Algorithm | Accuracy | Balanced accuracy | -score | Precision | Recall | Specificity | |||||||
Average | 0.670 | 0.653 | 0.695 | ||||||||||
Maximum | 0.930 | 0.853 | 0.786 | 0.846 | 0.733 | 0.972 | |||||||
Average | 0.799 | 0.685 | 0.759 | 0.643 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.942 | 0.833 | 0.800 | 1.000 | 0.667 | 1.000 | |||||||
Average | 0.789 | 0.607 | 0.453 | 0.761 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.860 | 0.915 | 0.714 | 0.556 | 1.000 | 0.831 | |||||||
Average | 0.752 | 0.560 | 0.405 | 0.718 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.802 | 0.828 | 0.605 | 0.464 | 0.867 | 0.789 | |||||||
Average | 0.713 | 0.546 | 0.378 | 0.653 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.791 | 0.873 | 0.625 | 0.455 | 1.000 | 0.746 | |||||||
Average | 0.743 | 0.570 | 0.406 | 0.696 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.826 | 0.894 | 0.667 | 0.500 | 1.000 | 0.789 | |||||||
Average | 0.651 | 0.431 | 0.584 | 0.356 | |||||||||
Maximum | 0.919 | 0.819 | 0.741 | 0.833 | 0.667 | 0.972 |
a Performance >0.80.
b Performance >0.90.
c Performance >0.95.
In this study, log data comprising 428 daily diaries were collected from 91 participants. We predicted the risk of depression based solely on text data from the diaries, excluding other clinical data. Approximately 80% of the users were women, and the majority were aged 20-39 years. The participants were prompted to write diaries about their moods and daily experiences. The average initial PHQ-9 score was 5.719, indicating most users did not exhibit a significant risk of depressive symptoms. The GPT-3.5 model, combined with CoT prompting, achieved an accuracy of 0.902 and a specificity of 0.955 in classifying high-risk cases of depression based on diary text data. GPT-4.0 showed superior recall (1.000) compared to the GPT-4.0 CoT model (0.972), although both models demonstrated similar balanced accuracy. The high imbalance in the data set, with 82.9% (355/428) nondepressive and 17.1% (73/428) depressive diaries, underscores the importance of using balanced accuracy as a metric.
The analysis reveals that while the GPT-3.5 fine-tuned model had high accuracy and specificity, suggesting effectiveness in predicting false outcomes, its relatively low balanced accuracy implies potential overfitting during the fine-tuning process and inadequate prediction of true outcomes. On the other hand, GPT-4 achieved perfect recall but may have overlooked errors in false predictions due to its focus on distinguishing between normal and abnormal data. This raises concerns about false predictions with the GPT-4 model. Despite GPT-4’s lower performance compared to GPT-3.5, both models had balanced accuracy metrics that remained similar. The similarity in performance can be attributed to factors such as the sentiment task nature of the query and the reinforcement of ethical filters in GPT-4. These findings align with the existing literature and highlight the need for further investigation into AI model performance and ethical considerations in sentiment analysis tasks.
Language, particularly text data, excluding voice, is used by individuals and reflects their values and emotions. It can be utilized for EMA. However, various methodological limitations make it challenging to use EMA for depression screening. Previous research on diagnosing or detecting depressive symptoms using text has been based on data from various sources, including time-based narratives, suicide notes, and publicly available social media content. These studies aimed to detect depression not by analyzing the text itself but by extracting various indicators, such as the counts of positive and negative words. These indicators were used as proxies for depression detection [ 46 - 48 ]. Furthermore, social media posts and poems often contain abbreviations or words that are not typically used in everyday, natural-language conversations. Thus, using such data as effective digital biomarkers poses limitations because they may not represent real-life communication accurately. With the evolution of various text analysis technologies, such as NLP, the scope of text used for screening and diagnosing depression has expanded to include electronic medical records [ 49 , 50 ]. However, the language used in electronic medical records is often influenced by the patient’s clinical judgment, which can result in an altered representation. Consequently, text-based depression screening based on electronic medical record data has limitations and poor generalizability.
Fine-tuning is the process of optimizing a pretrained model through additional training for a specific domain or task. Concentrated learning of data related to a specific domain or task can improve performance while conducting tasks related to that domain. CoT is a simple and popular prompting algorithm for improving the performance of language models without fine-tuning. Our results demonstrate the performance of GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 on classification tasks and their improvement upon techniques for additional prompting and fine-tuning. The compression algorithm Gzip is an easy and lightweight nonparametric alternative to neural networks used for text classification. Gzip demonstrates good performance even in out-of-distribution data sets. We determined the results that would emerge from using existing technology instead of deep learning.
