jet propulsion laboratory case study solution

Case Study •

NASA JPL: Search For Life

An interview with NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and NASA AMES

Exploring Martian-Like Caves

Is, or was, there life beyond Earth? For years, NASA has looked for signs of life on other planets. Now, they’re one step closer. Here’s how our partner NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s autonomy and AI system, NeBula, enables Spot and a team of robots to autonomously explore hundreds of meters of Martian-like caves with no prior information about the map or features of the environment.

Autonomous Exploration

Ali Agha,  Project Lead, JPL NeBula Autonomy and AI, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory :  Caves are really important for NASA because they might be the key to find an answer for humanity’s longstanding question of if there is or was life in other planets. In today’s demonstration, our main success metric is if a team of robots can autonomously explore hundreds of meters into a Martian analogue cave. 

When integrating autonomy and AI on a physical robot, it’s really important that the robot supports the requirements of stability over difficult terrain. At the same time, it’s really important that the robot is capable of carrying enough science instruments while it has necessary endurance and speed. Boston Dynamics’ Spot robot is one of the few that satisfies these requirements simultaneously. 

Team Effort

Benjamin Morrell,  Deputy Lead, JPL NeBula Autonomy and AI, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory :  Today, first thing we’re doing is setting up a base station. Then Spot, our robot, enters the cave. Very next step is let’s get communications so Spot can keep talking to the base station. And then the robot explores by itself autonomously. As it does, it sends back information which is a 3D map which we see on the base station. And then if it detects things that are scientifically interesting, that may be indicative of biofilm, it sends those images and its location in the map back to the operator. And here is where the team of robots comes in. 

Robot number two has a robotic arm. And that robotic arm is a really capable device to get very close to the wall that can allow us to get more information. If it still looks like it might be some type of biosignature, it could take out a swab and take a detailed sample, and put that in an instrument to take analysis of the chemical composition. Additionally, it could shine us a certain type of light that could assist our robot number three. 

And robot number three can come in with a more advanced camera that can zoom very close, that can see in different spectrums. We have these multiple mobile robots that can carry different instruments, as opposed to one big robot that’s going to have trouble traversing in this terrain. 

Legged Mobility

Amanda Bouman,  Graduate Student, Global Planning Team, Caltech :  While we were watching Spot explore autonomously, I think I was really shocked it was able to get down some of these smaller branches. Traditional robots, such as wheeled or tracked, it’s impossible for them to get where we need them to go. 

Jennifer Blank,  Lead Scientist, Braille Project, NASA Ames :  What’s so exciting about Spot is how flexible it is and how maneuverable it is. I can envision scenarios where different Spots have their own assigned roles and their own assigned specialties. It opens up so many possibilities for how you could deploy it on another planet. 

“What’s so exciting about Spot is how flexible it is and how maneuverable it is. I can envision scenarios where different Spots have their own assigned roles and their own assigned specialties.” Jennifer Blank, Lead Scientist, Braille Project, NASA Ames

Use on Earth

Benjamin Morrell:  This technology is exciting for exploring other underground environments if it’s something too dangerous for people to do. This capability with the robots to go in exploring on an environment can also be a great technology for search and rescue. 

Ali Agha:  This demonstration has been a huge success for us. The integration of our NeBula autonomy and AI solution with this capable Boston Dynamic Spot robot would help us one day to explore actual caves on other planets. 

Learn more about NeBula,  NASA JPL’s autonomy and AI system:  https://costar.jpl.nasa.gov/

Learn more about NASA’s BRAILLE Project,  looking for life in lava caves on Earth:  https://www.instagram.com/nasa_braille/

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New Harvard Business School Case Study on NASA JPL Knowledge Management

An artist’s concept of the Mars 2020 Rover with SuperCam remote-sensing instrument. Credit: NASA

An innovative approach to teaching business courses puts the spotlight on NASA JPL knowledge management.

Harvard Business School (HBS) recently completed a 13-page case study on knowledge management at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The 2016 case study, a follow-up to a 2002 HBS case study, describes JPL knowledge management challenges and focuses on how knowledge is transferred between projects in the Mars Exploration Program .

Entitled “Transferring Knowledge Between Projects at NASA JPL,” the Leadership and Managing People case by Dorothy Leonard and Christopher Myers is based on data collected through phone interviews with numerous JPL employees. Leonard, the William J. Abernathy Professor of Business Administration Emerita at HBS, coauthored both JPL knowledge management case studies.

The 2016 case explores knowledge management challenges facing Mars 2020 Mission Manager and JPL Fellow Jennifer Trosper, specifically her decision on whether to seek funding for a hands-on training program building miniature, instructive versions of a Mars surface vehicle. The case describes her decision in light of projections that JPL could lose half of its workforce to retirement over the next decade. The case says Trosper found herself ruminating over data with critical implications for Mars 2020 as well as all future JPL competencies.

The case includes the perspective of JPL Chief Knowledge Officer David Oberhettinger, who says the loss of critical knowledge presents a problem uniquely difficult for JPL because so much critical NASA knowledge cannot be found elsewhere.

“A key takeaway from the case study is that JPL has unique knowledge,” says Oberhettinger. “If we lose an expert on Mars entry, descent and landing, where do we go to find a replacement? There’s no other organization in the world that successfully lands on Mars. Few venture into deep space.”

He expects that exposing Harvard MBA students to the JPL example will be useful to them in their careers. “With the decline of the manufacturing sector, most U.S. industries are knowledge industries. MBA graduates have to know how to hire people with the right kind of knowledge, how to capture, retain and share knowledge, and how to mitigate the risk of losing product-critical knowledge,” says Oberhettinger. “If you’re successful in business, it’s because you do something better than your competitors, and today, that mostly involves husbandry of some sort of key knowledge.”

In 2002, Harvard developed a NASA knowledge management case study, entitled “Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).” The case examined then-JPL chief knowledge architect Jeanne Holm’s decision points on which knowledge management initiatives to back and how to encourage cultural change that was needed in the face of increasingly tight budgets and a serious loss of knowledge due to the “faster, better, cheaper” mandate for Mars missions and the retirement of key personnel.

HBS pioneered the case method , which the school considers the best way to prepare students for the challenges of leadership. Initially called the “problem method” when developed by HBS faculty in the 1920s, the case method requires students to analyze real-world challenges confronting leading companies, nonprofits and government organizations from the perspective of an actual business leader and then provide solutions.

The case method of teaching has been widely adopted by business schools as an innovative approach to helping students become skilled leaders. An HBS student will study approximately 500 cases during the two-year MBA program. HBS faculty write over 80 percent of cases sold worldwide and produce approximately 350 new cases per year.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory

By: Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes

The case, in a non-profit project-oriented setting, introduces fundamental risk management principles and processes that are easily applicable to private sector settings. Gentry Lee, senior systems…

• Length: 16 page(s)
• Publication Date: Feb 18, 2010
• Discipline: Accounting
• Product #: 110031-PDF-ENG

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The case, in a non-profit project-oriented setting, introduces fundamental risk management principles and processes that are easily applicable to private sector settings. Gentry Lee, senior systems engineer and de-facto chief risk officer, is applying a new comprehensive risk management system to a $600 million high-profile Mars landing mission. The case illustrates JPL's risk culture for high-visibility and expensive missions in the post-Challenger era with tightly constrained budgets. It introduces risk analytics, such as heat maps, and the management process and governance system centered around continuous challenge and "intellectual confrontation." Students will consider JPL's strategy and constraints, measurable technical risks, non-measurable external risks and societal pressures in making a decision about whether to launch or delay the Mars mission launch. The case calls for an appreciation of the role of the chief risk officer, and in general, of leadership, in risk management.

Learning Objectives

To illustrate the role of leadership, risk governance and the power of simple risk analysis techniques (such as heat maps) in managing risk in high-reliability organizations.

