environment education and water security project report

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ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION AND WATER SECURITY (पर्यावरण शिक्षण आणि जलसुरक्षा) FYJC/SYJC (११ वी/१२ वी) PROJECT WORK AND JOURNAL ASSIGNMENTS/SEMINAR REPORT WORK BOOK | Maharashtra State Board

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Master's Projects

Roadmap to water security.

Goals & Objectives

A great, on-going injustice exists – Michigan, like most states, lacks a public safety net for those unable to afford water and sanitation service. From families sacrificing food and medical care to pay unaffordable water bills to water shut-offs, this creates widespread suffering.  This project will:

• Create original research to galvanize, energize, and move forward the nascent water safety net legislative efforts as a mechanism towards water security.
• Help create the language and statistics to communicate both the current impact of this injustice and proposed ways forward. For example, energy assistance advocates found seniors skipping fulfilling medications in order to pay for heater costs and coined “Heating or Eating” when advocating for energy assistance. What research findings and communicative memes can be uncovered for water?
• Build strong documentation of the methodology used will create not a point in time contribution, but a research model that can be updated with new information.

Create a roadmap to use the research and findings to increase water security for residents

Theoretical Justification, Social Benefit, or Significance

Rising water and sanitation costs combined with rising poverty have left thousands unable to afford the most basic of needs, clean water and sanitation. In Detroit alone, 20,000 households are shut off from water annually. Since 2014, over 70,000 homes have been disconnected from service, equivalent to the entire city of Grand Rapids.

Water activists and water utilities are locked in struggle, yet the focus is mostly on each other.  In contrast to water, other basic needs are supported by a variety of funding sources that create a safety net – energy (Low Income Energy Assistance Program, Weatherization Assistance Program, home heating credit, Michigan Energy Assistance Program, etc.); food (SNAP/Bridge Card); housing (Low Income Housing, Housing Choice Voucher Program, etc.); healthcare; transportation; and even cell phone service.

We believe that if a water safety net to advance water security was funded in proportion to the existing safety net for energy, it would provide tens of millions of dollars to low income residents to keep water service connected.

Efforts to create a water safety net are in their infancy. EcoWorks manages the water conservation aspect of Southeast Michigan’s first water assistance program, the Water Residential Assistance Program. Yet our program is limited in scope, and systematic solutions are at an impasse, such as a package of 17 bills stuck in various Michigan House of Representatives committees, or the proposed Low-Income Sewer and Water Assistance Program Act stuck in the federal House’s Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment.

We hope research from this project will be useful in shifting the policy landscape at local, state, and even the national level and make meaningful contributions to the creation of a water safety net.

Specific Activities & Duration

Numerous research methodologies are appropriate as this research project will consist of answering interrelated questions. For example, qualitative research may be used to gain an understanding of the experience of a low-income water customer facing a shut off or seeking water assistance; to understand barriers utility professionals face in maintaining service to low income customers, etc. Quantitative research may be used to determine the likelihood of a customer receiving water assistance and if that amount would be sufficient, and comparing that to outcomes if seeking food or energy assistance; to determine the costs to water utilities and social services agencies of a shut off; to determine what sacrifices households make to pay water bills (such as the aforementioned “heating or eating” in the energy field); the economic impacts of a water shutoff on affected households, etc.  These questions are relatively new and be pursued primarily through original field research. A literature review will also be necessary, both to water affordability efforts and to make comparisons to more developed, related fields such as energy or housing affordability.

Yes, we believe the scale is appropriate for a (part-time) 16-month project for 4-6 students, likely on the low end of that range.

Integrative Approach

Team members will create original research interview via interviews and analysis of low-income community members (both in Detroit and suburban communities), professionals in the human services and water utility filed, and water activists. This requires disparate communication skills. Statistical analysis of those interviews will be performed.

Team members will need analytical research skills. For example, energy assistance funding is provided through a web of funding that will be difficult to construct and communicate clearly to compare to proposed water funding. Clear communication of numeric data, both written and graphically, will be necessary.

Team members must weave together many sources of information (qualitative interviews, quantitative research, and literature review of similar but not always applicable fields) and present them in powerful, impactful ways.

Furthermore, the roadmap they propose must be politically feasible. Too often solutions are proposed that are dismissed out of hand as they do not attempt to take into account potential opposition or the concerns and thought processes of decision makers. Whether through power mapping or through other social advocacy tools, the team will understand the allies and the barriers facing the creation of a water safety net and address them in this project.

Christopher Askew-Merwin Cria Kay Kely Markley Dahlia Rockowitz Malavika Sahai

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Environment education & water security

