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Stress Cause and Effect

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Causes of stress, effects of stress.

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causes and effects essay about stress

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Stress: causes and effects

1. introduction.

Stress can be defined as an automatic physical reaction to too much mental or emotional pressure. This can be detrimental to many people's mental and physical well-being. Appley and Trumball (1986) regard stress as 'a response to stimulus conditions characterized by a sense of loss of control and predictability and a functional demand exceeding the resources of the person'. The importance of studying stress is that it has a bearing on individual behavior and these behaviors could be costly to organizations. Stress has been proven to affect efficiency, increase the rate of accidents and sick leave, and decrease job satisfaction. All of these outcomes incur substantial economic costs to organizations. Stress has also been linked to various health problems such as gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, infections, and psychological problems with anxiety and depression. If it can be identified what causes the stress, or which stressors have the detrimental effects, organizations are in a better position to design and implement interventions to prevent stress and promote employee well-being. This is because it is well established that scientific understanding preludes effective intervention and research has demonstrated that increased academic understanding of stress has directly led to intervention aimed at reducing and preventing stress.

1.1. Definition of stress

Stress is a term that is often used in everyday conversation, and it is a term that is most commonly used within the modern fast-paced world. Yet, what is it that we are really referring to when we talk about stress? Hans Selye (1956) believed that the term stress is used to describe a set of reactions that we have in certain situations. These reactions are mostly nonspecific and can vary from person to person and from situation to situation. The term stress has many definitions and has been used to describe a variety of different things in a number of fields. In everyday conversation and in the field of psychology, the term is most commonly used to describe an unpleasant feeling that has been elicited by a situation that we would rather avoid. The term has also been used to describe many different things, including a stimulus, life events, a result, and a process. Stress can cause mental, emotional, and physical harm, so it is a concept that is deemed negative. Stress can be caused by something happening to us or the anticipation of something happening to us. For example, we might get stressed before an interview because we are anticipating that they might ask us to do something that we don't want to do, or we feel that we don't have enough skill or knowledge in that area. Stress can have very different effects depending on the person and the situation. It might evoke an immediate reaction or it might have a delayed or sustained reaction.

1.2. Importance of studying stress

It is clearly understood that people go through stress in every stage of their life, but student life is very crucial because at this stage an individual is preparing to shape his/her future. Career selection is amongst the significant decisions of life. Choosing a wrong career option and repenting later is not the wise thing to do in such an advanced and competitive era. Stress and depression are side effects of wrong career selection. Many students taking higher studies are not sure about what career to opt for. This is because of ignorance about new career options available. If not decided wisely, this may result in an increase of studies and qualifications of an individual and less output. This creates frustration about failure in a career and a realization of waste of money and time. On the other hand, some students are so sure of their career option that they become overambitious and get disheartened by smaller obstacles. In both cases, students experience stress. It is very necessary to avoid such kind of circumstances. Here it is important to create awareness of new and various career options available, about education required for a particular career, different paths to the career, what the career demands, etc. In short, guidance about the whole career. This will help students to take a right career option and reduce chances of stress because of failure in a career. Stress in students may directly be related to exams. Exam stress has become so common that people take it very lightly. Recent research shows that it takes an extreme turn and increases suicide rates amongst students because of examination failure. This is a very serious issue. Research on how to avoid exam stress, creating different examination techniques or grading systems so as to reduce the gap between an intelligent and an average student, creating confidence about passing an examination, etc. are various methods to prevent this. An individual attaching to a particular candidate can work out an examination technique which would help him. It is very important for the development of this technique that it should involve various practice exams. Summation of giving exams will result in a comparison of recent and first exam which will help in finding the progress of a candidate. This concludes that anything to reduce stress on the examination can be a long-run qualitative study and a solution for generations.