Feb 18, 2010 (Revised: May 27, 2010)

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United States

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Aerospace sector

Harvard Business School

110031-PDF-ENG

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• Harvard Business School →
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• February 2010 (Revised May 2010)
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory

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• Harvard University and Urban Mining Industries: Decarbonizing the Supply Chain - Instructor Version  By: Shirley Lu and Robert Kaplan
• Harvard University and Urban Mining Industries: Decarbonizing the Supply Chain - Student Version  By: Shirley Lu and Robert S. Kaplan
• True Costs of Uterine Artery Embolization: Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing in Interventional Radiology Over a 3-Year Period  By: Julia C. Bulman, Nicole H. Kim, Robert S. Kaplan, Sarah Schroeppel DeBacker, Olga R. Brook and Ammar Sarwar

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Analysis

by HBR Thirty Seven

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Analysis. Get Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Analysis Solution. Contact us directly at buycasesolutions(at)gmail(dot)com if you want to order for Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution, Case Analysis,... More

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Analysis. Get Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Analysis Solution. Contact us directly at buycasesolutions(at)gmail(dot)com if you want to order for Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution, Case Analysis, Case Study Solution. Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes Less

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Analysis Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Analysis. Our tutors are available 24/7 to assist in your academic stuff, Our Professional writers are ready to serve you in services you need. Every Case Study Solution & Analysis is prepared from scratch, top quality, plagiarism free. Authors: Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes Get Case Study Solution and Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory in a FAIR PRICE!! Steps for Case Study Solution Analysis: 1. Introduction of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution The Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study is a Harvard Business Review case study, which presents a simulated practical experience to the reader allowing them to learn about real life problems in the business world. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory case consisted of a central issue to the organization, which had to be identified, analysed and creative solutions had to be drawn to tackle the issue. This paper presents the solved Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis and case solution. The method through which the analysis is done is mentioned, followed by the relevant tools used in finding the solution. The case solution first identifies the central issue to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study, and the relevant stakeholders affected by this issue. This is known as the problem identification stage. After this, the relevant tools and models are used, which help in the case study analysis and case study solution. The tools used in identifying the solution consist of the SWOT Analysis, Porter Five Forces Analysis, PESTEL Analysis, VRIO analysis, Value Chain Analysis, BCG Matrix analysis, Ansoff Matrix analysis, and the Marketing Mix analysis. The solution consists of recommended strategies to overcome this central issue. It is a good idea to also propose alternative case study solutions, because if the main solution is not found feasible, then the alternative solutions could be implemented. Lastly, a good case study solution also includes an implementation plan for the recommendation strategies. This shows how through a step-by-step procedure as to how the central issue can be resolved. Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] 2. Problem Identification of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution Harvard Business Review cases involve a central problem that is being faced by the organization and these problems affect a number of stakeholders. In the problem identification stage, the problem faced by Jet Propulsion Laboratory is identified through reading of the case. This could be mentioned at the start of the reading, the middle or the end. At times in a case analysis, the problem may be clearly evident in the reading of the HBR case. At other times, finding the issue is the job of the person analysing the case. It is also important to understand what stakeholders are affected by the problem and how. The goals of the stakeholders and are the organization are also identified to ensure that the case study analysis are consistent with these. 3. Analysis of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR Case Study The objective of the case should be focused on. This is doing the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution. This analysis can be proceeded in a step-by-step procedure to ensure that effective solutions are found. In the first step, a growth path of the company can be formulated that lays down its vision, mission and strategic aims. These can usually be developed using the company history is provided in the case. Company history is helpful in a Business Case study as it helps one understand what the scope of the solutions will be for the case study. The next step is of understanding the company; its people, their priorities and the overall culture. This can be done by using company history. It can also be done by looking at anecdotal instances of managers or employees that are usually included in an HBR case study description to give the reader a real feel of the situation. Lastly, a timeline of the issues and events in the case needs to be made. Arranging events in a timeline allows one to predict the next few events that are likely to take place. It also helps one in developing the case study solutions. The timeline also helps in understanding the continuous challenges that are being faced by the organisation. 4. SWOT analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory An important tool that helps in addressing the central issue of the case and coming up with Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR case solution is the SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis is a strategic management tool that lists down in the form of a matrix, an organisation's internal strengths and weaknesses, and external opportunities and threats. It helps in the strategic analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Once this listing has been done, a clearer picture can be developed in regards to how strategies will be formed to address the main problem. For example, strengths will be used as an advantage in solving the issue. Therefore, the SWOT analysis is a helpful tool in coming up with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study answers. One does not need to remain restricted to using the traditional SWOT analysis, but the advanced TOWS matrix or weighted average SWOT analysis can also be used. 5. Porter Five Forces Analysis for Jet Propulsion Laboratory Another helpful tool in finding the case solutions is of Porter's Five Forces analysis. This is also a strategic tool that is used to analyse the competitive environment of the industry in which Jet Propulsion Laboratory operates in. Analysis of the industry is important as businesses do not work in isolation in real life, but are affected by the business environment of the industry that they operate in. Harvard Business case studies represent real-life situations, and therefore, an analysis of the industry's competitive environment needs to be carried out to come up with more holistic case study solutions. In Porter's Five Forces analysis, the industry is analysed along 5 dimensions. • These are the threats that the industry faces due to new entrants. • It includes the threat of substitute products. • It includes the bargaining power of buyers in the industry. • It includes the bargaining power of suppliers in an industry. • Lastly, the overall rivalry or competition within the industry is analysed This tool helps one understand the relative powers of the major players in the industry and its overall competitive dynamics. Actionable and practical solutions can then be developed by keeping these factors into perspective. 6. PESTEL Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Another helpful tool that should be used in finding the case study solutions is the PESTEL analysis. This also looks at the external business environment of the organisation helps in finding case study Analysis to real-life business issues as in HBR cases. • The PESTEL analysis particularly looks at the macro environmental factors that affect the industry. These are the political, environmental, social, technological, environmental and legal (regulatory) factors affecting the industry. • Factors within each of these 6 should be listed down, and analysis should be made as to how these affect the organisation under question. 7. VRIO Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] This is an analysis carried out to know about the internal strengths and capabilities of Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Under the VRIO analysis, the following steps are carried out: • The internal resources of Jet Propulsion Laboratory are listed down. • Each of these resources are assessed in terms of the value it brings to the organization. • Each resource is assessed in terms of how rare it is. A rare resource is one that is not commonly used by competitors. • Each resource is assessed whether it could be imitated by competition easily or not. • Lastly, each resource is assessed in terms of whether the organization can use it to an advantage or not. • The analysis done on the 4 dimensions; Value, Rareness, Imitability, and Organization. If a resource is high on all of these 4, then it brings long-term competitive advantage. If a resource is high on Value, Rareness, and Imitability, then it brings an unused competitive advantage. If a resource is high on Value and Rareness, then it only brings temporary competitive advantage. If a resource is only valuable, then it’s a competitive parity. If it’s none, then it can be regarded as a competitive disadvantage. 8. Value Chain Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory The Value chain analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory helps in identifying the activities of an organization, and how these add value in terms of cost reduction and differentiation. This tool is used in the case study analysis as follows: • The firm’s primary and support activities are listed down. • Identifying the importance of these activities in the cost of the product and the differentiation they produce. • Lastly, differentiation or cost reduction strategies are to be used for each of these activities to increase the overall value provided by these activities. Recognizing value creating activities and enhancing the value that they create allow Jet Propulsion Laboratory to increase its competitive advantage. 9. BCG Matrix of Jet Propulsion Laboratory The BCG Matrix is an important tool in deciding whether an organization should invest or divest in its strategic business units. The matrix involves placing the strategic business units of a business in one of four categories; question marks, stars, dogs and cash cows. The placement in these categories depends on the relative market share of the organization and the market growth of these strategic business units. The steps to be followed in this analysis is as follows: • Identify the relative market share of each strategic business unit. • Identify the market growth of each strategic business unit. Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] • Place these strategic business units in one of four categories. Question Marks are those strategic business units with high market share and low market growth rate. Stars are those strategic business units with high market share and high market growth rate. Cash Cows are those strategic business units with high market share and low market growth rate. Dogs are those strategic business units with low market share and low growth rate. • Relevant strategies should be implemented for each strategic business unit depending on its position in the matrix. The strategies identified from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory BCG matrix and included in the case pdf. These are either to further develop the product, penetrate the market, develop the market, diversification, investing or divesting. 10. Ansoff Matrix of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ansoff Matrix is an important strategic tool to come up with future strategies for Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the case solution. It helps decide whether an organization should pursue future expansion in new markets and products or should it focus on existing markets and products. • The organization can penetrate into existing markets with its existing products. This is known as market penetration strategy. • The organization can develop new products for the existing market. This is known as product development strategy. • The organization can enter new markets with its existing products. This is known as market development strategy. • The organization can enter into new markets with new products. This is known as a diversification strategy. The choice of strategy depends on the analysis of the previous tools used and the level of risk the organization is willing to take. 11. Marketing Mix of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Jet Propulsion Laboratory needs to bring out certain responses from the market that it targets. To do so, it will need to use the marketing mix, which serves as a tool in helping bring out responses from the market. The 4 elements of the marketing mix are Product, Price, Place and Promotions. The following steps are required to carry out a marketing mix analysis and include this in the case study analysis. • Analyse the company’s products and devise strategies to improve the product offering of the company. • Analyse the company’s price points and devise strategies that could be based on competition, value or cost. • Analyse the company’s promotion mix. This includes the advertisement, public relations, personal selling, sales promotion, and direct marketing. Strategies will be devised which makes use of a few or all of these elements. Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] • Analyse the company’s distribution and reach. Strategies can be devised to improve the availability of the company’s products. 12. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Strategy The strategies devised and included in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case memo should have a strategy. A strategy is a strategy that involves firms seeking uncontested market spaces, which makes the competition of the company irrelevant. It involves coming up with new and unique products or ideas through innovation. This gives the organization a competitive advantage over other firms, unlike a red ocean strategy. 13. Competitors analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory The PESTEL analysis discussed previously looked at the macro environmental factors affecting business, but not the microenvironmental factors. One of the microenvironmental factors are competitors, which are addressed by a competitor analysis. The Competitors analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory looks at the direct and indirect competitors within the industry that it operates in. • This involves a detailed analysis of their actions and how these would affect the future strategies of Jet Propulsion Laboratory . • It involves looking at the current market share of the company and its competitors. • It should compare the marketing mix elements of competitors, their supply chain, human resources, financial strength etc. • It also should look at the potential opportunities and threats that these competitors pose on the company. 14. Organisation of the Analysis into Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Once various tools have been used to analyse the case, the findings of this analysis need to be incorporated into practical and actionable solutions. These solutions will also be the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case answers. These are usually in the form of strategies that the organisation can adopt. The following step-by-step procedure can be used to organise the Harvard Business case solution and recommendations: • The first step of the solution is to come up with a corporate level strategy for the organisation. This part consists of solutions that address issues faced by the organisation on a strategic level. This could include suggestions, changes or recommendations to the company's vision, mission and its strategic objectives. It can include recommendations on how the organisation can work towards achieving these strategic objectives. Furthermore, it needs to be explained how the stated recommendations will help in solving the main Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] issue mentioned in the case and where the company will stand in the future as a result of these. • The second step of the solution is to come up with a business level strategy. The HBR case studies may present issues faced by a part of the organisation. For example, the issues may be stated for marketing and the role of a marketing manager needs to be assumed. So, recommendations and suggestions need to address the strategy of the marketing department in this case. Therefore, the strategic objectives of this business unit (Marketing) will be laid down in the solutions and recommendations will be made as to how to achieve these objectives. Similar would be the case for any other business unit or department such as human resources, finance, IT etc. The important thing to note here is that the business level strategy needs to be aligned with the overall corporate strategy of the organisation. For example, if one suggests the organisation to focus on differentiation for competitive advantage as a corporate level strategy, then it can't be recommended for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution that the business unit should focus on costs. • The third step is not compulsory but depends from case to case. In some HBR case studies, one may be required to analyse an issue at a department. This issue may be analysed for a manager or employee as well. In these cases, recommendations need to be made for these people. The solution may state that objectives that these people need to achieve and how these objectives would be achieved. The case study analysis and solution, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory case answers should be written down in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case memo, clearly identifying which part shows what. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory case should be in a professional format, presenting points clearly that are well understood by the reader. 15. Alternate solution to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR case study It is important to have more than one solution to the case study. This is the alternate solution that would be implemented if the original proposed solution is found infeasible or impossible due to a change in circumstances. The alternate solution for Jet Propulsion Laboratory is presented in the same way as the original solution, where it consists of a corporate level strategy, business level strategy and other recommendations. 16. Implementation of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] The case study does not end at just providing recommendations to the issues at hand. One is also required to provide how these recommendations would be implemented. This is shown through a proper implementation framework. A detailed implementation framework helps in distinguishing between an average and an above average case study answer. A good implementation framework shows the proposed plan and how the organisations' resources would be used to achieve the objectives. It also lays down the changes needed to be made as well as the assumptions in the process. • A proper implementation framework shows that one has clearly understood the case study and the main issue within it. • It shows that one has been clarified with the HBR fundamentals on the topic. • It shows that the details provided in the case have been properly analysed. • It shows that one has developed an ability to prioritise recommendations and how these could be successfully implemented. • The implementation framework also helps by removing out any recommendations that are not practical or actionable as these could not be implemented. Therefore, the implementation framework ensures that the solution to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard case is complete and properly answered. 17. Recommendations and Action Plan for Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis For Jet Propulsion Laboratory, based on the SWOT Analysis, Porter Five Forces Analysis, PESTEL Analysis, VRIO analysis, Value Chain Analysis, BCG Matrix analysis, Ansoff Matrix analysis, and the Marketing Mix analysis, the recommendations and action plan are as follows: • Jet Propulsion Laboratory should focus on making use of its strengths identified from the VRIO analysis to make the most of the opportunities identified from the PESTEL. • Jet Propulsion Laboratory should enhance the value creating activities within its value chain. • Jet Propulsion Laboratory should invest in its stars and cash cows, while getting rid of the dogs identified from the BCG Matrix analysis. • To achieve its overall corporate and business level objectives, it should make use of the marketing mix tools to obtain desired results from its target market. Email us for Any Case Solution at: [email protected] Note: This article is just a sample and not an actual case solution. If you want original case solution, please place your order on the Email.