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20 was preservation of biological diversity. More a 20 year follow-up of 1992 United Nations than 180 countries have signed this Conference on Environment and Development convention. It has three primary goals : which was held in same city with 192 UN member participant states. · Conservation of biodiversity · Sustainable use of the components of Exercise for Journal Assignment biodiversity. · A fair and equitable sharing of the benefits 1) Explain the requirements of green building. 2) Write down the various impacts that arising from resources. industries can have on the environment. It balances traditional conservation efforts 3) What is eco-labelling? What are its with economic use of natural resources. advantages? b) The United Nations Framework 4) Explain the environmental clearance Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process in India. 5) Write the information on Paris Agreement. It seeks to combat global climate change by 6) Importance of Ramsar Sites for conseration reducing greenhouse gas emissions. More than 190 nations ratified UNFCCC. of wetlands. 7) Explain the need and importance of The purpose of UNFCCC is to allow governments to perform various acts - consumer education. 8) Explain ecofriendly practices for · Collect and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies ecotourism. and effective practices. ** ** ** ** · Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions. · Cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of global climate change. 54 5. Water Security 5.1 Water resources Activity 1 5.2 Need and importance of water resources To observe World Water Day (WWD), you could organize meetings, discussion or 5.3 Water scarcity an exhibition on water and its use. You can promote conservation of water in your 5.4 Water contamination school and your neighborhood. 5.5 Water conservation and management Surface water sources methods The major sources of fresh surface water 5.1 Water resources are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks. India is blessed with large number of major, medium One of the major challenges we face is to and small size rivers. Rivers comprise the most provide safe drinking water and basic important source of surface water. Ganga and sanitation for all. At present, close to 1 billion Brahmaputra rivers have biggest catchment people lack access to clean water sources and area in India. over 2.6 billion people lack access to basic sanitation. Nearly all of these people live in In India due to topographical, hydrological cities in developing countries. and other constraints, only about 32 per cent of the available surface water can be utilized. You Cities all over the world are facing a range have studied in your 11th standard textbook, that of problems, from climate change and precipitation in India has very high spatial population growth, to deterioration of urban variation and it is mainly concentrated in infrastructure. Cities of the future will have a Monsoon season. hard time providing sufficient sanitation and efficiently managing with less reliable water. Groundwater sources New approaches for urban water Groundwater is a part of rainwater that management will need to address these issues. percolates in the ground. Though ground water New strategies to be developed to build represents one of the most important water resilient urban water systems. Rural settlements source in India, its availability depends on and cities in developing countries require to various factors viz topography, subsurface take special efforts for water management. geology and prevailing climate. Do you know? The level of groundwater utilisation is relatively high in the river basins lying in north- United Nations World Water Day is western region and parts of south India. The held on 22nd March every year. groundwater utilisation is very high in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and Tamil Events are organized on or around this Nadu. However, there are states like day to increase the awareness about Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Kerala, etc., which utilize importance of water, environment, agriculture, health and trade in the society. 55 only a small proportion of their groundwater key role in the human body. We can survive up potentials. States like Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, to several weeks without food, but only a few Bihar, Tripura and Maharashtra are utilizing days without water. Every system in the body, their ground water resources at a moderate rate. from cells and tissues, to vital organs requires water to function. If the present trend continues, the demands for water would need the proper water management Do you know? systems to be implemented. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) regulates the Water carries nutrients to all cells in all industrial ground water usage in the country. organisms. 5.2 Need and importance Water allows the body to absorb and assimilate minerals, vitamins, amino acids, Although 71% of the earth is covered with glucose and other substances. Water flushes water, acute shortage of water is reported all out toxins and waste. over the world. India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation, still it suffers from water Water helps to regulate body temperature. scarcity. It is mostly caused by over exploitation, excessive use and uneven distribution of water. Water makes up an average 60% of an Pollution of water by domestic and industrial adult’s body weight and the body cannot sources, seepage of chemicals are also store water. Every day we constantly lose responsible for water scarcity, as they make water though breathing, sweating and water hazardous for use. through urine and faeces. Ensuring that lost fluids are replenished in a timely manner is Increasing industrialization is exerting essential for good health. pressure on existing water resources. Rapid urbanization has also increased the pressure on Activity 2 groundwater sources like tube wells. An important source of water, Indian rivers like Class teachers should organise a discussion Ganga, Yamuna etc. are polluted due to rapid on reuse and recycle of water. industrialization, modern agricultural practices and urbanization. 5.3 Water scarcity Water is vital requirement of life. By 2025 Although water is a renewable resource, the misuse and wastage of water, has resulted in more than 50 countries including India will face depletion of water resource. Conserving water water scarcity problem. has become a major environmental issue. In order to save and conserve it, we must reduce Water is available through uneven monsoon wastage of water. Reducing per capita rains in India. Average rainfall is 117 cm in consumption of water and preventing wastage India and 101 cm in Maharashtra. Availability are effective ways of water conservation. of water is more than 300 cm in Konkan while very less i.e. 50 cm in eastern parts of districts Importance of Water like Sangli, Satara, Solapur, Marathwada districts etc. There is highest rainfall is Amboli Water is an essential element and plays a and Gadchiroli in monsoon but there is scarcity of water in summer. The surface run-off is more due to slope of mountains and non-availability of storage. 56 Do you know? National Water Conflicts Day Zero (Cape Town) Krishna River Dispute Cape town is a tourist city in South There are multipurpose projects of Africa. City water requirments are met by irrigation and hydroelectric power, constructed the supply of water from the nearby dams. across the rivers Krishna and Godavari. Dam water levels had been declining since 2015. The Cape Town water crisis peaked More than 6 dams are constructed on river during mid-2017 to mid-2018, when there Krishna. It flows through Maharashtra, was no water in the city for use. The City of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. There are Cape Town has introduced the idea of 'Day disputes among these three states, over the Zero' to focus everyone’s attention on distribution of water, since 1956. To resolve managing water consumption. Day Zero is this, Government of India constitued a common when most of the city’s taps will be switched tribunal in 1969. off. Godavari River Dispute Think and Act Godavari is the one of the largest rivers in Do you want your area to face the same India. It originates at Nasik in Maharashtra and problem like Cape Town in future? flows through the states of Andhra, Odisa, Chattisgarh, Telangana. The multi purpose Suggest your preventive meatures to projects constructed on this river provide a avoid a crisis like this. number of advantages to people. The disputes arising among the states are for sharing water Conflict of water resource and other advantages obtained from the dams. To resolve this, Government of India It is predicted that in future, water may be had to constitute a tribunal for this dispute. the main reason of wars. Water demand is increasing day-by-day for domestic, agricultured 5.4 Water Contamination and industrial sectors. Within the country too, there are conflicts over water among the states. Deterioration of Water Quality International Water Conflicts Water quality refers to purity of water or water without unwanted substances. Water gets Middle east countries are having less polluted by unwanted matter such as micro- availability of water. The worlds longest river organisms, chemicals, industrial and other Nile feeds approximately 86% countries on the wastes. Such matter, deteriorates the quality of bank. Sudan is diverting water which will water and renders it unfit for human use. When reduce water supply to Egypt. Also other toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, countries like Ethiopia are claiming their right ocean and other water bodies, they get dissolved over Nile water. River Jordan basin, will face or remain suspended in water. This results in shortage of water by 2025. Syria has planned to pollution of water affecting aquatic ecosystems. build a large dam on it, which will reduce water Sometimes, these pollutants also seep down and supply to Israel. pollute groundwater. 