2. Causes of stress

Work is an important element of most people's lives. The pressure to perform in a work environment is often a great catalyst in the experience of stress. Stress is not only a result of a person's immediate circumstances or traumatic experiences. Chronic stress can be the byproduct of one's early upbringing as well. It has been shown that persons who are poorly nourished, neglected, or abused at an early stage of their life are at a higher risk for stress later in life. This can occur through behavioral patterns learned by people as a result of stress, or direct physiological and psychological damage. In studying the effects of stress, it is important to also consider the personality of an individual. Certain personality types are more prone to chronic stress, while others are able to dissipate stress more quickly and avoid it in the long term. Studies have identified Type A personality as being a risk factor in the development of chronic stress. This is a person who is characterized by impatience, hostility, and aggressiveness. It is theorized that the competitive drive and desire to achieve of Type A people cause them often to take on more than they can cope with, and become chronically frustrated in the process. It is also suggested that the behavior of Type A is a risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease, the effects of stress on this condition could provide further research on the stress-disease relationship.

2.1. Work-related stress

Work-related stress has been defined in various ways. For example, it has been described as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. An influential example of work-related stress is role ambiguity and role conflict. Role ambiguity is a lack of clarity about what the expectations and requirements of one's role are, resulting in uncertainty. Role conflict is having contradictory demands on a person in their roles. A common example of role conflict is work-home interference, where the conflicting demands of work and home result in adverse effects on health and well-being. These models show how the way the job is designed can have a direct effect on the stress levels experienced by workers. A more recent development of our understanding of work-related stress is the job demands-resources model. Quite simply, this model suggests that any adverse physical or psychological condition experienced by the worker is a result of a lack of resources to deal with the demands of the job. This can lead to a spiral of strain whereby the inability to deal with the demands of the job, due to a lack of resources, results in adverse effects. For example, an employee who has too many tasks on his/her to-do list (job demand) without the necessary time to complete them to a satisfactory standard (resource), will feel overly pressurized and may end up burning out. This model has been seen as a major advancement as it identifies the root cause of adverse conditions and also suggests an effective way for intervention. By increasing resources and reducing demands, conditions can be improved for individuals or groups.

2.2. Personal factors contributing to stress

Poor physical conditions are the major reason for stress. Personal health is an important factor which contributes to stress. When a person doesn't have good health, many things will not be possible in his life. Inability to perform the work and financial difficulties caused by poor health result in stress. It becomes a vicious circle. Stress has a number of bad effects on the individual's physical and mental health. Emotional symptoms of stress are depression, anxiety, and irritability. These can be more disabling than the physiological symptoms. Usually, the person who is under a lot of stress is not able to notice the emotional symptoms and will deny that it is a problem. Behavioral symptoms of stress are changes in appetite, either under eating or overeating, angry outbursts often over small issues, drug and alcohol abuse, and an increase in doing recreational activities such as watching TV for hours. These symptoms can have more of an impact on the person. For example, drug abuse can result in financial problems which will increase stress. If the person denies that there is a stress problem, these symptoms can develop to a point where the person will have a mental breakdown. This is one of the most damaging effects of stress and should be carefully monitored. Stress can affect job performance resulting in loss, and financial difficulties are a major cause of stress. When stress goes out of control, it can result in suicide. This is the most damaging effect of stress, so help should be sought at an early stage.

2.3. Environmental factors causing stress

Stress is caused by a variety of factors. It can be triggered by a single event or sustained by small problems. Environmental causes of stress are situations in your external world that create stress. It might be a major life change or something small that throws you off balance. There are three different kinds of environmental stress: catastrophes, major life changes, and daily hassles. Catastrophes are unpredictable large-scale events that can cause a great deal of stress and destruction. These events occur to many people and can have major effects on people's lives. An example of this would be the tsunami in 2006. It killed over 200,000 Indonesians and South Asians and caused $7 billion in damages. Natural disasters like this are known to cause PTSD and larger scale issues than just stress. However, the stress caused could be long-term and have significant effects on someone's mental health.