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• 08 May 2024

‘Milestone’ discovery as JWST confirms atmosphere on an Earth-like exoplanet

• Sumeet Kulkarni

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

The planet 55 Cancri e (artist’s impression) orbits very close to its star. Credit: Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library

Astronomers say that they have used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to detect for the first time an atmosphere surrounding a rocky planet outside the Solar System 1 . Although this planet cannot support life as we know it, in part because it is probably covered by a magma ocean, scientists might learn something from it about the early history of Earth — which is also a rocky planet and was once molten.

Finding a gaseous envelope around an Earth-like planet is a big milestone in exoplanet research, says Sara Seager, a planetary scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge who was not involved with the research. Earth’s thin atmosphere is crucial for sustaining life, and being able to spot atmospheres on similar terrestrial planets is an important step in the search for life beyond the Solar System.

The planet investigated by JWST, called 55 Cancri e, orbits a Sun-like star 12.6 parsecs away and is considered a super-Earth, a terrestrial planet a little bigger than Earth — in this case, with about twice Earth’s radius and more than eight times as heavy. According to a paper published today in Nature 1 , its atmosphere is probably rich in carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide and has a thickness that is “up to a few per cent” of the planet’s radius.

A mysterious planet

Another reason that 55 Cancri e is uninhabitable is that it is very close to its star — around one sixty-fifth of the distance from Earth to the Sun. And yet, “it’s perhaps the most studied rocky planet”, says Aaron Bello-Arufe, an astrophysicist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, and a co-author of the paper. Its host star is bright in our night sky, and because it is large for a rocky planet, it’s easier to study than other planets outside the Solar System. “Every telescope or instrument that you can think of in astronomy has pointed to this planet at some point,” Bello-Arufe says.

55 Cancri e was so well studied that after JWST launched in December 2021 , engineers pointed the observatory’s infrared spectrometers towards it for testing. These instruments can detect the chemical fingerprints of gases swirling around planets as they absorb infrared wavelengths from starlight. Bello-Arufe and his colleagues then decided to dig deeper to confirm whether the planet had an atmosphere.

Before the latest observations, astronomers had changed their minds about 55 Cancri e myriad times. The planet was discovered in 2004 2 . At first, researchers thought it was probably the core of a gas giant similar to Jupiter. But in 2011, the Spitzer Space Telescope observed the planet as it passed in front of its star 3 , and researchers found that 55 Cancri e is in fact a lot smaller and denser than a gas giant, making it a rocky super-Earth.