57 Water is undoubtedly the most precious 2. Industrial wastes natural resource existing on our planet. It is Huge amount of water is needed for required to meet our basic needs in day-to-day life. It is also required for irrigation, day-to-day manufacturing process in steel and paper activities, generating electricity in power plants, industries. Hence such industries are situated manufacturing process and disposal of waste. on the banks of rivers. Many other industries like textile, rubber, leather, medicine etc. are In the process of urbanization, responsible for water pollution. All these industrialization and agricultural practices, we industries produce huge amount of effluents, knowingly or unknowingly pollute our rivers, which if discharged untreated into water lakes and oceans. Subsequently, we slowly but bodies, can cause severe water pollution. surely harm our planet. One of the consequences Wastes like heavy metals are carcinogenic in of this is that many species of flora and fauna nature and toxic compounds like phenol, are dimimishing at an alarming rate. cyanide and ammonia are the major contaminants of chemical industries. Most of Water pollution can be defined as change in these pollutants are non-degradable in nature. physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water in any way which interferes its use. Figure 5.2 : Industrial waste water Generally water is mixed with gases and 3. Agricultural wastes salts along with suspended matter. Since, these Chemical fertilizers are applied in fields remain in a very scanty amount, the water remains potable. But when these impurities to increase the crop yield. They have harmful cross permissible limit or the water becomes effects on human beings, animals and turbid, having foul smell and contaminated with environment too. various germs, it is considered as unfit for human consumption. Sources of water pollution : The major sources (causes) of water pollution are - 1. Domestic wastes (sewage) This primarily includes excreta of humans and animals along with papers, food waste, detergents etc. Various discarded materials ultimately gets accumulated in nearby water bodies like lakes, ponds and rivers. Figure 5.1 : Domestic waste (sewage) Figure 5.3 : Pollution due to chemical spraying 58 The excess of fertilizers are leached into within the nests develop into mix of males ground and pollute the ground water. Excess and females. However the temperature pesticides, insecticides and herbicides are also above this range produces only females and used in the fields to protect the crops, but all temperature below this range produces all these find their ways into nearby water bodies males. This standard temperature of 28- 29 through surface run-off and are responsible for degree Celsius changes slightly for each severe water pollution. species. 4. Thermal Pollution Now increasing thermal pollution and In thermal power stations and nuclear climate change may disrupt the sex ratio of power plants, huge quantity of water is used for turtles by producing all females thus lead- cooling purpose and such water becomes hot. ing them to extinction. When such heated water enters into nearby lake or river, it causes thermal pollution. Such type Table: 5.1 Rivers and their sources of pollution of pollution has harmful effects on aquatic ecosystem. Sr. Name of Place Sources of No. River water Figure 5.4 : Thermal Pollution Do you know? pollution Sea turtles are one of the most ancient 1 Mula Pune Industrial creatures of the planet earth existing effluent and till date. They travel thousands of miles Sewage of throughout their life. Turtles lay eggs in the sand. female turtle visits the sandy beaches Pune city for nesting and laying eggs. The eggs are laid into the holes dug in the sand on the Sugar beaches by the female turtles. It is the industries temperature of the surrounding environment 2 Panchaganga Kolhapur and sewage which determines the sex of the turtles. The hatchlings or young ones do not have sex from city chromosomes. The temperature ranging between 28-29 degree Celsius is suitable for 3 Krishna Nagpur Sewage hatching. At these temperatures embryos from city 4 Savitri Raigarh Chemical industries Ulhas Chemical 5 Ulhas Nagar industries, (Mumbai) dye units 6 Godavari Nasik Fertilizer industry, sewage Chemical industry, 7 Ganga Kanpur leather industry Fly ash from thermal 8 Kaveri Tamilnadu power station, steel industry 59 Activity 3 lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium etc., which causes pollution of water bodies Find out and write down which are the and makes water unpotable. major towns/cities located on the banks of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers and which c) Hardness of water increases with the are major industries in these cities. addition of calcium and magnesium salts, which makes water unsuitable for domestic Effects of Water Pollution consumption. 1) Harmful effects of domestic waste d) Soaps, detergents and alkalies result in (sewage) foam formation affecting the water quality. a) Domestic sewage is nutrient rich and when e) Many such contaminants enter in such sewage is added in water bodies it organisms through food chain and cause consumes the available dissolved oxygen adverse effect on plants and animals. and adversely affects water quality. Addition of sewage also imparts foul smell 3) Harmful effects of Agricultural waste and changes coloration of water bodies. a) Fertilizers and pesticides used in crop b) Discharge of effluents, sewage and fields are washed off through rain and over domestic waste causes various human irrigation and it percolates in the soil, health problems. which leads to ground water pollution. c) Pathogenic bacteria, viruses, protozoa b) Useful soil micro flora and animals like flourish well in sewage and are responsible earthworms are adversely affected by for serious diseases like cholera, typhoid, insecticides and pesticides making soil and dysentery in human beings. unproductive in nature. d) Large amount of nitrates and phosphates Do you know? dissolved in water cause eutrophication. It accelerates growth of algae and aquatic According to World Development Report weeds. They cover the water body and (WDR), each year about 40,000 persons reduce oxygen content in the water resulting die because of toxic effects of pesticides in death of aquatic organisms like fishes. and 1 – 2 million peoples are affected by Such water becomes unfit for drinking different types of pesticides. purpose. Most harmful pesticides are BHC, DDT, 2) Harmful effects of Industrial waste Chlordrin, Aldrin Endosulphan round-up etc. a) Untreated industrial effluents may become responsible for imparting odour, color and 4) Harmful effects of Thermal Pollution turbidity to receiving water bodies. a) Physico-chemical properties of water b) Effluents from chemical industries, textiles, bodies are altered. tanneries etc. release heavy metals like b) Reduction in Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.). 60 c) Increase in Biochemical Oxygen Demand 4) Municipal corporations and other civic (B.O.D.). societies should properly handle the solid and liquid waste. d) Premature hatching of fish eggs. 5) Ban on immersion of idols and used flowers e) Bacterial multiplication increases. (Nirmalya) in lakes and rivers, helps to minimize the water pollution. f) Migration of aquatic fauna. 