how many essays do you write in law school

How Much Writing Do You Have to Do in Law School?

Becoming a lawyer means you have to become good at a very specialized type of writing. In law, it’s not so much a matter of how much you write as how you write it. But as the saying goes: “Practice makes perfect,” and with business deals , agreements and even people’s futures on the line, if you miss an important point or choose the wrong words, the ramifications can be huge.

Here’s the main point you need to understand about writing and law school. You probably won’t be writing anything extraordinarily lengthy while at law school, but writing it will take a long time. You might spend hours on a single paragraph, tweaking it to make it just right. For the layman, legal writing might just look like a lot of words strung together, but every one of them is there for a reason and getting them right is crucial.

Your law review papers will be the longest

Most law students agree that the volume of writing isn’t so much of an issue. Your longest pieces will be law review papers, and the footnotes alone can be extensive and time-consuming. But they warn course work grades are often based on essays or papers, and the marks you get on these will make or break your pursuit of a law degree.

In the first year, chances are you’ll have to do a course covering legal research and writing. As you may have guessed, it will involve quite a lot of writing. But thereafter, the volume of written work decreases. The most important thing will be being able to write well and cram a lot of information into a few clear sentences.

So if you’re worried about required writing, the volume isn’t all that huge, but if you want to do well, you will probably need to practice not only your writing but your reading.

Practice reading?

At law school, you need to learn how to write like a lawyer, and there’s no better way of doing that than to learn to read like a lawyer. That means being able to grasp the language that is used – and believe me – although it’s English, it’s not the kind of English you’d usually use when you hang out with your buddies.

According to many law professors, reading like a lawyer is the biggest hurdle for most students. You may need hours to read a case that’s only a few pages when you first become a student. The good news is that the more you read, the better you get at understanding all the legal language, and the better equipped you’ll be when the time comes to do your own writing.

It’s a learned skill – and you will use it a lot

If reading the terms and conditions for the app you’re planning to download makes your eyes go blurry, and wading through contracts before you sign them gives you a headache, you’re not alone. Legal writing is a learned skill and uses its own special language and terminology. If you have a genuine eagerness to become a lawyer, you will need to master it.

You shouldn’t be considering a legal career if you don’t like writing. Legal writing is a bit like “blood and guts” and becoming a doctor. You might not see them all the time as a student, but when you do, things aren’t going to work out for you if you’re squeamish. Lawyers deal with words. There’s no such thing as a lawyer who doesn’t write.

Do you want to be a lawyer but not sure you’ll cope?

For a start, be absolutely sure you know what being a lawyer is like. A lot of students don’t. It’s nothing like what you see on TV. The reality of working in the legal field isn’t featured in courtroom dramas. The truth (and nothing but the truth) is that many lawyers will seldom see the inside of a courtroom. If you do end up in court, most of it will be very un-dramatic and quite boring.

Before you apply for law school read up on what being a lawyer would entail and how your career would progress. If law still sounds like just the thing for you, you can get a head start on your fellow students by reading “Thinking Like a Lawyer: A New Introduction to Legal Reasoning” by Frederick Schauer. Hint: It will likely cover a lot of the work you’ll be given in your first year.

If you can grasp that legal reasoning, you’ll likely be able to manage the writing as well. Writing starts with thinking, and once you think like a lawyer, you should have the skills to write like one and get through law school.

(Photo courtesy of Mathieu Marquer )

Learning to write like a lawyer is like learning a different language. It really is that different from your every day English. It sucks the first year because it takes so much time, but it gets faster as you become more familiar on how to write like a lawyer. It’s definitely one of the more difficult aspects that weeds out a lot of first year students.

Well, this makes law school sound a lot more unfun than I already thought it was going to be. I hated languages when I was in high school, so the thought of law writing being like learning a new language makes me think that this may not be what I want to do. I want to be a lawyer, but I don’t want to hate being lawyer. I think I’m going to have to consider long and hard on this decision.

hey its been 5 years did you end up going to law school??

Lawyers have to write a lot and research even more then write down what they research. This is a very time consuming process and the amount of writing that you have to do is sometimes overwhelming. This is definitely nothing like you see on the TV there is a lot more writing involved than you might think.

It’s not even writing what you research; it’s synthesizing the information from numerous sources and coming up with a cogent argument that pulls it all together.

I’m 14 and really want to be a lawyer but I feel that reading fast and staying active while reading has always been a huge challenge for me. I’m also quite smart…mostly in the science category but I don’t really like any career in that aspect…my only choice is law…and I’m kinda scary I’ll suck in law

Honey, there are literally *thousands* of other occupations available to you. Law and medecine are only two of them.