55 Cancri e is a little bigger than Earth, but much smaller than the Solar System’s giant planets, such as Neptune. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Dani Player (STScI)

Some years later, researchers noticed that 55 Cancri e was cooler than it should have been for a planet so close to its star, indicating that it probably has an atmosphere 4 . One hypothesis was that the planet is a ‘water world’ enveloped by supercritical water molecules; another was that it is surrounded by an expansive, primordial atmosphere composed mainly of hydrogen and helium 5 . But these ideas were eventually disproved.

A planet so close to its star would be bombarded by stellar winds and have a hard time holding on to volatile molecules in its atmosphere, says Renyu Hu, a planetary scientist at JPL and a co-author of the latest study. Two possibilities remained, he says. The first was that the planet is completely dry, with an ultrathin atmosphere of vaporized rock. The second was that it has a thick atmosphere composed of heavier, volatile molecules that do not bleed away easily.

A clearer picture

The latest data indicate that 55 Cancri e’s atmosphere contains carbon-based gases, pointing to option two. The team collected bona fide evidence of an atmosphere, Seager says, but more observations are needed to determine its full composition, the relative quantities of gases present and its precise thickness.

Laura Schaefer, a planetary geologist at Stanford University in California, is interested in learning how 55 Cancri e’s atmosphere interacts with materials beneath the planet’s surface. It’s still possible that the atmosphere is being eroded by stellar winds, the study’s authors say, but the gases could be getting replenished by the melting and outgassing of rocks in the magma ocean.

“Earth probably went through at least one magma-ocean stage, maybe several,” Schaefer says. “Having actual present-day examples of magma oceans can help us understand the early history of our Solar System.”

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-01332-w

Hu, R. et al. Nature https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07432-x (2024).

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Jet propulsion laboratory change management analysis & solution, hbr change management solutions, finance & accounting case study | robert s. kaplan, anette mikes, case study description.

The case, in a non-profit project-oriented setting, introduces fundamental risk management principles and processes that are easily applicable to private sector settings. Gentry Lee, senior systems engineer and de-facto chief risk officer, is applying a new comprehensive risk management system to a $600 million high-profile Mars landing mission. The case illustrates JPL's risk culture for high-visibility and expensive missions in the post-Challenger era with tightly constrained budgets. It introduces risk analytics, such as heat maps, and the management process and governance system centered around continuous challenge and "intellectual confrontation." Students will consider JPL's strategy and constraints, measurable technical risks, non-measurable external risks and societal pressures in making a decision about whether to launch or delay the Mars mission launch. The case calls for an appreciation of the role of the chief risk officer, and in general, of leadership, in risk management.

Change Management, Project management, Risk management, Strategic planning , Case Study Solution, Term Papers

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What is Change Management Definition & Process? Why transformation efforts fail? What are the Change Management Issues in Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study?

According to John P. Kotter – Change Management efforts are the major initiatives an organization undertakes to either boost productivity, increase product quality, improve the organizational culture, or reverse the present downward spiral that the company is going through. Sooner or later every organization requires change management efforts because without reinventing itself organization tends to lose out in the competitive market environment. The competitors catch up with it in products and service delivery, disruptors take away the lucrative and niche market positioning, or management ends up sitting on its own laurels thus missing out on the new trends, opportunities and developments in the industry.

What are the John P. Kotter - 8 Steps of Change Management?

Eight Steps of Kotter's Change Management Execution are -

• 1. Establish a Sense of Urgency
• 2. Form a Powerful Guiding Coalition
• 3. Create a Vision
• 4. Communicate the Vision
• 5. Empower Others to Act on the Vision
• 6. Plan for and Create Short Term Wins
• 7. Consolidate Improvements and Produce More Change
• 8. Institutionalize New Approaches

Are Change Management efforts easy to implement? What are the challenges in implementing change management processes?

According to authorlist Change management efforts are absolutely essential for the surviving and thriving of the organization but they are also extremely difficult to implement. Some of the biggest obstacles in implementing change efforts are –

• Change management is often a lengthy, time consuming, and resource consuming process. Managements try to avoid them because they reflect negatively on the short term financial balance sheet of the organization.
• Change efforts are often made by new leaders because they are chosen by board to do so. These leaders often have less trust among the workforce compare to the people with whom they were already working with over the years.
• Change efforts are often targeted at making fundamental aspects in the business – operations and culture. Change management disrupts are status quo thus face opposition from both within and outside the organization.
• Change efforts create an environment of uncertainty in the organization that impacts not only the productivity in the organization but also the level of trust in the organization.
• Change management efforts are made when the organization is in dire need and have fewer resources. This creates silos protection mentality within the organization.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory SWOT Analysis, SWOT Matrix, Weighted SWOT Case Study Solution & Analysis

How you can apply Change Management Principles to Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study?

Leaders can implement Change Management efforts in the organization by following the “Eight Steps Method of Change Management” by John P. Kotter.

Step 1 - Establish a sense of urgency

What are areas that require urgent change management efforts in the “ Jet Propulsion Laboratory “ case study. Some of the areas that require urgent changes are – organizing sales force to meet competitive realities, building new organizational structure to enter new markets or explore new opportunities. The leader needs to convince the managers that the status quo is far more dangerous than the change efforts.

Step 2 - Form a powerful guiding coalition

As mentioned earlier in the paper, most change efforts are undertaken by new management which has far less trust in the bank compare to the people with whom the organization staff has worked for long period of time. New leaders need to tap in the talent of the existing managers and integrate them in the change management efforts . This will for a powerful guiding coalition that not only understands the urgency of the situation but also has the trust of the employees in the organization. If the team able to explain at the grass roots level what went wrong, why organization need change, and what will be the outcomes of the change efforts then there will be a far more positive sentiment about change efforts among the rank and file.

Step 3 - Create a vision

The most critical role of the leader who is leading the change efforts is – creating and communicating a vision that can have a broader buy-in among employees throughout the organization. The vision should not only talk about broader objectives but also about how every little change can add up to the improvement in the overall organization.

Step 4 - Communicating the vision

Leaders need to use every vehicle to communicate the desired outcomes of the change efforts and how each employee impacted by it can contribute to achieve the desired change. Secondly the communication efforts need to answer a simple question for employees – “What it is in for the them”. If the vision doesn’t provide answer to this question then the change efforts are bound to fail because it won’t have buy-in from the required stakeholders of the organization.

Step 5 -Empower other to act on the vision

Once the vision is set and communicated, change management leadership should empower people at every level to take decisions regarding the change efforts. The empowerment should follow two key principles – it shouldn’t be too structured that it takes away improvisation capabilities of the managers who are working on the fronts. Secondly it shouldn’t be too loosely defined that people at the execution level can take it away from the desired vision and objectives.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory PESTEL / PEST / STEP & Porter Five Forces Analysis

Step 6 - Plan for and create short term wins

Initially the change efforts will bring more disruption then positive change because it is transforming the status quo. For example new training to increase productivity initially will lead to decrease in level of current productivity because workers are learning new skills and way of doing things. It can demotivate the employees regarding change efforts. To overcome such scenarios the change management leadership should focus on short term wins within the long term transformation. They should carefully craft short term goals, reward employees for achieving short term wins, and provide a comprehensive understanding of how these short term wins fit into the overall vision and objectives of the change management efforts.

Step 7 - Consolidate improvements and produce more change

Short term wins lead to renewed enthusiasm among the employees to implement change efforts. Management should go ahead to put a framework where the improvements made so far are consolidated and more change efforts can be built on the top of the present change efforts.

Step 8 - Institutionalize new approaches

Once the improvements are consolidated, leadership needs to take steps to institutionalize the processes and changes that are made. It needs to stress how the change efforts have delivered success in the desired manner. It should highlight the connection between corporate success and new behaviour. Finally organization management needs to create organizational structure, leadership, and performance plans consistent with the new approach.

Is change management a process or event?

What many leaders and managers at the Risk Jpl's fails to recognize is that – Change Management is a deliberate and detail oriented process rather than an event where the management declares that the changes it needs to make in the organization to thrive. Change management not only impact the operational processes of the organization but also the cultural and integral values of the organization.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Case Solution & Analysis

Home >> Accounting Case Solutions >> Jet Propulsion Laboratory

The case , in a non-profit project-oriented setting, presents essential threat management concepts and procedures that are quickly suitable to economic sector settings. Gentry Lee, senior systems engineer and de-facto primary threat policeman, is using a brand-new extensive danger management system to a $600 million prominent Mars landing objective. The case shows JPL's threat culture for costly and high-visibility objectives in the post-Challenger period with securely constricted spending plans.