3. Effects of stress

During a stress reaction, the adrenal glands release adrenaline, a hormone which prepares the body for emergency action. This adrenaline causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The person may experience rapid shallow breathing, an increase in muscle tension, and a "knot in the stomach", a dryness of the mouth and trembling. This happens even during very low levels of stress, and the increased level of adrenaline in the blood may continue for some time after the stress is over. All these physical effects make the body more susceptible to illness and, if the stress continues, there is a risk of the person causing more serious damage to their health. For example, research indicates that high levels of stress increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. The common sense opinion that it is better to expel one's anger than to bottle it up seems to be a valid one. For example, in the only study to date to examine risk of heart attack in relation to methods of anger expression, men who had suffered heart attacks were compared with healthy men of the same age and ethnicity and in the same neighborhood. The only demographic difference between these two groups was level of education. There was no difference between the groups in the intensity with which they normally experience anger and no difference in how repressed their anger was - a situation that seemingly stimulates adrenaline no more than one where a person lets out his aggression. But in fact, the men who had suffered heart attacks were significantly more likely to have trouble controlling their anger and to express it in a way that involved direct verbal or physical aggression towards other people. The most likely reason behind this is that aggressive outbursts are simply more efficient in removing the source of anger than hitting a punch bag or going for a long run. And so, people are more likely to continue to experience anger and to feel repeatedly annoyed by different situations if they are trying to restrain from expressing that anger directly. This is particularly true since one of the major.

3.1. Physical effects of stress

Chronic stress has a long-lasting effect on the body. Not only can it result in damage to internal organs, but it can also cause an individual to age prematurely. However, it has been reported that exercise can act as a protective factor for physical health. People who are more physically active are less likely to suffer the chronic effects of stress. Selye (1956) was one of the first psychologists to investigate the effects of stress on the immune system. He exposed rats to a variety of stressors, including heat and cold, and found that they all produced the same physiological and pathological changes as seen in humans and other animals under stress. Selye (1940) identified a syndrome that consisted of alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. He believed this syndrome was the common response to prolonged and/or severe stress in humans and animals. He also found that the rats who were exposed to the stressors were more likely to develop diseases and their immune systems were severely compromised. This syndrome was later termed 'General Adaptation Syndrome' (GAS), where the nonspecific response of the body to any demand was described by Selye as stress (Anon, 1981). Many aspects of his theory have been used to greatly influence today's models related to the effects of stress on the human body.

3.2. Psychological effects of stress

Anger is among the most intense psychological effects of stress. It is a natural adaptive response and it can vary widely in intensity from mild irritation to frustration or, in severe cases, to fury and rage. The increase in aggression often comes with an increase in hostility, frequent confrontation, and a lessened ability to solve problems in an analytical way. Often, these types of emotions can damage a person’s relationships and can lead to them becoming socially isolated. The consequences of isolating oneself because of anger can be as damaging as the anger itself has on others. It can lead to depression and, in turn, have a detrimental effect on mental health. Stress can have varying effects on depression, and in some cases, it can actually suppress it. However, the buildup of long-term stress can make depression more likely. It is said to be linked to about 80% of all severe depression cases. Sometimes, the effects are more subtle. Chronic stress has the ability to cause memory loss or a decrease in the ability to learn, which can contribute to onset dementia in the elderly. Recent studies have linked stress to a rapid increase in the buildup of plaques on the brain, which cause dementia. This implies that stress may have long-term effects on cognitive function in varying age groups. In severe cases, stress can be so mentally damaging that it results in severe acute mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.

