Four types: single holistic, single embedded, multiple holistic, multiple embedded
The post-positive paradigm postulates there is one reality that can be objectively described and understood by “bracketing” oneself from the research to remove prejudice or bias. 27 Yin focuses on general explanation and prediction, emphasizing the formulation of propositions, akin to hypothesis testing. This approach is best suited for structured and objective data collection 9 , 11 and is often used for mixed-method studies.
Constructivism assumes that the phenomenon of interest is constructed and influenced by local contexts, including the interaction between researchers, individuals, and their environment. 27 It acknowledges multiple interpretations of reality 24 constructed within the context by the researcher and participants which are unlikely to be replicated, should either change. 5 , 20 Stake and Merriam’s constructivist approaches emphasize a story-like rendering of a problem and an iterative process of constructing the case study. 7 This stance values researcher reflexivity and transparency, 28 acknowledging how researchers’ experiences and disciplinary lenses influence their assumptions and beliefs about the nature of the phenomenon and development of the findings.
A key tenet of case study methodology often underemphasized in literature is the importance of defining the case and phenomenon. Researches should clearly describe the case with sufficient detail to allow readers to fully understand the setting and context and determine applicability. Trying to answer a question that is too broad often leads to an unclear definition of the case and phenomenon. 20 Cases should therefore be bound by time and place to ensure rigor and feasibility. 6
Yin 22 defines a case as “a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context,” (p13) which may contain a single unit of analysis, including individuals, programs, corporations, or clinics 29 (holistic), or be broken into sub-units of analysis, such as projects, meetings, roles, or locations within the case (embedded). 30 Merriam 24 and Stake 5 similarly define a case as a single unit studied within a bounded system. Stake 5 , 23 suggests bounding cases by contexts and experiences where the phenomenon of interest can be a program, process, or experience. However, the line between the case and phenomenon can become muddy. For guidance, Stake 5 , 23 describes the case as the noun or entity and the phenomenon of interest as the verb, functioning, or activity of the case.
Yin’s approach to a case study is rooted in a formal proposition or theory which guides the case and is used to test the outcome. 1 Stake 5 advocates for a flexible design and explicitly states that data collection and analysis may commence at any point. Merriam’s 24 approach blends both Yin and Stake’s, allowing the necessary flexibility in data collection and analysis to meet the needs.
Yin 30 proposed three types of case study approaches—descriptive, explanatory, and exploratory. Each can be designed around single or multiple cases, creating six basic case study methodologies. Descriptive studies provide a rich description of the phenomenon within its context, which can be helpful in developing theories. To test a theory or determine cause and effect relationships, researchers can use an explanatory design. An exploratory model is typically used in the pilot-test phase to develop propositions (eg, Sibbald et al. 31 used this approach to explore interprofessional network complexity). Despite having distinct characteristics, the boundaries between case study types are flexible with significant overlap. 30 Each has five key components: (1) research question; (2) proposition; (3) unit of analysis; (4) logical linking that connects the theory with proposition; and (5) criteria for analyzing findings.
Contrary to Yin, Stake 5 believes the research process cannot be planned in its entirety because research evolves as it is performed. Consequently, researchers can adjust the design of their methods even after data collection has begun. Stake 5 classifies case studies into three categories: intrinsic, instrumental, and collective/multiple. Intrinsic case studies focus on gaining a better understanding of the case. These are often undertaken when the researcher has an interest in a specific case. Instrumental case study is used when the case itself is not of the utmost importance, and the issue or phenomenon (ie, the research question) being explored becomes the focus instead (eg, Paciocco 32 used an instrumental case study to evaluate the implementation of a chronic disease management program). 5 Collective designs are rooted in an instrumental case study and include multiple cases to gain an in-depth understanding of the complexity and particularity of a phenomenon across diverse contexts. 5 , 23 In collective designs, studying similarities and differences between the cases allows the phenomenon to be understood more intimately (for examples of this in the field, see van Zelm et al. 33 and Burrows et al. 34 In addition, Sibbald et al. 35 present an example where a cross-case analysis method is used to compare instrumental cases).