Jess Westerly at Kauflauf GmbH Case Study Solution

It presents danger analytics, such as heat maps, and the management procedure and governance system focused around constant obstacle and "intellectual fight". Students will think about JPL's technique and restrictions, quantifiable technical threats, non-measurable external threats and social pressures in deciding about whether to release or postpone the Mars objective launch. The case requires a gratitude of the function of the primary danger policeman, and in basic, of leadership, in threat management.

PUBLICATION DATE: February 18, 2010 PRODUCT #: 110031-HCB-ENG

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Case Description of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study

The case, in a non-profit project-oriented setting, introduces fundamental risk management principles and processes that are easily applicable to private sector settings. Gentry Lee, senior systems engineer and de-facto chief risk officer, is applying a new comprehensive risk management system to a $600 million high-profile Mars landing mission. The case illustrates JPL's risk culture for high-visibility and expensive missions in the post-Challenger era with tightly constrained budgets. It introduces risk analytics, such as heat maps, and the management process and governance system centered around continuous challenge and "intellectual confrontation." Students will consider JPL's strategy and constraints, measurable technical risks, non-measurable external risks and societal pressures in making a decision about whether to launch or delay the Mars mission launch. The case calls for an appreciation of the role of the chief risk officer, and in general, of leadership, in risk management.

Case Authors : Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes

Topic : finance & accounting, related areas : project management, risk management, strategic planning, what is the case study method how can you use it to write case solution for jet propulsion laboratory case study.

Almost all of the case studies contain well defined situations. MBA and EMBA professional can take advantage of these situations to - apply theoretical framework, recommend new processes, and use quantitative methods to suggest course of action. Awareness of the common situations can help MBA & EMBA professionals read the case study more efficiently, discuss it more effectively among the team members, narrow down the options, and write cogently.

Case Study Solution Approaches

Three Step Approach to Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution

The three step case study solution approach comprises – Conclusions – MBA & EMBA professionals should state their conclusions at the very start. It helps in communicating the points directly and the direction one took. Reasons – At the second stage provide the reasons for the conclusions. Why you choose one course of action over the other. For example why the change effort failed in the case and what can be done to rectify it. Or how the marketing budget can be better spent using social media rather than traditional media. Evidences – Finally you should provide evidences to support your reasons. It has to come from the data provided within the case study rather than data from outside world. Evidences should be both compelling and consistent. In case study method there is ‘no right’ answer, just how effectively you analyzed the situation based on incomplete information and multiple scenarios.

Case Study Solution of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

We write Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study solution using Harvard Business Review case writing framework & HBR Finance & Accounting learning notes. We try to cover all the bases in the field of Finance & Accounting, Project management, Risk management, Strategic planning and other related areas.

Objectives of using various frameworks in Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study solution

By using the above frameworks for Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study solutions, you can clearly draw conclusions on the following areas – What are the strength and weaknesses of Risk Jpl's (SWOT Analysis) What are external factors that are impacting the business environment (PESTEL Analysis) Should Risk Jpl's enter new market or launch new product (Opportunities & Threats from SWOT Analysis) What will be the expected profitability of the new products or services (Porter Five Forces Analysis) How it can improve the profitability in a given industry (Porter Value Chain Analysis) What are the resources needed to increase profitability (VRIO Analysis) Finally which business to continue, where to invest further and from which to get out (BCG Growth Share Analysis)

SWOT Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

SWOT analysis stands for – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and Weaknesses are result of Risk Jpl's internal factors, while opportunities and threats arise from developments in external environment in which Risk Jpl's operates. SWOT analysis will help us in not only getting a better insight into Risk Jpl's present competitive advantage but also help us in how things have to evolve to maintain and consolidate the competitive advantage.

- Experienced and successful leadership team – Risk Jpl's management team has been a success over last decade by successfully predicting trends in the industry.

- Streamlined processes and efficient operation management – Risk Jpl's is one of the most efficient firms in its segment. The credit for the performance goes to successful execution and efficient operations management.

- Little experience of international market – Even though it is a major player in local market, Risk Jpl's has little experience in international market. According to Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes , Risk Jpl's needs international talent to penetrate into developing markets.

- Risk Jpl's business model can be easily replicated by competitors – According to Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes , the business model of Risk Jpl's can be easily replicated by players in the industry.

Opportunities

- Increase in Consumer Disposable Income – Risk Jpl's can use the increasing disposable income to build a new business model where customers start paying progressively for using its products. According to Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes of Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study, Risk Jpl's can use this trend to expand in adjacent areas Project management, Risk management, Strategic planning.

- Developments in Artificial Intelligence – Risk Jpl's can use developments in artificial intelligence to better predict consumer demand, cater to niche segments, and make better recommendation engines.

- Growing dominance of digital players such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft etc can reduce the manoeuvring space for Risk Jpl's and put upward pressure on marketing budget.

- Customers are moving toward mobile first environment which can hamper the growth as Risk Jpl's still hasn’t got a comprehensive mobile strategy.

Once all the factors mentioned in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study are organized based on SWOT analysis, just remove the non essential factors. This will help you in building a weighted SWOT analysis which reflects the real importance of factors rather than just tabulation of all the factors mentioned in the case.

What is PESTEL Analysis

PESTEL /PEST / STEP Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study

PESTEL stands for – Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal factors that impact the macro environment in which Risk Jpl's operates in. Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes provides extensive information about PESTEL factors in Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study.

Political Factors

- Little dangers of armed conflict – Based on the research done by international foreign policy institutions, it is safe to conclude that there is very little probability of country entering into an armed conflict with another state.

- Political consensus among various parties regarding taxation rate and investment policies. Over the years the country has progressively worked to lower the entry of barrier and streamline the tax structure.

Economic Factors

- Inflation rate is one of the key criteria to consider for Risk Jpl's before entering into a new market.

- Foreign Exchange movement is also an indicator of economic stability. Risk Jpl's should closely consider the forex inflow and outflow. A number of Risk Jpl's competitors have lost money in countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Venezuela due to volatile forex market.

Social Factors

- Consumer buying behavior and consumer buying process – Risk Jpl's should closely follow the dynamics of why and how the consumers are buying the products both in existing categories and in segments that Risk Jpl's wants to enter.

- Leisure activities, social attitudes & power structures in society - are needed to be analyzed by Risk Jpl's before launching any new products as they will impact the demand of the products.

Technological Factors

- 5G has potential to transform the business environment especially in terms of marketing and promotion for Risk Jpl's.

- Artificial intelligence and machine learning will give rise to importance of speed over planning. Risk Jpl's needs to build strategies to operate in such an environment.

Environmental Factors

- Consumer activism is significantly impacting Risk Jpl's branding, marketing and corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives.

- Environmental regulations can impact the cost structure of Risk Jpl's. It can further impact the cost of doing business in certain markets.

Legal Factors

- Property rights are also an area of concern for Risk Jpl's as it needs to make significant Project management, Risk management, Strategic planning infrastructure investment just to enter new market.

- Intellectual property rights are one area where Risk Jpl's can face legal threats in some of the markets it is operating in.

What are Porter Five Forces

Porter Five Forces Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Competition among existing players, bargaining power of suppliers, bargaining power of buyers, threat of new entrants, and threat of substitutes.

What is VRIO Analysis

VRIO Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

VRIO stands for – Value of the resource that Risk Jpl's possess, Rareness of those resource, Imitation Risk that competitors pose, and Organizational Competence of Risk Jpl's. VRIO and VRIN analysis can help the firm.

What is Porter Value Chain

Porter Value Chain Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

As the name suggests Value Chain framework is developed by Michael Porter in 1980’s and it is primarily used for analyzing Risk Jpl's relative cost and value structure. Managers can use Porter Value Chain framework to disaggregate various processes and their relative costs in the Risk Jpl's. This will help in answering – the related costs and various sources of competitive advantages of Risk Jpl's in the markets it operates in. The process can also be done to competitors to understand their competitive advantages and competitive strategies. According to Michael Porter – Competitive Advantage is a relative term and has to be understood in the context of rivalry within an industry. So Value Chain competitive benchmarking should be done based on industry structure and bottlenecks.

