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Graduate Education

The real cost of grad school in the us, nearly everyone gets funding, but the financial demands of getting a phd can catch some off guard, by wynne parry, special to c&en, november 2, 2021 | a version of this story appeared in volume 99, issue 41.

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• Expanding American Sign Language’s scientific vocabulary

Graduate school has a reputation of being difficult, but when Nyesa Enakaya moved to Washington, DC, to start her PhD in chemistry at Howard University, she found the pressures were more than academic. Nearly all chemistry PhD programs come with a guaranteed income, but for some students, the money goes only so far.

Enakaya started in a stronger position than many. Not only was she debt-free, but she had savings, and with her parents’ help she made a down payment on a condo near her new institution. Together, her monthly mortgage and homeowners’ association (HOA) fees cost less than renting in the area. This arrangement will also make it possible for her to sell when she graduates.

Her 9-month teaching assistant’s salary of $20,000 sounded like a lot at first, even though it’s less than the average chemistry stipend of $26,000. But as her first school year began, it became clear that her monthly paychecks amounted to roughly the same amount as her mortgage, HOA fees, and utility costs. She had little to nothing left over for all the expenses that typically accompany graduate school, such as health insurance, fees charged by the school, and, of course, food, let alone anything unexpected.

“I just saw my bank account draining,” says Enakaya, now in her fifth year at Howard. “I wasn’t making enough money to support myself, and I was losing all of my savings.”

In chemistry and closely related fields, PhD students almost always receive financial support to cover the cost of their tuition and their living expenses. That’s not true of those in chemistry master’s programs or many who pursue degrees in other areas, such as the humanities and medicine, for which funding is much less consistent. Even so, PhD student stipends in chemistry are never lavish.

While many manage just fine, others quickly learn that their stipends cover much less than they expect or need. Routine costs, including taxes and health insurance, add up quickly. A high cost of living, as in a place like the District of Columbia, undergraduate debt, and unforeseen expenses can all contribute to a financial shortfall and the stress and frustration that accompany it.

However, not everyone struggles. Overall, funding appears to meet students’ needs more often than not. In an American Chemical Society survey conducted in 2019, 62% of US graduate students in the chemical sciences said their financial support was adequate, a decrease of roughly 7 percentage points from 2013.

Amrit Venkatesh says the financial package for his chemistry PhD at Iowa State University, which included a stipend that reached $26,600, seemed reasonably well matched to the cost of living in Ames, Iowa. “I would definitely not call it underpaid,” he says.

After he finished his master’s degree in his native India, Venkatesh at first didn’t seriously consider going to the US for a PhD. He wanted to take time to consider his options, and he assumed that programs in the US would be too expensive for him to afford. After deciding to pursue a PhD in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, he began looking for a strong program. In the process, he learned that the school that would become his top pick, Iowa State, offered a stipend that he believed he could live on. “I only applied after I was convinced I could make it work,” he says.

Tips from experts and grad students

Before starting a PhD program

Talk to current or recent grad students

When undergraduates give Sarah Goh, a professor of chemistry at Williams College, lists of programs that interest them, she connects them with Williams alums. “I will say, OK, so email these six people and ask them what the program is like and what their life is like.”

Learn about loans

Payments on many, but not all, student loans can be deferred while you’re in graduate school. Federally subsidized loans are the only ones that won’t accrue interest while you are in a grad program, says Ryan Stuart, a family life and finance educator at Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. Compared with undergrads, grad students pay higher interest rates and are more likely to encounter lifetime borrowing limits.

Ask yourself whether you can afford to live there

When you are close to selecting a program, draft a detailed budget tailored to your individual needs and the local cost of living, says Emily Roberts, owner of Personal Finance for PhDs. As part of your research, ask current students if the stipend is livable, she says.

Prepare yourself

Before you start your program, Roberts recommends paying down any credit card or other debt and establishing a cash reserve to keep you afloat, in case it takes some time to get your first paycheck. If you anticipate needing additional income and think you’ll have the time, energy, and freedom, she recommends establishing a side job before you start your program.

Talk to fellow grad students

Your colleagues are the “biggest encyclopedia for budgeting finances,” says Katie Johnson, a recent PhD graduate from the University of Nevada, Reno. “The graduate students that have been there for 2, 3, 4 years, they already know how to do it,” she says. Not only do other students know where to find the cheapest rent and phone bill, but they also may become your roommates.

Make a spending plan (aka budget)

“There is literally no way to figure out if you can survive on any amount of income if you don’t have a plan in place,” says Stuart, who finds that people are generally more receptive to the prospect of making a “plan” versus a “budget.” He recommends using PowerPay’s free online planning tools.

Rightsize your housing

Financial experts typically recommend spending no more than 30% of your monthly income on housing. If that share creeps up much higher, “that is a big red warning flag that you need to do the best you absolutely can to downgrade your housing costs,” Roberts says. That can mean getting a roommate or moving, if feasible.

Establish an emergency fund

Whether it’s a car accident or a last-minute trip home, unexpected expenses come up. Stuart recommends that students put aside at least $400 just in case. If you can manage $1,000, all the better; if not, aim to build up to that amount. Once you have a more regular, stable income, try to set aside 3 to 6 months’ worth of expenses, he says.

Start saving now

You may have a hard time imagining retirement right now, but Stuart and others recommend that you start putting something aside for it. Thanks to compounding interest, “even little amounts over longer periods of time are going to be much higher in the long run,” he says.

While US chemistry graduate students can receive funding from a number of sources, for most students, the institution where they study provides a stipend as compensation for teaching or research. To keep students focused, some institutions discourage or even forbid them from taking on outside jobs.

On average, US schools pay $26,814 for doctoral students working as research assistants and $26,082 for their counterparts working as teaching assistants, according to another ACS survey in 2019, this one of chemistry programs. These numbers, however, obscure enormous variation between both programs and students, who sometimes receive funding from additional sources, such as certain fellowships.

In spring 2014, after struggling to find accurate and up-to-date stipend information online, Emily Roberts launched the PhD Stipend Survey , which now has almost 11,000 entries. The results aren’t perfect—a few entries list unbelievably high amounts—but the survey is the closest thing to a clearinghouse for PhD stipends.

Roberts, who holds a PhD in biomedical engineering, cautions that a dollar amount on its own is meaningless. “Without putting that stipend in the context of the local cost of living, you really don’t yet have any idea of whether that stipend can pay even for basic living expenses,” says Roberts, now the owner of Personal Finance for PhDs .

To account for the cost of living, her survey uses data from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Living Wage Calculator for a single person with no dependents to calculate a living-wage ratio. A ratio less than 1 raises “a red flag,” Roberts says.

Housing, in particular, can strangle students’ finances. The high cost of living near the University of California, Santa Cruz, drove graduate students at this institution to strike in December 2019. They demanded a $1,412 per month raise, an increase they calculated would allow students to spend less than 30% of their pretax income on rent, the proportion recommended by financial experts.

On July 1 of this year, Connor Brandenburg, an organic chemistry student at UC San Diego, got a raise that brought his finances nearly in line with this rule. After his department increased students’ stipends from $31,000 to $34,000 per year, his rent—$897 a month for a studio in university-run housing—accounted for about 32% of his pretax income.

But, within a year and a half, this share may grow substantially. In April 2023, he will have exhausted the 2 years of on-campus housing the university allotted him as a graduate student. Off-campus rents for a comparable studio can run up to $1,700, Brandenburg says, so he’s planning to downgrade.

“I’m 24. I don’t necessarily want to share a room with someone anymore, [but] financially, that may be my only option,” he says.

In addition to rent, graduate students face an expense familiar to undergraduates: fees, which some institutions levy separately from tuition. Like so much else, fees can vary considerably between schools.

This fall, the bill for graduate students at the Georgia Institute of Technology amounted to as much as $1,097 for 10 fees , which include money to fund student organizations, transportation services on campus, and a general-purpose “special institutional” fee.

Most of these charges are recommended by the school’s president and set by the Board of Regents for the University System of Georgia, which includes Georgia Tech. The largest of these fees, the special institutional fee, is an exception. The board instituted it in 2009, at first temporarily, to compensate for state budget cuts. But funding reductions remained in place and so did the fee, growing from $100 to $344 for graduate students.

While Georgia taxpayers may benefit from this shift, the accumulating fees make a difficult situation worse for Krista Bullard, a fifth-year PhD student in chemistry and biochemistry at Georgia Tech. Through a fellowship at the school’s Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Bullard earns $29,000 a year, an amount that she has found doesn’t match the cost of living in Atlanta.

“I have my parents’ car. They pay my car insurance; they pay for my phone,” she says. “I don’t think I could do it on my own.”

Like many other students, she has loans from her undergraduate degree, which add to the financial pressure. The end may be in sight, however, because she plans to graduate in May.

“I’m really pushing for that, mostly because I really can’t afford to stay any longer,” she says.

