of a topic, explaining one’s understanding of a topic based on personal research.”
Chartier has worked in academia for over 13 years and at SNHU for nearly eight. In her role as an instructor and director, Chartier has helped to guide students through the writing process, like editing and providing resources.
Chartier has written and published academic papers such as "Augmented Reality Gamifies the Library: A Ride Through the Technological Frontier" and "Going Beyond the One-Shot: Spiraling Information Literacy Across Four Years." Both of these academic papers required Chartier to have hands-on experience with the subject matter. Like a thesis paper, they also involved hypothesizing and doing original research to come to a conclusion.
“When writing a thesis paper, the importance of staying organized cannot be overstated,” said Chartier. “Mapping out each step of the way, making firm and soft deadlines... and having other pairs of eyes on your work to ensure academic accuracy and clean editing are crucial to writing a successful paper.”
What your thesis paper is for will determine some of the specific requirements and steps you might take, but the first step is usually the same: Choosing a topic.
“Choosing a topic can be daunting," said Rochelle Attari , a peer tutor at SNHU. "But if (you) stick with a subject (you're) interested in... choosing a topic is much more manageable.”
Similar to a thesis, Attari recently finished the capstone for her bachelor’s in psychology . Her bachelor’s concentration is in forensics, and her capstone focused on the topic of using a combined therapy model for inmates who experience substance abuse issues to reduce recidivism.
“The hardest part was deciding what I wanted to focus on,” Attari said. “But once I nailed down my topic, each milestone was more straightforward.”
In her own writing experience, Attari said brainstorming was an important step when choosing her topic. She recommends writing down different ideas on a piece of paper and doing some preliminary research on what’s already been written on your topic.
By doing this exercise, you can narrow or broaden your ideas until you’ve found a topic you’re excited about. " Brainstorming is essential when writing a paper and is not a last-minute activity,” Attari said.
Thesis papers tend to have a standard format with common sections as the building blocks.
While the structure Attari describes below will work for many theses, it’s important to double-check with your program to see if there are any specific requirements. Writing a thesis for a Master of Fine Arts, for example, might actually look more like a fiction novel.
According to Attari, a thesis paper is often structured with the following major sections:
Now, let’s take a closer look at what each different section should include.
Your introduction is your opportunity to present the topic of your thesis paper. In this section, you can explain why that topic is important. The introduction is also the place to include your thesis statement, which shows your stance in the paper.
Attari said that writing an introduction can be tricky, especially when you're trying to capture your reader’s attention and state your argument.
“I have found that starting with a statement of truth about a topic that pertains to an issue I am writing about typically does the trick,” Attari said. She demonstrated this advice in an example introduction she wrote for a paper on the effects of daylight in Alaska:
In the continental United States, we can always count on the sun rising and setting around the same time each day, but in Alaska, during certain times of the year, the sun rises and does not set for weeks. Research has shown that the sun provides vitamin D and is an essential part of our health, but little is known about how daylight twenty-four hours a day affects the circadian rhythm and sleep.
In the example Attari wrote, she introduces the topic and informs the reader what the paper will cover. Somewhere in her intro, she said she would also include her thesis statement, which might be:
Twenty-four hours of daylight over an extended period does not affect sleep patterns in humans and is not the cause of daytime fatigue in northern Alaska .
In the literature review, you'll look at what information is already out there about your topic. “This is where scholarly articles about your topic are essential,” said Attari. “These articles will help you find the gap in research that you have identified and will also support your thesis statement."
Telling your reader what research has already been done will help them see how your research fits into the larger conversation. Most university libraries offer databases of scholarly/peer-reviewed articles that can be helpful in your search.
In the methods section of your thesis paper, you get to explain how you learned what you learned. This might include what experiment you conducted as a part of your independent research.
“For instance,” Attari said, “if you are a psychology major and have identified a gap in research on which therapies are effective for anxiety, your methods section would consist of the number of participants, the type of experiment and any other particulars you would use for that experiment.”
In this section, you'll explain the results of your study. For example, building on the psychology example Attari outlined, you might share self-reported anxiety levels for participants trying different kinds of therapies. To help you communicate your results clearly, you might include data, charts, tables or other visualizations.