What is BCG Growth Share Matrix

BCG Growth Share Matrix of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

BCG Growth Share Matrix is very valuable tool to analyze Risk Jpl's strategic positioning in various sectors that it operates in and strategic options that are available to it. Product Market segmentation in BCG Growth Share matrix should be done with great care as there can be a scenario where Risk Jpl's can be market leader in the industry without being a dominant player or segment leader in any of the segment. BCG analysis should comprise not only growth share of industry & Risk Jpl's business unit but also Risk Jpl's - overall profitability, level of debt, debt paying capacity, growth potential, expansion expertise, dividend requirements from shareholders, and overall competitive strength. Two key considerations while using BCG Growth Share Matrix for Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study solution - How to calculate Weighted Average Market Share using BCG Growth Share Matrix Relative Weighted Average Market Share Vs Largest Competitor

5C Marketing Analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory

4p marketing analysis of jet propulsion laboratory, porter five forces analysis and solution of jet propulsion laboratory, porter value chain analysis and solution of jet propulsion laboratory, case memo & recommendation memo of jet propulsion laboratory, blue ocean analysis and solution of jet propulsion laboratory, marketing strategy and analysis jet propulsion laboratory, vrio /vrin analysis & solution of jet propulsion laboratory, pestel / step / pest analysis of jet propulsion laboratory, swot analysis and solution of jet propulsion laboratory, references & further readings.

Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes (2018) , "Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Business Review Case Study. Published by HBR Publications.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution

Posted by John Berg on Feb-16-2018

Introduction

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study is included in the Harvard Business Review Case Study. Therefore, it is necessary to touch HBR fundamentals before starting the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis. HBR will help you assess which piece of information is relevant. Harvard Business review will also help you solve your case. Thus, HBR fundamentals assist in easily comprehending the case study description and brainstorming the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis. Also, a major benefit of HBR is that it widens your approach. HBR also brings new ideas into the picture which would help you in your Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis.

To write an effective Harvard Business Case Solution, a deep Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis is essential. A proper analysis requires deep investigative reading. You should have a strong grasp of the concepts discussed and be able to identify the central problem in the given HBR case study. It is very important to read the HBR case study thoroughly as at times identifying the key problem becomes challenging. Thus by underlining every single detail which you think relevant, you will be quickly able to solve the HBR case study as is addressed in Harvard Business Case Solution.

Problem Identification

The first step in solving the HBR Case Study is to identify the problem. A problem can be regarded as a difference between the actual situation and the desired situation. This means that to identify a problem, you must know where it is intended to be. To do a Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study analysis and a financial analysis, you need to have a clear understanding of where the problem currently is about the perceived problem.

For effective and efficient problem identification,

• A multi-source and multi-method approach should be adopted.
• The problem identified should be thoroughly reviewed and evaluated before continuing with the case study solution.
• The problem should be backed by sufficient evidence to make sure a wrong problem isn't being worked upon.

Problem identification, if done well, will form a strong foundation for your Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study. Effective problem identification is clear, objective, and specific. An ambiguous problem will result in vague solutions being discovered. It is also well-informed and timely. It should be noted that the right amount of time should be spent on this part. Spending too much time will leave lesser time for the rest of the process.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Analysis

Once you have completed the first step which was problem identification, you move on to developing a case study answers. This is the second step which will include evaluation and analysis of the given company. For this step, tools like SWOT analysis, Porter's five forces analysis for Jet Propulsion Laboratory, etc. can be used. Porter’s five forces analysis for Jet Propulsion Laboratory analyses a company’s substitutes, buyer and supplier power, rivalry, etc.

To do an effective HBR case study analysis, you need to explore the following areas:

1. Company history:

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study consists of the history of the company given at the start. Reading it thoroughly will provide you with an understanding of the company's aims and objectives. You will keep these in mind as any Harvard Business Case Solutions you provide will need to be aligned with these.

2. Company growth trends:

This will help you obtain an understanding of the company's current stage in the business cycle and will give you an idea of what the scope of the solution should be.

3. Company culture:

Work culture in a company tells a lot about the workforce itself. You can understand this by going through the instances involving employees that the HBR case study provides. This will be helpful in understanding if the proposed case study solution will be accepted by the workforce and whether it will consist of the prevailing culture in the company.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Financial Analysis

The third step of solving the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study is Jet Propulsion Laboratory Financial Analysis. You can go about it in a similar way as is done for a finance and accounting case study. For solving any Jet Propulsion Laboratory case, Financial Analysis is of extreme importance. You should place extra focus on conducting Jet Propulsion Laboratory financial analysis as it is an integral part of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution. It will help you evaluate the position of Jet Propulsion Laboratory regarding stability, profitability and liquidity accurately. On the basis of this, you will be able to recommend an appropriate plan of action. To conduct a Jet Propulsion Laboratory financial analysis in excel,

• Past year financial statements need to be extracted.
• Liquidity and profitability ratios to be calculated from the current financial statements.
• Ratios are compared with the past year Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations
• Company’s financial position is evaluated.

Another way how you can do the Jet Propulsion Laboratory financial analysis is through financial modelling. Financial Analysis through financial modelling is done by:

• Using the current financial statement to produce forecasted financial statements.
• A set of assumptions are made to grow revenue and expenses.
• Value of the company is derived.

Financial Analysis is critical in many aspects:

• Decision Making and Strategy Devising to achieve targeted goals- to determine the future course of action.
• Getting credit from suppliers depending on the leverage position- creditors will be confident to supply on credit if less company debt.
• Influence on Investment Decisions- buying and selling of stock by investors.

Thus, it is a snapshot of the company and helps analysts assess whether the company's performance has improved or deteriorated. It also gives an insight about its expected performance in future- whether it will be going concern or not. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Financial analysis can, therefore, give you a broader image of the company.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV

Jet Propulsion Laboratory's calculations of ratios only are not sufficient to gauge the company performance for investment decisions. Instead, investment appraisal methods should also be considered. Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV calculation is a very important one as NPV helps determine whether the investment will lead to a positive value or a negative value. It is the best tool for decision making.

There are many benefits of using NPV:

• It takes into account the future value of money, thereby giving reliable results.
• It considers the cost of capital in its calculations.
• It gives the return in dollar terms simplifying decision making.

The formula that you will use to calculate Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV will be as follows:

Present Value of Future Cash Flows minus Initial Investment

Present Value of Future cash flows will be calculated as follows:

PV of CF= CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + …CFn/(1+r)^n

where CF = cash flows r = cost of capital n = total number of years.

Cash flows can be uniform or multiple. You can discount them by Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC as the discount rate to arrive at the present value figure. You can then use the resulting figure to make your investment decision. The decision criteria would be as follows:

• If Present Value of Cash Flows is greater than Initial Investment, you can accept the project.
• If Present Value of Cash Flows is less than Initial Investment, you can reject the project.

Thus, calculation of Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV will give you an insight into the value generated if you invest in Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It is a very reliable tool to assess the feasibility of an investment as it helps determine whether the cash flows generated will help yield a positive return or not.

However, it would be better if you take various aspects under consideration. Thus, apart from Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s NPV, you should also consider other capital budgeting techniques like Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s IRR to evaluate and fine-tune your investment decisions.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory DCF

Once you are done with calculating the Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV for your finance and accounting case study, you can proceed to the next step, which involves calculating the Jet Propulsion Laboratory DCF. Discounted cash flow (DCF) is a Jet Propulsion Laboratory valuation method used to estimate the value of an investment based on its future cash flows. For a better presentation of your finance case solution, it is recommended to use Jet Propulsion Laboratory excel for the DCF analysis.