Mood diaries exert therapeutic effects. Our results suggest lower depression and suicide scores after completing diary writing than scores after commencing; nonetheless, the difference was statistically insignificant. This finding is partly attributable to the insufficient sample size to prove statistical power. Moreover, the study was conducted in the general population, and few participants demonstrated significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms. The therapeutic effects of diary writing on depression should be confirmed through large-scale studies with a larger sample size.
This study confirmed that emotion diaries among the general population can be used to screen for depression at a level similar to that of passive EMA. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of depression through passive sensing depends on the data used; however, the accuracy ranges from approximately 60% to 90% [ 51 ]. Text-based depression prediction has a lower accuracy (approximately 0.632); nonetheless, the accuracy of depression diagnosis increases upon using text data from medical interviews along with other data, such as vocal features [ 52 ]. Accuracy increases upon analyzing a daily mood diary rather than predicting depression and suicidal thoughts through EMA data obtained through a wearable device [ 53 ]. This study was conducted in a relatively large population; however, it has the disadvantage of poor generalizability because the targets were medical interns. A previous study suggested that journaling by older adults can help detect depression, and through this study, we confirmed that depression detection based on journaling can be extended to other age groups [ 54 ].
The findings of this research have important clinical implications. If depression could be diagnosed based on daily diaries, it would offer significant clinical benefits. Early detection could identify at-risk individuals, allowing for timely interventions like counseling or therapy to prevent symptom progression. Analyzing diary text data could reveal triggers and patterns, informing personalized therapy approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy to address negative thought patterns or environmental factors. Regular diary analysis could monitor treatment effectiveness, providing real-time feedback for adjustments and improving patient outcomes. In summary, leveraging daily diaries for depression diagnosis could revolutionize clinical practice by enabling early intervention, personalized therapy, and ongoing treatment monitoring.
The strength of this study is that we confirmed the basis for predicting mild levels of depression. This is because the recruitment of participants was not centered on hospitals. Most text data, excluding social media data, are based on medical records. Therefore, the data are supposedly biased toward individuals with severe depression. An existing depression diagnostic algorithm based on the frequency of negative language demonstrated low accuracy upon application to our data [ 52 ]. In addition, the text data are meaningful in that they can be used for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment because writing a diary is already therapeutic. Therefore, they can be a good evaluation tool for determining the severe burden placed on patients from obtaining active EMA data [ 55 ]. In addition, we confirmed that prompt engineering alone affected depression detection. Thus, generative AI can facilitate medical judgment, and prompt technology is important.
This study has several limitations. First, the complete exclusion of other clinical data, such as sex, age, and occupation, serves as both an advantage and a disadvantage. The advantage is that it confirms the diagnostic accuracy of pure text data; however, the sample size was small, and the predominant users were women aged 20-39 years. Therefore, the data are possibly biased. Second, we used generative AI; thus, we could not confirm the clinical characteristics recorded in the depression diary. Existing studies have demonstrated clinical implications, such as the use of I -centered words in suicide diaries and the frequent use of negative language in social media about depression [ 46 , 48 ]. In addition, the small sample size warrants large-scale research to diagnose depression using written diaries and the clinical characteristics of patients with depression. Third, text data may have a high possibility of being used in combination with other biomarkers; however, such data were not collected in this study. Therefore, further research is required on various types of EMA data that can be used in algorithms to differentiate depression in the general population.
We investigated whether an LLM can detect depression based on user-generated emotional diaries. Using a data set comprising 428 diaries from 91 users, the accuracy of predicting depression increased upon applying the CoT prompt technique to both GPT-3.5 and GPT-4.0. GPT-3.5 generated the highest average accuracy (0.902). However, without fine-tuning or prompting techniques, GPT-3.5 exhibited the highest balanced accuracy of 0.844 and recall of 0.929. Despite decreased depressive scores after the participants began writing their diaries, this change was statistically insignificant. Therefore, additional research is warranted to explore the potential antidepressant effects of diary writing. Based on these findings, we identified the potential clinical utility of voluntarily generated text data for detecting depression. Beyond quantifiable indicators, such as step count, daily physical activity, and sleep duration, we consider that there will be a continued and increased focus on qualitative digital expressions in research.
We express our gratitude to all the participants who contributed to this paper.