The discussion section of your thesis paper is where you will analyze and interpret the results you presented in the previous section. This is where you can discuss what your findings really mean or compare them to the research you found in your literature review.
The discussion section is your chance to show why the data you collected matters and how it fits into bigger conversations in your field.
The conclusion of your thesis paper is your opportunity to sum up your argument and leave your reader thinking about why your research matters.
Attari breaks the conclusion down into simple parts. “You restate the original issue and thesis statement, explain the experiment's results and discuss possible next steps for further research,” she said.
Resources to help write your thesis paper.
While your thesis paper may be based on your independent research, writing it doesn’t have to be a solitary process. Asking for help and using the resources that are available to you can make the process easier.
If you're writing a thesis paper, some resources Chartier encourages you to use are:
It can also be helpful to check out what coaching or tutoring options are available through your school. At SNHU, for example, the Academic Support Center offers writing and grammar workshops , and students can access 24/7 tutoring and 1:1 sessions with peer tutors, like Attari.
"Students can even submit their papers and receive written feedback... like revisions and editing suggestions," she said.
If you are writing a thesis paper, there are many resources available to you. It's a long paper, but with the right mindset and support, you can successfully navigate the process.
“Pace yourself,” said Chartier. “This is a marathon, not a sprint. Setting smaller goals to get to the big finish line can make the process seem less daunting, and remember to be proud of yourself and celebrate your accomplishment once you’re done. Writing a thesis is no small task, and it’s important work for the scholarly community.”
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Meg Palmer ’18 is a writer and scholar by trade who loves reading, riding her bike and singing in a barbershop quartet. She earned her bachelor’s degree in English, language and literature at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU) and her master’s degree in writing, rhetoric and discourse at DePaul University (’20). While attending SNHU, she served as the editor-in-chief of the campus student newspaper, The Penmen Press, where she deepened her passion for writing. Meg is an adjunct professor at Johnson and Wales University, where she teaches first year writing, honors composition, and public speaking. Connect with her on LinkedIn .
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Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on March 14, 2022 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on February 28, 2024.
An in-text citation is a short acknowledgement you include whenever you quote or take information from a source in academic writing. It points the reader to the source so they can see where you got your information.
In-text citations most commonly take the form of short parenthetical statements indicating the author and publication year of the source, as well as the page number if relevant.
We also offer a free citation generator and in-depth guides to the main citation styles.
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What are in-text citations for, when do you need an in-text citation, types of in-text citation, frequently asked questions about in-text citations.
The point of an in-text citation is to show your reader where your information comes from. Including citations:
Academic writing is seen as an ongoing conversation among scholars, both within and between fields of study. Showing exactly how your own research draws on and interacts with existing sources is essential to keeping this conversation going.
The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:
An in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.
Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase . Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found.
Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found.
However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting.
Different types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles . They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.
Author-date citations (used in APA , Harvard , and Chicago author-date ) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Author-page citations (used in MLA ) are the same except that the year is not included.
Both types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. In a parenthetical citation , the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. In a narrative citation , the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses.
Parenthetical citation | Narrative citation | |
---|---|---|
Author-date (APA) | The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p. 11). | Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (2018, p. 11). |
Author-page (MLA) | The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11). | Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (11). |
Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text.
An in-text citation is an acknowledgement you include in your text whenever you quote or paraphrase a source. It usually gives the author’s last name, the year of publication, and the page number of the relevant text. In-text citations allow the reader to look up the full source information in your reference list and see your sources for themselves.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays , research papers , and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises).
Add a citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text.
The exact format of your citations depends on which citation style you are instructed to use. The most common styles are APA , MLA , and Chicago .
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, February 28). The Basics of In-Text Citation | APA & MLA Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/in-text-citation-styles/
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After hundreds of hours of non-stop working, the research essay is finished! Unfortunately, it is not the time to celebrate. That’s when you must get down to one of the least pleasant things in professional college or high school writing – a table of contents. The following article will define table of contents, discuss its purpose, and provide guidance on how to make a table of contents for a research paper.