To calculate the Jet Propulsion Laboratory DCF analysis, the following steps are required:

• Calculate the expected future cash inflows and outflows.
• Set-off inflows and outflows to obtain the net cash flows.
• Find the present value of expected future net cash flows using a discount rate, which is usually the weighted-average cost of capital (WACC).
• If the value calculated through Jet Propulsion Laboratory DCF is higher than the current cost of the investment, the opportunity should be considered
• If the current cost of the investment is higher than the value calculated through DCF, the opportunity should be rejected

Jet Propulsion Laboratory DCF can also be calculated using the following formula:

DCF= CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + …CFn/(1+r)^n

In the formula:

• CF= Cash flows
• R= discount rate (WACC)

Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC

When making different Jet Propulsion Laboratory's calculations, Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC calculation is of great significance. WACC calculation is done by the capital composition of the company. The formula will be as follows:

Weighted Average Cost of Capital = % of Debt * Cost of Debt * (1- tax rate) + % of equity * Cost of Equity

You can compute the debt and equity percentage from the balance sheet figures. For the cost of equity, you can use the CAPM model. Cost of debt is usually given. However, if it isn't mentioned, you can calculate it through market weighted average debt. Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s WACC will indicate the rate the company should earn to pay its capital suppliers. Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC can be analysed in two ways:

• From the company's perspective, it can be analysed as the cost to be paid to the capital providers also known as Cost of Capital
• From an investor' perspective, if the expected return on the investment exceeds Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC, the investor will go ahead with the investment as a positive value would be generated.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory IRR

After calculating the Jet Propulsion Laboratory WACC, it is necessary to calculate the Jet Propulsion Laboratory IRR as well, as WACC alone does not say much about the company’s overall situation. Jet Propulsion Laboratory IRR will add meaning to the finance solution that you are working on. The internal rate of return is a tool used in investment appraisal to calculate the profitability of prospective investments. IRR calculations are dependent on the same formula as Jet Propulsion Laboratory NPV.

There are two ways to calculate the Jet Propulsion Laboratory IRR.

• By using a Jet Propulsion Laboratory Excel Spreadsheet: There are in-built formulae for calculating IRR.

IRR= R + [NPVa / (NPVa - NPVb) x (Rb - Ra)]

In this formula:

• Ra= lower discount rate chosen
• Rb= higher discount rate chosen
• NPVa= NPV at Ra
• NPVb= NPV at Rb

Jet Propulsion Laboratory IRR impacts your finance case solution in the following ways:

• If IRR>WACC, accept the alternative
• If IRR<WACC, reject the alternative

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Excel Spreadsheet

All your Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations should be done in a Jet Propulsion Laboratory xls Spreadsheet. A Jet Propulsion Laboratory excel spreadsheet is the best way to present your finance case solution. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory Calculations should be presented in Jet Propulsion Laboratory excel in such a way that the analysis and results can be distinguished to the viewers. The point of Jet Propulsion Laboratory excel is to present large amounts of data in clear and consumable ways. Presenting your data is also going to make sure that you don't have misinterpretations of the data.

To make your Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations sheet more meaningful, you should:

• Think about the order of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory xls worksheets in your finance case solution
• Use more Jet Propulsion Laboratory xls worksheets and tables as will divide the data that you are looking at in sections.
• Choose clarity overlooks
• Keep your timeline consistent
• Organise the information flow
• Clarify your sources

The following tips and bits should be kept in mind while preparing your finance case solution in a Jet Propulsion Laboratory xls spreadsheet:

• Avoid using fixed numbers in formulae
• Avoid hiding data
• Useless and meaningful colours, such as highlighting negative numbers in red
• Label column and rows
• Correct your alignment
• Keep formulae readable
• Strategically freeze header column and row

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Ratio analysis

After you have your Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations in a Jet Propulsion Laboratory xls spreadsheet, you can move on to the next step which is ratio analysis. Ratio analysis is an analysis of information in the form of figures contained in the financial statements of a company. It will help you evaluate various aspects of a company's operating and financial performance which can be done in Jet Propulsion Laboratory Excel.

To conduct a ratio analysis that covers all financial aspects, divide the analysis as follows:

• Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity ratios gauge a company's ability to pay off its short-term debt. These include the current ratio, quick ratio, and working capital ratio.
• Solvency ratios: Solvency ratios match a company's debt levels with its assets, equity, and earnings. These include the debt-equity ratio, debt-assets ratio, and interest coverage ratio.
• Profitability Ratios: These show how effectively a company can generate profits through its operations. Profit margin, return on assets, return on equity, return on capital employed, and gross margin ratio is examples of profitability ratios.
• Efficiency ratios: Efficiency ratios analyse how efficiently a company uses its assets and liabilities to boost sales and increase profits.
• Coverage Ratios: These ratios measure a company's ability to make the interest payments and other obligations associated with its debts. Examples include times interest earned ratio and debt-service coverage ratio.
• Market Prospect Ratios: These include dividend yield, P/E ratio, earnings per share, and dividend payout ratio.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Valuation

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Valuation is a very fundamental requirement if you want to work out your Harvard Business Case Solution. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Valuation includes a critical analysis of the company's capital structure – the composition of debt and equity in it, and the fair value of its assets. Common approaches to Jet Propulsion Laboratory valuation include

• DDM is an appropriate method if dividends are being paid to shareholders and the dividends paid are in line with the earnings of the company.
• FCFF is used when the company has a combination of debt and equity financing.
• FCFE, on the other hand, shows the cash flow available to equity holders only.

These three methods explained above are very commonly used to calculate the value of the firm. Investment decisions are undertaken by the value derived.

Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations for projected cash flows and growth rates are taken under consideration to come up with the value of firm and value of equity. These figures are used to determine the net worth of the business. Net worth is a very important concept when solving any finance and accounting case study as it gives a deep insight into the company's potential to perform in future.

Alternative Solutions

After doing your case study analysis, you move to the next step, which is identifying alternative solutions. These will be other possibilities of Harvard Business case solutions that you can choose from. For this, you must look at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis in different ways and find a new perspective that you haven't thought of before.

Once you have listed or mapped alternatives, be open to their possibilities. Work on those that:

• need additional information
• are new solutions
• can be combined or eliminated

After listing possible options, evaluate them without prejudice, and check if enough resources are available for implementation and if the company workforce would accept it.

For ease of deciding the best Jet Propulsion Laboratory case solution, you can rate them on numerous aspects, such as:

• Feasibility
• Suitability
• Flexibility

Implementation

Once you have read the Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR case study and have started working your way towards Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Solution, you need to be clear about different financial concepts. Your Mondavi case answers should reflect your understanding of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study.

You should be clear about the advantages, disadvantages and method of each financial analysis technique. Knowing formulas is also very essential or else you will mess up with your analysis. Therefore, you need to be mindful of the financial analysis method you are implementing to write your Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study solution. It should closely align with the business structure and the financials as mentioned in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory case memo.

You can also refer to Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard case to have a better understanding and a clearer picture so that you implement the best strategy. There are a number of benefits if you keep a wide range of financial analysis tools at your fingertips.

• Your Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR Case Solution would be quite accurate
• You will have an option to choose from different methods, thus helping you choose the best strategy.

Recommendation and Action Plan

Once you have successfully worked out your financial analysis using the most appropriate method and come up with Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR Case Solution, you need to give the final finishing by adding a recommendation and an action plan to be followed. The recommendation can be based on the current financial analysis. When making a recommendation,

• You need to make sure that it is not generic and it will help in increasing company value
• It is in line with the case study analysis you have conducted
• The Jet Propulsion Laboratory calculations you have done support what you are recommending
• It should be clear, concise and free of complexities

Also, adding an action plan for your recommendation further strengthens your Jet Propulsion Laboratory HBR case study argument. Thus, your action plan should be consistent with the recommendation you are giving to support your Jet Propulsion Laboratory financial analysis. It is essential to have all these three things correlated to have a better coherence in your argument presented in your case study analysis and solution which will be a part of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Answer.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Subjects Covered Budgeting Planning Project management Risk management

by Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes

Source: HBS Premier Case Collection

16 pages. Publication Date: Feb 18, 2010. Prod. #: 110031-PDF-ENG

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Case Study Solution and HBR and HBS Case Analysis

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Analysis

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Help

Jet propulsion laboratory case help.

We would be critically assessing Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Case Solution efficiency as a program supervisor at Health Devices and Laboratories Inc in the list below analysis which will look at 3 aspects of her role as a change management leader. First of all we would be highlighting locations where Case Solution Jet Propulsion Laboratory acted wisely and took choices which agreed with for the success of her recently designated function as a project manager. Strategic steps that were taken by companny in her existing role would be seriously evaluated on the basis of industry comparisons. Secondly we would be examining the reasons business failed to get the project carried out. In this location we would be highlighting the errors which were made by Jet Propulsion Laboratory which could have added to her failure to get the application done throughout her period as a project manager. Additionally we would be taking a look at other aspects which may have equally been responsible for the consequences. Examples from the case in addition to supported evidence from industry practices would be utilized respectively. After an extensive analysis of the case we would be taking a look at a section advising alternative actions which could have been taken by Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Case Solution that may have led to beneficial consequences. In this area we would be looking at examples from industry practices which have actually supplied options to problems which companny came across throughout her project management role. Our analysis would deal with concerns connected to conflict management, bullying and insubordination, interaction gaps within a company and qualities of a reliable leader.

