how to cite a quote from the bible in an essay

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• Introduction: Using and Citing Texts from the Bible

How to Cite and Reference Bible Texts in the APA 7th Edition Style

The Bible is a collection of books with many good principles that are applicable to everyday life. If you are new to reading and citing Bible texts, you may like to read the Quick-Start-Guide on “Introduction to Using and Citing Texts from the Bible” first.  If you’ve been reading the Bible and would like to learn how to cite Bible texts to support your essay arguments in the APA 7 format, this guide is for you.  

Bible texts may be cited in the APA 7 style similar to how we would cite a book. However, here are some points specific to citing and referencing Bible texts. Firstly, Bible texts are treated as not having an author. Instead, texts are cited and referenced based on the English translation version that was used. Secondly, we include the exact location of the text, whether we used the text as a direct quote, in a paraphrase, or in a summary. This is a general rule that also applies to texts from other religious books such as the Quran.  

In-Text Citations of Bible Texts in APA 7  

The selected version name is treated as a title and should be italicized (see examples below). Each book in the biblical library has a standardized abbreviation that can be used to indicate the specific location of a verse or a range of verses. For example, Matthew can be abbreviated as ‘Matt’ (see examples below). Check the complete list of standard abbreviations from the website below. The citation may be in a parenthetical or narrative format (see Example 4 below).  

Bible passages are coded by Book Chapter:Verse(s)    

Example : Jn. 3:16 and Eph. 3:14-21  

Basic In-Text Citation Format with Examples  

Basic In-Text Citation Format: 

( Bible Version Name , Year, Abbrev. Chapter Number:Verse number(s))  

Example 1 :    ( English Standard Version Bible , 2016, Matt. 6:33) – for a single verse   

Example 2 :    ( English Standard Version Bible , 2016, Matt. 6:31-34) – for a range of verses  

If the Bible is a repeat citation , the version title may be abbreviated:  

Example 3 : ( ESV , 2016, Matt. 6:33)  

If you would like to paraphrase the reference in a narrative format , you may write it as follows:  

Example 4 : In Matt. 6:33, Jesus encourages people to prioritize God’s kingdom in their lives ( ESV , 2016).  

Basic Bible Reference Format with Example  

Basic Reference Format: 

Bible Version Name . (Year). Publisher. URL  

Example :   International Standard Version Bible. (2014). Bible Gateway. https://www.biblegateway.com/  

Classical Texts with Original Publication Dates  

If the text is cited is a reprint from a classical version of the Bible, for example the King James Bible that was originally published in 1611, the format is:  

King James Version Bible . (1987). Bible Gateway. (Original work published 1611).  

Online Bible and Complete List of Abbreviated Names for the Books of the Bible  

https://www.biblegateway.com/  

https://www.esv.org/resources/esv-global-study-bible/list-of-abbreviations/  

Some Helpful Websites for APA 7 Formatting of In-Text citations and References  

Books and eBooks – APA Writing Guide – Research Guides at Liberty University  

https://libguides.up.edu/apa/biblical_sources    

Test Your Understanding  

Citing the Bible and other Biblical Resources

• Turabian Style
• Chicago Style
• Citing Bible Commentaries

A Note on Citing Bible Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, & Concordances

• Print Examples
• Database Examples
• Web Examples
• Citing Bible Atlases
• Citation Key

A General Note About Citing Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, & Concordances

• Dictionaries, encyclopedias, and concordances are treated the same in each style manual.
• To find the best example, there are two questions to ask yourself
• How did you access it?
• Is the entry signed or unsigned?

Find the Best Citation Example using these Prompts

Signed vs. Unsigned Entries

What is the difference?

• Signed entries have an author(s) listed (usually at the end of the entry).
• Unsigned entries have no author listed with the entry.
• << Previous: Citing Bible Commentaries
• Next: Print Examples >>
• Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024 2:38 PM
• URL: https://hbl.gcc.libguides.com/citebible

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How To Cite The Bible Mla

Beyond The Basics – What Does MLA Bible Citation Entail?

Whether you’re a student, professor, or even a pastor, knowing how to cite the Bible in MLA format is an important skill. After all, much of the language and many of the ideas found in the Scriptures are cited in academic papers and theological literature every day. But citing the Bible can be much more complicated than just referencing the chapter and verse. In this article, we’ll take a look at the components that go into an MLA Bible citation, as well as how to properly format and cite the Bible in your work.

Author Information

The first component of an MLA Bible citation is to include the name of the author. For example, in the case of the King James Version of the Bible, you would include the name “King James”. While this is important, there are other authors to consider when citing the Bible in MLA. For example, if you’re citing one of the ancient documents that make up the Bible, you’ll need to include the specific author’s name. Additionally, depending on the text you’re referencing, you may also need to include the editor(s) or translator(s) of the work. The aim here is to accurately identify who is responsible for the work, which is an important part of MLA Style.

Citing The Source & Publication Details

The next component of an MLA Bible citation is to include the source and publication details. This includes the name of the book (for example, the book of Exodus), the version (such as the King James Version or the New International Version), the year published, and where it was published. This information is usually included in the first few pages of the Bible (e.g., the title page or a table of contents). However, if you are referencing a specific passage, don’t forget to include the chapter and verse numbers when citing the Bible in MLA.

Biblical Quotations In Your Work

When directly quoting from the Bible in your work, you must credit the passage to the source. To cite a passage, include the book and chapter, followed by a colon and the verse number. You should also include quotation marks around the passage. For example: “For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life” (John 3:16).

Accessibility of The Bible

One important thing to consider when citing the Bible is the accessibility of the Bible. For MLA citation, you should include the URL or DOI of the Bible if it’s available. This is especially important if you’re citing an online version of the Bible, as it will allow your readers to locate and view the passage you’re referencing.