6) Ecorestoration technologies like Artificial Do you know? Floating Island (AFI), Floating fountains, Floating Gardens should be developed and Minamata Disease maintained in lakes to minimize water Forty years ago Minamata bay in Japan pollution. It also increases the aesthetic taught the world an important lesson about value of surrounding area. the dangers of mercury poisoning. A large plastic plant located near the Minamata 7) Creating awareness among the people and bay used a mercury containing compound by formulating and implementing stringent in a reaction to produce vinyl chloride, a laws, the pollution may be checked at the common plastic material. Left over mercury source level. containing compound was dumped into the bay along with other wastes from the plant. Do you know? Though the mercury was in its less toxic inorganic state when dumped, the Highlights of India’s National Water microorganisms at the bottom of the bay Policy, 2002 converted the mercury into its organic form. This organic mercury then entered into the The objective of the policy is to provide tissues of fish , which were in turn consumed surplus water to the deficit areas. It aims to by the people living in the area. The reduce water pollution and improves water contaminated fish thus caused an outbreak quality of rivers. of mercury poisoning, killing and affecting central nervous system of the people. People ¨ Irrigation and multi-purpose projects suffered from the following symptoms - should invariably include drinking water numbness in hands and feet, loss of component. (wherever there is no peripheral vision, damage to hearing and alternative source of drinking water.) speech etc. ¨ Providing drinking water to all human Control of water pollution beings and animals. 1) Restrictions must be imposed on the source ¨ Measures should be taken to limit and of water pollution and stringent rules are to regulate the exploitation of groundwater. be applied. ¨ Both surface and groundwater should be 2) Industrial effluents must be treated properly regularly monitored for quality. A before it gets discharged into surrounding regular programme should be undertaken environment. for improving water quality. 3) Heavy penalties must be charged to the ¨ The efficiency of utilization in all the industries for violating the rules. diverse uses of water should be improved. 61 ¨ Awareness of water as a scarce resource Traditional water harvesting techniques used should be fostered. in different states : ¨ Conservation consciousness should be In India, water harvesting is an ancient tradition. promoted through early stage of Many states are using the following traditional education, regulation, incentives and methods even today : disincentives. Table 5.2: Traditional water harvesting 5.5 Water conservation and management techniques in India methods Traditional We have to use both traditional and modern Sr water Description States methods for conserving and managing water. No harvesting system ¨ Renewing traditional water harvesting 1 Johads Earthen dams Rajasthan structures. Covered ¨ Renovating old ponds and lakes. 2 Kunds underground Rajasthan 3 Khadin tanks ¨ Building check dams. ¨ Keeping control of water resources to the A long community. earthen embankment ¨ Rainwater harvesting in urban areas. to store runoff Gujarat water ¨ Recharging groundwater through percolation pits. Reservoir Andhra ¨ Adopting Integrated Watershed 4 Cheruva water Pradesh Management (IWM). Ponds used by Bodo ¨ Reducing demand through increased 5 Dongs tribals Assam efficiency of water use. Karnataka West Bengal Since there is a declining availability of 6 Kere Percolation fresh water and increasing demand, there is a Tanks need to conserve and effectively manage this precious resource for sustainable development. Pukuar, Bil Ponds India has to take quick steps and make effective 7 and Khal policies and laws and adopt effective measures for its conservation. Besides developing water 8 Kund Temple tank Maharashtra saving technologies and methods, attempts are also to be made to prevent the pollution. There is Bamboo Irrigation System a need to encourage watershed development, rainwater harvesting, water recycling and reuse, It is 200 years old system of tapping stream and conjunctive use of water for sustaining water by using bamboo pipes. It is mainly water supply in the long run. practiced in north east part of India, especially Meghalaya. It does not need any fuel or power. It works on the principal of gradient of a terrain. It can be implemented in regions where bamboo is available for free or at very low cost. 62 For a family of five, consuming 750 litres a day, this rainwater will last for 100 days or one third of the year. Calculate how much rain water you can have in your house/college/school. Watershed Management Figure 5.5 : Bamboo Irrigation System Watershed management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of Normally, rainwater is good enough to surface and groundwater resources. It involves drink. However one should avoid using water prevention of run-off, storage and recharge of from the first rain of the monsoon. Rainwater groundwater through various methods like harvesting systems usually incorporate first rain percolation tanks, recharge wells, etc. However, separators. As long as the storage is completely in broader sense, watershed management closed, the water remains good for a long period. includes conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all resources like land, water, Rooftop rainwater can also be used to plants and animals. recharge groundwater. Water from the roof is directly let into the percolation chamber around Watershed management aims at bringing the house pits. It percolates into the soil and about balance between natural resources on recharges the groundwater, if the soil is porous. one hand and society on the other. The success After a while, the water levels in the area will go of watershed development largely depends up and the wells will have enough water. upon community participation. Some watershed management techniques • Contour trenches Activity 4 These are trenches dug along a hillside in away that they follow a contour line and run Learn more about Rainwater : perpendicular to flow of water. It helps to How much can you harvest in Pune/your capture and hold rainfall. city? Suppose you live in the city of Pune. Contour trench Your house has a terrace area of 100 sq m. How much of rainwater can you collect in one year? Average annual rainfall in Pune = 760 mm Amount of rain falling on 100 sq m area = Roof area ´ rainfall = 100 sq m area ´ 0.76 m Figure 5.6 : Contour trenches = 76 cu m = 76,000 liter 63 • Loose boulder structure ground. It can be built from stone, sandbags or Loose boulder structure is a small barrier branches of trees etc. constructed of rock, gravels, sand bags placed Check dam across stream or any water channel. This reduces velocity of flowing water and allows sediments to settle down. It helps in reducing soil erosion. Loose boulder structure Figure 5.9 : Check dams • Farm ponds These are small tanks dug in farms for storing water. Water is later used for the crops, support aquaculture and provide water for livestock in summer. Farm pond Figure 5.7 : Loose boulder structure • Gabion structure It is a box like structure filled with rocks / sand and soil covered with chain link mesh. It helps in percolation of water alongwith reduction in soil erosion. Gabion structure Figure 5.10 : Farm ponds Water conservation programs in India Figure 5.8 : Gabion structure The Central and State Governments have initiated many watershed development and • Check dams management programmes in the country. Some It is small dam constructed across a of these are being implemented by non- governmental organisation. Haryali is a waterway to reduce velocity of water flow and organisations sponsored by the Central helps in increase in water percolation in the Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. The Project is being executed by Gram Panchayats with people’s participation. 