Merriam’s approach is flexible (similar to Stake) as well as stepwise and linear (similar to Yin). She advocates for conducting a literature review before designing the study to better understand the theoretical underpinnings. 24 , 25 Unlike Stake or Yin, Merriam proposes a step-by-step guide for researchers to design a case study. These steps include performing a literature review, creating a theoretical framework, identifying the problem, creating and refining the research question(s), and selecting a study sample that fits the question(s). 24 , 25 , 36
Using multiple data collection methods is a key characteristic of all case study methodology; it enhances the credibility of the findings by allowing different facets and views of the phenomenon to be explored. 23 Common methods include interviews, focus groups, observation, and document analysis. 5 , 37 By seeking patterns within and across data sources, a thick description of the case can be generated to support a greater understanding and interpretation of the whole phenomenon. 5 , 17 , 20 , 23 This technique is called triangulation and is used to explore cases with greater accuracy. 5 Although Stake 5 maintains case study is most often used in qualitative research, Yin 17 supports a mix of both quantitative and qualitative methods to triangulate data. This deliberate convergence of data sources (or mixed methods) allows researchers to find greater depth in their analysis and develop converging lines of inquiry. For example, case studies evaluating interventions commonly use qualitative interviews to describe the implementation process, barriers, and facilitators paired with a quantitative survey of comparative outcomes and effectiveness. 33 , 38 , 39
Yin 30 describes analysis as dependent on the chosen approach, whether it be (1) deductive and rely on theoretical propositions; (2) inductive and analyze data from the “ground up”; (3) organized to create a case description; or (4) used to examine plausible rival explanations. According to Yin’s 40 approach to descriptive case studies, carefully considering theory development is an important part of study design. “Theory” refers to field-relevant propositions, commonly agreed upon assumptions, or fully developed theories. 40 Stake 5 advocates for using the researcher’s intuition and impression to guide analysis through a categorical aggregation and direct interpretation. Merriam 24 uses six different methods to guide the “process of making meaning” (p178) : (1) ethnographic analysis; (2) narrative analysis; (3) phenomenological analysis; (4) constant comparative method; (5) content analysis; and (6) analytic induction.
Drawing upon a theoretical or conceptual framework to inform analysis improves the quality of case study and avoids the risk of description without meaning. 18 Using Stake’s 5 approach, researchers rely on protocols and previous knowledge to help make sense of new ideas; theory can guide the research and assist researchers in understanding how new information fits into existing knowledge.
Columbia University has recently demonstrated how case studies can help train future health leaders. 41 Case studies encompass components of systems thinking—considering connections and interactions between components of a system, alongside the implications and consequences of those relationships—to equip health leaders with tools to tackle global health issues. 41 Greenwood 42 evaluated Indigenous peoples’ relationship with the healthcare system in British Columbia and used a case study to challenge and educate health leaders across the country to enhance culturally sensitive health service environments.
An important but often omitted step in case study research is an assessment of quality and rigour. We recommend using a framework or set of criteria to assess the rigour of the qualitative research. Suitable resources include Caelli et al., 43 Houghten et al., 44 Ravenek and Rudman, 45 and Tracy. 46
Although “pragmatic” case studies (ie, utilizing practical and applicable methods) have existed within psychotherapy for some time, 47 , 48 only recently has the applicability of pragmatism as an underlying paradigmatic perspective been considered in HSR. 49 This is marked by uptake of pragmatism in Randomized Control Trials, recognizing that “gold standard” testing conditions do not reflect the reality of clinical settings 50 , 51 nor do a handful of epistemologically guided methodologies suit every research inquiry.