Listing Your Sources

When you’ve finished citing the Bible, you must include a list of your sources at the end of your paper. This list should include all of the sources you cited within your paper and should be formatted according to the guidelines of MLA style. This includes all of the author information, publication details, and URLs or DOIs for each of the sources you cited.

Importance Of Citing The Bible

Learning how to cite the Bible correctly is an important part of academic and theological writing. Not only does it ensure that you are giving proper credit to the source of your information, but it also allows your readers to easily locate and view the passages you’re citing. Being able to properly cite the Bible in MLA style is a crucial skill for students, scholars, and anyone else who has the task of citing Biblical literature in their work.

References & Further Reading

Citing the Bible correctly is no easy task, but there are plenty of resources available to help you learn the process. The official MLA style guide is a great place to start. Additionally, there are several websites and books available on the topic of Bible citation. Here are some resources to help you get started: • MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers: This helpful guide includes all the information you need to know about citing the Bible using the MLA style. • How to Cite the Bible: MLA Style: This helpful website from the Purdue University Online Writing Lab provides a helpful overview of how to properly use MLA Bible citation. • The Oxford Guide to Style: This comprehensive guide provides comprehensive guidance to all forms of written communication, including Biblical citation.

What Are The Benefits Of Learning How To Cite The Bible Mla?

Learning how to cite the Bible in MLA style is an important skill for anyone writing in the humanities or theology. By learning proper citation techniques, you will be better able to provide accurate credit to the source material and ensure that your readers have easy access to the passages you’re citing. Additionally, citing the Bible properly will demonstrate that you have a thorough understanding of the MLA citation style and will help to increase the credibility and professionalism of your work.

How Can I Learn MLA Citation?

There are a number of resources available to help you learn MLA citation. The official MLA Style Guide is a great place to start and will provide all of the information you need to get started. Additionally, there are several websites and books available on the topic of MLA citation. These resources can provide helpful guidance and step-by-step instructions for citing the Bible using the MLA style.

What Are The Limitations Of MLA Citation?

Like all citation styles, MLA has its limitations. For example, MLA citation does not provide a specific format for citing different versions of the Bible. Additionally, MLA does not provide specific guidelines for citing apocryphal books or other sources of Biblical information, such as commentaries and study guides. In these cases, it’s best to consult with your instructor or an academic librarian to determine the best way to cite the source material.

Tips For Citing the Bible In MLA Format

• Always include the name of the author or editor of the Bible you are citing, as well as the name of the version. • When citing a passage from the Bible, include the book, chapter, and verse. • Include the URL or DOI of the Bible if it’s available. This is especially important if you’re citing an online version of the Bible. • Include a list of your sources at the end of your paper. This list should include all of the sources you cited within your paper and should be formatted according to the guidelines of MLA style. • If you’re unsure of how to cite some of your sources, consult with your instructor or an academic librarian.

Marcos Reyna

Marcos Reyna is a Christian author and speaker. He is dedicated to helping create disciples of Christ through spreading the power of the gospel to others. He has written several books and articles on a variety of theological topics, including matters of faith, worship, biblical studies, practical ethics, and social justice. A trained theologian and devotee of spiritual writing, Marcos has a mission to spread Christian love everywhere. He lives with his family in Nashville, TN where he spends his days encouraging others to seek Christ's grace in all things.

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How To Cite A Bible In Chicago Style – Format & Examples

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Citing the Bible is a frequent practice in   academic writing , but the format of the citation depends on the style guide you choose. According to Chicago Style rules, the format of full and short notes has unique compounds that differ from other types of sources. Accurately citing the Bible in chicago style provides credibility and academic integrity in your academic work. This article aims to outline the chicago style citation format for the Bible including examples.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 How to cite a Bible in Chicago Style – In a Nutshell
• 2 Definition: How to cite a Bible in Chicago style
• 3 How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: In the text
• 4 How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: Abbreviations
• 5 How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: Different versions
• 6 How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: multiple verses or chapters

How to cite a Bible in Chicago Style – In a Nutshell

• Include the book, chapter, verse, and version.
• Include citations either in the body of your text within parentheses or footnotes .
• Including the Bible in your bibliography or reference list is not necessary.

Definition: How to cite a Bible in Chicago style

To quote in Chicago style, we usually list the book of the Bible, followed by the chapter (or psalm), verse(s), and Bible version.

Next, we will consider three different formats, depending on whether your citation is in the main text, in parentheses, or as a footnote.

Note : The format differs from other publications when considering how to cite a Bible in Chicago style.

How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: In the text

Chicago style allows traditional or shorter abbreviations for Bible books in parentheses and footnote citations. However, we generally use the longer name in the main text and always for the initial mention.

In addition, give the chapter and verse numbers separated with a colon, then the version.

From the Second Book of Timothy (English Standard Version).

• As stated in the Bible, God gave us a spirit not of fear but of power and love and self-control.
• 2 Timothy 1:7 (ESV)

This format applies to the Old and the New Testaments, including the Gospels and the Apostles’ letters.

• The Gospel of John tells us: “Jesus wept.”
• (John 11:35, NIV).

How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: Abbreviations

We can abbreviate the names of the books of the Old and New Testaments using either traditional or shorter book name abbreviations. Traditional abbreviations have a period after the abbreviated name, except for short book titles such as Joel, Luke, or John.

In contrast, some shorter abbreviations may appear less intuitive at first sight. You can use either set, but avoid alternating within the same document. Also, your faculty may issue guidance regarding which group to use.

Additionally, we can abbreviate version names and sections of the Bible. For example, the abbreviation ARV usually suffices instead of writing American Revised Version in full.

A complete list of abbreviations can be found below.

How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: Different versions

Over the centuries, translations of ancient scriptures have given rise to various Bible versions. Essays, college dissertations, and other academic papers citing the Bible should specify the version. Use the full or abbreviated version title as mentioned above.

• “Set your mind on the things that are above, not on the things that are upon the earth.”
• Colossians 3:2 (ASV).