The movie “Clueless” comes to mind. lol The main character’s dad is a lawyer and he has to write so much. His daughter and step son help him one time and they spend hours highlighting dates in stacks and stacks of paper. Ugh. I do not want to be a lawyer.

I don’t think you should really decide whether or not to be a lawyer based on the movie Clueless. Just saying…

Writing in law school is something completely new. I found that out when I start the new term. All the vocabulary is different and also the way of writing. Although difficult, it is quite possible with a lot of persistence and also practice. It might be time-consuming, but you get it after a while.

Most students are quite shocked when they learn that the job of a lawyer is 90% writing. That’s not only school, but he real world too. I blame it on TV shows that make it look so much different than it really is. If you don’t like to write, you don’t want to be a lawyer. It’s as simple as that.

Is there enough writing in law school that if I don’t like it, I should think of doing some other career? The thought of being a lawyer is appealing to me and I was thinking of going to law school after graduating from college, but I don’t like to write much. What’s your opinion?

This is a bit deceptive. I don’t dispute there may be a lot of writing if you want to go to law school, but there is going to be a lot of writing a matter what major you decide to pursue in graduate school. Just like there is a lot of writing when you’re in college, it doesn’t get any better when you decide to go to graduate school. That’s just the nature of academics. So, yes, there is a lot of writing you decide you want to go to law school, but there will be a lot of writing to matter what postgraduate education you pursue.

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Writing Papers in Law School

Writing assignments are useful tools for challenging students to put complex thoughts into understandable language. The amount of writing required in law school can vary across courses, years, and schools. Students also sometimes have different reactions to their writing experiences. Here, we estimate how many pages students wrote during the 2019-2020 school year and show how the number of pages written is related to perceived gains in writing abilities.

Law students report on their writing assignments with three LSSSE questions:

Universal Background Checks: This would require a background check for all individuals seeking to purchase firearms, regardless of the source of the firearm. This would help to keep guns out of the hands of individuals argumentative essay on gun control with a criminal history or history of mental illness.

Shorter papers (fewer than five pages in length) are quite common law school. Only 16% of respondents did not write any short papers. Most students (59%) wrote between one and six short papers, although 15% of students wrote ten or more.

Medium-length papers (5-19 pages) are another staple of law school. Slightly more than half of law students (52%) wrote one to three papers of this length during the previous school year, and another quarter (27%) wrote four to six papers of this length. Only 10% of students did not write a medium-length paper in the previous year.

Long papers (20+ pages) are somewhat less common. About 31% of students did not write any long papers during the previous school year, although more than half of students (58%) wrote between one and three long papers.

We can also use information from these three writing questions to create a very rough estimate of the total number of pages each student wrote for class assignments over the past year. Law students tended to write between 26 and 100 pages total. This range accounts for about 60% of law students. Over a quarter (27%) of law students fell specifically into the 51-75 page range. But nearly one in five law students (19%) wrote over 125 pages in the previous school year.

Part of the purpose of writing assignments is to assess how students are assimilating and analyzing information. Another purpose is to enhance students’ writing abilities. In a separate section of the survey, LSSSE asks about the degree to which law school has contributed to the development of the student’s writing ability. Interestingly, when we correlate students’ responses to this question with the number of pages of writing they did over the course of the year, we see a gradual increase that plateaus at around 76-100 pages. That is, in general, students who write more pages of text believe that law school has helped them become better writers but only to a certain point. Beyond about a hundred pages of writing (combined across all their classes), students are not more likely to say that their experience at law school has contributed to their ability to write clearly and effectively.

Law school provides consistent opportunities for students to hone their writing and reasoning skills. Most law students write a handful of short- and medium-length papers each year. Students generally feel that law school contributes to their ability to write clearly and effectively, including those students who only wrote 25 or fewer pages in the previous year. However, students who wrote more (up to around 100 pages) tend to respond more favorably to the writing skill development question than students who wrote less.

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• How to Write a Law Review Note Worthy of Publication

Writing in Law School

And, if you want more specific guidance on Law Review Notes, check out our guide to everything you need to know to get your Note published.