Pragmatism positions the research question as the basis for methodological choices, rather than a theory or epistemology, allowing researchers to pursue the most practical approach to understanding a problem or discovering an actionable solution. 52 Mixed methods are commonly used to create a deeper understanding of the case through converging qualitative and quantitative data. 52 Pragmatic case study is suited to HSR because its flexibility throughout the research process accommodates complexity, ever-changing systems, and disruptions to research plans. 49 , 50 Much like case study, pragmatism has been criticized for its flexibility and use when other approaches are seemingly ill-fit. 53 , 54 Similarly, authors argue that this results from a lack of investigation and proper application rather than a reflection of validity, legitimizing the need for more exploration and conversation among researchers and practitioners. 55
Although occasionally misunderstood as a less rigourous research methodology, 8 case study research is highly flexible and allows for contextual nuances. 5 , 6 Its use is valuable when the researcher desires a thorough understanding of a phenomenon or case bound by context. 11 If needed, multiple similar cases can be studied simultaneously, or one case within another. 16 , 17 There are currently three main approaches to case study, 5 , 17 , 24 each with their own definitions of a case, ontological and epistemological paradigms, methodologies, and data collection and analysis procedures. 37
Individuals’ experiences within health systems are influenced heavily by contextual factors, participant experience, and intricate relationships between different organizations and actors. 55 Case study research is well suited for HSR because it can track and examine these complex relationships and systems as they evolve over time. 6 , 7 It is important that researchers and health leaders using this methodology understand its key tenets and how to conduct a proper case study. Although there are many examples of case study in action, they are often under-reported and, when reported, not rigorously conducted. 9 Thus, decision-makers and health leaders should use these examples with caution. The proper reporting of case studies is necessary to bolster their credibility in HSR literature and provide readers sufficient information to critically assess the methodology. We also call on health leaders who frequently use case studies 56 – 58 to report them in the primary research literature.
The purpose of this article is to advocate for the continued and advanced use of case study in HSR and to provide literature-based guidance for decision-makers, policy-makers, and health leaders on how to engage in, read, and interpret findings from case study research. As health systems progress and evolve, the application of case study research will continue to increase as researchers and health leaders aim to capture the inherent complexities, nuances, and contextual factors. 7
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Published on 5 May 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on 30 January 2023.
A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organisation, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.
A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating, and understanding different aspects of a research problem .
When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyse the case.
A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.
Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.
You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.
Research question | Case study |
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What are the ecological effects of wolf reintroduction? | Case study of wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park in the US |
How do populist politicians use narratives about history to gain support? | Case studies of Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán and US president Donald Trump |
How can teachers implement active learning strategies in mixed-level classrooms? | Case study of a local school that promotes active learning |
What are the main advantages and disadvantages of wind farms for rural communities? | Case studies of three rural wind farm development projects in different parts of the country |
How are viral marketing strategies changing the relationship between companies and consumers? | Case study of the iPhone X marketing campaign |
How do experiences of work in the gig economy differ by gender, race, and age? | Case studies of Deliveroo and Uber drivers in London |
Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:
Unlike quantitative or experimental research, a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.
If you find yourself aiming to simultaneously investigate and solve an issue, consider conducting action research . As its name suggests, action research conducts research and takes action at the same time, and is highly iterative and flexible.
However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience, or phenomenon.
While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:
To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.
There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews, observations, and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data .
The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.
In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.
How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis, with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results , and discussion .
Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyse its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).
In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.
McCombes, S. (2023, January 30). Case Study | Definition, Examples & Methods. Scribbr. Retrieved 12 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/case-studies/
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In business, having a great idea is only the first step toward bringing it to life. While a unique and innovative concept is essential, you will also need resources and support to guarantee success.
To secure the necessary resources and support, you must present a compelling argument that demonstrates the value and feasibility of your proposed project or initiative. A well-crafted business case can make all the difference.
In this article, you’ll learn what a business case is, its key components, and how it differs from a business plan. You’ll also discover the benefits of having a solid business case and get a blueprint for creating one that effectively conveys the value of your initiative.
A business case is a document that justifies undertaking a project or initiative. Its main purpose is to assess the potential benefits, costs, and risks, providing evidence to decision-makers on why the investment is worthwhile.
A well-structured business case typically includes the following key elements:
The business case is usually written by the individual or group proposing the project. This could be a project manager , entrepreneur, or other stakeholder advocating for a particular course of action. Some companies may have a designated role or team responsible for developing business cases.
The project sponsor usually prepares the business case, but all relevant team members should contribute. This includes subject matter experts from finance, HR, IT, and other pertinent functions who can offer specialized insights and information.
A business case and a business plan serve different purposes:
In summary, a business case is a targeted, short-to-medium-term analysis of a particular project. In contrast, a business plan is a broader, long-term strategic document encompassing the whole business.
A well-crafted business case provides numerous benefits for companies undertaking projects or initiatives.
A business case clearly defines the problem or opportunity and outlines the proposed solution. It provides a roadmap for the project, ensuring all stakeholders understand the goals and business objectives.
A business case enables informed decision-making by presenting a thorough analysis of costs and benefits. It allows leaders to weigh the project’s merits against other priorities and make evidence-based choices.