The above refers to the American Standard Version of Colossians, chapter 3, verse 2.

Citing one Bible version

When citing a single version of the Bible in a footnote, give the version after the book, chapter, and verse.

• 1 Corinthians 13:13 (NIV).
• Colossians 3:2 (RSV).

These refer to the New International Version and Revised Standard Version, respectively.

Citing multiple Bible versions

Include the version name after the first citation. Subsequently, indicate only the version(s) if you quote from variations. Moreover, if you adjust the format to align with the citations, readers can easily compare version wording differences.

• Set your minds on things above, not on earthly things. Colossians 3:2 (NIV).
• Set your minds on things that are above, not on things that are on earth (NRS).
• Think about the things above and not things on earth (CEB).

The above examples of how to cite a Bible in Chicago style quote the New International Version, the New Revised Standard Version, and the Common English Bible, respectively.

How to cite a Bible in Chicago style: multiple verses or chapters

We cite various verses or chapters using an “en” dash, e.g., Gen 1:1-5, to refer to the first five verses of Genesis.

• Use the “en” or short dash (–)
• Do not use long hyphens (-) to link the chapter and verse numbers

How do I cite multiple verses?

Use a hyphen to link the verse numbers cited.

In the above example, to add the preceding verse, we use:

1 Corinthians 13:12-13.

You can also see how to cite a Bible in Chicago style for multiple versions above.

Should I give the page number(s) in Bible citations?

No, do not include page numbers. These depend on book runs and print settings.

Why use the Chicago style?

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) covers American English usage and is a reference for citations and formatting.

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Q. How do I cite the Bible in MLA format?

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Answered By: Lindsey Sinnott Last Updated: Jan 07, 2019     Views: 95

With MLA style, you need to cite the Bible two ways:  in the text  of your paper, and on your  Works Cited  page.

The  first  time you include a quote from the Bible, you need to include the translation, chapter (abbreviated), book, and verse, like this:

Paul urges Christians to "not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good and acceptable and perfect" ( English Standard Version , Rom. 12.2).

If you include quotations from the same translation later in your paper, you only need to include the book, chapter, and verse:

"Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything by prayer and supplication with thanksgiving let your requests be made known to God. And the peace of God, which surpasses all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus" (Phil. 4.6-7).  

Works Cited

On your works cited page, your citation should include the translation you used; the editor's name, if given; and the publication information. Examples are given below (note that  The  Message  is slightly different because it has an author, not an editor).

Printed Bibles

The English Standard Version Bible . New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. Print.

The New Oxford Annotated Bible . Ed. Michael D. Coogan. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. Print.

Peterson, Eugene H.  The Message: The Bible in Contemporary Language . Colorado Springs: NavPress, 2002. Print.

Online Bibles/Bible Gateway

English Standard Version . Bible Gateway. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.

Peterson, Eugene H.  The Message . Bible Gateway. Web. 25 Oct. 2012.

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Cite a Bible

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
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• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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How to Format a Quote in MLA

Last Updated: April 11, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Annaliese Dunne and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . Annaliese Dunne is a Middle School English Teacher. With over 10 years of teaching experience, her areas of expertise include writing and grammar instruction, as well as teaching reading comprehension. She is also an experienced freelance writer. She received her Bachelor's degree in English. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 49,786 times.

When writing a research paper or other report, you may find that you want to quote directly from a source. The Modern Language Association (MLA) has specific formatting guidelines for including direct quotes in your work. These guidelines differ depending on the length of the quoted material. Additional rules apply if you want to change or omit words from the quoted material so it flows well with your own writing. [1] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source

Including Short Quotations

• If the source text includes material in quotation marks, change those quotation marks to single quotation marks.
• For example, you might write: Freud considered a dream to be "the fulfillment of a wish."

Tip: The length of a quote refers to the length as typed in your paper, not the length as printed in the original source.

• For example, you might write: Freud considered a dream to be "the fulfillment of a wish" (154).
• Remember to include a complete citation to the source in your Works Cited at the end of your paper.

• For example, you might write: "Is it possible that dreams may express "profound aspects of personality?" (Foulkes 184).

• For example, you might write: In his poem, "Harlem," Langston Hughes questioned what happens to a dream deferred, wondering if it might "dry up / like a raisin in the sun" (24).

Creating Blockquotes

• The entire blockquote is indented .5 inches (1.3 cm) from the left margin.
• Maintain double spacing in your blockquote just as in the rest of your paper.

Tip: If you're using Microsoft Word, type the entire blockquote into your paper, starting on a new line. Then highlight the entire quote and press the tab key once to indent it correctly.

• The sentence immediately before a blockquote typically ends with a colon rather than a period.

• As with all blockquotes, indent the first line with the character's name .5 inches (1.3 cm) from the left margin.

• When quoting more than one paragraph, indent the first line of any new paragraph an additional .25 inches (0.64 cm) from the left margin.

• If you're quoting concrete poetry or another form where the spacing is integral to understanding the poem as a whole, it might be better to include a digital image of the poem, rather than trying to replicate it yourself.

• As with short quotations, if you included the author's name in your introduction to the blockquote, there's no need to include the author's name in the parenthetical citation. Just include the page number or page range where the quoted text can be found.
• When quoting poetry, place the parenthetical citation at the end of the last quoted line, regardless of the punctuation. If the line doesn't have any closing punctuation, there's no need to add any either before or after your parenthetical citation.

Editing Quotations to Fit Your Writing

• For example, suppose you want to quote a source that says "While they excelled at individual projects, they struggled with group projects." Previous sentences indicate that "they" refers to "introverted students. Your quote would read: "While they [introverted students] excelled at individual projects, they struggled with group projects."