3.3. Social effects of stress

Although research into the effects of stress has often focused on the physiological and psychological consequences, it is also important to consider the social implications of stress. Often, inability to cope with stress and the resulting anxiety and depression has negative effects on relationships with close friends and family, the main source of social support in our society. When stressed, an individual may become irritable and withdrawn, reducing the amount of support that he or she receives and also reducing the quality of that support. If the stressor continues or increases in severity, the relationship between the stressing condition and social support may become a circular one, with support attempts failing to alleviate the stress and actually worsening the condition as the support giver becomes fatigued and stressed from their unsuccessful efforts. If the stress is still not dealt with effectively, it can cause a permanent rift in a relationship, damaging the long-term social support available to that individual. Stress has also been linked to the development of substance abuse as a method of coping. In a study, it was found that the presence of stress increased the likelihood of alcohol consumption, and that coping motives partially mediated the stress-drinking relationship. If an individual becomes reliant on a substance such as alcohol as a method of escape from their stress, this can further reduce the available support in times of stress, as the inebriated behavior of the individual can be irritating and irrational, driving away friends and family, in addition to creating further stress for the individual. Alcohol-dependent people also tend to have less contact with supportive friends and more negative interactions with their spouse, further worsening social support and increasing the likelihood of relationship conflict and breakdown. An individual's working life is also susceptible to the detrimental effects of stress. A study found that employee exposure to chronic work stress can lead to a loss of personal resources and an increase in negative work attitudes, and in some extreme cases can cause the onset of PTSD. There is a defined link between unemployment and mental health problems, with the unemployed having a higher chance of experiencing mental health problems, and stress causing an increased likelihood of unemployment, creating a potential circular relationship between work and stress with multiple negative outcomes. At a wider level, certain stressors in the working environment have been associated with negative social policy level outcomes. An example of this would be the USA's decision to declare war on drugs in order to alleviate the high stress and substance abuse levels in lower income populations. This resulted in the subsequent increased incarceration rates for drug offenses and a cycle of social and economic decline for already stressed and impoverished communities, thus creating a net increase in stress for the demographic and furthering the problems that the policy aimed to alleviate.

4. Coping mechanisms for stress

This stage tasks the individual with the job of trying to reduce the source of stress or its severity. There are a number of different methods that can be employed in order to reduce the severe impact and allow a person to deal with stress in a more constructive way. A stressor may be an acute event such as a difficult task or a chronic thing like a daily commute. In either instance, the idea behind coping with the stress involves changing either the external environment or the individual's interpretation of the situation. This is a core principle of Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) transactional model. This model has contributed the idea that if a person believes they have the resources to deal with a stressor, they are less likely to be stressed. This is particularly important because the release of the stress-related hormone cortisol has been shown to disrupt short-term memory and plays a major role in a person's interpretation of a situation. This can result in a spiraling circle where stress changes the view of a situation, making a person less able to deal with it.

4.1. Healthy lifestyle choices

Participants identified a number of healthy lifestyle choices that can help individuals to avoid or minimize their exposure to stressful situations and help them to cope better with stress when it occurs. Several related their perspective on the impact of food and eating patterns on their stress levels. Most commonly, they pointed to the negative impact of a poor diet (often characterized as 'eating badly') and identified that when people are feeling stressed, they are more likely to eat unhealthily. This typically involves consuming comfort foods and/or high-energy snacks, as well as often missing meals and then eating erratically. In contrast, a number of participants also identified healthy eating as a specific strategy for coping with stress. Planning and eating well-balanced meals at regular intervals were considered by some as a way of providing the physical and emotional energy to cope with stressful events, and by others as a way of regaining a sense of control over one's life by deciding to make changes to food and eating patterns. This reflects the complex and sometimes contradictory relationship between stress and dietary behavior, such that stress can lead to changes in eating which can further impact on stress. This understanding may be important for the development of dietary interventions to help people cope with stress. In other healthy lifestyle changes, exercise was often seen as an antidote to the detrimental effects of stress. It was commonly viewed as a means of not only protecting oneself from the negative impact of stress but also as a way of using stress productively by expending energy in a positive and healthy manner. This is consistent with the widely researched beneficial effects of exercise for both physical and mental well-being. Several other participants also pointed to specific types of activities such as engaging in hobbies and travel as a way of taking time out from stressors and providing relief and recuperation. Finally, a number of participants identified the value of making changes to work and employment as a means of either reducing stress exposure or improving the ability to cope with any stress that does occur. This included strategies such as changing jobs or working patterns, reducing work hours, or ceasing employment in order to take care of oneself or spend more time with family. Suggestions were also made about the need for policy-level changes within certain industries and the broader workforce to promote healthy working practices and work-life balance.