Academic essays can be from 2–3 to hundreds pages long. They can contain a wide range of different studies, theoretical analyses, and practical examinations. They make up the substance of the study and assist you in showcasing the subject of your labor.
Since you are always required to cover many different aspects in your study, navigating the document quickly becomes top priority. This is why all expansive academic papers require a table of contents (also known as TOC).
This fragment of your paper is an overview of every topic explored in it. The TOC looks like an invisible table where cells house a chapter, segment, or simple section heading. Consequently, each title corresponds to a page index which is also indicated in the TOC. This indicator is located at the beginning of the document, preceding the introduction but following the title page.
Let’s break down the purpose of table of contents as well as its essential functions.
Overall, the purpose of TOC is to improve the reader's experience by making the research more accessible and easier to navigate.
In a nutshell, the way you organize, format and make a TOC is subject to the style guide required by your professor. Here is an exploration on how to prepare a TOC for different writing guides.
Aithor is an AI essay generator that helps school and college students with academic writing. Instead of spending hours on making a table of contents for research paper, use Aithor and get what you need in a matter of seconds!
How to write a dialogue in an essay: useful tips.
A correct usage of dialogues in essays may seem quite difficult at first sight. Still there are special issues, for instance, narrative or descriptive papers, where this literary technique will be a good helper in depicting anyone's character. How to add dialogues to the work? How to format them correctly? Let's discuss all relevant matters to master putting conversation episodes into academic essays. Essay Dialogue: Definition & Purpose A dialogue is a literary technique for presenting a con ...
Writing is changing a lot because of AI. But don't worry — AI won't take human writers' jobs. It's a tool that can make our work easier and help us write better. When we use AI along with our own skills, we can create good content faster and better. AI can help with many parts of writing, from coming up with ideas to fixing the final version. Let's look at the top 10 ways how to use AI for content creation and how it can make your writing better. What Is AI Content Writing? AI content writin ...
Creating various topical texts is an obligatory assignment during studies. For a majority of students, it seems like a real headache. It is quite difficult to write a smooth and complex work, meeting all the professors' requirements. However, thanks to modern technologies there appeared a good way of getting a decent project – using AI to write essays. We'd like to acquaint you with Aithor, an effective tool of this kind, able to perform fine and elaborated texts, and, of course, inspiration, i ...
Academic assignments require much knowledge and skill. One of the most important points is rendering and interpreting material one has ever studied. A person should avoid presenting word-for-word plagiarism but express his or her thoughts and ideas as much as possible. However, every fine research is certain to be based on the previous issues, data given, or concepts suggested. And here it's high time to differentiate plagiarism and paraphrasing, to realize its peculiarities and cases of usage. ...
Your professor says that it is necessary to avoid plagiarism when writing a research paper, essay, or any project based on the works of other people, so to say, any reference source. But what does plagiarism mean? What types of it exist? And how to formulate the material to get rid of potential bad consequences while rendering original texts? Today we try to answer these very questions. Plagiarism: Aspect in Brief Plagiarism is considered to be a serious breach, able to spoil your successful ...
Have you ever thought about whether using your own work again could be seen as copying? It might seem strange, but self-plagiarism is a real issue in school and work writing. Let's look at what this means and learn how to avoid self-plagiarism so your work stays original and ethical. What is self-plagiarism? Self-plagiarism, also called auto-plagiarism or duplicate plagiarism, happens when a writer uses parts of their old work without saying where it came from. This isn't just about copying w ...
Plagiarism has been a challenge for a long time in writing. It's easy to find information online, which might make some people use it without saying where it came from. But plagiarism isn't just taking someone else's words. Sometimes, we might do it by accident or even use our own old work without mentioning it. When people plagiarize, they can get into serious trouble. They might lose others' trust or even face legal problems. Luckily, we now have tools to detect plagiarism. But what about PDF ...
When we write something for school, work, or just for fun, we often use ideas and facts from other places. This makes us ask: what is a citation in writing? Let's find out what this means and why it's really important when we write. What is Citation? Citation in research refers to the practice of telling your readers where you got your information, ideas, or exact words from. It's like showing them the path to the original information you used in your writing. When you cite something, you us ...