Legal Research and Writing

• With Punctuation, It's the Little Things Legal writing is crucial in law school. Here, we talk about the importance of proper punctuation, along with strategies to ensure your writing is clear and leaves a good impression on your reader.
• Navigating the Law School Research Paper Once you survive your 1L year, you may be accustomed (or at least resigned) to having your grade decided by a single exam, but, as you move through law school, you'll likely encounter a new beast -- the research paper!
• Five Foundational Principles of (Good) Legal Writing Tiffany Lo discusses some of the most important things to remember when working on your legal writing.
• Struggling with that Lengthy Writing Assignment? 7 Practical Strategies to Help You Get It Done! Having trouble getting yourself moving on a long legal writing assignment? We have some practical tips for you!
• Legal Writing Mishaps You Should Avoid Like the Plague New law students deal with a lot of issues when it comes to learning legal writing. Christen Morgan looks at some of the most common mistakes that you should avoid when working on this skill!
• Are You Going to Law School Because You're a Good Writer? A law school tutors explains how writing for law school and law practice differs from writing students have done before, and how important it is to go in with an open mind - even if you've been told how great your writing is previously!

Handling Law Review and Other Law School Journals

• Memoirs of a Staff Editor: What They Don’t Tell You About Law Journals Are you considering writing on to a journal because everyone tells you that you "should"? You hear a lot in favor, but what about the downsides? Here's one 2L's not-so-positive experience, which might help you make a more informed decision.
• Write-On Competition Stephanie Gregoire talks about how to handle a write-on competition for any type of law school journal.
• How to Get Law School Journal Work Done Without Losing Your Mind If you expected law journal work to be exciting and stimulating, well, you're likely to be disappointed! Here are some tips for getting through the boring parts, until you can do more interesting work.

How to Write a Law Review Note That's Worthy of Publication

• Choosing a Theme for Your Law Review Note If you have to write a Law Review Note, check out this series on how to write a good one and get published! First up, what should you write about?
• Writing Your Law Review Note So you've picked a good topic, now you actually have to write your Note. Here are some tips.
• Presentation and Style of Your Law Review Note Now it's time to make your Note as technically perfect as it can possibly be. Don't let all of your hard work go to waste!

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Teaching & Learning

Legal writing in focus.

As a lawyer, teacher, and director for the past 14 years of Harvard Law School’s First-Year Legal Research and Writing Program, Susannah Barton Tobin ’04 sees a lot of legal writing, some good, some less good. But she doesn’t entirely agree with the framing of a recent article in The Economist titled, “Why legal writing is so awful,” discussing a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in which the authors blamed the continuing use of “arcane” and “archaic” legal lingo, in part, on what they perceived as lawyers’ tendency to imitate their predecessors’ poor prose.  

Armed with two degrees in classics, a J.D. from Harvard Law, and years of writing and teaching experience, Tobin recently spoke to Harvard Law Today about the study and offered a few tips for new law students, long-time legal practitioners, and aspiring writers of all stripes. Above all, she says, before you open your laptop or pick up your pen, know your audience and what you are trying to achieve.

Harvard Law Today: Is legal writing as bad as The Economist and the study argue, or does it get a bad rap?

Susannah Barton Tobin: Legal writing has had a bad rap for as long as I can remember being involved in it, as a reader, as a student, and as a practitioner. But as a teacher, I think legal writing is writing. There’s good writing, and there’s bad writing, and there’s middling writing. And what we’re trying to do when we teach students how to write is to help them communicate as effectively as possible with the audience they’re trying to reach and with the particular purpose they have in mind.

I agree with the hypothesis that there’s path dependency bound up in legal writing, and particularly in the United States, where our common law tradition makes us want to stick with what has worked. But a simpler reason why some legal writing is bad is the same reason why some non-legal writing is bad: Writing well takes a lot of time and patience, particularly when you’re trying to explain complicated ideas, which lawyers almost always are trying to do.

HLT: Does it matter if legal writing is good writing ?

Tobin: I teach legal writing, so of course I think it matters. It is advantageous for students and young attorneys to be known as good legal writers. Being able to explain what the law says and how it works in a clear and honest way is an essential skill to being a good lawyer and a good citizen in the democracy. From a professional perspective, you advance further, faster if you’re known to be a reliably strong legal writer.

HLT: Where do you see bad legal writing the most?

Tobin: The two categories the study emphasized were contracts and statutory language. And it makes sense why those would be where you would start. They’re both notably long and complicated. A lot of cooks are involved, particularly with legislation, where you have lawmakers and lobbyists and all kinds of feedback and last-minute changes. There’s a great quote from [former U.S. Senator from Wisconsin] Russ Feingold ’79, after he was the only senator to vote against the Patriot Act. When they asked him why he had voted no, he said “Because I read it.” That was a particularly political point. But it speaks to the fact that nobody’s able to sit down and read these legislative documents start to finish. Is Congress trying to create something that people are going to read and be able to understand? I’m not sure that’s really what is happening anymore with legislation. So, is that a feature or a bug? It may be a feature for the people trying to pass the law, but it’s a huge bug for people who are trying to figure out what’s going on.