Fees typically don’t include another common cost: health insurance. Some institutions, including Georgia Tech, require students to purchase plans offered through the school or prove they have comparable coverage. But some programs provide free coverage.

Roughly a year after finishing his PhD, Venkatesh says his financial experience turned out “about the same as what I expected.” That doesn’t mean it was easy. Like many other students, he made the money work through a combination of hard work, self-discipline, and, on occasion, painful trade-offs.

After moving from India, Venkatesh faced a distinct set of financial challenges: he needed to send money back home to his family and, after he got married at the end of his first year, to support his wife, whose visa restrictions severely limited her options for earning income in the US. Tight finances, as well as the demanding work culture of American academia, contributed to the most difficult part of his entire PhD experience: traveling home only twice.

Together, he and his wife carefully managed their money, and Venkatesh figured out a way to supplement his stipend. While at Iowa State, he earned a series of academic honors—fellowships, scholarships, and a prize for research publications—that brought in between $1,000 and $10,000 after each year of his program.

“I have seen graduate students who manage the stipend significantly better than even I did,” he says. “But there were also students who might say the exact opposite, who were really struggling from month to month.”

In contrast, Enakaya’s expectations of living on her stipend evaporated after she started her program at Howard. At first she made do by using her savings and credit cards. She also found work tutoring and teaching, as well as paid summer internships, and her adviser provides her with some additional funding for her research. Her success lining up outside income, however, has come at a cost.

Over the most recent summer, for example, she interned at Brookhaven National Laboratory while teaching biochemistry and a Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) prep course virtually. For 12 weeks, this arrangement kept her away from her research lab at Howard, where she had originally intended to focus her time and energy.

“Going into Howard, I truly didn’t believe that I would have to be taking internships, that I would have to be getting extra jobs,” she says.

The financial prospects for future Howard students may improve, at least to a degree. By 2023, the university plans to increase the 9-month teaching assistant stipend in chemistry and other departments by 20%, to $24,000, according to Dana Williams, dean of Howard’s Graduate School. This decision was based on the cost of living in the DC area, she says in an email.

Others besides teaching assistants may benefit too. Although funded by faculty members’ grants, research assistant stipends match those of teaching assistants and will likely increase too, according to Hua Zhao, the chair of Howard’s Chemistry Department.

The raise would bring Howard’s stipend more in line, although not quite on par, with funding offered to PhD students in chemistry at other DC institutions. Georgetown University and George Washington University both offer full-year support, versus Howard’s 9 months, of more than $35,000.

Looking back, Enakaya says that even if she had fully understood the financial picture, and the prospect of a larger stipend elsewhere, she would not have reconsidered her decision to go to Howard.

“I wanted to go to an HBCU [historically Black college or university]. I want to be surrounded by people that I know support and love me and really want to help me grow not just as a chemist, but as a Black chemist,” she says. “I want to learn from the faculty here, because they’ve had similar stories and similar experiences as me.”

When told her scramble to make the money work sounded stressful, Enakaya says: “Graduate school is stressful. We make it work. We definitely make it work.”

Wynne Parry is a freelance writer based in the greater Philadelphia area. This article is copublished in inChemistry magazine in partnership with ACS Education.

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Cooperative and Practice-School Programs

Summer tuition subsidy, mit sloan school of management tuition, other programs with non-standard tuition, special student tuition.

Visiting Student Fees

The table below reflects standard graduate tuition rates for the 2023–2024 academic year (which are reviewed and likely to increase next year). Graduate programs in the MIT Sloan School of Management have their own tuition rates . Certain other graduate programs, such as the Real Estate Development master's program and the master's programs in Supply Chain Management, also employ “non-standard” tuition .  Special students and  visiting students  should refer to the tuition and fee information specific to them.

If the student was registered for thesis as a resident student in the immediately preceding term, regular or summer, tuition for thesis will be adjusted after acceptance by the department of the completed document on the basis of a charge of $2,485 per week from the starting date of the term, with a minimum of $2,485 for the master's or engineer's degree and $4,965 for the doctoral degree. If the immediately preceding term was the summer term and if the graduate student was not registered for thesis in that summer term, but was registered for thesis in residence in the previous second term, the minimum tuition for thesis is $14,940.

Key points:

• Tuition for thesis students is based on registration and residency status. The Registrar’s Office provides further tuition information by academic year .
• Resident graduate students making progress toward a degree are expected to register as and are considered full-time students. Tuition is prorated if a student withdraws early.
• A student who continues to hold a fellowship, traineeship, or graduate staff appointment for the remainder of the term after delivery of the thesis is still considered a full-time student and tuition will not be adjusted. In unusual circumstances, the Office of Graduate Education may set special tuition rates for graduate students.
• Students in approved programs registering for thesis work or other approved research subjects in the summer are eligible for a  summer tuition subsidy .
• Students who are permitted to undertake nonresident thesis research must register as nonresident doctoral candidates. Following completion of the nonresident period, the student must return to resident status for completion and presentation of the doctoral thesis. If the student requires only part of this first term back in residence to complete the thesis, the tuition will be adjusted subject to a minimum of $14,940. Consult Graduate Policies and Procedures for additional information on nonresident status . The minimum term tuition charge for registration for doctoral thesis upon readmission as a resident student is $44,815 if not registered during the preceding regular term.

The tuition for all regular graduate students, including fellows, trainees, and academic staff in the 2023 summer session was $20,640.

• A number of miscellaneous fees may apply each term, unrelated to tuition.

For more detailed information regarding the cost of attendance, including specific costs for tuition and fees, books and supplies, housing and food as well as transportation, please  visit the SFS website .

Cooperative and practice-school programs offered by MIT provide industrial and research experience through a series of work assignments interwoven with regular study at the Institute. The tuition fees for these programs are the same as those for regular graduate students.

Cooperative and practice-school program tuition, per term, fall and spring, 2023–2024

Graduate students who are enrolled in a research degree program and who are not taking subjects are eligible to have their summer tuition subsidized from Institute general funds. The subsidy applies to new or continuing graduate students in normal resident status during the preceding spring term, and who are only registered for thesis or pre-thesis research credit during the summer session.

• Graduate students who register for other summer subjects will be charged tuition on a per unit basis up to the maximum tuition. This tuition may not be charged to research grants.
• Students registering for summer internship subjects are not eligible and will be charged the per unit rate, up to a maximum of four units.

Full details on the Summer Tuition Subsidy [PDF] are available online. Email the Registrar’s Office with questions about the subjects that currently qualify as thesis or pre-thesis in each department.

Graduate students who are enrolled in a research program, and who are not taking courses, will have their summer tuition subsidized (that is, paid from other Institute resources).

MIT Sloan master's programs, annual tuition rate (unless otherwise noted), 2023–2024

Certain other graduate programs have non-standard tuition rates.

Tuition for non-standard programs, 2023–2024

Special students are non-degree students who are taking classes at MIT for personal or professional reasons.

• Graduate special students, including Sloan students, should contact the Advanced Study Program for information about admission and tuition rates.
• There are additional miscellaneous fees associated with registering at MIT.

  Visiting Student Fees

Students who are pursuing a degree at an institution of higher education other than MIT and have been invited by faculty in an MIT department, laboratory, or center to do research here may apply for visiting student status. Current regular or special MIT students, or MIT students who have withdrawn or are on a leave of absence, are not eligible.

Visiting students are subject to a monthly fee that includes registration, MIT's Student Health Insurance Plan (SHIP) , and student life fees. The fee entitles visiting students to conduct research, use our fitness facilities, participate in student life programming, and have access to care at MIT Health. Full monthly fees are charged regardless of whether the student starts on the first or the 15th of the month. The total fee for the duration of their stay must be paid in full and in advance. Additional costs will be applied for those who wish to enroll family members in SHIP.

Visiting student fees, 2023–2024

  withdrawal.

A student withdrawing before the start of a term is not charged any tuition for that term and any tuition payments previously made for that term will be refunded. Students withdrawing during the fall or spring term are charged one-twelfth of the stated tuition for the term for each week from the starting date of the term, with a minimum two-week charge. A student must pay full tuition and fees at the beginning of the term. Any subsequent reduction in fees is based on the date that cancellation of a subject or withdrawal from the Institute is effected. At that time, any excess payments which the student has made will be refunded.

All students pay a student life fee each term. Late registration or applications may result in additional fees. See the Academic Calendar for relevant dates and deadlines.

Miscellaneous student fees*, 2023–2024

Processing charges for late changes in registration.

A late change in registration , which requires a petition to the Office of Graduate Education, is defined as adding a subject after the fifth week or dropping a subject during the last three weeks of a term. The processing charge for late changes is $50. There is an additional charge of $50 for a retroactive change after the end of the term.

Payment of tuition entitles all regular and special students to receive many health care services at MIT Health at no charge. The MIT Student Health Insurance Plan (SHIP) covers hospitalization due to accidents or illness, along with other services and prescription medications, and meets the state’s requirement for comprehensive health insurance.