• Grammatical errors are more likely to come up in quoted speech than in a written and edited text. If a source has very many errors in the text, this may be an indication that it isn't reliable and probably shouldn't be used as a source at all.
• Avoid using "sic" to make a political or editorial statement about the language the source is using. For example, if your source includes the word "mankind," you would be making a political or editorial statement to include a "sic" after the word. Even though in your view the word "humankind" may be more appropriate, "mankind" isn't grammatically incorrect.

• For example, you might write: "Students who described themselves as highly introverted liked group projects the least" (Briggs 24, emphasis added).

• If the material you omitted occurs at the end of the sentence, retain the period at the end of the sentence. It will look like 4 ellipsis points instead of 3.
• If there is other punctuation, such as a comma or a semi-colon, in the source text, retain that after your ellipsis. For example, a quote might read "Students enjoyed the individual projects . . . ; however, they did not like working in groups." Note that you include a space before the first ellipsis point, as well as a space after the last ellipsis point.
• If you're quoting a source that uses ellipsis points as "suspension points," meant to indicate a hesitation or pause in speech rather than omitted words, put your own ellipsis points in brackets to distinguish them from the original text.

• For example, suppose you wanted to use the beginning of a sentence in the middle of one of your sentences. To change the initial capital letter, you might write: Percy Bysshe Shelley argued that "[p]oets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world."

Tip: If you have to make too many changes to the source text, it may look cluttered and will negatively affect readability. Consider recasting your sentence or only quoting snippets of the source text, rather than using the full sentence.

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Thanks for reading our article! If you’d like to learn more about writing, check out our in-depth interview with Annaliese Dunne .

• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_formatting_quotations.html
• ↑ https://columbiacollege-ca.libguides.com/MLA9/in-text
• ↑ https://research.wou.edu/mla/mla-blockquote
• ↑ https://www.unr.edu/writing-speaking-center/student-resources/writing-speaking-resources/mla-quotation-punctuation
• ↑ https://style.mla.org/when-to-use-sic/
• ↑ https://style.mla.org/cite-altered-quotation/
• ↑ https://depts.washington.edu/engl/askbetty/changing_quotations.php

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Citing Scripture

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Turabian: A Manual for Writers Online

Turabian Style -- Books of the Bible

When you refer to whole chapters/whole books of the Bible or Apocrypha in the text of your paper, spell out the names of the books; do not italicize or underline them. 

 Example :  2 Samuel 12 records the prophet Nathan’s confrontation of King David.

Footnotes/Endnotes/Parenthetical References

Cite the Bible in footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical citations.   You do not need to include the Bible in your bibliography/reference list.

When you are citing a particular passage of Scripture , include the abbreviated name of the book, the chapter number, and the verse number—never a page number.  Chapter and verse are separated by a colon.

Example :  1 Cor. 13:4, 15:12-19

Example :  Gn 1:1-2, 2:1-3; Jn 1:1-14

Note that Turabian includes two lists of abbreviations for books of the Bible : a traditional abbreviation list and a shorter abbreviation list.  Click here to see the lists of abbreviations.  You may use either list, but be consistent throughout your paper.  Or if you like, you may check with your professor. Include the name of the version you are citing .  You may either spell out the name of the version, at least in the first reference, or you may use abbreviations without preceding or internal punctuation.  After the first citation you need to indicate the version only if you quote from another version.

** Information taken from A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , 9 th ed., 2018, sections 17.8.2, 19.8.2, and 24.6.1-4. Note:  A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations , edited by Kate L. Turabian, is an abbreviated version of The Chicago Manual of Style .

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• Last Updated: Aug 26, 2020 4:00 PM
• URL: https://libguides.conception.edu/scripturecitations

APA In-Text Citations and Sample Essay 7th Edition

This handout focuses on how to format in-text citations in APA.

Proper citation of sources is a two-part process . You must first cite each source in the body of your essay; these citations within the essay are called in-text citations . You MUST cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text citations, you are technically in danger of plagiarism, even if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay.

In-text citations point the reader to the sources’ information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided.

More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.

Citation Rules

Direct quotation with the author named in the text.

Heinze and Lu (2017) stated, “The NFL shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly as the field itself evolved” (p. 509).

Note: The year of publication is listed in parenthesis after the names of the authors, and the page number is listed in parenthesis at the end of the quote.

Direct Quotation without the Author Named in the Text

As the NFL developed as an organization, it “shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly” (Heinze & Lu, 2017, p. 509).

Note: At the end of the quote, the names of the authors, year of publication, and page number are listed in parenthesis.

Paraphrase with 1-2 Authors

As the NFL developed as an organization, its reactions toward concussions also transformed (Heinze & Lu, 2017).

Note: For paraphrases, page numbers are encouraged but not required.

Paraphrase with 3 or More Authors

To work toward solving the issue of violence in prisons begins with determining aspects that might connect with prisoners' violent conduct (Thomson et al., 2019).

Direct Quotation without an Author

The findings were astonishing "in a recent study of parent and adult child relationships" ("Parents and Their Children," 2007, p. 2).

Note: Since the author of the text is not stated, a shortened version of the title is used instead.

Secondary Sources

When using secondary sources, use the phrase "as cited in" and cite the secondary source on the References page.

In 1936, Keynes said, “governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment” (as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257).

Long (Block) Quotations

When using direct quotations of 40 or more words, indent five spaces from the left margin without using quotation marks. The final period should come before the parenthetical citation.

At Meramec, an English department policy states:

To honor and protect their own work and that of others, all students must give credit to proprietary sources that are used for course work. It is assumed that any information that is not documented is either common knowledge in that field or the original work of that student. (St. Louis Community College, 2001, p. 1)

Website Citations

If citing a specific web document without a page number, include the name of the author, date, title of the section, and paragraph number in parentheses:

In America, “Two out of five deaths among U.S. teens are the result of a motor vehicle crash” (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2004, Overview section, para. 1).

Here is a print-friendly version of this content.

Learn more about the APA References page by reviewing this handout .