64 Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme · Don't hose down your lawn or corridor to in Andhra Pradesh and Arvary Pani Sansad in clean it. Sweep it off. Alwar, Rajasthan have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as · Don't wash the clothes and kitchen utensils percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check in the water bodies. dams, etc. through people’s participation. · Avoid throwing flowers, sweets, puja Watershed development projects in some materials into a river. It will degrade the areas have been successful in rejuvenating quality of water. environment and economy. There is a need to generate awareness regarding benefits of · Avoid throwing dead bodies and ash in watershed development and management river. among people in the country. Through this integrated water resource management · Avoid use of weedicides. approach, water availability can be ensured on sustainable basis. Do you know? Do's Paani Foundation - People’s movement to fight drought! · Reuse of water whenever possible. Kitchen water can be used for watering the plants. Paani foundation is an organization founded in 2016, with the aim of making · Plan your kitchen activity to avoid wastage Maharashtra drought free by people's of fuel and water. participation. · Fix leaks promptly. A dripping joint can Water scarcity is largely a man-made waste more than 76 liters of water a day. condition and only people's efforts can solve this crisis. Thus, the movement is · Use only one bucket of water for bathing. based on the thought that only people’s Showers use less water, if you limit them to movement can eradicate drought. five minutes. Install low-flow shower- heads. Avoid the use of bathtubs as far as Paani foundation provides training of possible. scientific watershed management, leadership and community building to the · Use sprinkler for irrigation. villagers. It is working in around 90% of drought hit villages in Maharashtra. · Run your dishwasher, washing machine Through training films and manuals, the and dryer, only when you have full loads. teams of Paani foundation are working across the state. To incentivize the program, Don'ts it conducts a competition called “Satyamev Jayate Water Cup” every year. This · Don't keep on the tap running while having competition helps villages to compete for bath, brushing teeth, shaving or washing the best watershed management work. dishes; it wastes about 2 liters of water Started with 116 villages in 2016, more every minute. than 4,000 villages have participated in 2019 and around 23,000 crores liters of water storage capacity is built up till now. 65 This shows that it is not just a this Act. The Pollution Control Boards are competition but an inspiration to make the nodal agencies to govern permissions, drought free Maharashtra. sanctions and are entrusted with a function to keep the water-bodies free of pollution. Activity 5 Remember it ! Visit any village which has If one student – one day - saves one litre participated in water cup in your area, water, write down the techniques used for Then one student – one year - will save 365 watershed management. litres water, And one student - 10 years - will save 3,650 Samagra Shiksha - Jal Suraksha Drive litres water. August 9, 2019 Activity 6 Union Ministry of Human Resource Development (HRD) launched Samagra Write down the ways to save atleast 1 lit. Shiksha - Jal Suraksha drive to create water per day at home. awareness about water conservation among all school students in the country. It seeks to make Exercise for students competent and committed water Journal Assignment citizens of nation. This can be achieved by making water conservation essential for 1) Expalin the causes and effects of flooding. students, so that they can understand the Suggest the corrective measures to avoid importance of water. It also enables them to flooding situation. carry out water conservation activities in their day-to-day lives. 2) Write down a script for a street play on water conservation and its importance. Do you know? 3) What precautions you should take to The Water (Prevention and Control of reduce the impact on environment while Pollution) Act, 1974 visiting a tourist place. The objective of this enactment is to 4) Explain water scarcity in India. prevent pollution of water bodies and to protect the wholesomeness of water. The 5) Explain importance of watershed Act established Central and State Pollution management. Boards to regulate the sanctions and permissions required by the industries 6) Explain river water pollution in India. before coming into operation. 7) Study causes of water pollution in your This enactment prohibits release of any locality and suggest the corrective polluted water with prescribed treatment in measures for it. any stream or water-body. Whoever pollutes water becomes accused, liable to be 8) Explain the measures required for water punished with fine and imprisonment under security in your locality. ** ** ** ** 66 Glossary • Bio-methanation – The process by which organic material is • Adulterants – The substance, which microbiologically converted under when added in food or drink, makes it anaerobic conditions to biogas. weaker or lowers its quality. • Biological decay – The breaking down • Agro-biodiversity – It includes all or rotting of organic matter through the components of biological diversity action of bacteria, fungi or other related to food and agriculture organisms by decomposition. ecosystems. • Bt cotton – Bt is a family of proteins, • Anaerobic – Organisms or processes originating from strains of the bacterium which do not need oxygen in order to Bacillus thuringiensis. Bt cotton is a function or survive. genetically modified, post resistant cotton variety. • Animal husbandry – The branch of agriculture, concerned with the • CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon) – Organic production and care of domesticated compounds, made up of atoms – carbon, animals. chorine and fluorine. An example of CFC is Freon – 12, used in refrigerators • Anthropogenic – Man-made. and Air conditioners. • Ambient – Immediate surrounding. • Christian Era – Also called common Era. It is one of the notation systems for • Expert Appraisal Committee – (EAC) the world’s most widely used calender Exists at the Union as well as state era. levels, (State expert appraisal committee or SEAC) to advise the government on • CH4 (Methane) – It is a colourless, environmental clearance of development odourless, flammable gas; which is the projects. The role of EAC is integral to main constituent of biogas and the process of granting environment considered as one of the green house clearance to developmental projects. gases. • Audit – Inspection of an organization • CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) – It by an independent body. is methane stored at high pressure and can be used as a fuel in place of diesel, • Biological oxygen demand – The gasoline. amount of dissolved oxygen needed by anaerobic decomposers to break down • Desertification – The conversion of the organic materials in a given volume arid and semi-arid land into deserts by of water at a certain temperature over a inappropriate farming practices or specified time period. overgrazing. • Bio-magnification – The process by • Eco-restoration – It is the redevelopment which certain chemicals in the of degraded ecosystems including its environment become concentrated as biotic and abiotic componants. they move from one organism to another in the food chain. 67 • Effluent – Liquid industrial waste. • Mangroves – It is a shrub or small tree, that grows n costal saline or brackish • Exponential – Growing or increasing water. It has numerous tangled roots, very rapidly. that grow above ground and form dense thicket. • Fibrosis – Formation of an abnormal amount of fibrous tissue in an organ or • Monocotyledon - A group of plants part as a result of inflammation and whose seeds have only one cotyledon. irritation. Pulmonary fibrosis is a lung These seeds can not be divided into two disease that occurs when lung tissues parts. The examples are maize, wheat, are damaged. rice. • Fly-ash – It is a coal combustion product • Non-conventional energy sources – composed of fine particles, that are Natural resources like wind, tides, solar, driven out with the flue gases. biomass etc. which generate energy are known as non conventional energy • Food additives – Substances, add to sources. food to preserve flavour or enhance its taste, appearance and other qualities. • Perennial – Lasting or existing for a long time. • Gene mutation – Permanent alteration in the DNA sequence, that makes up a • Protozoa – Single celled organism, gene. existing as free living organisms or parasites. • Genectically Modified Organism (GM) – An organism whose material • Persistent Organic Pollutant (POP) – has been altered in a way that does not These are organic compounds that are occur naturally. It allows selected resistant to degradation through individual into another genes to be chemical and biological processes. transfered from one organism. These are of global concern due to persistence in the environment, ability • Inventory – A complete list of items, to bio accumulate in ecosystems and such as goods and materials. their negative effects on human health and the environment. • Logging – A process of cutting and processing trees to produce timber. • Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate – Peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important constituent • Landraces – It is a domesticated, locally of photo chemical smog. It is very stable adapted, traditional variety of plant or at cold temperatures and easily animal species, that has developed over decomposes to release NOx at warm time. temperatures. PANs have many adverse effects on human body, such as reduced • Leachate – It is a liquid that seeps respiratory function and eye irritation. through solid wastes or other medium and has extracts of dissolved or suspended material from it. 68 • Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET) – • Styrofoam – A kind of expanded PET is a clear, strong and light weight polystyrene used especially for making plastic, that is widely used for packaging food containers. foods and beverages. It is typically called ‘polyester’ when used for