Enrollment in MIT SHIP is automatic for full-time students, unless they can demonstrate that they have comparable coverage through another insurance program, in which case they may submit an online request to waive coverage . Complete details on MIT SHIP are available on the MIT Medical website.

MIT Student Health Insurance Plan, cost per year for single student, 2023–2024

Updated rates for the MIT Student Insurance Plan can be found on the MIT Health website. Students can also purchase MIT SHIP coverage for family members, including partners and dependents. Refer to the Medical Requirements section for additional details or read more about the MIT Student Health Insurance Plan .

Graduate Payment of Tuition and Other Charges

An individual who registers as a student at MIT agrees to pay all charges on their account when due, and acknowledges that the Institute may charge a hold fee, suspend registration, revoke Institute services, and withhold the degree if these charges are not paid.

Student Financial Services (SFS)  gathers, bills, and collects student charges and provides a student account statement of all activity. These charges originate in the offices from which the student receives Institute services. SFS bills by posting a monthly billing statement on MITPay —MIT's secure, online billing and payment system. The statement is posted on the 10th of the month and SFS sends students a monthly email reminder to check the statement and pay any balance due. The statement includes charges (e.g., tuition, fees, housing, and library fees), payments (financial aid, tuition awards), additional amounts due, and payment deadlines.

Payment in full or a satisfactory arrangement for payment is due by August 1 for the fall term and by January 1 for the spring term. New charges that occur after the initial statement will appear on a subsequent statement. If a student anticipates that they may not be able to pay the entire amount due by the term bill due date, they should consider the MIT Monthly Payment Plan.

The MIT Monthly Payment Plan allows students to pay their balance in monthly installments interest-free. The terms and conditions of the monthly payment plan are available on the SFS website. Enrollment can be accessed through MITPay.

SFS also offers information on  federal student loan programs  as additional options for eligible U.S. citizens and permanent residents.

A student who does not pay the balance due or make satisfactory arrangements for doing so will have a registration or degree hold placed, as well as being charged a hold fee of $100. The balance due, including the hold fee, must be paid in full before the hold can be released.

Notifications to Graduate Students with Unpaid Balances

In the fifth week of the term, SFS will reach out to graduate students who have an unpaid balance on their student account and who have not made satisfactory arrangements for payment of the balance. These students will be notified of MIT’s financial hold policy through the billing system as well as by email. SFS will send out a second reminder email and billing notification after the 11th week of the term, again notifying students of MIT’s financial hold policy.

Policy on Graduate Student Financial Holds and Other Actions

Graduate students who have not paid their prior term balances or made satisfactory arrangements to resolve their financial situation will not be allowed to register for subsequent terms, will not receive credit retroactively, will be charged a $100 hold fee, and may be restricted from Institute services. The student account must be paid in full before a degree can be awarded.

Student accounts unpaid after the student has left MIT for any reason may be reported to credit bureau agencies and/or sent to an outside collection agency and assessed additional fees on the outstanding balance. Please visit the  SFS website  for more information and to review the  Student Financial Responsibility Statement .

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Tuition, Fees, and Ph.D. Stipends

NOTE: All numbers below require annual approval by the Board of Trustees

Last updated March 18,2024

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  * - Projected rates for tuition, fees, and stipends are tentative and subject to change.

** - For longer term projections, the tuition remission rate can be assumed to increase 0.7% per year.

*** - Teaching assistant and grader rates are established by the Trinity College of Arts and Sciences.

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Master’s and PhD Students

Special students, visiting fellows, health fees, family expenses.

In addition to tuition and fees, Harvard Griffin GSAS students should budget for living expenses and other costs associated with their academic program. This page outlines what you need to know about tuition, health fees, and more.

Harvard Griffin GSAS students are required to register continuously from the time they enter the Graduate School until they receive their degree or, in the case of special students and visiting fellows, until they complete their program. Harvard Griffin GSAS charges tuition or enrollment fees based on student status. 

Master’s students are charged full tuition; some programs have different cost structures. Students in some master's programs may receive grants and fellowships that cover this cost. 

PhD students are charged tuition based on a tiered tuition structure that reduces over time as they progress through their degree program. Because circumstances vary from student to student, the chart below is only a guide to potential tuition charges. PhD students may receive grants to cover the cost of tuition and fees, as noted in their individualized Notice of Financial Support received upon admission. 

Students are required to register continuously from the time they enter a degree program until they receive their degree. Nonresident students with Leave of Absence or Traveling Scholar status are charged, at minimum, the active file fee (see the chart below).

Master’s and PhD Student Tuition Fee 2023–2024

Note: Subject to annual increases

Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) and Data Science Master’s Programs

The  Computational Science and Engineering  (CSE) and Data Science master’s programs have different tuition structures than other degree programs in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences:

Special students  engage in coursework or a combination of coursework and research for academic credit for one term or one year only. While not candidates for any degree, special students are admitted to Harvard Griffin GSAS and access student privileges, which include a Harvard transcript with coursework and grades listed. Full tuition and student health fees are charged; Harvard Griffin GSAS does not offer financial aid, work-study opportunities, or student loans to special students. Audited courses and supervised independent research projects are charged the same tuition as courses for credit.

Payment of tuition and fees is due prior to registration.

Special Student Tuition Fee 2023–2024, Per Term

Scholars intending to conduct independent research, who hold a doctorate, have equivalent professional experience, or are advanced doctoral candidates who have completed all required coursework may register at Harvard Griffin GSAS as a visiting fellow . Visiting fellows are considered full-time research students, with access to Harvard University’s libraries and facilities, and may apply for membership in the Harvard Faculty Club. Visiting fellows are charged reduced tuition and student health fees . Harvard Griffin GSAS does not offer financial aid, work-study opportunities, or student loans to visiting fellows. Tuition cannot be waived or prorated and is non-refundable.

Visiting Fellow Tuition Fee 2023–2024

Students enrolled in a comparable health insurance plan may be eligible to waive the Student Health Insurance Plan. Waivers of the Student Health Fee may be accepted in very limited cases. Please visit the Harvard University Student Health Program website for more detailed information.

Required Harvard University Student Health Program (HUSHP) Fees

Other costs.

Harvard Griffin GSAS students will incur additional costs for housing and food, books and supplies, and other necessities. 

Estimated Living Expense Budgets

This estimated budget does not include costs of travel, fees for required tests, application fees, or such initial expenses as home furnishings. Your individual expenses may vary from these figures. 

Many graduate students are accompanied by their spouses, domestic partners, and children. Harvard Griffin GSAS maintains policies and provides access to resources that help balance family needs with the demands of graduate study.

You can find a list of  family resources on the Harvard Griffin GSAS website (please note some resources are specific to PhD students).

If you plan to bring your family, it is important to understand how additional family expenses will impact your budget and expected resources. Most financial aid sources, including loans, have limitations on whether family expenses can be included when determining eligibility.

You must plan ahead to ensure that you have sufficient resources to cover these costs. The chart below provides an estimate of how much you will need to support a spouse and/or dependent(s). Keep in mind this is a general budget and your personal expenses may be higher or lower, but it is a great place to start when developing your own budget.

2023–2024 Estimated Living Expenses Budget

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Tuition rates by field, 2023-24 tuition rates by field.

For M.A., M.S., M.A./Ph.D., M.S./Ph.D., Ph.D., D.M.A., J.S.D., M.F.A., and Non-Degree Students

*Special rates apply to select M.S. degrees, including:

• M.S. Advanced Architectural Design
• M.S. Atmospheric Science
• M.S. in Business Analytics
• M.S. Design Technology
• M.S. Information Systems
• M.S. in Legal Studies
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• Tuition, Funding, & Living Costs
• PhD/Master's Application Process

All PhD students at Yale are fully funded. On average, doctoral students at Yale receive more than $500,000 in tuition fellowships, stipends, and health care benefits over the course of their enrollment. Some terminal Master's degree students also receive funding.

Tuition for full-time study at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in the academic year 2023-2024 is $48,300.

More information on Tuition & Fees is available in our Programs & Policies handbook. Please note that we do not charge many of the fees common to other schools (e.g., technology fee, library fee, gym fee, student activities fee).

See Student Accounts for billing and payment inquiries.

For PhD Degree Applicants

All PhD students at Yale receive the following financial award, typically for a minimum of five years:

• a fellowship that covers the full cost of tuition ($48,300 for 2023-2024)
• a 12-month stipend (minimum of $40,530 for 2023-2024)
• comprehensive health insurance, including hospitalization coverage and specialty care for students, their legal spouse, and their children
• a family support subsidy for graduate students with children under the age of 18

Additionally, a Dean's Emergency Fund is available to help students with eligible, unanticipated emergency expenses. In some cases, the Continuing Registration Fee for advanced PhD students is also covered by the Graduate School.