For information on STLCC's academic integrity policy, check out this webpage .

For additional information on APA, check out STLCC's LibGuide on APA .

Sample Essay

A sample APA essay is available at this link .

• How to Cite
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How to Cite Passages From a Book in an Essay

A writer can emphasize and support his ideas in an essay by citing book passages. Generally, writings submitted for scholastic credit must follow a widely acceptable format. The American Psychological Association and Modern Language Association writing styles are commonly used for high school and college works and have specific rules for quoting book passages.

According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (Sixth Edition), citations include the authors' last names and publication years at the beginning of book quotes. Page numbers, preceded by the letter p, end quotes.

For example, Smith, (2012) states "beta blockers can prevent heart attacks" (p. 246).

Book quotes with 40 or more words are indented 1/2 inch from the left margin without quotation marks. The authors' last names with publication dates in parenthesis begin long quotes. The quotes should end with parenthetical page references.

According to the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Paper (Seventh Edition), citations for short book quotes include the author's last name and page number in parenthesis.

For example, "proper use of beta blockers prevents heart attacks" (Smith 244).

Long passages of four or more lines are indented 1 inch from the left margin without quotation marks. The parenthetical author's name and page number are placed at the end of the cite.

Complete References

APA and MLA require full cites in reference or works cited pages of essays. APA cites include the author's name, publication year, book title, and location and name of the publisher. MLA requires the author's last and first name, book title, location and name of the publisher, and year published. MLA also identifies the publication medium at the end of the cite, such as print.

Need help with a citation? Try our citation generator .

• Purdue Online Writing Lab: In-Text Citations: APA Citation Basics
• Purdue Online Writing Lab: MLA Formatting Quotations
• The Writing Center: University of Wisconsin: Using Literary Quotations
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
• MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th ed.

Maggie Lourdes is a full-time attorney in southeast Michigan. She teaches law at Cleary University in Ann Arbor and online for National University in San Diego. Her writing has been featured in "Realtor Magazine," the N.Y. State Bar's "Health Law Journal," "Oakland County Legal News," "Michigan Probate & Estate Planning Journal," "Eye Spy Magazine" and "Surplus Today" magazine.

MLA Citation Style

• Web Sources
• Music and Videos
• Common Sources
• Back to All Citation Styles

Scriptural Texts

As with other printed works, you should cite the specific edition of Scripture you consulted. General terms like Bible, Talmud, or Koran are not italicized, but a specific version title is. The in-text citation should point to the book, section, or division and line number, not the page number of the text.

Title of the Book: Plus a Subtitle. Contributor or Editor Firstname Lastname, Publisher, Year of Publication.

The Jerusalem Bible: A Reader's Edition. General Editor, Alexander Jones, Doubleday, 2000.

A Translated Text

Title of the Book: Plus a Subtitle. Translated by Firstname Lastname. Publisher, Year of Publication.

The Qu'ran. Translated by M.A. Abdel Haleem, Oxford UP, 2004.

Classical Works

Classical and Medieval works are not usually cited by page number, but should include line number, divisions, columns, etc.

Lastname, Firstname. Title of the Book: Plus a Subtitle. Edited/ Translated by Firstname Lastname, Publisher, Year of Publication.

Homer. The Iliad. Translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 1998.

Knox, Bernard. Notes. The Iliad. Written by Homer, translated by Robert Fagles, Penguin Books, 1998.

Lecture or Class Presentation

Lastname, Firstname. "Title of Presentation." Name of Specific Event. Name of Conference or Organizing Event, Date, Location

Bell, Christina. "It Takes a Village: Digital Scholarship in the Liberal Arts College." Starting From Scratch: Build You Digital Scholarship Center Program. American Library Association Annual Conference, 28 June 2015, Orlando Convention Center, Orlando, FL.

Federico, Sylvia. "Vikings, Monsters, and Others (Anglo-Saxon vs. Scandinavian Cultural Encounters)." Medieval Re-Enactment: The Battle of Maldon. Bates College, 5 May 2016.

Government Document

Any citation entry of a document from a government agency should begin with the name of the government, then the agency name, with any other organizational bodies between them. Names are arranged smallest to largest entity. U.S. Congressional publications should include the number and session of the Congress, and the identifying number of the publication. The MLA Handbook defers to the Chicago Manual of Style and The Bluebook for further details on managing government documents in citations. Both titles are available in the reference collection at Ladd Library. 

Name of Country or State, Name of Agency, Additional Agencies as needed. Title of the Report: Plus a Subtitle. Publisher, Year of Publication.

United States, Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control. Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury Epidemiology and Rehabilitation. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/pdf/tbi_report_to_congress_epi_and_rehab-a.pdf.

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Table of Contents

Ai, ethics & human agency, collaboration, information literacy, writing process, quotation – when & how to use quotes in your writing.

• © 2023 by Joseph M. Moxley - University of South Florida

What is a Quotation?

A quotation refers to the precise replication of words or phrases from another source, embedded within one’s own writing or speech. To distinguish these directly borrowed elements from original content, writers use quotation marks. Additionally, they provide citations or footnotes to trace back to the original source, maintaining the integrity of the content.

Related Concepts: Copyright ; Information Has Value ; Inserting or Altering Words in a Direct Quotation ; Intellectual Property ; Omitting Words from a Direct Quotation ; Plagiarism ; Scholarship as a Conversation

Why Does Quotation Matter?

When writers incorporate quotations, they aren’t merely borrowing words. They’re strategically weaving the collective wisdom of past thinkers into their narrative, bolstering their arguments, and enhancing their credibility .