DS is the chief medical officer at Doctorpresso. While DS does not receive a salary from the company, she owns 25% of its equity. YC is a project manager at Doctorpresso and receives a salary for her work. WJ is the chief executive officer of Doctorpresso and owns 61% of the company’s equity. HK and SL receive salaries from VOLTWIN but do not own any company equity. The Mind Station app was created by DS in collaboration with WJ and YC with the aim of providing mental health care based on writing emotion diaries. The app is owned by Doctorpresso. The data collected through this app were analyzed by VOLTWIN, a company specializing in data analysis. It is important to note that the 4 coauthors, aside from the first and corresponding author, DS, did not influence the study’s design or analysis. YC contributed to the design of the Mind Station app, and WJ worked on community outreach projects based on the Mind Station app. VOLTWIN was subcontracted to perform artificial intelligence–related analysis, and the analysis plan was carried out in consultation with DS, ensuring that the results were not affected by the company. This work was also supported by a grant from the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant HI23C1234). The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, or interpretation or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
artificial intelligence |
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation |
Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression |
chain-of-thought |
ecological momentary assessment |
GNU Zip |
large language model |
major depressive disorder |
natural language processing |
Patient Health Questionnaire–9 |
Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 16.11.23; peer-reviewed by Z Su, L Luo; comments to author 30.04.24; revised version received 17.05.24; accepted 11.08.24; published 18.09.24.
©Daun Shin, Hyoseung Kim, Seunghwan Lee, Younhee Cho, Whanbo Jung. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 18.09.2024.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (ISSN 1438-8871), is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
How it works
Sports have always been a big deal in our culture and society. They’re not just about staying fit but also about making friends and growing as a person. From the old Olympic Games to today’s huge international events, sports have become a big part of our lives, affecting our economies, cultures, and individual stories. But even with their popularity, sports often don’t get the credit they deserve, especially in schools where grades and academics are the main focus.
This essay argues that sports should be seen as just as important as academics in schools. Why? Because they offer so many benefits like better health, improved social skills, and mental well-being. If schools added more sports to their programs, they’d help students become more well-rounded and ready for all sorts of challenges in life.
First off, let’s talk about the health perks. Playing sports is great for your body. Regular exercise helps fight off problems like obesity, heart issues, and diabetes. The World Health Organization says not being active enough is a big reason people die early, so it’s really important to get kids moving from a young age. Sports make exercise fun and give students a way to stay active, building habits that can last their whole lives. Plus, playing sports improves things like motor skills and coordination, which are key parts of staying healthy. Today, with everyone sitting around more because of technology, sports can help balance things out. By including sports in the daily routine, we can make sure kids grow up healthy and strong.
But it’s not just about the physical stuff. Sports also help you grow socially. When you play team sports, you learn how to work with others, communicate, and put in a group effort. These skills are not just useful in sports but also in school projects and future jobs. Research shows that students who play team sports usually have better social skills and are more empathetic. This is super important now, as teamwork is highly valued. Sports also bring together people from different backgrounds, breaking down social barriers and creating a sense of community. This helps students feel like they belong, which is important for personal growth and social harmony.
Sports aren’t just good for your body and social life—they’re great for your mind too. Regular physical activity can lower depression, anxiety, and stress, which are common problems for students. Exercise releases endorphins, which make you feel happier. Sports also teach discipline, time management, and goal-setting, all of which are useful in school. Studies show that students who play sports often have better focus, memory, and grades compared to those who don’t. The structured nature of sports helps build resilience and perseverance, which are crucial for tackling academic and personal challenges. So, rather than being a distraction, sports can actually boost academic performance and help in overall development.
To wrap it up, sports are more than just games. They bring a lot of benefits that help in the overall growth of individuals. From keeping you fit and teaching social skills to boosting mental health and academic success, sports play a big role in shaping well-rounded people. Schools should see these benefits and make an effort to include more sports in their programs. This way, they’d not only promote healthier lifestyles but also equip students with the skills they need to succeed in life. In a world that’s getting more competitive and complex, balancing physical, social, and mental development through sports can be a key to future success and well-being.
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Answer: Writing an essay on mental health can effectively articulate the nuances and complexities of the topic, making it more accessible to a wider audience. By presenting facts, personal anecdotes, and research, the essay can demystify misconceptions, highlight the prevalence of mental health issues, and underscore the need for destigmatizing ...
Writing about mental health can help raise awareness, reduce stigma, and promote understanding and empathy. If you are looking for inspiration for your next mental health essay, here are 113 topic ideas and examples to get you started. The impact of social media on mental health. The stigma surrounding mental illness in society.
In this article, we present a comprehensive collection of 500 mental health argumentative essay topics and ideas. This extensive list is designed to inspire students, educators, and professionals to engage with diverse aspects of mental health, from policy and treatment to the social and personal dimensions of mental well-being.