A business case helps optimize resource allocation by justifying the investment necessary for the project. It helps direct people and funds toward initiatives with the most significant strategic value and ROI.
A business case identifies potential pitfalls through a comprehensive risk assessment and outlines mitigation strategies. This proactive approach increases the likelihood of project success and minimizes the impact of challenges that may arise.
A business case aligns stakeholder expectations by documenting the expected outcomes, timelines, and responsibilities. It also serves as a communication tool and a point of reference throughout the project lifecycle, ensuring everyone remains focused on the agreed-upon objectives.
Developing a compelling business case involves a systematic approach to gathering information, analyzing options, and presenting a clear recommendation.
Start by identifying the issue or opportunity that the project aims to address. Clearly articulate the problem statement and its impact on the company. Gather relevant data and evidence, such as customer feedback, market trends, or internal metrics to support the problem statement.
Engage key stakeholders to generate a range of possible solutions. Consider both internal capabilities and external resources. Evaluate each option based on its feasibility, cost, and alignment with organizational goals. A brainstorming template can help keep the conversations productive.
Conduct a thorough financial analysis of the proposed solutions. Estimate the costs associated with each option, including upfront investments and ongoing expenses. Project the expected benefits and ROI over a defined time frame.
Identify potential risks of each solution, such as technical challenges, market uncertainties, and resource constraints. Develop mitigation strategies to address these risks and reduce their impact on the project's success. A risk assessment matrix template simplifies the process.
Collaborate with key stakeholders throughout the process to gather input, build consensus, and secure buy-in. Regularly communicate progress and seek feedback to ensure alignment and support for the recommended solution.
Compile the gathered information into a comprehensive document. Include an executive summary, problem statement, analysis of options, recommended solution, implementation plan, financial analysis, and risk assessment. Use clear, concise language and visuals to convey the key points.
Share the draft business case with relevant stakeholders for review and feedback. Incorporate their input and refine the document to ensure clarity, accuracy, and persuasiveness. Prepare to present the business case to decision-makers and address any questions or concerns.
Develop a detailed implementation plan post-approval such as with a project plan template . Assign responsibilities, allocate resources, and establish timelines. Regularly monitor progress against milestones and key performance indicators. Communicate updates to stakeholders and make adjustments as necessary to ensure successful project delivery.
Whether presenting a proof of concept or seeking approval for a large-scale initiative, a well-crafted business case is essential. It demonstrates the project’s alignment with the company’s strategic plan and justifies the investment of time, resources, and budget.
Confluence simplifies this process with built-in best practices and templates. It allows key company-wide and project-related knowledge to be centralized in one place, making it instantly accessible and ready to move your business forward.
Create a business case that gets attention and approval with Confluence:
Confluence eases the headache of scattered documents, unreliable information, and disconnected team members by bringing all your work into a single, connected workspace. Content-integrated pages feed into secure workspaces that become your company’s source of truth, whether you’re working at startup velocity or enterprise scale. With Confluence, you can develop a business case that effectively communicates your project’s strategic value. From defining the project scope to outlining the implementation plan, Confluence provides the tools for successful project collaboration. Start building your winning business case today and turn your ideas into reality. Make a free business case with Confluence today.
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By ICTS and Washington University in St. Louis | August 14, 2024
Suicide is the second-leading cause of death for youth ages 10 to 14 years and the third for 15 to 24-year-olds. 1 According to the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, nearly one in five high school students have had suicidal thoughts, and 8.9% have attempted suicide. 2 The COVID-19 pandemic further increased mental health distress among youth. Recognizing this growing issue, in 2021, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the Children’s Hospital Association declared a national emergency in children’s mental health.
Pediatric providers identified several barriers to addressing this emergency, including a lack of time, inadequate mental health training, provider burnout, clinic system inefficiencies, limited resources for youth and their families, and the lack of a robust mental health system. Despite these barriers, pediatricians reported being committed and willing to screen patients for mental health issues and suicide risk. However, they expressed wanting more support to offer individuals who screened positive. In response to these challenges, this project focused on achieving the following system change goals: (1) increase access to community-based mental health services for youth and families during times of distress, (2) provide practice facilitation support to pediatric providers, and (3) build a more robust system for youth mental health.