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Note: This page reflects APA 6, which is now out of date. It will remain online until 2021, but will not be updated. The equivalent APA 7 page can be found here .
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 169-179 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay.
Note: On pages 65-66, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur in the literature review and procedure descriptions (for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found ...). Contexts other than traditionally-structured research writing may permit the simple present tense (for example, Jones (1998) finds ).
When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
( Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media .)
If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.
According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).
Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?
If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark.
Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required).
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).
Identifying a research problem to investigate requires a preliminary search for and critical review of the literature in order to gain an understanding about how scholars have examined a topic. Scholars rarely structure research studies in a way that can be followed like a story; they are complex and detail-intensive and often written in a descriptive and conclusive narrative form. However, in the social and behavioral sciences, journal articles and stand-alone research reports are generally organized in a consistent format that makes it easier to compare and contrast studies and interpret their findings.
General Reading Strategies
W hen you first read an article or research paper, focus on asking specific questions about each section. This strategy can help with overall comprehension and with understanding how the content relates [or does not relate] to the problem you want to investigate. As you review more and more studies, the process of understanding and critically evaluating the research will become easier because the content of what you review will begin to coalescence around common themes and patterns of analysis. Below are recommendations on how to read each section of a research paper effectively. Note that the sections to read are out of order from how you will find them organized in a journal article or research paper.
1. Abstract
The abstract summarizes the background, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions of a scholarly article or research paper. Use the abstract to filter out sources that may have appeared useful when you began searching for information but, in reality, are not relevant. Questions to consider when reading the abstract are:
2. Introduction
If, after reading the abstract, you believe the paper may be useful, focus on examining the research problem and identifying the questions the author is trying to address. This information is usually located within the first few paragraphs of the introduction or in the concluding paragraph. Look for information about how and in what way this relates to what you are investigating. In addition to the research problem, the introduction should provide the main argument and theoretical framework of the study and, in the last paragraphs of the introduction, describe what the author(s) intend to accomplish. Questions to consider when reading the introduction include:
3. Literature Review
The literature review describes and critically evaluates what is already known about a topic. Read the literature review to obtain a big picture perspective about how the topic has been studied and to begin the process of seeing where your potential study fits within the domain of prior research. Questions to consider when reading the literature review include:
4. Discussion/Conclusion
The discussion and conclusion are usually the last two sections of text in a scholarly article or research report. They reveal how the author(s) interpreted the findings of their research and presented recommendations or courses of action based on those findings. Often in the conclusion, the author(s) highlight recommendations for further research that can be used to develop your own study. Questions to consider when reading the discussion and conclusion sections include:
5. Methods/Methodology
The methods section describes the materials, techniques, and procedures for gathering information used to examine the research problem. If what you have read so far closely supports your understanding of the topic, then move on to examining how the author(s) gathered information during the research process. Questions to consider when reading the methods section include:
6. Results
After reading the above sections, you should have a clear understanding of the general findings of the study. Therefore, read the results section to identify how key findings were discussed in relation to the research problem. If any non-textual elements [e.g., graphs, charts, tables, etc.] are confusing, focus on the explanations about them in the text. Questions to consider when reading the results section include:
7. References
The references list the sources used by the author(s) to document what prior research and information was used when conducting the study. After reviewing the article or research paper, use the references to identify additional sources of information on the topic and to examine critically how these sources supported the overall research agenda. Questions to consider when reading the references include:
NOTE: A final strategy in reviewing research is to copy and paste the title of the source [journal article, book, research report] into Google Scholar . If it appears, look for a "cited by" reference followed by a hyperlinked number under the record [e.g., Cited by 45]. This number indicates how many times the study has been subsequently cited in other, more recently published works. This strategy, known as citation tracking, can be an effective means of expanding your review of pertinent literature based on a study you have found useful and how scholars have cited it. The same strategies described above can be applied to reading articles you find in the list of cited by references.
Specific Reading Strategies
Effectively reading scholarly research is an acquired skill that involves attention to detail and an ability to comprehend complex ideas, data, and theoretical concepts in a way that applies logically to the research problem you are investigating. Here are some specific reading strategies to consider.