437 essay samples found. This section is dedicated to argumentative and persuasive essays on mental health awareness in the United States. Mental illness and psychological problems are social issues that require a solution. A student can represent their point of view and perspective through an argumentative essay about mental health.
For example, if you are writing an essay on the importance of early intervention programs for mental health, your thesis statement might look something like this: "Early intervention programs are essential for improving mental health outcomes and preventing serious mental illness.". Once you have your thesis statement, you can develop an ...
We gathered 225 brilliant essay topics about mental health, paper examples and ideas that would fit for any kind of essay: argumentative, persuasive, discursive, and so on. So…. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts. 190 writers online. Learn More.
You may also write about some more serious mental health topics. However, acing a mental health essay on a grave mental health issue will require you to relate your content to people's real-life experiences and start accumulating arguments to support your claims. Here are some interesting but super specific mental health essay topics.
Argumentative Essay Topics about Mental Health. When considering mental health, there are numerous areas ripe for exploration and debate. From discussing the efficacy of therapy methods to the societal implications of mental health stigma, the breadth of potential subjects is vast. ... It is especially challenging to write a history essay when ...
Two common mistakes students make when using the personal statement to disclose a mental health challenge: Focusing more on the "challenge" part of their story than the "what I did" and "what I learned.". This can result in an essay that feels, to quote a past student, "like a sob story.".
The piece will argue for improved mental health services, increased public awareness, and the need for a cultural shift in how mental health is perceived and discussed. On PapersOwl, there's also a selection of free essay templates associated with Mental Health.
If you mention mental health, stay brief and matter-of-fact. Don't let it become the whole point of your essay. Review the Instructions. If you're writing this essay for a college course, start by looking over the assignment instructions. Don't just listen to what your teacher says - look up the assignment on the syllabus to see if you ...
The most common mental health conditions are depression, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Discussing these five problems, their causes and treatments work well for your essay. When writing this essay, make sure to look at causes, prevalence, and treatment options.
7. school counselors are not trained to deal with mental health issues. 8. most school don't have a mental health policy. 9. lack of awareness about mental health among school staff. 10. stigma and discrimination against mental health patients. Argumentative Essay Topics on Mental Health.
Introduction. Mental health is very important at every stage of our life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood and even until we get old. Mental health is the state of an individual who is functioning at a satisfactory level of emotional and behavioral adjustment. It affects how we think, act and feel.
Here's a step-by-step guide on how you go about writing this essay:Step 1: Select a Compelling Topic. Choose a topic related to mental health that interests you and is relevant to society. Consider issues like the impact of social media on mental health or the importance of mental health education in schools. Do your research to come up with ...
The mental health essay is an insight into the importance of mental health in everyone's life. Mental Health. In the formidable years, this had no specific theme planned. The main aim was to promote and advocate the public on important issues. Also, in the first three years, one of the central activities done to help the day become special ...
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250 Words Essay on Mental Health And Well Being Understanding Mental Health. Mental health is all about how we think, feel, and behave. Just like we take care of our bodies by eating right and exercising, we need to take care of our minds too. Good mental health helps us enjoy life, bounce back from problems, and get along with others.
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February 12, 2024 by Prasanna. Mental Health Essay: Mental Health includes one's psychological, emotional and social well-being - one's mental health affects how they think, feel and act. It also helps in determining how one handles stress, makes choices and relates to others. Mental health can affect one's daily life activities ...
Mindfulness has become increasingly popular to improve physical and mental health. Its implementation transcends boundaries of disciplines that study its impact. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the benefits of mindfulness on mental health, academic performance, well-being, mindfulness and prosocial behavior of university students, as well as to identify the most effective way ...
Psychology document from Liberty University Online Academy, 4 pages, 1 Christianity and Mental Health Taylor Trimble Liberty University PSYC 380: Physiological Psychology Professor Ariana McArthur September 9th, 2024 2 Christianity and Mental Health In response to the question, "Does having a Christian faith help improve
Fellows. Hoover scholars form the Institution's core and create breakthrough ideas aligned with our mission and ideals. What sets Hoover apart from all other policy organizations is its status as a center of scholarly excellence, its locus as a forum of scholarly discussion of public policy, and its ability to bring the conclusions of this scholarship to a public audience.
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We aimed to validate the value of the semistructured diary text data as an EMA data source. Methods: Participants were assessed for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire and suicide risk was evaluated using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation before starting and after completing the 2-week diary writing period.
This essay argues that sports should be seen as just as important as academics in schools. Why? Because they offer so many benefits like better health, improved social skills, and mental well-being. If schools added more sports to their programs, they'd help students become more well-rounded and ready for all sorts of challenges in life.