HLT: Where do you see the best legal writing?

Tobin: Brief writing, particularly at the highest levels of the federal courts, is where you see some of the best writing, partially because the stakes of the disputes are so high and so publicly salient. When my students are looking for good legal writing, I encourage them to read briefs that are coming out of the Office of the Solicitor General, briefs that are coming out of nonprofits and firms that practice regularly before the Supreme Court.

HLT: So, it sounds like a lot of this comes down to, as most writing does, a question of audience?

Tobin: I think that’s exactly right. And that’s why I’m not a big fan of the idea that legal writing is a totally separate animal from any other writing. If you haven’t thought about your audience, then why are you doing the writing? A former editorial writer for The New York Times, Verlyn Klinkenborg, wrote this really helpful book called “Several Short Sentences About Writing.” And he’s got this particularly memorable point about composing a sentence: Once you write a sentence, it’s an orphan that you send out into the world and you can’t accompany it to help explain it, or to say “This is what I meant. You didn’t understand what I meant. But here’s what I meant.” And that’s the conversation I regularly have with students.

HLT: Has the amount of writing that practicing lawyers do changed over time?

Tobin: That’s an empirical question. I had a conversation with a judge I clerked for in the early 2000s, who wondered why opinions were getting so long: “Why can’t we write an Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. style short opinion?” Part of it is the common law tradition, in which we’re always accumulating more precedent, more statutory language, new sources, and more context for any dispute that arises. If you want to be thorough, you have to trace that evolution. So perhaps there’s more writing being done. On the other hand, lawyers are writing shorter pieces, maybe less formal contributions, than they did 30 or 40 years ago. What used to be a formal memo might now be a quick email with bullets outlining the most important points. So, I’m not sure that there is more or less writing being done, but the form of it and the speed with which it’s being requested may be changing.

HLT: Does the law still need to use Latin, which is a dead language, other than in the Vatican? Or does it just serve as a barrier to entry for non-Latin speakers?

Tobin: This is a fraught topic for me because I was fortunate to study Latin at the Vatican with the papal Latin secretary, the late Father Reginald Foster. So, I’ll have to fight the premise that Latin is bad as an absolute matter. Good writing often comes from a deep understanding of etymology, which comes in large part from a deep understanding of the Latin origins of English and of Latin rhetoric. We have learned a great deal, for example, from Cicero’s powerfully persuasive writing, including his legal arguments, or from the sharp clarity of Seneca. Of course, Latin is not the only influence on English language and law.

One of my favorite quotes on writing is from George Orwell’s “Politics and the English Language”: ”What is above all needed is to let the meaning choose the word and not the other way about.” One of the reasons writing takes time is that word choice matters. It’s good advice to remind students not to use $10 words when a 50-cent word will do. I don’t want my students going out of their way to use a polysyllabic word to show that they are smart. I know that they are smart. But I think the advice also runs the risk of proving too much, because English is a phenomenally rich language, influenced by Latin and other languages. And some words thought to be synonyms don’t mean exactly the same thing as other words. So sometimes, if you’re looking for a synonym, or you’re trying to be simple and direct, you can run the risk of losing nuance, and you run the risk of losing precision. And — maybe this is going too far — losing the chance for poetry in your writing, if you keep the vocabulary too narrow. And so, I guess I would have a plea for a middle ground, as Orwell suggests — choose the right word for the meaning you want.

But I also think Latin is used less today than it used to be in legal writing. Some Latin terms of art are, from our common law tradition, embedded in the law. Our students need to know what those words mean, so they can appreciate the meaning of a judicial opinion or the way a statute is constructed. But if you’re going to use Latin, you need to explain what it means. You don’t use it just as a bomb that you throw in the middle of a sentence to impress people or confuse readers.

So, should we be using Latin to gatekeep, to make it harder for people to understand? Absolutely not. But should we get rid of it entirely? Also no.

HLT: Do you have any legal writing tips for new students, upper-level students, or even practicing lawyers?