4.2. Stress management techniques

Cognitive-based approaches teach problem-solving skills and better ways of thinking about stressful events. During treatment, the therapist may teach you how to identify and challenge thoughts that are making you feel worse. For example, if you have the thought "I can't do this, everything is too stressful," we might ask you to think of times when you have managed similar situations successfully or we might examine what skills you have that would help in this situation. Skills learning involves practicing a skill in a structured way, with guidance. These skills may either be new skills or skills that you already possess but have not been using effectively. Problem solving involves teaching a person a method that can help them to systematically find solutions to problems that at the moment may seem overwhelming. The two main types of problem solving are: Problem Orientation – this is a general attitude that problems can be solved, that there are better and worse ways to approach a situation and that a solution may be reached through planning and trying to change things. The second type is specific problem-solving techniques. These are steps one can follow to work out a practical solution to a specific problem when there is much uncertainty about what to do. A useful starting point is to break down a problem into manageable parts and work out exactly what is going on. The next stage is generating a range of alternative solutions. You can then weigh the pros and cons of each alternative and finally try out a solution and evaluate the outcome. Using these techniques can help to make a situation more solvable and problem solve continuously reduces stress. Finally, training in social competence skills or assertiveness training helps people to do better in social situations and to reduce the stress caused by the behavior of others. Simulation of reality allows the client to rehearse coping with potential stressors or past stressors in a safe and controlled environment and then being able to do this effectively in the real world. Muscle Control and Biofeedback are the treatments that involve the use of muscle relaxation or other physiological readings to gain control over certain bodily functions. Relaxation techniques basically involve voluntary tensing and releasing of certain muscle groups in the body. This makes the individual more aware of the physical tension in the body and can help relax and reduce this tension. This can also help to break the vicious cycle of negative thoughts and worry leading to stress, which then leads to physical tension in the body. Biofeedback is a technique that involves providing the individual with information about their physiological state with which they are not normally in touch, in order to increase awareness and conscious control of that physiological state. This is done using electronic monitoring of certain physiological functions and then giving feedback in the form of sight, sound, or image when a change toward a predefined desirable direction of change occurs in the monitored function. This feedback allows the person to change their physiological state to a more relaxed state, and they then learn to reproduce this state without the feedback. Biofeedback has been used for a variety of specific health problems, but research into its effects on general stress and anxiety concludes that the only strong evidence for its effectiveness is with tension headaches.

4.3. Seeking professional help

Seeking professional help can be effective if a person feels stressed and cannot cope with the situation on their own. There are many different types of professionals who can help; they may be a GP, a psychologist, or a psychiatrist. A doctor can help to identify whether the stress is caused by an underlying medical condition. They can also discuss symptoms and alternative treatments. If the stress is determined to be a result of a medical condition, they can then refer the person to a suitable mental health professional. This professional will be able to help manage the condition and its impact on the person's life. A psychologist can help to identify the causes of the stress and ways to alleviate the symptoms. They will usually do this by identifying thought patterns and behavioral habits. Once ways to alleviate the symptoms are realized, the psychologist's work can continue, aiming to enhance cognitive and behavioral functioning in daily life. If someone has tried to manage stress themselves but has continued to feel overwhelmed and has suffered symptoms such as changes in sleep and eating patterns, it may be necessary to consult a psychologist.

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Home / Essay Samples / Health / Stress / The Impact of Stress: Understanding Causes and Effects

The Impact of Stress: Understanding Causes and Effects

  • Category: Life , Health
  • Topic: Challenges , Stress , Stress Management

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  • The demands of the job,
  • The degree that control staff have over how they do their work,
  • The degree of support they receive by colleagues and superiors,
  • Their relationships with colleagues,
  • Whether they understand their roles and responsibilities properly,
  • How far the company consults staff over workplace changes.

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