• Recognition of Scholarly Foundations: Quotations enable writers to highlight and pay respect to the foundational works, insights, and contributions of past scholars, researchers, and theorists. By doing so, they acknowledge the deep roots of knowledge and ideas that have paved the way for present-day discussions and discoveries.
• Authentic Representation in Discourse: Quotations preserve the precise wording of an author, grounding the reader directly in the original discourse. Unlike paraphrases or summaries , which reinterpret or condense an author’s message, quotations maintain the unaltered essence, subtleties, and nuances of the original statement.
• Validation: Quotations may function as compelling evidence , fortifying the claims a writer has made in their argument
• Building upon Established Knowledge: Quotations illuminate existing ideas, paving the way for writers to elaborate on, challenge, or pivot them toward new directions.
• Preservation of Nuance: Quotations capture the intricate subtleties of unique expressions and poetic language, ensuring that their inherent meaning remains unaltered.
• Positioning within a Discourse: Through quotations, writers can align or differentiate themselves within specific intellectual landscapes, debates, or traditions.
• Credibility: Meticulous citation and thoughtful quotation are hallmarks of a diligent writer, revealing their commitment to professional and ethical codes of conduct.

What Do Writers Quote in Academic and Professional Writing

In both academic and professional writing , quotation serves multiple functions:

• Authenticity and Credibility : Quoting directly from a source provides evidence that the information is based on established research or authoritative accounts . It adds weight to arguments, showcasing that they aren’t merely opinions but are backed by recognized studies or experts in the field.
• Respect for Copyright & Intellectual Property : Academic and workplace writers, trained in critical literacy skills , follow citation conventions meticulously. This diligence stems from their respect for copyright laws and the broader principles of intellectual property . Properly citing and quoting indicates an acknowledgment of the original creator’s contribution and ensures that their work is not appropriated without due credit.
• Preserving Original Meaning: Paraphrasing or summarizing can sometimes inadvertently alter the original meaning or nuance of a text. Quoting ensures that the exact words and context provided by the original author are retained.
• Engaging the Reader: Quotations can be used strategically to capture the reader’s attention. A well-chosen quote can make an article or essay more engaging, invoking curiosity or emphasizing a point.
• Paying Homage: Quoting acknowledges the original creators of content. It’s a form of respect, indicating that their words have made an impact and are deemed worthy of repetition and recognition.
• Avoiding Plagiarism : In academic and professional contexts, using someone else’s words or ideas without proper citation is considered unethical and can have serious repercussions. Quoting, accompanied by appropriate citation, ensures that credit is given where it’s due.
• Enriching Content: Quotations can introduce diverse voices and perspectives into a piece of writing. They can be used to support or counter arguments, provide alternative viewpoints, or illustrate a point more vividly.
• Encouraging Deeper Engagement: When readers encounter a quotation, especially one from a recognized authority or a profound piece of literature, it prompts them to reflect on its meaning, perhaps encouraging them to seek out the original source and engage more deeply with the topic .
• Clarifying Complex Ideas: At times, original texts may communicate complex ideas in a way that’s particularly clear or compelling. Quoting such passages can assist the writer in conveying these complexities without the risk of oversimplification.

When Should You Use Quotations in Your Writing?

There are five major reasons for using quotations:

• Evidential Support: To back up claims or arguments with concrete evidence .
• Illustrative Purposes: To give specific examples or to illuminate a point .
• Eloquence and Impact: Sometimes, the original phrasing is so poignant or well-expressed that paraphrasing might dilute its power or clarity.
• Appeal to Authority: Quoting renowned figures or experts can bolster the credibility of an argument .
• Attribution : To give credit to the original source or author and avoid plagiarism .

When Should I Quote as Opposed to Paraphrasing or Summarizing?

Quoting, paraphrasing , and summarizing are all essential techniques in writing , allowing writers to incorporate the ideas of others into their work.

In general, however, because readers do not want to read miscellaneous quotations that are thrown together one after another, you are generally better off paraphrasing and summarizing material and using direct quotations sparingly. Students—from middle school, college, through graduate school—sometimes believe loads of quotations bring a great deal of credibility , ethos , to the text . Yet, if too many quotes are provided, the text loses clarity .

Like everything else in life, balance is the key. The problem with texts that use extensive direct quotations is that they tend to take attention away from the writer’s voice , purpose , thesis . If you offer quotations every few lines, your ideas become subordinate to other people’s ideas and voices, which often contradicts your instructor’s reasons for assigning research papers—that is, to learn what you think about a subject.

Below are some general strategies you might consider when determine it’s best to quote, paraphrase, or summarize:

• Heart of the Argument: When a passage directly encapsulates the essence of the discussion, quoting ensures the original message isn’t diluted.
• Eloquence & Precision: Some texts are so beautifully articulated or precisely worded that rephrasing would diminish their impact or clarity .
• Eyewitness Accounts: Dramatic firsthand accounts of events can lose their emotional potency if not presented verbatim.
• Influential Authorities: Quoting recognized experts or influential figures can lend credibility to an argument .
• Pertinent Data: Specific statistics or data points, when exactness is crucial, should be quoted directly.
• Challenging to Rephrase: Some complex ideas or specialized terminologies can be hard to rephrase without altering the original meaning.

Paraphrasing

• Clarification: When the original text is dense or hard to understand, a paraphrase can clarify the message for the reader.
• Integration: To weave source material more seamlessly into one’s writing, a paraphrase can be more fluid than a direct quote.
• Modification: If a writer wishes to emphasize a particular aspect of the source material or adapt it for a different audience , paraphrasing allows for this flexibility.

Summarizing

• Overview: Summaries are excellent for providing readers with a snapshot of a larger work or body of research.
• Brevity: When the main gist of a longer text is relevant, but details aren’t necessary, summarizing captures the essence in fewer words.

In all cases, whether quoting, paraphrasing, or summarizing, proper attribution is vital to respect the original author’s intellectual property and to provide readers with a clear path to the primary source.

Is It Okay to Edit Quotations for Brevity and Clarity ?