Tobin: My best advice for good writing is to read good writing. And so, even though they have many, many pages of required reading for class, I recommend to my students that they also keep reading narrative nonfiction, like articles in The New Yorker, because it’s like listening to music. If you have good rhythmic sentences in your head, if you hear the way someone puts together varied lengths of sentences and uses transitions well, and explains complicated concepts well, that sound will stay with you. I don’t know that I’ve convinced everybody to carry Ta-Nehisi Coates, Joan Didion, John McPhee, or Toni Morrison (not just her novels but essays) around with them, but I wish they would. I will give a shout-out to Chief Justice John Roberts ‘79 and Justice Elena Kagan ‘86, two of the best practitioners of legal writing.  Their sentence-level writing is superb. Bryan Garner’s “ Legal Writing in Plain English ,” Third Edition is a particularly helpful guide. And if you’re having trouble figuring out what’s good legal writing, ask your faculty what they recommend.

HLT: So, improve your writing by reading good writing. Any other tips?

Barton Tobin: Justice Kagan likes to say that good writing is hard. It takes a lot of time. It takes multiple drafts. I think that advice can be frustrating to hear when time is limited. But it’s profoundly true. Certainly, when you’re learning a new genre, your work is not going to come out perfectly the first time. But sadly, or perhaps encouragingly, as a practitioner of legal writing, you’re never going to be done practicing. You’re always going to be working to get better. And so, we do drafts and revisions, and we receive feedback, from peers and from instructors. On the peer editing point, sometimes my students will say to me, “Well, we’re not lawyers yet. So how can we possibly give good advice to our peers about their drafts?” I say, “But you are readers, and you know how to respond to something if it doesn’t make sense. And the fact that it doesn’t make sense, actually isn’t your problem. It’s the writer’s problem. It’s not that you’re confused, but that the writing is confusing.” And so, being able to give constructive feedback, and to feel justified in giving that feedback, I think helps you become a good reader of your own prose and a good editor. You’re ultimately your own editor. At the end of the day, you’re responsible for what you submit. Whatever feedback you get, you’re developing the skill of incorporating multiple suggestions and making judgments about which changes you’re going to accept.

Finally, as a lawyer, and particularly as a litigator, you are a professional writer. And there is pleasure to be taken in crafting prose that is powerful and persuasive. As busy as lawyers are, the benefits of taking care with your words is professionally and psychologically huge. And so, I hope people remember that truth.

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Law School Toolbox®

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Exam Writing 101

Below, you’ll find general drafting tips for law school essay exams, advice on IRAC and IRAC-alternatives , and strategies for spending your exam-writing time wisely and turning out really great answers .

Best of luck!

General Drafting Tips for Law School Exams

• Two Ways Your Law School Exam Answers Went Wrong Getting your first law school grades can be shocking. And what can be even more confusing is trying to figure out what you did wrong. Mostly, the answer is “the curve,” of course, but there are two fundamental ways that things can go off the rails.
• 4 Ways to Improve Your Legal Writing If you're wondering how to improve your legal writing, you're not alone! Here are four things you can do to make your legal writing assignments better.
• A Handy Template for Answering “Hard” Law School Exam Questions What not to do: cry and start drawing conclusions. What to do: embrace ambiguity and think it through. Oh, and read this post.
• How to Deal With a Really Long Fact Pattern on Exam Day What if you open your exam to find the longest essay you've ever seen? Don't panic! Just remember the following steps and attack the test like a pro.
• From Bare Bones to Meaty Analysis: How to Skeleton Outline Your Essay We here at the Law School Toolbox put a lot of weight in pre-planning essays and front-loading the work so the actual writing is more of a breeze. If you’re not sure what I mean by “scratch paper outlining” or “pre-planning” your essay, think of it as making a blueprint for the answer you’re about to write. Here are some steps to keep in mind.
• Top Three Mistakes on Final Exams and How to Fix Them Now! While it is not constructive to rehash your mistakes, it is constructive to identify weaknesses in your exam-writing skills — and to make a plan to improve those skills starting now.
• How to Use the Facts on Law School Exams Factual Analysis is an important lawyering skill. Here are some strategies to use the facts to your advantage on your law school exams!
• How to Move From Outline to Exam Answer Here are some tips for using your outline to prepare for exams – even if you haven’t finished your outlines yet.

IRAC and Organizational Alternatives

• How to Organize Your Law School Exam Answers Although it depends on the preference of the professor (which you’ll suss out by examining their sample answers and asking questions), there are some generally accepted organizational strategies that you’ll want to consider.
• The Elusive Mini-IRAC: A Key to Law School Exam Success IRAC, the notorious structural underpinning of many a law school final exam is a relatively straightforward concept. But how do you handle an exam or practice essay when it isn’t that simple? The Mini-IRAC is the key.
• Help! My Professor Said Not To IRAC IRAC is so well established, and so useful, that it comes as a shock when a professor says, “I don’t want you to IRAC the exam.” What is a student to do?