Our research team used a Human Centered Design (HCD) workshop, focus group, and survey input from multiple community partners, youth, families, and pediatric clinicians to identify projects to improve youth mental health. HCD aims to align system design with the needs of users. 3, 4 During the workshop, participants were given an overview of youth mental health and suicide epidemiology. They then engaged in activities to generate ideas for systemic changes to improve youth mental health. Through this process, our team chose to focus on enhancing a follow-up care coordination role through Missouri’s Child Psychiatry Access Project (MO-CPAP). 5 This master’s level behavioral health clinician role identifies needed resources while supporting families’ linkage to mental health services over a 90-day period and communicates information back to the referring pediatric clinician.
Through collaboration and feedback, further improvements were made to the MO-CPAP follow-up care coordination service, including easier online intake forms and improved follow-up communication. The Washington University Pediatric and Adolescent Ambulatory Research Consortium (WU PAARC), a practice-based research network of more than 60 pediatric primary care practices caring for over 175,000 patients, completed additional provider outreach, education, coaching and programmatic updates to promote follow-up care coordination. 6 Preparation for this effort involved several steps, including creating a one-pager for families describing follow-up care coordination, making the online service request link more prominent on MO-CPAP’s website, and then adding the link to WU PAARC’s website. Refinement of flow charts for providers and updated protocols for follow-up were also completed.
This project made it easier for pediatric providers to connect patients who screened positive for mental health issues to appropriate follow-up care. Previously, the MO-CPAP follow-up care coordination service was only accessible by phone. Busy clinicians identified this time-consuming process as a barrier to using the service. Our work supported the development and implementation of an easy-to-use online form. Providers can now submit referrals asynchronously and request psychiatry consultation or follow-up care coordination. Resource materials explaining the process were created and shared with pediatricians, youth, and families. Pilot testing with a smaller group of providers ensured system effectiveness and improved communication between clinicians and families regarding the follow-up care coordination process, specifically informing caregivers on what to expect once referred. The usage of both follow-up care coordination and the online form significantly increased, benefiting families and increasing access to youth mental health services statewide in Missouri.
This collaborative approach strengthened our mental health system for children, enhanced community partnerships, and led to an increase in service use by providers. Early usage data from statewide providers shows nearly 70% of requests for assistance come through an online mechanism, and 70% of all MO-CPAP requests now include follow-up care coordination.
This project also had important equity impacts. The follow-up care coordinator service is now available to every child and family in Missouri through their pediatric clinician. This means rural patients and children of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds have access to this support, and the service is free of charge.
Demonstrated benefits are those that have been observed and are verifiable.
Potential benefits are those logically expected with moderate to high confidence.
Expanded the follow-up care coordination services throughout the state of Missouri through MO-CPAP. demonstrated.
Increased usage of follow-up care coordination by pediatric providers to give greater access to mental health services for youth and their families. demonstrated.
Enhanced a follow-up care coordinator role to effectively refer and link families to mental health services. demonstrated.
Increased access to community health services and provided additional outreach, education, and programmatic updates to promote follow-up care coordination. demonstrated.
Strengthened our mental health system for children, potentially increasing life expectancy and quality by reducing the risk of suicide and improving emotional distress. potential.
Provided free referral services to providers and families through MO-CPAP. demonstrated.
This research has community and economic implications. The framework for these implications was derived from the Translational Science Benefits Model created by the Institute of Clinical & Translational Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis. 7
This project increased access and linkage to needed care, added funding resources, redesigned an available resource for greater use by pediatric clinicians, and enhanced partnerships for future work in children’s mental health. The referral coordination system was improved based on user needs and preferences and now utilization has increased, thanks to the collaborative nature of MO-CPAP and Behavioral Health Response (BHR) staff and the trust and shared values among all entities. Among the 21 pilot requests including care coordination, 10 families (48%) were connected with resources.
MO-CPAP referral services are free for providers and families. WU PAARC helped secure federal and state funds for this free care coordination service by sharing provider feedback and committing to partner with MO-CPAP to develop an easier online process for psychiatric consultation and care coordination. WU PAARC data gathered around needs and pediatric clinician feedback strengthened a HRSA grant proposal, which ultimately led to greater funding for MO-CPAP to expand and bolster these care coordination services.