Most PhD students complete their degrees without incurring debt.

For Master's Degree Applicants

Most students pursuing Master's degrees do not receive financial support from the Graduate School and are responsible for paying tuition, but some programs offer limited funding. Please check with the program that interests you for more information.

All Master's students registered at least half time receive Student Basic Coverage at Yale Health. You are also eligible to purchase Hospitalization and Specialty Care coverage at a group rate through the university.

Other Sources of Funding

Many of our students win external fellowships and grants. See our External Fellowships & Awards page for more information on how an external award will affect your Yale funding.

Some students choose to take loans, participate in work-study programs, or engage in part-time employment to supplement their funding while in Graduate School. More information is available on Other Means of Financing Graduate Education .

Living Cost Estimates

To ensure that our financial aid package provides enough support to enable you to live in New Haven and study full time, we developed a cost-of-living guide (see below). The Office of Financial Aid also uses these calculations to determine financial need as required by certain funding sources and for immigration processes.

Estimated average living expenses include housing and food, transportation, personal and academic expenses (excluding tuition), and hospitalization coverage and specialty care. Expenses for doctoral students may actually be less than the estimate below, since PhD financial packages cover the full cost of single-student hospitalization and specialty care coverage in the Yale Health Plan, as well as half the cost of two-person coverage (for spouses and partners), and the full cost to cover children.

2023-2024 Academic Year Living Cost Estimate:

9-month living cost (master's students):.

• Single Student: $29,778

12-MONTH LIVING COST (PhD Students):

• Single Student: $38,260  

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Do PhD Students Pay Tuition? Unpacking the Cost of a PhD

Choosing to pursue a PhD is a major milestone, but it comes with a host of concerns and questions. As a prospective doctoral student, you might wonder if you pay tuition for a PhD and how much that will cost.

In many cases, the answer is no, PhD students do not pay tuition. Instead, universities often provide their doctoral students with tuition waivers and funding packages to carry them through their years of study. 

However, it's important to bear in mind that this isn't always the case and the specifics can vary greatly. Navigating PhD funding can seem daunting at first, but understanding how tuition, stipends and other sources affect the out-of-pocket cost of a PhD can help you feel more confident in your decision.

How Much Does a PhD Cost?

Contrary to popular belief, the costs of a PhD program aren't set in stone. Factors like the institution, geographic location, field of study and funding support all play a role in how much you’ll actually pay for a doctoral program. Depending on your field, some PhD programs pay you . 

To give you a clearer picture, let's break down expenses and potential support.

Tuition and Fees

Tuition and fees are typically the most substantial expense. How much you pay depends on the institution offering the program and the field of study you choose. According to the Education Data Initiative , the average cost of a PhD specifically is $106,860, while the average cost of a doctorate degree in general is higher at $150,835.

You can expect a lower cost at public institutions ($93,670 on average) compared to private universities ($129,395 on average). Considering the time to complete a doctorate degree ranges from approximately 4 to 8 years, the duration of your studies can influence the total price.

While figures like this seem substantial, it's important to remember that scholarships, grants, fellowships and assistantships significantly reduce the out-of-pocket expenses for most PhD students. For instance, the average grant aid for a doctoral degree is $16,502 annually, and 21.4% of PhD students surveyed by the Education Data Initiative offset their costs with teaching assistantships. 

As a result, actual paid expenses are often much lower than the listed tuition and fees.

Books and Materials

The cost of study materials, including textbooks and research supplies, varies depending on the specific requirements of your field of study.

For example, PhD students in Earth Sciences or Chemistry might need to invest in lab equipment and materials, while students in Humanities may require numerous books and subscriptions to academic journals.

However, it's essential to note that many programs provide funding resources that help offset or eliminate these costs. Universities often offer subsidies or funds for research materials, and there are numerous grants and scholarships specific to different fields of study. Libraries and interlibrary loan systems can also be a valuable resource for accessing required books and academic journals.

Healthcare and Living 

Cost of living and healthcare can vary greatly depending on your circumstances and location. Major cities, for example, tend to have higher living costs than smaller towns or rural areas. 

The higher expenses in cities often correlate with increased access to resources, research opportunities and a wide variety of entertainment and lifestyle choices. On the other hand, smaller towns or rural areas might offer lower cost of living and fewer distractions but may limit access to extensive resources or opportunities.

Luckily, many universities offer annual stipends as part of their financial aid packages for PhD students. These stipends are designed to help you manage your living and healthcare expenses, allowing you to concentrate on your studies and research. Some universities may also provide budget-friendly on-campus housing options to help mitigate overall costs. 

Navigating the Financial Landscape of a PhD

The path to earning a PhD isn't just an academic journey, but a financial one too. While it's true that in many cases, PhD students don't pay tuition, it's crucial to understand that it’s ultimately variable depending on where and what you choose to study. Financial aid packages and stipends can be a substantial help, providing relief to both domestic and international students.

At the Moody School of Graduate and Advanced Studies, we pride ourselves in providing an environment that fosters academic excellence, research innovation and professional development. With the generous support of the Moody Foundation, we have expanded our funding opportunities, enabling a diverse range of talented students to become part of our community.

Our suite of financial resources, including fellowships, assistantships, and travel grants, aim to facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and reduce financial barriers. By helping our students focus on their academic and research pursuits, we build a vibrant, diverse, and inclusive environment that sets the stage for future leaders to thrive.

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Tuition Costs & Fees

About Graduate Tuition and Fees

Our Office of the Registrar website has a detailed break-down of fees, depending on which type of graduate degree you’re pursuing.

The tuition, fees, and charges are estimates based on currently approved amounts. These figures are not final. Actual tuition, fees, and charges are subject to change by the Regents of the University of California and could be affected by state funding reductions. Accordingly, final approved levels (and thus a student’s final balance due) may differ from the amounts shown.

Fees include student services fees, tuition, campus fee, class pass transit fee, health insurance, nonresident fees (if applicable), document management fees and other fees related to your specific type of degree.

Beyond tuition, you’ll need to factor in supplies and lab fees and also be aware that several professional degree programs are subject to different tuition and fee schedules.

The cost of living in the Bay Area, which is significantly higher than the national average, is balanced by the considerable advantages of attending a world-class institution in proximity to vibrant hubs of innovation. While your personal expense budget (including housing, food and transportation) is up to you, you can expect to pay upwards of $28,000 or more per year .

But don’t be put off.  Financial aid, fellowships and teaching appointments can reduce these costs and cover the cost of tuition and fees for many Berkeley graduate students. The Graduate Division can help you navigate your funding options.

Tuition and Costs

Cost of graduate education.

The cost of graduate education includes tuition and fees, room and board, books and supplies, health insurance, personal costs, transportation, taxes and loan fees. Amounts can vary based on in-state/out-of-state status, campus location, degree program, and individual choices and circumstances. 

The Virginia Tech Bursar lists  tuition rates and fees  by program and campus. Contact the bursar's office  if you have a question about your student account.

The University Scholarships and Financial Aid office publishes estimates for the annual cost of attendance budget that can guide your budget planning.

The Cranwell International Center describes the financial requirements international students must meet before they can receive a visa eligibility document (I-20 or DS-2019). 

Tools such as GradSense.org , Nerdwallet.com , MIT Living Wage calculator , or bestplaces.net can help you create a budget and estimate the cost of living in the are of your selected campus location. 

Examples of estimated annual living expenses (as of spring 2024)

Annual living expenses of a single student in a 1-bedroom apartment in Blacksburg: 

Rent:                     $8,400 (in cheap, no-frills apartment) Food:                     $3,600 (cooking for self, limited eating out)     Books & misc:     $600 Transportation:  $2,000 (variable by personal need/preference) Other personal:  $4,000 (variable by personal need/preference) Comp fees:          $3,400-4,000     Taxes:                     $150 or more (variable by tax status) TOTAL:                  $22,150 or more

Annual living expenses of a single student sharing an apartment with roommate(s) in Blacksburg:

Rent:                     $7,200 (in cheap, no-frills apartment) Food:                     $2,400 (cooking together, limited eating out)     Books & misc:     $600 Transportation:  $200 (bike/bus locally; limited other travel) Other personal:  $4,000 (variable by personal need/preference) Comp fees:          $3,400-4,000    Taxes:                     $150 or more (variable by tax status) TOTAL:                  $18,100 or more

In-State Tuition Eligibility

In-state status is not granted automatically for graduate students, even if you've been a long-time Virginia resident. Check eligibility requirements and apply for in-state status if you qualify. 

Financial Aid

The Office of University Scholarships and Financial Aid provides information about cost-of-education for graduate students and applying for scholarships, loans, and other aid.

Assistantships

Assistantships are the most common source of funding for graduate study. Learn more about assistantship benefits and responsibilities .  Review our  assistantship funding data  to see assistantship funding by degree level, program, assistantship type and more.