How to Spend Your Time While Writing an Exam Answer

• Copy and Paste: Your Worst Enemy on a Law School Exam? When Lee is grading exams, she always has her eyes out for habits law students pick up that can negatively affect their grades. One of them is using copy and paste .
• Use This To Save Time on Essay Exams Most students think their course outline is just there to help them organize the material they learned in class. Not so. A good course outline can also help you pre-draft portions of your essay exams, which will save you time on the exam and help you produce a comprehensive, organized answer.
• Should You Proofread Your Law School Exams? Many law students struggle with time management during the law school exam period. One culprit of this can be spending too much time trying to make your essay perfect for the grader. News flash — under timed conditions, your professor does not expect perfection.
• Are You Wasting Time on Your Law School Exams? Almost every student I work with feels like they are running low on time when it comes to finishing an exam. So how do you work more efficiently? Here are two suggestions that I typically give to students to help them write more efficiently on law school exams.
• Pacing Yourself Through Finals, Part 2: Test Taking Time Management So, you know your material, but do you know how to budget your time during an exam? Read here for some suggestions on how to pace yourself when you're taking your finals.

Strategies for Great Law School Exam Answers

• The Single Most Important Word in a Law School Exam Answer If you remember nothing else, remember this! There is — I kid you not — one single word that can radically transform your law school grades for the better. What is it?
• What Makes a Law School Exam Answer “Good”? Seems like a no-brainier: Before you can write a successful law school exam answer, you need to know what makes an answer “good.” Check out our list here.
• How to Write a Law School Exam: Deal With the Ambiguity To write a great law school exam answer, you’ve got to do one critical thing: Deal with the ambiguity. Why is ambiguity important? Because the points are in the debate.
• The Most Important Thing You Can Do on a Law School Exam What’s the single most important thing you can do on a law school exam? This one’s easy! Answer the question!  Here's how to answer a question the right way.
• Could You Explain This Legal Concept to a 5-Year-Old? The next time you encounter a super-confusing legal topic, ask yourself one question: could I explain this concept to a reasonably intelligent 5-year-old? If the answer’s no, it’s time to simplify! Here's how.

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How do I create a law school outline? (an in-depth guide)

Writing your law school outlines (and starting early in the semester!) is one of the most important things you can do to maximize your chances of graduating at the top of your class. Many students struggle with outlining because they do not know where to begin.

Below is a step-by-step process on how to write a law school outline. To do so, you will need to gather your materials together. We recommend you have the following on hand:

• Class notes
• Any supplements you use

We also recommend you have a cup of coffee in hand since outlining can be grueling! (But it can also be fun!)

Note: if you haven’t yet downloaded our   free guide on how to succeed in law school, do so here !

Even better, join our   FREE law school prep course here !

How to write a law school outline—five  key principles

Before we even discuss the in-depth guide on how to write a law school outline, we want to cover these five key principles that you should not lose sight of!

1. Outline early on in the semester

If the class has begun and you haven’t started outlining, start now! There is no reason to put it off. The sooner you have your outline, the sooner you can start to review it.

2. Your class notes are your most important resource

Remember that your professor writes the exam. So, whatever he or she says in class is gold! That is more important than anything you find in a supplement, casebook, etc. Always use your class notes as your primary resource. Supplements can be used to fill in the gaps where your class notes are unclear or when you do not understand something.

3. Make your own outline

The process of outlining helps you more than anything else and it will be much easier for you to learn an outline you made. It will be tailored to your exact learning style.

4. Do not type up your class notes and call it your “outline”

That is a rookie mistake! Class notes are important but they will not be nearly well-organized enough to be used as an outline.

5. Organize your outline in a way that makes sense

We discuss this below!

How to write a law school outline: an in-depth guide

1. First, figure out the overall structure of your outline by looking at your syllabus

For your Contracts course, for example, you may talk about contract formation first (offer, acceptance, consideration). Then, you may talk about defenses (illegality, insanity), and the Statute of Frauds. You may also talk about remedies (for both the UCC and common law).

Look at the main headings in your syllabus to see the overall organization of your class. If your professor does not have a detailed syllabus, check your casebook to see the main headings that appear above the cases you are assigned.

A bird’s-eye view of your outline might look something like this (this is admittedly a bit abbreviated):

1. Contract formation

a. Offer b. Acceptance c. Consideration

2. Defenses

a. Illegality b. Insanity

3. Statute of Frauds 4. Remedies

a. Common law b. UCC

2. Start with the first issue (e.g., offer, above) and find the rules to go with each issue

The absolute best resource to find the rule is your class notes. (Your professor writes the exam so it makes sense to know the rules they want you to know!) Your professor should either state the rule directly or point it out in a statute, restatement section, or case during class. Take very good notes on whatever your professor says the rules are.