This project strengthened our mental health system for children, enhanced community partnerships, and led to an increase in service use by providers. Advocacy and system change work increased access and linkage to needed care, added funding resources, redesigned an available resource for greater use by pediatric clinicians, and deepened partnerships for future work in children’s mental health. Building strong relationships around shared goals can lead to important system change that can strengthen mental health access for youth. The collaborative relationships between MO-CPAP, BHR, WU PAARC, parents, youth, community agencies, and pediatric clinicians are critical. The referral coordination system was improved based on user needs and preferences and utilization has increased. This project demonstrates that system change can occur through collaborative efforts among partners managing different aspects of the system. The HCD process helped identify opportunities that aligned with desirability, feasibility, and acceptability, while fostering trust and mutual understanding. The project began with achievable system changes and evolved into sustained and enhanced efforts through deepened partnerships.
A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.
The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.
Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6
Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.
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Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
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Author names | Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga |
Author affiliation | For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s). | Department of Psychology, University of Georgia |
Course number and name | Provide the course number as shown on instructional materials, followed by a colon and the course name. Center the course number and name on the next double-spaced line after the author affiliation. | PSY 201: Introduction to Psychology |
Instructor name | Provide the name of the instructor for the course using the format shown on instructional materials. Center the instructor name on the next double-spaced line after the course number and name. | Dr. Rowan J. Estes |
Assignment due date | Provide the due date for the assignment. Center the due date on the next double-spaced line after the instructor name. Use the date format commonly used in your country. | October 18, 2020 |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.
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Paper title | Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms. |
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Author names
| Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name. | Francesca Humboldt |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals after author names to connect the names to the appropriate affiliation(s). If all authors have the same affiliation, superscript numerals are not used (see Section 2.3 of the for more on how to set up bylines and affiliations). | Tracy Reuter , Arielle Borovsky , and Casey Lew-Williams | |
Author affiliation
| For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center each affiliation on its own line.
| Department of Nursing, Morrigan University |
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals before affiliations to connect the affiliations to the appropriate author(s). Do not use superscript numerals if all authors share the same affiliations (see Section 2.3 of the for more). | Department of Psychology, Princeton University | |
Author note | Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For further information on the contents of the author note, see Section 2.7 of the . | n/a |
| The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head. | Prediction errors support children’s word learning |
| Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header. | 1 |
IMAGES
COMMENTS
A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation. They keep your project focused and ...
The main elements of case study design include the research question, propositions, units of analysis, and the logic linking the data to the propositions. Research question. The research question is the foundation of any research study. A good research question guides the direction of the study and informs the selection of the case, the methods ...
The term case study is confusing because the same term is used multiple ways. The term can refer to the methodology, that is, a system of frameworks used to design a study, or the methods used to conduct it. Or, case study can refer to a type of academic writing that typically delves into a problem, process, or situation.
A case study is one of the most commonly used methodologies of social research. This article attempts to look into the various dimensions of a case study research strategy, the different epistemological strands which determine the particular case study type and approach adopted in the field, discusses the factors which can enhance the effectiveness of a case study research, and the debate ...
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth examination and analysis of a particular phenomenon or case, such as an individual, organization, community, event, or situation. It is a qualitative research approach that aims to provide a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the case being studied.
Case study research is typically extensive; it draws on multiple methods of data collection and involves multiple data sources. The researcher begins by identifying a specific case or set of cases to be studied. Each case is an entity that is described within certain parameters, such as a specific time frame, place, event, and process.
A Case study is: An in-depth research design that primarily uses a qualitative methodology but sometimes includes quantitative methodology. Used to examine an identifiable problem confirmed through research. Used to investigate an individual, group of people, organization, or event. Used to mostly answer "how" and "why" questions.
Although case studies have been discussed extensively in the literature, little has been written about the specific steps one may use to conduct case study research effectively (Gagnon, 2010; Hancock & Algozzine, 2016).Baskarada (2014) also emphasized the need to have a succinct guideline that can be practically followed as it is actually tough to execute a case study well in practice.
A case study is an in-depth study of one person, group, or event. In a case study, nearly every aspect of the subject's life and history is analyzed to seek patterns and causes of behavior. Case studies can be used in many different fields, including psychology, medicine, education, anthropology, political science, and social work.