Application Fee and Waivers

The standard Graduate School application fee is $75. Some applicants may be eligible for application fee waivers. Visit  this page for more information and the fee waiver form . 

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Civil and Environmental Engineering

Graduate program costs and funding.

When considering a graduate degree program, affordability and flexibility are essential factors to consider. We acknowledge that pursuing a graduate degree is an investment in your future career.

For the most up-to-date information regarding tuition and fees for graduate students, please visit the CMU HUB. MS and PhD students should also explore funding opportunities .

PhD Research Assistantships

PhD students can secure a research assistantship that covers tuition and technology fees, and provides a stipend for living expenses. This assistantship can last for up to five years, contingent upon satisfactory progress toward degree completion. Students awarded a research assistantship must dedicate around 20 hours per week to teaching and research activities in addition to their coursework, which is an integral part of their graduate education.

As a full-time PhD student, you will collaborate on research projects and engage in research under the guidance of faculty members. If you enter the program with your own funding, you can work with your advisor to tailor your research according to your interests within the constraints of your funding.

Students are responsible for covering expenses such as health insurance, activity, and transportation fees, books, and course supplies.

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Elevate your career prospects with our graduate program. Click 'Apply Now' to get started.

If you have questions about our programs we're here to have a one-on-one chat with you. Just click the meeting links below and set up a meeting that suits you best.

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If you prefer to send an email: Graduate Admissions Office -  [email protected] .

Student-Friendly Pittsburgh: Affordability and Cost of Living

Pittsburgh's remarkable affordability is a rarity among cities offering top-notch amenities. Our city boasts vibrancy and affordability, offering various housing options near the campus. Beyond cost savings, Pittsburgh's diverse landscapes, from serene rivers to lush valleys, create an inviting backdrop for outdoor pursuits.

Take advantage of our dynamic cultural scene featuring museums, theaters, and artistic events catering to all tastes. As a student, your ID grants you free entry to the Carnegie Museums and Phipps Botanical Garden and complimentary public transportation.

It is an exciting time to live in Pittsburgh, with burgeoning tech and robotics industries propelling the job market forward, establishing us as an innovation and career hotspot. As these sectors continue to flourish, the city's economic landscape broadens, cementing its reputation as an affordable urban center with a thriving job market and an outstanding quality of life.

Click to Discover Why Pittsburgh is a Great Place to Call Home

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Graduate Program Support

External support opportunities.

Begin your search for potential scholarships and fellowships that can provide financial support for your graduate program. However, please note that this list is not exhaustive, and there may be other opportunities available.

It's important to explore the individual program pages for applicant criteria and some programs may offer specific opportunities for international students.

* Funding sources that may have opportunities for students who are not  US citizens or permanent residents. 

• American Association of University Women (AAUW) *
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)*
• Hispanic Scholarship Fund
• WTS International - Women in Transportation*
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)*
• Schwarzman Scholars*
• National Science Foundation - Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)
• Army Educational Outreach Program (AEOP)
• Philanthropic Educational Organization (PEO): International Peace Scholarship*
• American Water Works Association (AWWA)*
• Fulbright U.S. Student Program*
• National Academies
• Graduate Fellowships for STEM Diversity (GFSD)
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration*
• Society of Women Engineers (SWE)*
• Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans
• SME Education Foundation*

CMU Rales Fellow Program

The CMU Rales Fellows Program eliminates financial obstacles for underrepresented STEM leaders, inspiring progress and enabling over 80 annual fellows in advanced STEM education through partnerships like the Ron Brown Scholar Program and the National GEM Consortium.

If you are interested in applying for this funding, you will need to complete a RALES Fellowship application in tandem with your CEE application. Please see RALES' website for application deadlines and program details.

MORE INFORMATION

GEM Fellowship Program

The National Consortium for Graduate Degrees for Minorities in Engineering and Science, Inc. (GEM), a nonprofit organization, was formed to help assist underrepresented groups (African Americans, Native Americans, and Hispanic Americans) at the master's and doctoral levels in engineering and physical science. The College of Engineering is pleased to support the GEM Fellowship program by offering a generous award to GEM MS Engineering Fellowship Program recipients.  A few select applicants will be eligible for an award that augments the GEM contribution to the fellowship and will help to defray your overall cost of attendance in the MS program at CMU.

The application cycle for this program is July 1 – November 15.

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Best Doctorates in Chemical Engineering: Top PhD Programs, Career Paths, and Salaries

The field of chemical engineering explores solutions to real-world problems through areas such as bioengineering, environmental engineering, biomedical engineering, and nanotechnology. A chemical engineering PhD will enable you to be at the forefront of research that seeks to improve the quality of life on Earth. This article will cover the best PhD in Chemical Engineering programs.

With a PhD in Chemical Engineering, you will be able to apply your scientific knowledge to help create the things we use in our daily lives, from the clothing we wear and the appliances we use to the technology and energy sources we rely on. Consequently, the PhD in Chemical Engineering salary is reflective of the time and effort required to be at the top in this field. This article also shares the best chemical engineering jobs.

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What is a phd in chemical engineering.

A PhD in Chemical Engineering is an advanced, research-based degree program offered by colleges and universities. It will allow you to lead a research project in a specialization of your choice, either in traditional fields of chemical engineering or in new and emerging fields.

You will be able to invent and optimize new technologies and products with this degree. The expected outcome of your research is a high-quality thesis that can be published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.

How to Get Into a Chemical Engineering PhD Program: Admission Requirements

The requirements to get into a chemical engineering PhD program include a Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering or a related field. You can also apply to the program if you have a bachelor’s degree, but you will need to demonstrate your ability to take on the demands of this rigorous program either through work experience or graduate courses in chemical engineering or a related field.

Additional admission requirements are three letters of recommendation, a resume, a personal statement, proof of proficiency in English, transcripts showing a GPA of 3.0 or higher in your undergraduate or graduate degree, and GRE, GMAT, or MCAT test scores.

PhD in Chemical Engineering Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s or master’s degree
• Letters of recommendation
• Transcripts
• Standardized test scores
• Personal statement

Chemical Engineering PhD Acceptance Rates: How Hard Is It to Get Into a PhD Program in Chemical Engineering?

It is very hard to get into a PhD program in chemical engineering. For example, MIT has recorded an acceptance rate of just 25 percent , and that includes both master’s degree and doctoral degree applicants. If you have a mind for science, have demonstrated excellence in previous science-based study programs, and have some work experience in the field, you may qualify.

How to Get Into the Best Universities

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Best PhDs in Chemical Engineering: In Brief

Best universities for chemical engineering phds: where to get a phd in chemical engineering.

The best universities for chemical engineering PhDs are Massachusetts Institute of Technology, California Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and the University of California, according to the US News & World Report.

Additional best-ranking schools for a PhD in Chemical Engineering include Oregon State University, Penn State University, Arizona State University, and the University of Texas. Let’s take a closer look at these and other top-ranked schools.

Arizona State University (ASU) was founded in 1886 as a higher learning institution training teachers and providing courses in mechanical arts and agriculture. Today, ASU offers more than 400 undergraduate degrees and more than 450 graduate degrees on four campuses and online. The graduate programs are in fields such as engineering, biological design, and robotics. ASU has been recognized as the country’s most innovative school, having a history of working with NASA in developing innovations for space exploration. The doctoral-level programs are in fields such as nursing, accountancy, aerospace engineering, agribusiness, animal behavior, anthropology, linguistics, math, and astrophysics. 

PhD in Chemical Engineering

The PhD in Chemical Engineering offers research opportunities in areas including biomolecular engineering, chemical therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, flexible display technology, fuel cells, atmospheric aerosols, and protein synthesis. Including the requires research, students must complete 85 credit hours.

In order to graduate, students must fulfill credit hour requirements as well as oral and written comprehensive exams. They must also present a research prospectus and final dissertation. The program consists of core coursework in transport processes, chemical reactor engineering, and thermodynamics of chemical systems, as well as technical electives and a seminar. 

PhD in Chemical Engineering Overview

• Program Length: 4-5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 40.48%
• Tuition and Fees: $13,814/year (in state); $26,298/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Research assistantship, teaching assistantship, fellowship
• Admission application and application fee
• Bachelor’s degree and transcripts
• Personal statement and resume
• 3 letters of recommendation
• Proof of proficiency in English 

California Institute of Technology (Caltech) was founded in 1891 and became an institution for education, engineering, and scientific research in 1907. Today, the university is known as a leading science and engineering institute offering 28 undergraduate and 30 graduate study options. 

Fields of study are separated into six academic divisions, which are biology and biological engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, engineering and applied science, geological and planetary sciences, the humanities and social sciences, and physics, mathematics, and astronomy. 

Students in the PhD in Chemical Engineering program will be required to complete core coursework in various topics such as introduction to biomolecular engineering, electronic materials processing, polymer chemistry, chemistry of catalysis, aerosol physics and chemistry, and design, invention, and fundamentals of microfluidic systems.