Yes, editing quotations for clarity and brevity is often necessary, especially when you want to emphasize your own voice and perspective in your writing . Utilizing direct quotations from reliable sources enhances your credibility , but extensive quotations can overshadow your voice and detract from your main argument . Responsible writers prioritize both the quality and the quantity of their quotations, selecting only the most pertinent words or phrases to articulate their points effectively.

How Can I Effectively Shorten a Quote?

• Opt for integrating the part of a quotation that is most impactful, concise, and uniquely expressive.
• Extract only the key segments of the quote that align with your argument , employing ellipses where you omit sections.
• Aim for quotations that span no more than two lines.
• Adhere to the 10% rule: quotations shouldn’t exceed 10% of your paper’s total word count.
• Always respect guidelines given by instructors or publishers regarding quotation length.

Example: Trimming a Quote for Brevity

Original quote:.

“Hand-washing is especially important for children in child care settings. Young children cared for in groups outside the home are at greater risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, which can easily spread to family members and other contacts. Be sure your child care provider promotes frequent hand-washing or use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers. Ask whether the children are required to wash their hands several times a day — not just before meals.” (“Hand-washing: Do’s and Don’ts” 2)

Revised Quote with Context :

Parents should be concerned about their child’s hand-washing habits—not only under supervision at home, but when the child is being cared for by others. Experts from the Mayo Clinic staff advise that “[h]and-washing is especially important for children in child care settings. . . . Be sure your child care provider promotes frequent hand-washing” (“Hand-washing: Do’s and Don’ts” 2).

What is the Purpose of Ellipses in Quotations?

Ellipses, represented by three dots ( . . . ), indicate that a portion of the original text has been removed for brevity , relevance, or clarity.

How Should Ellipses Be Formatted Within a Quotation?

• Spacing : There should be a space before, between, and after each of the dots. Example :“Original thought . . . remains crucial.”

When Is It Appropriate to Use Ellipses in a Quotation?

• To remove non-essential information that doesn’t alter the quote’s original meaning.
• To make the quotation fit seamlessly into the writer’s sentence or argument.

Are There Any Cautions to Consider When Using Ellipses?

• Avoid altering the original intent or meaning of the quotation.
• Refrain from overusing ellipses; excessive omissions can make the quote unclear or misleading.
• Do not start or end a quotation with ellipses, unless it’s essential to convey that the quote is part of a larger context.

How Do I Use Ellipses After a Complete Sentence?

If you’re omitting content following a complete sentence, the ellipsis points should come after the sentence’s ending punctuation.

Correct : “He enjoyed the evening. . . . They discussed various topics.”

Incorrect : “He enjoyed the evening. . . They discussed various topics.”

Remember, while ellipses help in streamlining quotations, they should be used judiciously to ensure the integrity of the original text remains intact.

Can I Make Changes to Quotations? If So, How to Do I Alert My Readers to Those Changes?

• Purpose of Brackets in Quotations : Brackets [ ] are used to insert or alter words in a direct quotation for clarity, explanation, or integration.
• Example: “It [driving] imposes a heavy procedural workload on cognition…”
• Reminder: The word ‘driving’ clarifies the pronoun ‘it’.
• Example: “[D]riving imposes a heavy procedural workload [visual and motor demands] on cognition…”
• Point: Brackets offer deeper insights on the “procedural workload”.
• Example: Salvucci and Taatgen propose that “[t]he heavy cognitive workload of driving suggests…”
• Note: The change from uppercase ‘T’ to lowercase ‘t’ is indicated with brackets.
• Example: “Drivers [are] increasingly engaging in secondary tasks while driving.”
• Note: The verb changes from past to present tense, and this change is enclosed in brackets.
• Incorrect: “It (driving) imposes a heavy procedural workload…”
• Correct: “It [driving] imposes a heavy procedural workload…”
• A Key Caution : Don’t misuse brackets to alter the original text’s intent or meaning. Always represent the author’s intent accurately.
• Do use brackets to enclose inserted words for clarity or brief explanation.
• Do use brackets to indicate changes in letter case or verb tense.
• Don’t use parentheses in these scenarios.
• Never use bracketed material to twist the author’s original meaning.

Remember, the aim is to ensure clarity and respect the original author’s intent while making the quotation fit seamlessly into your writing.

For More Information on Shortening Quotations, See Also:

• Inserting or Altering Words in a Direct Quotation
• Omitting Words from a Direct Quotation (MLA)
• Omitting Words from a Direct Quotation (APA)

Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021, December 10). Hand-washing: Do’s and don’ts. Mayo Clinic .

Related Articles:

Block quotations, suggested edits.

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APA Writing Guide: Reference Page

• Formatting for Undergraduates
• Formatting for Graduate Students
• In-text Citations
• Books and Ebooks
• Journal Articles
• Misc.Citations

General Guidelines

To see an example of the reference list in an APA formatted paper, take a look at the sample paper  provided by Liberty University's Writing Center. The Reference page is usually the last section of the paper.

• Generally, the Reference page is called 'References'; however, if only one source is used, the title should read: Reference
• The title 'References' should be bolded and centered.
• Remember that all sources mentioned in the paper must also appear on the reference page except for personal communications (such as private letters or telephone conversations) and general references to whole websites (versus a specific page or item on the website).
• Example: Smith, J.
• The second line of each reference entry should be indented using a hanging indent, meaning they should be indented 5 spaces or 1/2 inch. In Word, you can highlight your reference entries, right click, choose Paragraph, and set your indentation to “Hanging” to accomplish the hanging indentation in your references.

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Persuasive Essays: How to cite sources

• Choosing a topic
• Primary Sources - Web Links
• Writing Persuasive Essays
• How to cite sources
• Evaluate Sources

Why Cite Sources

Once you have located and read an adequate number of sources, incorporated ideas from your reading with your own understanding of the topic, and presented your analysis of your topic in a research paper, it is essential to cite the sources and you must use the proper bibliographic format to do so.