For example, let’s just take offer, above. Here are some of the rules that go with it:

i. Rule: an offer is a manifestation of intent to enter into a contract. ii. Elements: An offer requires both (1) intent and (2) specific terms. The specific terms are price, quantity, and identity of the offeree. It also requires intent from the perspective of a reasonable person.

What if you leave class not knowing what the rule is? Sometimes professors can be very vague and you may leave class not knowing what the black letter law is! If this is the case, first start by looking at your class notes—after all, your professor likely referenced a statute or case that had the rule in it. (If so, then get your rule statement from the statute or case). You may have to start to train yourself to really start listening for this in class! If you still cannot find it, look up the rule in a supplement (like an Examples & Explanations book or the Restatement, etc., depending on your class).

3. Break down the rules into manageable parts

Rather than having one long sentence for a rule, try to divide it or break it down into parts. This makes it much easier to learn when you are reviewing your outline. We also think it is a good idea to format your outline to draw attention to the rules. (We underlined the elements below, but some people like to use one specific color for the rules—do whatever you like best!)

For example, instead of writing what is above you could break it down as follows:

i. Rule: an offer is a manifestation of intent to enter into a contract.

ii. Elements: An offer requires both

(1) intent and

1. Look at this from the position of a reasonable person.

(2) specific terms . The specific terms are

2. quantity , and

3. identity of the offeree .

Wouldn’t you much rather look at an outline that is neatly separated into its logical elements rather than a few long sentences (like under note 2 above)?

4. Add cases (or at least the rules from cases)!

If you take our advice and outline early, you will have plenty of time to add the important cases that you discuss in class. (If you start outlining late, it is probably a better idea to still include all the landmark cases—but for the other cases, just make sure you have the rule.)

Do not include long descriptions of the cases. Do not include case briefs for each case! Try to summarize a case in one or two sentences. Write the summary in your own words. It does not have to be eloquent or well-written!

You can use your class notes, casebook, or a commercial briefs book to find the rules. We recommend that you use your class notes (it is your best resource) and you can use your casebook or any commercial briefs as a backup.

We’ve added in the cases, in orange below.

2. Fairmount Glass Works v. Crunden: Even if one or more terms (below) are left open, a contract does not fail for indefiniteness if the parties intended to make a contract.

a. Harvey v. Facey: Saying “lowest price you’ll accept” is not an offer. Need the price .

a. Owen v. Tunison: if offeree is not identified (in this case, a land sale contract), there is no offer.

b. Lefkowitz: Coat case. This was an offer because all terms were identified (first person in store gets coat for $1).

5. Use hypothetical examples or important points your professor made in class to illustrate a rule

It is crucial to include hypothetical examples and important points that the professor makes in class in your outline because they show you how the law is applied to facts. Further, your professor is likely to test these points. You can see hypothetical examples and points added in red font below.

i. Hypo: “Will you sell us the property?” Is that an offer? No, a question cannot be an offer. No price term either!

a. “We are authorized to offer you all of the fine salt you order.” Is that an offer? No. Because no quantity. Just saying “offer” doesn’t make it one.

i. What makes an ad an offer? When there is nothing left to negotiate!

6. Identify and draw attention to the minority rules, exceptions to the rules, and the parts of law that are unsettled

Outline the ambiguities, contradictions, and exceptions in the law. If there is a minority rule or an exception to the rule, state it. If you are assigned two cases that contradict each other, include both. We don’t have an example for this portion of the outline, but the point is DO NOT avoid gray areas or ambiguities—rather, draw attention to them! These are commonly tested on exams!

Once you have your outline made, constantly review your outline! Go back and repeatedly review it so you can memorize it. It is best to make it a habit to repeatedly review your outline (however you learn best!). If you are an auditory learner, cover up your outline and try to say it out loud. If you are more visual—which most students are—then it may be more helpful to cover up portions of your outline and see if you can rewrite the elements. We have more tips for learning your law school outline  later in this guide!

Looking for a unique way to outline? 

We are very proud of our new  law school study aids , which include visually appealing outlines! (Please see a few samples of outline pages below.) We recommend students incorporate images from our outlines into their own outlines. These images make your outlines easy to understand and learn!

Our law school study aids are available on a monthly basis and also include over 1,500 flashcards, hundreds of practice problems written by top professors, and multiple-choice questions. You can try it for free today!