Additionally, to graduate you will need to complete seminars, participate in a graduate teaching assistantship worth 24 term-hours, pass a candidacy examination, and submit a research progress report. You will also need to pass a final exam, which includes an oral exam as well as a thesis presentation and defense.

PhD in Chemical EngineeringOverview

• Program Length: 3 years minimum
• Acceptance Rate: N/A
• Tuition and Fees: $19,489/term
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Fellowship, research assistantship, teaching assistantship
• Statement of purpose

Drexel University was founded in 1891 and offered its first engineering course in 1893. In 1949 the first graduate degree program was offered in the college of engineering, which has grown to include more than 25 graduate programs. Today, the university offers over 120 programs in its graduate college. 

Additionally, through its dedication to innovation and entrepreneurship, Drexel has made an impact on society through its research work in science, engineering, healthcare, public policy, and information technology.

Doctorate in Chemical Engineering

The doctoral degree program in chemical engineering at Drexel engages in research in biochemical engineering, energy, environment, sustainability, chemical engineering, and polymer science. You will be required to complete core coursework in thermodynamics, transport phenomena, kinetics, catalysis, and mathematical methods. 

Additionally, you will have to complete research for your dissertation and the completion of your thesis. You will also be required to present and defend your thesis once it is complete.

Doctorate in Chemical Engineering Overview

• Tuition: $1,342/credit 
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Financial aid, research assistantship, teaching assistantship, awards, fellowships

Doctorate in Chemical Engineering Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s degree and transcripts 
• Minimum GPA of 3.0
• Personal essay and professional resume
• 2 letters of recommendation

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) was incorporated in 1861 with the goal of accelerating the industrial revolution. MIT is a desirable school because it has been a leader in technological innovation and inventions throughout its long history. 

Today, it offers study programs in 30 departments across five schools and one college. Graduate programs offered include majors in the sciences, engineering, arts, business, political science, and aeronautics. 

PhD in Chemical Engineering Practice

MIT offers very competitive programs. To graduate from its PhD in Chemical Engineering Practice program, you will need to complete core curriculum coursework, an industrial internship, oral and written examinations, a capstone paper, and a thesis based on your research project. 

PhD in Chemical Engineering Practice Overview

• Program Length: 4 years
• Acceptance Rate: 10 or fewer students per year
• Tuition and Fees: $57,590/year
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, graduate student loans

PhD in Chemical Engineering Practice Admission Requirements

• Online application and application fee
• GRE test scores

Oregon State University (OSU) was founded in 1858 as Corvallis College and in 1865, its first college-level curriculum was offered. The college has since grown to 11 colleges on two campuses. OSU now offers more than 200 undergraduate academic programs and 100 graduate degree programs. 

The university has a very strong history in research and receives more research funding than any other university in the state. Through its Innovation Impact Program, OSU is able to convert research into products and has been rated the third best university when it comes to solving climate change.

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OSU’s PhD program in chemical engineering requires a minimum of 108 graduate credits. You can choose a concentration such as biochemical reactors, electrochemical deposition, fluidization engineering, materials synthesis and process, waste minimization and sustainable processing. To graduate, you must complete coursework, oral and written exams, your thesis, and a final exam.

• Program Length: Approximately 5 years
• Tuition: $557/credit (in state); $1,105/credit (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Assistantships, awards, fellowships, scholarships
• Application and application fee
• 3 letters of reference
• Resume and statement of objectives
• TOEFL scores (international applicants)

Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) was founded in 1855 as a college for agricultural science. It began offering graduate studies in 1922 and got international recognition for research work in diesel engines, building insulation, and dairy science. Today, more than 300 programs are offered by its graduate school in more than 200 fields of study. 

Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering 

This chemical engineering PhD program allows you to do your research in specialized fields such as fuel and energy production, biomolecular energy, nanotechnology, polymer science and engineering, catalysis and kinetics, and sustainability. 

To graduate you will need to complete 30 credits of coursework, complete a written research proposal or project and defend it as part of your comprehensive exam, and fulfill your teaching assistantship requirement.

Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Overview

• Program Length: 5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 33%
• Tuition and Fees: $11,964/semester (in state); $19,860/semester (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Assistantships, fellowships, scholarships, traineeships, loans, employment

Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s degree or equivalent
• Minimum 3.0 GPA
• Resume and statement of purpose
• Proof of English proficiency (international students)

Stanford University is a prestigious university that began as the Leland Stanford Junior University in 1885 with a focus on liberal arts, technology, and engineering. From the early stages, students were encouraged to develop ideas that would have commercial benefits. 

Today, the university has seven schools with an additional 18 institutes of interdisciplinary studies. It has a long history of innovative discoveries in energy, the biomedical sciences, and environmental studies. 

Doctor of Philosophy in Chemical Engineering

The PhD in Chemical Engineering covers 135 units of graduate coursework in courses such as microhydrodynamics, molecular thermodynamics, principles and practice of heterogeneous catalysis, and mechanics of soft matter. As a PhD applicant, you will need to complete a candidacy examination, participate in teaching, submit a dissertation and defend it.

• Program Length: 4.5 to 5.5 years
• Tuition and Fees: $1,352/unit (with each course consisting of 3-5 units)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Research assistantships, teaching assistantships, fellowships
• Degree in science or engineering discipline
• Contributing factors statement
• List of research experience/CV
• TOEFL scores
• Application fee

University of California Santa Barbara (UC Santa Barbara) was founded in 1891 as a manual training school. The university now has more than 50 graduate programs. Its PhD programs are in the sciences and arts and include chemical engineering, biochemistry and molecular biology, economics, English, and computer science.

As a Tier One research university, UC Santa Barbara is known for being one of just four universities that participated in the ARPANET project in the 1960s, which grew to become the Internet we know today. It is also the birthplace of the atomic force microscope used by researchers to track biological processes in real time.

UC Santa Barbara’s PhD program in chemical engineering is structured around three core elements, which are knowledge of chemical engineering, strength in scholarly communication, and independent research. You will take core courses such as biomaterials and biosurfaces, numerical simulation, colloids and interfaces, and advanced catalysis. 

To graduate you will need to complete a candidacy exam, complete all of your coursework, participate in a teaching assistantship, present at a symposium, and complete, submit, and defend your dissertation. 

• Program Length: 7 years
• Tuition and Fees: $13,581.09/year (resident); $28,683.09/year (nonresident)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Fellowships, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, financial aid
• Bachelor’s degree
• Research experience
• Letters of reference

University of Delaware was founded in 1743 to educate members of the clergy. It became a degree-granting institution in 1834 and today, it offers more than 200 graduate programs, 60 of which are at the PhD level. 

The PhD programs are offered in a variety of fields including applied mathematics, biological sciences, chemical engineering, economics, marine studies, and medical sciences. Through research, the university has innovated clean fuel, technologies to assist children with disabilities, and the touchpad technology we use on our smartphones. 

To earn a chemical engineering degree at the PhD level, you will need to complete core courses in chemical engineering such as chemical interfaces and surfaces, molecular thermodynamics, kinetic processes, and diffusive transport processes. You will also need to complete coursework in technical electives. 

You may choose a concentration from four options: biomolecular, catalysis and energy, data and systems, and soft matter. You will also present seminars, participate in teaching assistantships, and finally, complete your dissertation and defend your thesis. 

• Program Length: Approximately 4-5 years
• Tuition: $979/credit
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Financial aid, loans, fellowships, assistantships, traineeships
• GRE/GMAT scores

The University of Texas at Austin was founded in 1883 and grew into 18 colleges and schools offering undergraduate and graduate studies. There are 139 graduate programs and 98 doctoral programs. 

The University of Texas is a leading university in research and boasts a graduate school with award-winning faculty who are recognized for their contributions and innovations in the fields of energy, electronic materials, vaccination design, and the treatment of diseases.

A PhD in Chemical Engineering from The University of Texas is structured in a way that gives you ample time to work on your research. You can select your research from the areas of biotechnology, energy, environmental engineering, process engineering, modeling and simulation, and advanced materials, polymers, and nanotechnology.

You must complete coursework worth 18 credit hours, serve as a TA, present seminars, prepare a preliminary research proposal, and pass a candidacy exam. You will then submit your dissertation and pass your final oral exam to complete your program.

• Tuition and Fees: $5,277/semester
• Bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering or a related field

Can You Get a PhD in Chemical Engineering Online?

Yes, you can get a PhD in Chemical Engineering online, although it is not common. This is because most doctoral degrees in this field are very structured and require you to work closely with faculty, particularly during the thesis writing process.

Additionally, some elements such as conducting your research and presenting seminars require in-person attendance. Below are two schools that offer online doctoral degree programs in chemical engineering.

Best Online PhD Programs in Chemical Engineering

How long does it take to get a phd in chemical engineering.