As You are Reading
Taking notes as you read will save time when you go back to examine your sources. Here are some suggestions:
Write down thoughts that come to mind that may help clarify your understanding of the research problem. Here are some examples of questions to ask yourself:
Adapted from text originally created by Holly Burt, Behavioral Sciences Librarian, USC Libraries, April 2018.
When is it Important to Read the Entire Article or Research Paper
Laubepin argues, "Very few articles in a field are so important that every word needs to be read carefully." * However, this implies that some studies are worth reading carefully if they directly relate to understanding the research problem. As arduous as it may seem, there are valid reasons for reading a study from beginning to end. Here are some examples:
* Laubepin, Frederique. How to Read (and Understand) a Social Science Journal Article . Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ISPSR), 2013
Shon, Phillip Chong Ho. How to Read Journal Articles in the Social Sciences: A Very Practical Guide for Students . 2nd edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2015; Lockhart, Tara, and Mary Soliday. "The Critical Place of Reading in Writing Transfer (and Beyond): A Report of Student Experiences." Pedagogy 16 (2016): 23-37; Maguire, Moira, Ann Everitt Reynolds, and Brid Delahunt. "Reading to Be: The Role of Academic Reading in Emergent Academic and Professional Student Identities." Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice 17 (2020): 5-12.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108664
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From injury and illness management to recovery, cryotherapy is commonly used by athletes and their support personnel. 1 And the simplest version of this remains the application of ice. However, the use of ice is not trivial, nor should it be taken for granted. Apart from logistical challenges related to production, transportation and storage, ice is often used to obtain benefits which are not evidence-based. More importantly, ice could have the opposite effect to that expected such as delayed tissue regeneration or impaired recovery. 2 This editorial discusses recent trends in ice usage and resource requirements at the Olympic Games within the context of an uncertain evidence base for the clinical application of cryotherapy.
While mobilisation, massage and ultrasound were their principal treatment modalities, the British Olympic Association reported using ice in 10% of their treatments during the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and 8% of their treatment during their preparatory camp in Tallahassee. 3 Comprehensive retrospective analyses of the London 2012, 4 Rio 2016 5 and Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games (data courtesy of the Games organisers) also showed that while manual therapies are the most common intervention used by physiotherapists at the polyclinic, cryotherapy ice packs and compression pumps were the fourth most common intervention accounting for 4% to 7% of the total encounters. Similarly, the polyclinic of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games delivered 585 manual therapy treatments and only 63 cryotherapy ice pack treatments (data courtesy of the Games organisers). Thus, localised ice packs were not the bulk of ice usage at the Olympics. Rather, there were 773 encounters for ice baths/cold water immersion (CWI), representing the most common reason for athletes to visit the polyclinic, despite numerous National Olympic Committees (NOCs) bringing their own ice bath equipment due to the COVID-19 restrictions and social distancing (data courtesy of the Games organisers). Indeed, the requests for CWI have increased over the last decade. While, CWI accounted for ~10% of all athlete encounters at the Olympic polyclinics in Athens 2004 6 and London 2012, 4 there was a sharp increase in Rio 2016, where CWI accounted for 44% of all athlete physiotherapy encounters, mainly for recovery purposes (98%) with a small proportion (2%) used for the treatment of injury. 5
The first estimation done by Paris 2024 based on the initial requests presented by the International Federations was 1624 tons of ice, at a cost of €2.5 million. No independent vendors were able to fulfil the public tender. Subsequently, this estimate has been reduced to 650 tons (450 tons for the Olympics and 200 tons for the Paralympics). Beyond the financial implications for the local organising committee, this raises environmental concerns, as ice provision requires water and considerable amounts of energy for production and storage. Moreover, the amount of waste (ie, ice actually used versus the amount provided) remains unknown. This will be the focus of a research project being conducted and funded by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) during the Paris 2024 Olympic Games.
Treatment of injuries.