fibres • Spatial pattern – Arrangement of a or fabrics and ‘PET Resin’ when used feature on land as it is shown distributed for bottles, jars, containers and through earth space. packaging application. • Topography – The arrangement of high • Radionuclides – They are atoms, that and low elevation in the landscape. has excess nuclear energy making it unstable. They occur naturally or are • Turbidity – A measure of fine, artificially produced in nuclear reactors, suspended matter on liquids. cyclotrons etc. • Threshold – The level or point at which • Radioactive fall–out – It is the something starts to happen or change. radioactive material propelled into upper atmosphere following nuclear • Wetland – Land that is cover all or part blast. It is so called because it falls out of the time with salt water or fresh of the sky after the explosion. It is water, excluding streams, lakes and the harmful for all living organisms. open oceans. The soil is basically undrained, giving rise to swamps, bogs • Soil erosion – It is one form of soil and marshes. Wetland includes degradation. It is the displacement of estuaries, deltas, mangroves and water upper layer of soil, caused naturally by logged paddy fields. water, snow, air, animals. • Watershed – Area in a natural basin • Surface run-off – It is water from rain, having a single outlet of water. snow melt that flows over the land surface. (If the run-off is heavy. There is ** ** ** ** less infiltration of water into the soil and if it is less, more water infiltrates into the soil.) • Sewage – It is waste water and excrement conveyed in sewers. • Sludge – Thick, soft, wet mud or a similar viscous mixture of liquid and solid components, especially the product of an industrial or refining process. 69 List of Projects Government website (http://censusindia. gov.in). Make a graphical representation 1. Visit any farmer who practices organic of the changes seen and discuss the farming and make a report on type of change in your classroom. compost/ bio fertilizers used, cost of fertilizer with respect to chemical 7. Study the local community traditions in fertilizer. Also get the information on your locality by talking to elderly people bio pesticides used and the content of in your house or neighborhood and these bio pesticides. highlight the points which favour environmental protection. 2. Find out your 'carbon footprint' by using footprint calculator from the internet. 8. Visit the local grocery shop/ mall and After calculating the footprint list down list down all the products that are steps that you can do to reduce carbon available which have eco marks. List footprint. Calculate the foot print after why are they registered as ecofriendly. taking necessary steps and make a Make a table listing the product name, report on it. product and the company names. They can also be organic products. 3. Conduct a project in your locality to find out solid waste disposal in your 9. Visit any nature tourism site and make a locality. Make a poster to reduce the report on why it is visited? How many waste and improve the waste people visit the site every year? Make a management in the community. list of environmental impacts observed due to tourism and suggest preventive 4. Carry out energy audit of your house measures. based on guidelines given in the book and write steps to reduce the use of 10. Carry out ‘Green Audit’ of your college/ energy. Study your electricity bill before school campus as per the guidelines and after taking steps. That is the given in the book. conclusion of your project. 11. Visit the solid waste dumping site of 5. Visit the nearest hospital/ doctor in your your locality. Prepare the report on locality. Prepare a questionnaire to talk volume generated per day, how dumping to the doctor on the increase or decrease affects the surrounding. Take the in the patients and the types of diseases interviews of local people staying in the reported. Write the report on what are surrounding area on how they are the causes of diseases and preventive affected. Prepare a poster suggesting measures which can be taken. Make a measures to reduce the waste. report of the same. 12. Report the weather changes experienced 6. Study population status of your village/ by you and other people in your area in town/ city for past twenty years ( since the previous year. Make a report on how census is conducted every ten years) it is affecting your own local available on the Indian National environment. 70 13. Survey the local water resources in your farmers how it has affected the area and its quality of water. (use agriculture and document it in tabular guidelines from the book) Write on form. Write down control measures to causes of pollution and suggest reduce the same. preventive measures to be taken. 20. Survey the various water conservation 14. Study the water quality of tube wells in practices in the locality. Write about the your area. Prepare a table showing benefits of the project to the people. It location, causes of pollution, since when can be drip irrigation, roof top harvesting water quality of bore well changed? Is in urban area or watershed development there water available whole year or it is in rural area. seasonal? Get the information from elderly people from the area. Write 21. Study the drinking water supply system down suggestions for its improvement. in your area. What is the source of drinking water, where water is purified 15. Visit a local industry and study the and how it gets distributed in the environmental impacts of it in the locality. Study what happens to the surrounding area. Carry out interviews waste water drainage. of the local people about their views on the industry. 22. Study the local or nearby dam and write down the environmental issues 16. Survey the local rainwater harvesting concerning the dam and the locality. installations if any in your locality. List down how it has benefitted the area. 23. Study air pollution in the area using the AQI app. Do the monitoring for one 17. Visit few farms in your area and study month every week. Write conclusions the agricultural loss due to insects or based on your observations. pests in the agricultural practices in recent years. Make a table documenting 24. Use sound level app to study the sound the name of crop, type of disease, pollution in the area. Measure the noise monitory losses incurred, causes of levels at market place, school, hospital , problem according to the farmer. traffic signal. Prepare a detail report on it. Prepare a poster suggesting measures 18. Study mixed farming practices in the to reduce noise levels and its harmful locality with respect to sequence of effects. crops, advantages of it, types of varieties grown, benefits of each crop to the 25. Survey the biodiversity of your school/ farmer with respect to economics, yield college campus. Prepare a eco audit quality and quantity. report. 19. Visit your area to get the information on 26. Write down the environmental issues in the various weeds present in the locality. your village/ city / area on the basis of Prepare a map showing the area the following points: a) Population occupied by the weed. Ask the local growth b) Solid waste problem c) Pollution d) Documentation of biodiversity. 71 27. Visit the nearest historic area (eg. fort) Some international and write down number of the visitors, environmental activity days purpose of visit by people, historical importance of the place and write Sr. Name of the activity day Date about the environmental issues there. No February 28. Write down the information about 1. World Wetlands Day 2nd environmental protection organizations in your area, the work that they have 2. World Wildlife Day March 3rd done in last few years. 3. International Day of Ac- March 14th 29. Prepare statewise list of tribal tion for Rivers communities in India. Explain the special characteristics of each. 4. World Consumer Rights March Describe the traditions of environmental Day 15th conservation practices in the tribal community. 5. Global Recycling Day March 18th 30. Participate in watershed management activity in nearby area. Prepare a 6. World Sparrow Day March 20th report on water shed management techniques used in that area. Explain 7. International Day of March 21st the importance of these techniques. Forests 31. Visit a local distributer of chemical 8. World Planting Day March 21st pesticides and make a detail list of commonly used pesticides in the area 9. World Water Day March and used for which crops. Write about 22nd their impacts on human health and environment. 10. Earth Day April 22nd ** ** ** ** 11. World Biodiversity Day May 22nd 12. Bike-to-Work Day 3rd Friday of May 13. World Environment Day June 5th 14. World Population Day July 11th 15. International Tiger Day July 29th 16. International Ozone September Layer Preservation day 16th 17. World Animal Day October 4th 18. Energy Efficiency Day October 5th 19. International Day of October Climate Action 24th 20. World Soil Day December 5th 72