The main reason for citing your sources is to give credit to those authors whose ideas you used in your research. Even when you do not quote directly from another work, if reading that source contributed to the ideas presented in your paper, you must give the authors proper credit by including their work in your bibliography. Citing your sources allows readers of your work to easily find the sources to which you've referred.

If you do not cite the sources upon which your research is based, you will be guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is using the ideas and writings of others and representing them as your own. Even if you do not copy another source word-for-word, but rather rephrase the source without attributing it to the original author by including a citation, you are guilty of plagiarism. Plagiarism is a serious violation of academic standards and is punishable with a failing grade, possible expulsion from the institution, and may subject you to ostracism by your peers. The increasing availability of electronic information has unfortunately made it easy to copy another author's works.

(The text in this box was created by Eric Brenner)

"Works Cited" or "References" vs. "Bibliography"

The most common way to cite sources is to use a "Works Cited" or "References" list at the end of your research paper. "Works Cited" is the title of your list of citations when using the MLA (Modern Language Association) format ; the title "References" is used when citing sources using APA (American Psychological Association) style. The list includes a citation for each of the sources you used to write your paper. The citations are formatted in a consistent style according to whichever citation format is used. Many instructors specify which format they prefer; some leave it up to the students as long as they maintain one consistent format.

A "Bibliography" is not the same as a "Works Cited" or "References" list. In your "Works Cited" or "References" you only list items you have actually cited in your paper. In a "Bibliography" you list all of the material you may have consulted in preparing your essay, whether or not you have actually cited the work. A "Bibliography" may include any sources related to the topic of the research paper.

The list of all citations is commonly organized in a single alphabetical list. Each different type of source--book, magazine article, journal article, newspaper article, article from a reference book, World Wide Web page--has a precise format that is specified by the given format (MLA, APA or other).

Which type of format do you need?

• MLA Citation 9th ed. Guide from Skyline College Library
• MLA 9th ed. Short Handout from Skyline College Library
• MLA FORMAT (commonly used for English and other humanities papers) From Purdue University's Online Writing Lab.
• APA Citation Guide from Skyline College Library
• APA format from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) website
• APA Sample Paper
• Chicago Style (commonly used for history papers)
• CSE Style (commonly used for science papers)

Legal Citation Formats: MLA, APA, Turabian Style Hints (from LexisNexis)

Cases MLA Case title, U.S. Reports citation, page numbers, docket number, name of the court, year of decision, Internet address, and date of accessing the site. Example: Fullilove v. Klutznick. 448 U.S. 448. 448-554. No. 78-1007. US Supreme Court. 1980. Online. LexisNexis® Academic. (11 Feb. 2010).

APA Case title, U.S. Reports citation, year of decision, and Internet address. Example: Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980) [Online] Retrieved from http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic.

Turabian Case Name, Reports Citation (Year of Decision) LexisNexis main URL (accessed date for Turabian). Example: Fullilove v. Klutznick, 448 U.S. 448 (1980). Accessed 13 February 2010; available from LexisNexis Academic http://www.lexisnexis.com/us/lnacademic

Codes MLA Title number, statute book of the U.S. Code. section. year. publication medium, name of computer service, and date of access. Example: 42 US Code. Sec. 405. 1998. Online. LexisNexis® Academic. 13 February 2010.

APA Act or Section Name, Abbreviated Citation et seq. (Edition year of the Code) Retrieved date from LexisNexis Academic database. Example: Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act, 20 U.S.C. §2301 et seq. (2006). Retrieved 13 February 2010 from LexisNexis Academic database.

Turabian Act or Section Name. U.S. Code. Year. Vol(Which is really title number, but Turabian style forces you to use Volume), section number. Accessed date; available from LexisNexis Academic Example: Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Act. U.S. code. 1998. Vol 20, sec. 2301. Accessed 24 March 2005; available from LexisNexis Academic

In-text Citation

• MLA In-text Citation Guide from Skyline College Library
• MLA in-text documentation: How to Cite a Work within the Text of Your Paper (Parenthetical Citations)
• APA Style In-text Citation Guide from Skyline College Library
• APA in-text documentation: How to Cite a Work within the Text of Your Paper (Parenthetical Citations)

Annotated Bibliography

• How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography
• Questions for Evaluating and Annotating Any Source
• Annotation examples Examples for Informative/Descriptive Annotation and Critical Annotation.
• Annotated Bibliography Samples from OWL (Online Writing Lab) Samples for APA, MLA and Chicago Manual Style.
• MLA Style Annotated Bibliography (links to PDF document) MLA formatting with explanations.

Automated Bibliography Formatting

There are quite a number of free automated citation generators available on the Web; for examp

easybib  -- free only for MLA citation

bibme   -- limited free APA, MLA and Chicago citation

KnightCite  -- free APA, MLA and Chicago citation

mybib.com -- free  APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA and many other citations

zoterobib -- free  APA, MLA, Chicago , AMA, CSE and many other citations; good tool to create,  verify, or convert your citation style.

Note: always check for accuracy.

Tutorials on Citing Sources

• MLA Tutorial (from Hunter College, City University of New York)
• MLA Interactive Tutorial (from Tallahassee Community College)
• APA Interactive Tutorial (from Tallahassee Community College)
• APA Tutorial (from University of Southern Mississippi)
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / Book Citations / Learn how to cite “The Epic of Gilgamesh” translated by Andrew George

Learn how to cite “The Epic of Gilgamesh” translated by Andrew George

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for The Epic of Gilgamesh translated by Andrew R. George using the examples below. The Epic of Gilgamesh  is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

If you are looking for additional help, try the EasyBib citation generator .

Popular Citation Styles

Here are The Epic of Gilgamesh citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

Additional Styles

Here are The epic of Gilgamesh citations for 14 popular citation styles including Turabian style, the American Medical Association (AMA) style, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) style, IEEE, and more.

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