The utilisation of ice in sports medicine has been popularised by the Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation (RICE) protocol 8 for the treatment of various acute sports injuries, particularly soft tissue injuries. It later evolved to Protect+RICE and Protect, Optimal Loading instead of Rest, keeping ice at its core. However, as discussed in a critical review presented in the current issue of this journal, 2 there is a lack of evidence for the common practice of icing soft-tissue injuries, so it should be adopted with caution while waiting for further research.
Postexercise CWI is among one of the most widely used recovery strategies among athletes. Meta-analyses showed CWI to be more effective for muscle power and perception of recovery than active recovery, massage or contrast baths. 9 However, recent studies have reported that cooling decreases long-term strength adaptations 10 and may impair acute performance following exercise. 11 Thus, given the financial, logistical and environmental implications of setting-up a CWI area in competition venues, this approach should be tailored to recovery goals to reduce ice requirements. A summary of the general cases where CWI may be beneficial or detrimental is provided in figure 1 .
Cold water immersion for recovery. Cold water immersion can be beneficial or negative depending on the exercise characteristics. CWI, cold water immersion.
CWI is considered the best treatment for exertional heat stroke. 7 Additionally, approximately half of the athletes competing in endurance events planned on using CWI after their events in hot ambient conditions at the 2015 12 and 2019 World Athletic Championships (data courtesy of the competition organisers), a practice that, beyond supporting recovery, could have minimised the burden on the heat deck by lowering heat stress in a large number of athletes. Thus, for events in hot ambient conditions, an increase in ice requirements should be expected.
Ice usage at the Summer Olympics has reached extraordinary levels, potentially stressing local and regional resources. The sport and exercise medicine community needs better data on the actual amount of ice consumed at major sporting events, for what purposes and at what financial and environmental costs. When planning for the provision of ice, organisers should aim to minimise the use of non-evidence-based practices and promote better sustainability. Ice should, however, remain available for certain situations including acute pain relief, 1 specific recovery needs and management of exertional heat stroke.
The author group consists of junior/student (VD and YR), mid-career (MI) and senior (SR) researchers. It also included clinicians from different disciplines, including physiotherapy (MEG), sports medicine (WS and RB) and surgery (LE). The authors come from six countries, four in Europe, one in Middle East and one in Far East; but only one woman.
Patient consent for publication.
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments.
The content of this editorial is related to a literature review on ice usage in sports medicine. 10
X @ephysiol, @Ihsan_mo
Contributors SR drafted the editorial. MI performed the review and the figure on cold water immersion. MEG provided the analyses from previous Olympics. All authors reviewed and amended the draft. All authors approved the final submission. SR is the guarantor.
Funding The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests None declared.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Appropriate Level of Citation The number of sources you cite in your paper depends on the purpose of your work. For most papers, cite one or two of the most representative sources for each key point. Literature review papers, however, typically include a more exhaustive list of references.
A paragraph citing only one author RULE: the APA Publication Manual does not specify how often an author's name must be mentioned when citing a source.
Reference List Resources on writing an APA style reference list, including citation formats Basic Rules Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors
Why Cite? Most academic writing cites others' ideas and research, for several reasons: Sources that support your ideas give your paper authority and credibility Shows you have researched your topic thoroughly Crediting sources protects you from plagiarism A list of sources can be a useful record for further research
How to Cite in APA Format (7th edition) | Guide & Generator APA Style is widely used by students, researchers, and professionals in the social and behavioral sciences. Scribbr's APA Citation Generator automatically generates accurate references and in-text citations for free.
When should I use a citation? A citation should be used when content that did not originate with you is used to support your writing.
At college level, you must properly cite your sources in all essays, research papers, and other academic texts (except exams and in-class exercises). Add a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information or ideas from a source. You should also give full source details in a bibliography or reference list at the end of your text ...
Basic Principles of Citation APA Style uses the author-date citation system, in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. The in-text citation appears within the body of the paper (or in a table, figure, footnote, or appendix) and briefly identifies the cited work by its author and date of publication.
4. (1088) In this guide, students and researchers can learn the basics of creating a properly formatted research paper according to APA guidelines. It includes information on how to conceptualize, outline, and format the basic structure of your paper, as well as practical tips on spelling, abbreviation, punctuation, and more.