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Competing demands for freshwater play out between sectors and regions within the same country, and between nations that vie for access to the water on which their entire economies—agriculture, energy, and industry—rely. This web page is the library for all content on water security by scholars across CSIS. The CSIS Project on Water Security web page present comprehensive policy solutions to the challenges water insecurity poses to U.S. geopolitical and economic interests, with a special focus on global food security, produced by the CSIS Global Food and Water Security Program . The Water and the Future of the Middle East project webpage houses the Middle East Program ’s work to energize the policy environment around the issue of water insecurity in the region and provide constructive recommendations for necessary transformation.

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The decision is expected to prompt a rush of litigation challenging regulations across the entire federal government, from food safety to the environment.

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By Coral Davenport ,  Christina Jewett ,  Alan Rappeport ,  Margot Sanger-Katz ,  Noam Scheiber and Noah Weiland

• June 28, 2024

The Supreme Court’s decision on Friday to limit the broad regulatory authority of federal agencies could lead to the elimination or weakening of thousands of rules on the environment, health care, worker protection, food and drug safety, telecommunications, the financial sector and more.

The decision is a major victory in a decades-long campaign by conservative activists to shrink the power of the federal government, limiting the reach and authority of what those activists call “the administrative state.”

The court’s opinion could make it easier for opponents of federal regulations to challenge them in court, prompting a rush of new litigation, while also injecting uncertainty into businesses and industries.