It takes about five years to get a PhD in Chemical Engineering. This particular degree is divided into several segments that you must complete within certain timeframes. The main coursework usually is completed within the first years.

The main research work toward your final thesis will begin around your third year. The research usually takes the longest time to complete and, depending on the field of research you have chosen, you might complete your degree within five years.

Is a PhD in Chemical Engineering Hard?

Yes, a PhD in Chemical Engineering is hard, beginning with the admissions process. For many schools, you will be required to have some educational background in the field, particularly in science, physics, and math.

You will also need to demonstrate an ability to undertake the rigorous requirements of the program, both in coursework and in research. Some schools will require you to have work experience or have completed research work in the field in order to consider your application.

How Much Does It Cost to Get a PhD in Chemical Engineering?

It costs $19,792 per year to get a PhD in Chemical Engineering, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. Further, the data shows that public universities and for-profit private universities on average cost $12,410 and $14,289 per year respectively. The nonprofit private institutions cost $28,430 per year.

Over five years, a chemical engineering PhD can prove to be very costly without the financial support options available to students. PhD students, however, incur some of the lowest debt when it comes to degree program costs.

How to Pay for a PhD in Chemical Engineering: PhD Funding Options

The PhD funding options that students can use to pay for a PhD in Chemical Engineering include fellowships, teaching assistantships, research assistantships, traineeships, and even scholarships. The funding received often covers 100 percent of your costs including tuition, books, supplies, accommodation, and a living stipend.

Best Online Master’s Degrees

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What Is the Difference Between a Chemical Engineering Master’s Degree and PhD?

The difference between a chemical engineering master’s degree and PhD is that a master’s degree will prepare you with in-depth knowledge in the chemical engineering field, enabling you to begin solving complex issues encountered in areas such as biotechnology and polymer science.

A PhD, on the other hand, will put you at the forefront of research in chemical engineering. This will not only enable you to provide solutions to challenges faced in the field but also allow you to become an academic authority contributing to the growth of the field as a whole.

Master’s vs PhD in Chemical Engineering Job Outlook

Chemical engineering is a field of study that opens up employment avenues in a variety of industries. With a PhD in Chemical Engineering, you can become a biochemist or a physicist. The job growth for these two fields is projected at five percent and eight percent respectively, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).

With a Master’s Degree in Chemical Engineering, you can be an epidemiologist or a survey researcher. According to BLS, the job growth projected for these two fields is 30 percent and four percent respectively.

Difference in Salary for Chemical Engineering Master’s vs PhD

When it comes to the differences in salaries based on degrees, you can earn a much higher salary with a PhD than with a Master’s in Chemical Engineering. According to PayScale, if you have a Master of Science in Chemical Engineering, you can earn an average of $86,000 per year .

With a PhD in Chemical Engineering, you can earn an annual salary of $108,000 on average. These figures are reflective of the average salaries within different roles in chemical engineering such as research scientist and process engineer.

Related Chemical Engineering Degrees

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Why You Should Get a PhD in Chemical Engineering

You should get a PhD in Chemical Engineering because of the opportunities it affords you to conduct research in a field that is of interest to you. A PhD program is a platform to share your insight on an industry-wide or global scale. You may make discoveries that change the way we perceive or experience life. A chemical engineering PhD also opens unique employment avenues that aren’t usually available to other degree holders.

Reasons for Getting a PhD in Chemical Engineering

• Research. You will get to feed your curiosity by conducting research in an area that is of interest to you, including via choice of elective courses.
• Discovery. Part of your graduate educational experience could lead you to discover previously unexplored aspects of chemical engineering.
• Impact. Your research work could have an impact on the way we live our lives.
• Job outlook. You will have greater prospects when it comes to your future career goals with unique work opportunities and higher salaries.

Getting a PhD in Chemical Engineering: Chemical Engineering PhD Coursework

Getting a PhD in Chemical Engineering requires you to complete core chemical engineering PhD coursework in areas such as research methods, catalysis, thermodynamics, and chemical engineering. Different institutions may have different course names for these, but essentially, the content covered would be similar.

Chemical Engineering Mathematical Methods

This course will deal with the mathematics behind the principles of chemistry. You will be formulating mathematical equations in order to calculate solutions to different biochemical and chemical engineering processes.

Kinetics and Catalysis

This course covers the kinetics of chemical reactions. You will address gas and liquid phase reaction rate theories, reaction mechanisms, and heterogeneous kinetics and catalysis.

Research Methods

This course will teach the different methods of scientific inquiry used when conducting engineering-based research. You will learn how to conduct good research and how to communicate your findings orally and in written form.

Chemical Engineering and Thermodynamics

This course examines the various principles that govern thermodynamics, beginning with the properties of materials. You will then develop this knowledge as you learn about equations of states of mixtures, as well as the chemical equilibrium and phase equilibrium of complex mixtures.

Transport Phenomena

This course emphasizes approximate and analytical solution methods in relation to the continuity of the conserved qualities of momentum, mass, and energy.

Best Master’s Degrees

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How to Get a PhD in Chemical Engineering: Doctoral Program Requirements

Doctoral program requirements tend to span a wide range of elements including coursework, research work, seminars, examinations, and the presentation and defense of a final thesis or project. Below is a further explanation of these key areas to consider before applying to PhD in Chemical Engineering programs.

You will need to complete the required coursework as stipulated in the degree requirements. This includes both core courses and electives. These courses will give you the knowledge base you will need as you move forward. 

For your candidacy exam, you will present a progress report on your research. The presentation is a precursor to your final presentation and must essentially demonstrate that you are able to undertake the larger research project ahead, which will culminate in successfully presenting and defending your thesis. Every PhD candidate must fulfill this requirement.

These come in two forms. The first is where you will attend seminars that have been organized by the school. The other is where you will present your own seminars. The goal is to observe how to present and also to practice your presentation skills.

The purpose of this assistantship is not only designed to provide you with a source of funding. A teaching assistantship also allows you to develop the necessary skills to communicate your insight and knowledge, articulating it to enable others to share in your knowledge.

The doctoral dissertation is both the purpose and culmination of your studies. You will finally be able to compile all your research work and defend it before a committee, demonstrating that you have not only understood your subject, but also made valuable contributions to it. 

Potential Careers With a Chemical Engineering Degree

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PhD in Chemical Engineering Salary and Job Outlook

A chemical engineering PhD offers not just an opportunity to discover and innovate beyond the degree setting and structure. With a PhD in this field, you can also look forward to higher salaries averaging over $100,000 and career growth in the field of your choice.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Chemical Engineering?

With a PhD in Chemical Engineering, you can do work in research, product development, and engineering related to this field. Job titles such as chemical engineer, senior research scientist, research and development scientist, and senior chemical engineer are usually filled by chemical engineers with a doctoral degree.

Best Jobs with a PhD in Chemical Engineering

• Microbiologist
• Materials Scientist
• Chemical Engineer
• Epidemiologist

What Is the Average Salary for a PhD in Chemical Engineering?

The average salary for a PhD in Chemical Engineering is $108,000, according to PayScale. This salary figure may be lower in some roles and much higher in others, depending on whether you hold a senior position or not.

Highest-Paying Chemical Engineering Jobs for PhD Grads

Best chemical engineering jobs with a doctorate.

The best chemical engineering jobs with a doctorate are in specialized roles such as chemical engineer, biochemist, petroleum engineer, materials scientist, and materials engineer. To work in any one of these roles, you will need to apply one or more aspects of chemical engineering to be effective in your job.

Petroleum engineers oversee the drilling of oil and gas as well as its production. This role also requires the engineer to decide which tools should be used, whether new or modified, in order to improve production.

• Salary with a chemical engineering PhD: $145,720
• Job Outlook: 8% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 28,500
• Highest-Paying States: New Jersey, Alaska, California, Texas, Florida

Chemical engineers apply technology to the principles of engineering, chemistry, and physics in order to create ways of manufacturing various chemicals and products, including designing the equipment used at a chemical plant.

• Salary with a chemical engineering PhD: $121,840
• Job Outlook: 9% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 26,300
• Highest-Paying States: Texas, Alaska, Idaho, Arizona, Louisiana

Biochemists study the physical and chemical principles that govern living things, from the smallest cell to larger organisms. They study the mechanical and electrical energy of living things and research the complexities of aspects such as reproduction, metabolism, heredity, and growth.

• Salary with a chemical engineering PhD: $113,460
• Job Outlook: 5% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 34,800
• Highest-Paying States: Massachusetts, Virginia, Colorado, New Jersey, Oregon

Materials scientists seek to find ways to combine or strengthen materials in order to develop new ones with properties applicable to a variety of products. They research various synthetic and natural materials, studying their structures in order to accomplish their goals.