Learn how to set up APA format for your paper. From the title page and headings to references and citations.
APA Citation Basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, like, for example, (Jones, 1998). One complete reference for each source should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
The table below provides examples of how to cite your sources in text, whether you use the author's name as part of the narrative or you include the citation information in parentheses (called a parenthetical citation). For more information, refer to sections 8.17-21 of the APA Style Manual, 7th edition. Author Type. Parenthetical Citation.
When to Cite a Source. You should use evidence (citations) any time you make a claim that is not based on a well-known fact or common knowledge. Here's a list of situations when your teacher would expect a citation: You make a specific claim that could be challenged--like London is the foggiest city in the world. You quote somebody.
What is a citation? Citations are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again-- it provides an important roadmap to your research process. Whenever you use sources such as books, journals or websites in your research, you must give credit to the original author by citing the ...
Learn how to cite in a research paper with this guide, featuring a list of common professional citation styles and directions for citing in APA format.
One of the most common questions about citing sources is: how often must I cite? Many students think it's acceptable to cite a source once at the end of a paragraph, but to make clear where your information came from, you need to cite much more often than that. You need to cite every time you've used words, ideas, or images from a source.
I would say that it depends on the chosen (or prescribed) publication style guide and the frequency of citations across your document. If the frequency is several other pages (like four pages apart, as in your example), I do not see any serious reasons to avoid repeating the reference citation. Generally, citing the same reference multiple time ...
When to cite sources. While professors and scholars may have specific requirements based on the needs of their discipline, there are cases where you should always cite your sources. 1. Direct quotes of more than one word. If the author's words are powerful or you need to be specific for your argument, the authors' words can be used as a ...
Cite only works you read and ideas you . incorporated into your paper. Include all sources cited in the text in the reference . list (exception: cite . personal communications. in the text only). Match the spelling of author names and the . publication year in the in-text citations to the . corresponding reference list entries.
There are many different citation styles, but they typically use one of three systems: parenthetical, note, or numerical citations.
1- The average number of references for a research paper is 45, with 90% of research papers having between 8 and 102 references. However, this number depends a lot on study design. For instance, a systematic review typically has 49 references while a case report has only 24. 2- As a rule of thumb, consider citing 1 reference for every 95 words ...
What is a citation? The word citation comes from Latin verb cio (past participle: citum) that means to call somebody, to invite somebody, or preferably to demand someone to give his own testimony. So, in your case, if you would like to cite that paper, that means that you invite that paper to give its own testimony.
A research guide tailored for students of the Brian Lamb School of Communication's online M.S. and Graduate Certificate Program in Strategic Communication Management. ... Citation management software can help you manage your research and easily organize and format your citations in a wide variety of citation styles. Check out the links below ...
Writing a thesis paper is a big task, often at the end of a bachelor's, master's or honors program. ... master's or honors programs. Thesis papers present your own original research or analysis on a specific topic related to your field. "In some ways, ... How to Cite a Research Paper. Aug 27, 2024 ...
While there's no one-size-fits-all answer to how many sources do you need for a research paper, here are some general tips: Try to use at least 5 good sources; For a normal research paper, 7 to 10 sources is often enough; More detailed papers might need 15 to 20 sources; Use different types of sources: books, articles, and websites
Learn how to cite sources in your text with APA and MLA styles, including examples and tips for different types of sources.
August 16, 2024 What is Citation and Why Should You Cite the Sources When Writing Content. When we write something for school, work, or just for fun, we often use ideas and facts from other places.
APA citation basics. When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
Below are recommendations on how to read each section of a research paper effectively. Note that the sections to read are out of order from how you will find them organized in a journal article or research paper. 1. Abstract. The abstract summarizes the background, methods, results, discussion, and conclusions of a scholarly article or research ...
The rising use of ice consumption at major events. While mobilisation, massage and ultrasound were their principal treatment modalities, the British Olympic Association reported using ice in 10% of their treatments during the 1996 Atlanta Olympic Games and 8% of their treatment during their preparatory camp in Tallahassee. 3 Comprehensive retrospective analyses of the London 2012, 4 Rio 2016 5 ...