“If Americans are worried about their drinking water, their health, their retirement account, discrimination on the job, if they fly on a plane, drive a car, if they go outside and breathe the air — all of these day-to-day activities are run through a massive universe of federal agency regulations,” said Lisa Heinzerling, an expert in administrative law at Georgetown University. “And this decision now means that more of those regulations could be struck down by the courts.”

The decision effectively ends a legal precedent known as “Chevron deference,” after a 1984 Supreme Court ruling. That decision held that when Congress passes a law that lacks specificity, courts must give wide leeway to decisions made by the federal agencies charged with implementing that law. The theory was that scientists, economists and other specialists at the agencies have more expertise than judges in determining regulations and that the executive branch is also more accountable to voters.

Since then, thousands of legal decisions have relied on the Chevron doctrine when challenges have been made to regulations stemming from laws like the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act, the 1970 Clean Air Act , the 2010 Affordable Care Act and others.

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Out of time. Out of patience. Women’s and adolescents’ health and rights cannot wait.

Oyeyemi pitan, founder and executive director at gem hub initiative and cso representative to the global financing facility investors group.

Women are suffering and dying because of preventable health issues, exacerbated by climate change and conflict. This must end now.

Oyeyemi Pitan, Founder and Executive Director at Gem Hub Initiative

In Nigeria, Africa’s most populous country, a woman is more than 100 times more likely to die giving birth than in the UK, France or Germany. This massive inequality, along with the challenges facing women accessing basic health rights and services, is not unique to Nigeria.

Right now, 250 million women and girls who want to avoid pregnancy are not using safe, modern methods of contraception. Today, 800 women will die from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Tomorrow, more than 40,000 girls under the age of 18 will be married – losing their childhood as well as their education and agency. This is unacceptable. Alongside a devastating human toll, the economic burden is vast.

Despite the massive unmet needs and the dividends investment will reap in terms of health and economic gains, global development assistance for maternal and reproductive health  has stagnated  at a time when lower-income countries are struggling to finance both health and education.

Until women and girls are prioritized time and again, year after year, by national governments and international donors, adolescent pregnancies will remain high, just as complications during pregnancy and childbirth will continue to be a leading cause of mortality among teenage girls in Africa. Preventable deaths will continue.

While the scale of the problem is daunting, countries across Africa are moving forward decisively, prioritizing the health of women with the support of partners. Countries such as Kenya, Cote d’Ivoire and Mozambique have significantly cut the number of adolescent births. Liberia saw a rise in the number of adolescent girls receiving family planning counselling. And Nigeria is embarking on a landmark ambitious health reform agenda with an aim to crash maternal mortality.

These examples provide important lessons and illustrate why we need to give greater attention to efforts that protect and empower women – and that are sustainable while delivering the biggest possible impact.

First and foremost, it is clear that countries must take the ownership and lead the way in setting health priorities and implementing programs to support women and girls. Health plans must be funded with domestic resources, with external sources playing a complementary and aligned role.

In a resource-constrained environment, it is essential for governments and their global health partners to align behind a single national plan to deploy their funds in the most efficient way. Strong leadership within countries is key to harmonizing the work of partners, ensuring ‘one plan, one budget, one report’ to improve health outcomes.

Second, country ownership is not only about the government. It must include engagement with community leaders and advocates who understand these challenges deeply, particularly in the hardest to reach communities. Grassroots projects supporting women and girls play a crucial role in helping push the ambition further, holding governments to account, and bringing about long-term change.

In Senegal, a program with community and youth leaders is providing 900 adolescent girls in a rural community with a small bursary and dignity kits to improve menstrual hygiene and provide access to safe spaces and community groups that discuss reproductive health, female genital mutilation and early marriage. They are also learning to read and write and take part in vocational courses. In partnership with village health committees, the project is set to enrol another 50,000 young girls this year.

Another program is targeting hot spots with high rates of adolescent pregnancy and maternal mortality, including the community of Kabusa in Nigeria’s capital city, Abuja. Kabusa is one of about 30 informal settlements in Abuja with a high rate of poverty and prevalence of teenage pregnancies. It is estimated that 20 percent of adolescent girls in this community are pregnant or have at least one child.  The project, led by the Gem Hub Initiative, an organization I founded in 2021, is helping young people to share sexual and reproductive health information, and provide counselling and training to prevent unintended pregnancies and support women and teenagers if they do become pregnant. Our goal is to cut this maternal death toll dramatically and give women in lower-income communities the opportunity to realize their potential.

Third, this agenda goes within and beyond the boundaries of typical health projects. To reach adolescent girls, you must work outside of health clinics and traditional settings. In Mozambique, sexual and reproductive health services have been expanded through a school health platform with a particular focus on adolescent girls. That same platform will also support the roll out of HPV vaccines to reduce cervical cancer rates.

As we take steps to increase access to services for women and adolescents, widen opportunities and save lives, I believe that new ways of working and collaboration grounded in such principles are key. These are at the heart of the partnership with the Global Financing Facility for Women, Children and Adolescents (GFF) , a multi-stakeholder partnership housed at the World Bank, supporting 36 countries including those I’ve mentioned here. The GFF model brings together a wide range of partners, including governments, donors, global health organizations, youth representatives and the private sector, to carry out country-led health plans. The results I see, and the positive responses from country and local leaders, together with young people, makes me know that we are on the right path.

With countries in the driver’s seat implementing their health and development plans, and global partners aligned behind them, I am optimistic that we can achieve better health outcomes for women and girls and bring about lasting and meaningful change.

The cost of inaction will not just impact lives today. It will limit future growth, restrict resilience and risk security. All of these are needed for a more stable future.

We have the solutions; we know what needs to be done. But we are out of time, and I am out of patience. Women’s and adolescents’ health and rights cannot wait.

Media Contacts

David Gomez Canon

Communications Officer

• Maternal, newborn and child health

Originally Published in Politico Europe

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