Torts sample:

Constitutional Law sample: 

Contracts sample:

Check out this recorded webinar on how to write a law school outline.

Go to the next topic, when should i start my law school outlines  , seeking success in law school.

• Benefit from personalized one-on-one tutoring by our seasoned law school tutors.
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How to Write a 'Why This Law School' Essay

Here's how to respond when a law school asks about your specific interest in them.

Writing a 'Why This Law School' Essay

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Law schools value applicants who show they have done their research about where they are applying, because the investment of time and energy shows genuine interest and because research is a core legal skill.

Strong law applicants tend to have carefully considered why they are applying to law school , and they understand that their application essays need to express their interest in a legal career.

However, many are stumped when law school applications ask them a narrower question: Why are you applying to this law school?

Most commonly, law schools may ask this question through a supplemental application essay , sometimes called a “Why X School” or “Why This School” essay.

For example, the University of Notre Dame Law School offers applicants an optional statement of no more than two double-spaced pages “to express a specific interest in Notre Dame Law School.” The School of Law at the University of California—Irvine has a mandatory essay of up to 750 words about why you are interested in their school.

Other schools may ask applicants to address this question within their personal statement with a short-answer prompt. It is also a common interview question.

By asking applicants about their specific interest in a school, admissions officers turn the table on applicants. After all, applicants take pains to distinguish themselves by showing that their grades and test scores don’t reveal other factors that set them apart. With a “Why This School” question, law schools say: We’re unique, too. Why are you choosing us?

Ironically, many applicants have given little thought to what separates one law school from another! As you can imagine, admissions offices are not thrilled about this. They certainly don’t see themselves as gatekeepers to a generic, interchangeable institution.  

Answering a “Why This School” essay can be frustrating. How do you articulate your interest without resorting to boilerplate flattery about a school’s prestigious faculty and beautiful campus?

Learn About a Law School Through an Event, Interview or Visit

Since many applicants apply to a wide range of law schools, they may not know much about each one.

One of the best ways to learn about a law school is at a law school forum or information session. Many schools host online events, which can be convenient for applicants unable to visit the law school in person.

Look for these things

If you have a chance to speak with an admissions officer, you can ask good questions to learn more about how the school sets itself apart from others.

You may also learn about a law school by talking to current or former students about their experience on campus. 

Research What a Law School Offers

Use search engines like Google News or LexisNexis to find any mentions of the school in the press. Did the law school recently open a new building or center, or announce a new policy that might affect your interest?

Most importantly, carefully review the law school’s website . Law school websites are one of the best ways to learn about a school: how it sees itself, what it offers and what’s going on. While law school websites might look unremarkable at first, close reading can reveal valuable details.

Compare multiple law school websites and notice the differences between them in style and content. Often, the words and images they use are meticulously crafted to present and promote a distinct identity. Without copying their phrasing word for word, reference these ideas in your essays to reflect an understanding of a school’s unique character while avoiding cliches and generalities. 

Find Areas of Overlap

Law schools differ in their size, geography , culture, curricula, special programs, campus activities and many other ways. These distinctions provide perspectives on how each law school stands out.

Based on your research, make a list of strengths for each of your target schools that are relevant to your interests as a candidate. For example, if your personal statement is about your dream of becoming a prosecutor, look for clinics, research centers, programs, professors or distinguished alumni in the criminal law field.

Focus on a Few Specific Points

When elaborating on the reason you are interested in a school, don’t try to “flood the zone.” Broad compliments may sound insincere.

In a “Why This School” essay or interview response, center your answer on a few concrete reasons.

Try to keep the reasons varied. For example, rather than mention three clinics you find interesting, think about other potential points of intersection, like a personal connection or a geographic interest.

Think realistically about your plans for law school and beyond . It would be more effective to thoughtfully explain why a professor’s research interests align with your own than to rattle off every relevant course in the catalog.

Ultimately, “why” questions are about connecting a law school to yourself. Answer with confidence by researching and identifying a few specific ways in which a school’s unique offerings match with what sets you apart.

Tips to Boost a Law School Application

Tags: law school , graduate schools , education , students

About Law Admissions Lowdown

Law Admissions Lowdown provides advice to prospective students about the law school application process, LSAT prep and potential career paths. Previously authored by contributors from Stratus Admissions Counseling, the blog is currently authored by Gabriel Kuris, founder of Top Law Coach , an admissions consultancy. Kuris is a graduate of Harvard Law School and has helped hundreds of applicants navigate the law school application process since 2003. Got a question? Email [email protected] .

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