In this article, we explore the concept of a case study, including its writing process, benefits, various types, challenges, and more.. How to write a case study. Understanding how to write a case study is an invaluable skill. You'll need to embrace decision-making - from deciding which customers to feature to designing the best format to make them as engaging as possible.
Researchers, economists, and others frequently use case studies to answer questions across a wide spectrum of disciplines, from analyzing decades of climate data for conservation efforts to developing new theoretical frameworks in psychology. Learn about the different types of case studies, their benefits, and examples of successful case studies.
Definition of the Case Study. "An empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon (e.g., a "case") within its real-life context; when the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident" (Yin, 2014, p.16) "A case study is an in-depth description and analysis of a bounded system" (Merriam, 2015, p.37).
The case study design is preferred as a research strategy when "how," "why," and "what" questions are the interest of the researcher. Discover the world's research.
McMaster University, West Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Qualitative case study methodology prov ides tools for researchers to study. complex phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is ...
Résumé. Case study is a common methodology in the social sciences (management, psychology, science of education, political science, sociology). A lot of methodological papers have been dedicated to case study but, paradoxically, the question "what is a case?" has been less studied.
Chapter objectives. After reading this chapter you will be able to: Describe the purpose of case studies. Plan a systematic approach to case study design. Recognize the strengths and limitations of case studies as a research method. Compose a case study report that is appropriately structured and presented.
A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single person, group, event, or community. This research method involves intensively analyzing a subject to understand its complexity and context. The richness of a case study comes from its ability to capture detailed, qualitative data that can offer insights into a process or subject matter that ...
A business or marketing case study aims at showcasing a successful partnership. This can be between a brand and a client. Or the case study can examine a brand's project. There is a perception that case studies are used to advertise a brand. But effective reports, like the one below, can show clients how a brand can support them.
All good case study designs will include a combination of photo, video, and illustrations or charts to tell a story of their clients' success. Rather than just relying on text, these visual aids back-up any claims being made as well as visually capturing the attention of readers. They are laser focused.
A case study is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. A case study can be defined in a variety of ways (Table 5 ), the ...
Key tenets. In addition to demonstrating coherency with the type of questions case study is suited to answer, there are four key tenets to case study methodologies: (1) be transparent in the paradigmatic and theoretical perspectives influencing study design; (2) clearly define the case and phenomenon of interest; (3) clearly define and justify the type of case study design; and (4) use ...
A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation. They keep your project focused and ...
Its minimalist design, coupled with playful, rounded illustrations, helps users feel at ease, encouraging them to relax and focus on their mental health. Key Emotional Impact: Calmness, Reassurance • Behavioural Design: Simple Navigation and Guided Interactions. Headspace focuses on making the user experience as frictionless as possible.
VivifyScrum EDU is an educational platform designed to teach Scrum methodology through a gamified experience, much like Duolingo for Scrum. The project aimed to create an engaging and accessible way for users to learn Scrum for free, using a theme inspired by Japanese martial arts and masters to make the learning journey both fun and effective.
Key elements of a business case . A well-structured business case typically includes the following key elements: Executive summary: This is a concise overview of the business case, highlighting the business problem, proposed solution, and expected benefits.; Problem statement: This clearly describes the business issue or opportunity the project aims to address.
Summary. Suicide is the second-leading cause of death for youth ages 10 to 14 years and the third for 15 to 24-year-olds. 1 According to the Youth Behavioral Risk Factor Survey, nearly one in five high school students have had suicidal thoughts, and 8.9% have attempted suicide. 2 The COVID-19 pandemic further increased mental health distress among youth.
A Design Sprint is a five-day process for answering critical business questions through design, prototyping, and testing ideas with customers. Developed at Google Ventures, it incorporates the "greatest hits" of business strategy, innovation, behavioral science, design thinking, and more into a proven process that any team can use.
For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center ...
Trendy Gradients in Web Design This year we have seen various multicoloured gradients with vibrant color palettes and irregular shapes with blur and distortion effects. ⭐ Trendy Gradients in Web Design ⭐ are used in secondary elements within the composition, such as hovers, titles, 3D elements or icons.
A case study is an in-depth, detailed examination of a particular case (or cases) within a real-world context. [1] [2] For example, case studies in medicine may focus on an individual patient or ailment; case studies in business might cover a particular firm's strategy or a broader market; similarly, case studies in politics can range from a narrow happening over time like the operations of a ...