• Salary with a chemical engineering PhD: $104,790
• Job Outlook: 6% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 92,400
• Highest-Paying States: New Hampshire, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware, New York

Materials engineers develop new uses for already-known materials by evaluating them, and then designs equipment and processes to manufacture materials that are useful in the creation of other products.

• Salary with a chemical engineering PhD: $101,950
• Number of Jobs: 25,100
• Highest-Paying States: Washington, Alaska, Maryland, Texas, California

Is a PhD in Chemical Engineering Worth It?

Yes, a PhD in Chemical Engineering is worth it. From the time you enroll in the program, you will be where all the latest research is happening. You will have support from the faculty as you pursue your degree, as well as financial funding options to help you manage the cost. Your studies will cover topics of interest, and you could have an option to specialize in a particular field of study.

Further, you will be able to discover and innovate beyond the classroom. Once you are done with your studies, you will also have many career options to choose from. Your income with a doctorate is likely to increase by a large margin. The time and effort it takes to pursue this degree is worth it in the long run.

Additional Reading About Chemical Engineering

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PhD in Chemical Engineering FAQ

At a chemical engineering job interview , you will be asked general questions that will help the interviewer learn more about your skills and work ethic. There will be technical questions to assess your understanding of the fundamentals of chemical engineering. You will also be asked behavioral questions to assess your response or reaction in different case scenarios.

Yes, there are other doctorates related to chemical engineering. Although chemical engineering degree programs cover a broad learning experience it is not restricted to one branch of engineering. Some common degrees are a PhD in Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, or Chemical and Biochemical Engineering.

You need between 30 and 160 credits to graduate, depending on the level of degree you’re pursuing and the university you attend. Graduate coursework can take as few as 30 credits or require more than 100 credits. There may also be differences in the mandatory courses and the minor courses that a PhD student will be required to take.

As a chemical engineering graduate with a doctoral degree, you will be able to apply chemical engineering principles to other engineering science careers in the medical field such as metabolic engineering. You could also become a biomedical engineer, or you can become an advanced chemical engineer, or focus on tissue engineering.

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Salary and stipend rates are extensively reviewed and revised each year by the Office of the Provost, in consultation with the  Graduate Student Council  and MIT’s senior leadership, to respond to changes in the cost of living. Set rates vary by field of study, length of degree time, degree type, and teaching appointment status, and are announced each spring.

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How much does a PhD cost?

Study tips Published 29 Jan, 2024  ·  5-minute read

A PhD is a big commitment – you've heard it before. It’s a commitment of time, energy and (yep, you guessed it) money. But financial help is available. So, realistically, how much does it cost to do a PhD?

There’s how much a PhD costs, and then there’s how much a PhD costs after you factor in tuition scholarships . It’s also important to note that the cost of the program itself is only one component of how much you will actually spend doing your PhD.

You also need to consider:

• general living expenses and how you will afford these during the 3-4 years you’ll be studying your Doctor of Philosophy
• student services and amenities fees
• travel and accommodation expenses for non-essential workshops or conferences, should you wish to attend.

Scholarships and financial assistance programs can give you a leg up financially. After all, deciding whether or not to do a PhD shouldn’t just be about if you can afford it.

What is the cost of a PhD?

Let’s tackle this systematically and break down each of the main costs associated with a PhD.

How much do PhD programs cost?

There are 2 key factors that affect the cost of your PhD program:

• the field in which you’re studying
• whether you’re studying full time or part time.

UQ annual PhD tuition fees (based on 2024 figures)

For the most up-to-date tuition fees, visit the HDR tuition fees page .

Of course, everyone’s PhD journey differs, and students can take anywhere between 3 and 4 years to complete their PhD full time, and 6 to sometimes 8 years to complete it part time. This is why we’ve broken down fees per year, even though they’re actually charged per research quarter at UQ.

With this in mind, we’ve also included the below table, to outline how much an average PhD at UQ would cost, based on our findings that students typically finish their PhD in 3 years and 9 months .

UQ total PhD tuition fees (based on a PhD duration of 3.75 years and 2022 figures)

These figures can look super daunting at first, but it’s important to note that most students in Australia don’t undertake a PhD without securing a scholarship that will cover all of their tuition fees.

Browse PhD scholarships

Student services and amenities fees (SSAF)

Another key cost of doing a PhD is the student services and amenities fee, which is also charged per research quarter. It’s typically the same amount per quarter, but the cost does differ depending on whether you’re studying full time or part time, and if you’re away for a short period on field work (remote).

UQ student services and amenities fee for HDR students (based on 2022 figures)

*UQ does not offer fully remote PhDs.

You can apply for an SA-HELP loan to defer your SSAF. There’s no limit to the amount you can charge to the loan; however, you will need to start paying it back once you begin earning a salary over the compulsory repayment threshold ($51,550 as of 1 July 2023).

For the most up-to-date SSAF details, visit the student services and amenities page .

What’s the cost of living during a PhD?

This expense isn’t quite as straightforward to calculate as tuition costs and is largely dependent on your lifestyle and where you live. If you’ve been a student for some time already, you probably have pretty strong budgeting game – but here are a few essential expenses that you can break down to better assess your weekly cost of living while doing your PhD:

• bills (utilities, internet, phone)
• transport (public or fuel)
• recreation.

Explore the cost of living in Brisbane .

You can apply for a living stipend scholarship while you do your PhD to assist with the cost of living while studying. This scholarship provides  $33,641 a year  (for 3.5 years with the possibility of extension), so that’s about $647 a week to cover all the costs listed above. If that doesn’t quite fund your living expenses, you can look at a range of other scholarships that may provide further financial support.

Find out more about how to secure a living stipend scholarship while you complete your PhD.

What kind of travel and accommodation expenses are associated with a PhD?

Some PhD projects require you to travel outside the area in which you live to conduct research. Any travel that’s essential for your research should be factored in by your supervisor and school or institute at the time of application. However, sometimes there are conferences or workshops that you may wish to attend, that aren’t ‘essential’, but would be beneficial to your professional development. There may be scholarships available to you that include travel and accommodation allowances for these additional, non-essential research-related activities.

PhDs obviously don’t come cheap. But the upside is that there’s accessible funding and scholarship support for both tuition and living expenses. And unlike undergrad student loans, you don’t have to defer fees and pay them back down the track (except for your SSAF).

At UQ, you’ll apply for tuition and living stipend scholarships offered by UQ at the same time as your PhD application. Scholarships are awarded based on academic performance, evidence of research capability and the quality of your research project – much the same as the criteria for having your PhD proposal approved (if required).

The important thing is to go into your PhD with a realistic outlook and a backup plan when it comes to finances. You want to know that you can carry your research through to completion, and that means having a financial plan, as well as the academic drive, to make this possible.

To find out more about the PhD application process, read our comprehensive guide on how to get a PhD .

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Here's how much engineering students make in the middle of their careers

• Mid-career median wages of bachelor's degree graduates who majored in engineering are robust.
• The median mid-career wage for four types of engineering majors was $100,000.
• Five types of engineering majors had a median wage above $100,000, including electrical and chemical.

While some people are second-guessing whether college is worth the cost of attending , those interested in studying engineering may find that it is a good financial investment.

According to a New York Fed analysis of 2022 American Community Survey data, college graduates with a bachelor's degree who majored in one of 14 areas of study had a median mid-career wage of at least $100,000 a year. Mid-career wages in this analysis means full-time workers between the ages of 35 and 45.

Majors related to engineering accounted for nine of the 14 highest mid-career median wages.

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Engineering majors made up the top five highest-earning majors, with each boasting a median mid-career wage of at least $111,000 a year: chemical engineering, computer engineering, aerospace engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

When looking at the 10 engineering majors that were part of the New York Fed analysis, mid-career median wages ranged from $95,000 for engineering technologies majors to $133,000 for chemical engineering majors. Additionally, chemical engineering majors who are early in their careers had a median wage of $79,000, which was higher than the overall early-career median of $50,000. Engineering-technologies majors had the lowest early-career median wage among the 10 various kinds of engineering majors, at $60,000.

The high wages of engineering majors aren't a new phenomenon . A Georgetown University analysis of American Community Survey data between 2009 and 2013 found that nine of the 10 majors with the highest median annual wages were related to engineering.

But in recent years, strong demand for engineering roles has incentivized some employers to raise pay in order to attract candidates . The US will need roughly 400,000 new engineers a year between now and 2030, per a December Boston Consulting Group analysis, in partnership with SAE International. The authors said that nearly one-third of these roles are at risk of going unfilled unless the labor supply increases.

Companies in the emerging AI , semiconductor , and renewables industries are among the businesses in need of engineering talent. Some of these companies have partnered with community colleges and universities across the country in an effort to boost labor supply.

While attending college can get expensive without financial aid or other means, the New York Fed's analysis suggests that some majors, particularly those in the engineering field, may be able to provide a strong return on investment for some students.

Watch: Nearly 50,000 tech workers have been laid off — but there's a hack to avoid layoffs

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