Evaluation of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution Role as a Project Manager

Positive Efforts by Jet Propulsion Laboratory An analysis of Jet Propulsion Laboratory's function as a project supervisor at Heal Inc. shows that case study help had a major role in getting the project executed. She was certainly making a significant effort in the right instructions as evident by numerous examples in the case.

Project Requirement Gathering

Her preliminary efforts in terms of getting the project started definitely revealed that she was entering the right instructions. The requirements gathering stage for her project demonstrated how she was not making haphazard moves randomly however was working with a methodical technique in regards to handing the application. This appears by the truth that not only did she start a study to understand what was required for modifying Heal Inc.'s devices, she also embraced a market orientated method where she fulfilled different purchasers to understand what the marketplace was searching for. Furthermore, her decision to present Taguchi method, an extremely disciplined product design procedure she had actually learned in japan alsosuggested that she wished to bring in the very best market practices for the application. Taguchi techniques have been used for improving the quality of Japanese products given that 1960 and by 1980 it was understood by numerous companies that the Japanese techniques for guaranteeing quality were not as efficient as the Japanese methods (Wysk, Niebel, Cohen, Simpson, 2000). For that reason we can easily say that Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis preliminary efforts in terms of initiating the project were based upon a systematic concept of following best industry practices.

Creation of Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Task Force

The reality that she did not utilize a standard technique towards this execution is even more apparent by the creation of job force for the assignmentespecially as it was a complex project and a job force is typically the best technique for managing tasks which involve intricacy and organizational change (The Results Group. n.d) Since the project involved using more complicated innovation and coordination and teamwork were needed in design and production, companny's decision to choose a job force and Taguchi supplied ideal ingredients for taking the project in the ideal direction.

Choice of external vendor

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution had the ability to find a suitable option to the company's issue after a comprehensive analysis of facts that had actually been accumulated during her study. The truth that market leaders had formed tactical alliances and were going back to outside vendors for acquiring equipment recommended that the market trend was definitely changing and choosing an external supplier was an appropriate service. business's tip to go for an external vendor was an effective choice for the Project Hippocrates which was ultimately concurred upon by others in the team too although she was unable to convince the executive members throughout her role as a project supervisor. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Solution patience throughout the initiation days as a project manager can be seen by the fact that she did not change her choice about going ahead with the option of an outdoors supplier despite the fact that the decision proposed by her went through numerous initial obstacles in the kind of acceptance and rejection before being finally accepted as a plan that required to be taken forward. She strove during these times in collecting pertinent truths and figures which existed to the senior management where she had to face direct opposition from Parker who was providing discussions about a totally different option than the one which was being provided by Jet Propulsion Laboratory. So basically her preliminary role as a project supervisor was rather difficult in terms of convincing the management heads that her new proposed option was able to change the existing service that had actually been the company's success factor in the past. He capability to withstand her choice in spite of obstacles in the kind of possible rivalries from coworkers recommended how she truly wanted Project Hippocrates to be a success.

Respecting chain of command

We can see how Jet Propulsion Laboratory was appreciating her pecking order by following Dan Stella's order concerning avoiding any sort of direct conflict with Parker. Even when Parker was attempting to provoke companny during the meetings, she kept her calm indicating that she was intentionally making an effort in terms of keeping things under control in spite of her unwillingness to deal with Parker. This shows that she was doing the best thing in regards to avoiding any dispute which would can be found in the method of her brand-new initiative.Even if look as the approach taken by companny when she was dealing with Kane's direct attacks during subsequent conferences we can see that she kept preventing entering into a direct argument with Kane regarding the purchase of external equipment. Generally we can say that business was attempting to do the best thing by not indulging in office politics which could have contributed towards the failure of the project. Data and Facts accumulation If we neglect the social abilities that were being used by business to handle the problems at hand, we can see that she was certainly looking at the technical elements of the project and was working hard to build up data that could help in terms of supporting the truth that digital technology was required for the new design. For doing so she was initiating research study also and technical understanding of the existing system. Despite the fact that she was the project manager for this initiative, she was making certain that she understood the depth of the issue instead of just recommending an option which did not have adequate evidence to support it. Essentially we can add that her technique was proper as far as the recognition of the issue was concerned. Vendor Support in contract It was basically Jet Propulsion Laboratory case analysis efforts with the vendors which had actually led to the inclusion of continuing vendor support in the contact and later her style of settlement was utilized as a criteria for buying components from outside. companny not only managed to present the idea of going back to an outdoors vendor, she was able to highlight the significance of an outside agreement by indicating to the team that their failure to comply with the contact would cause difficulty for the business. So essentially companny was the push factor that ultimately resulted in the decision of effectively opting for an outdoors vendor with beneficial terms of contact for the business.

Case Solution for Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study

This area looks at alternative strategies that could have been taken by Jet Propulsion Laboratory case study analysis which might have led to a favorable outcome for her. The truth that she was not able to get the project carried out regardless of several efforts targeted at getting the management to accept her findings and suggestions as the supreme solution to the organization's challenge. Parker may have been a rather tough coworker and business had heard unfavorable things about him from others, the key to defusing conflict was to form a bond with him rather than be in a consistent defensive relationship with him which had ultimately messed up things for companny. This did not suggest that companny needed to begin liking him in spite of all the negativeness that was coming from his side. business needed to separate the 'individual' from the 'issue' rather than thinking of Parker as the problem which would have helped in refraining from acting defensive. While it was important for companny to be focused on the common goal that required to be accomplished, it was also essential to communicate with her colleagues and managers in order to make them see how she was not challenging their authority but was working towards the attainment of similar goals. companny was attempting to deal and negotiate without initiating the preliminary dialogue which was the primary factor which had actually led to offensive habits from her colleagues (George, 2007). companny required to refrain from displaying hostility throughout her presentations. The truth that she was actually utilizing information to slap the other party on the face was leading to aggression from the other side too. Generally the crucial thing to remember in this case was that companny needed to be direct and respectful while at the same time she ought to have acknowledged the truth that at times one requires to be skillful in terms of assisting the other individual 'conserve face'. The truth that companny was looking at data which was making Parker's analog service appear like an useless option was infuriating him and his group. Rather of merely tossing information and truths at the team, companny might have indulged in mutual dialogue where Parker could have been pleasantly spoken with for offering his feedback on companny's recommendations for fixing the existing issue. It should be kept in mind that Parker was not revealing anger over the introduction of a new technology or the truth that companny was recommending utilizing an outside supplier for the project but was upset over his authority being compromised due to the fact that of a brand-new coworker's suggestions which were directly connecting the service he had provided in the past (George, 2007). During an analysis of the case we have actually also seen how business was able to get hold of data and truths and yet she was unable to provide them to the senior management in a method which might get their attention focused on the details. While an action by step technique was essential for dealing with the actual implementation of the project, companny required to be succinct during her presentations intended at persuading Dorr and Dan that she was moving in the right direction. A last recommendation for companny would be to focus more on understanding the organizational culture rather than staying aloof and working solely on the project given that it's not practically finding the ideal solution however also about getting the cooperation of human resources to get the solution executed. We have actually seen from a though analysis that the company was essentially made up of people who had reliable characters. Dorr and Parker were examples of such people. companny needed to comprehend the complexities of this culture where challenging the authority of authoritative executives might trigger protective behavior. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Case Study Conclusion Our analysis has brought us to the conclusion that Jet Propulsion Laboratory's failure to get the project carried out during her function as a project manager can be contributed to the fact that she was inexperienced in dealing with reliable figures and acted defensively to support her arguments. Because this was business's very first role as a line supervisor, this did teach her numerous lessons which have actually made her see where she was going incorrect as a project manager.

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Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Subjects Covered Budgeting Planning Project management Risk management

by Robert S. Kaplan, Anette Mikes

Source: HBS Premier Case Collection

16 pages. Publication Date: Feb 18, 2010. Prod. #: 110031-PDF-ENG

Jet Propulsion Laboratory Harvard Case Study Solution and HBR and HBS Case Analysis

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