what is the meaning of photosynthesis in urdu

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Photosynthesis Meaning In Urdu

Photosynthesis Meaning in English to Urdu is ضیائی تالیف, as written in Urdu and Zayai Taleef, as written in Roman Urdu. Accurate Photosynthesis Translation, Synonyms and Antonyms.

Photosynthesis

[foh-tuh-sin-thuh-sis]

ضیائی تالیف

Zayai Taleef

Form Noun, Biology, Biochemistry.

How To Spell Photosynthesis [foh-tuh-sin-thuh-sis]

More Word Meaning in Urdu

Free online dictionary, word of the day.

[verb In-krees; Noun In-krees]

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Translation of "photosynthesis" into Urdu

ضیائی تالیف is the translation of "photosynthesis" into Urdu. Sample translated sentence: The marvelous process of photosynthesis supports vegetation on land and phytoplankton in the seas. ↔ سورج کی قوت سے کھیتوں میں فصل اور سمندری پانی میں ننھےمنے پودے اُگتے ہیں۔

(biology) The process by which plants and other photoautotrophs generate carbohydrates and oxygen from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy in chloroplasts. [..]

English-Urdu dictionary

ضیائی تالیف.

process used by plants and other organisms

Show algorithmically generated translations

Automatic translations of " photosynthesis " into Urdu

Translations of "photosynthesis" into urdu in sentences, translation memory.

Photosynthesis

ضیائی تالیف ۔

Photosynthesis definitions in Urdu

• دیپتمان توانائی (خاص طور پر پودوں میں) کی مدد سے مرکبات کی ترکیب
• وہ عمل جس کے ذریعہ سبز پودوں اور کچھ دوسرے حیاتیات کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ اور پانی سے کھانے کی ترکیب سازی کے لئے سورج کی روشنی کا استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ پودوں میں فوٹوسنتھیس میں عام طور پر سبز رنگ روغن کلوروفل شامل ہوتا ہے اور بطور پیداوار آکسیجن پیدا کرتا ہے

Photosynthesis meaning in English

• The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct
• synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants)

Photosynthesis Synonyms and Antonyms

chemical process chemical change chemical action

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• photosynthesis Meaning

Photosynthesis Meaning in Urdu

Photosynthesis meaning in Urdu is Zayai taleef (ضیائی تالیف) .Similar words of Photosynthesis are also commonly used in daily talk like as Photosynthesis System, Photosynthesis Diagram, and Photosynthesis Process.Pronunciation of Photosynthesis in roman Urdu is "Zayai taleef" and Translation of Photosynthesis in Urdu writing script is ضیائی تالیف .

Photosynthesis

ضیائی تالیف, zayai taleef.

• (n.) The process of constructive metabolism by which carbohydrates are formed from water vapor and the carbon dioxide of the air in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants exposed to the action of light. It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now commonly used as in animal physiology. The details of the process are not yet clearly known. Baeyers theory is that the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide, which, uniting with the hydrogen of the water in the cell, produces formaldehyde, the latter forming various sugars through polymerization. Vines suggests that the carbohydrates are secretion products of the chloroplasts, derived from decomposition of previously formed proteids. The food substances are usually quickly translocated, those that accumulate being changed to starch, which appears in the cells almost simultaneously with the sugars. The chloroplasts perform photosynthesis only in light and within a certain range of temperature, varying according to climate. This is the only way in which a plant is able to organize carbohydrates. All plants without a chlorophyll apparatus, as the fungi, must be parasitic or saprophytic.

Photosynthesis Urdu Meaning with Definition

Photosynthesis is an English word that is used in many sentences in different contexts. Photosynthesis meaning in Urdu is a ضیائی تالیف - Zayai taleef. Photosynthesis word is driven by the English language. Photosynthesis word meaning in English is well described here in English as well as in Urdu. You can use this amazing English to Urdu dictionary online to check the meaning of other words too as the word Photosynthesis meaning.

Finding the exact meaning of any word online is a little tricky. There is more than 1 meaning of each word. However the meaning of Photosynthesis stated above is reliable and authentic. It can be used in various sentences and Photosynthesis word synonyms are also given on this page. Dictionary is a helpful tool for everyone who wants to learn a new word or wants to find the meaning. This English to Urdu dictionary online is easy to use and carry in your pocket. Similar to the meaning of Photosynthesis, you can check other words' meanings as well by searching it online.

Photosynthesis meaning in Urdu

Photosynthesis sentence, photosynthesis definitions.

1) Photosynthesis : ضیائی تالیف : (noun) synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants).

Useful Words

Foliage : پتا , Photosynthetic : ضیائی تالیف سے متعلق , Holophyte : اپنی غذا خود بنانے والا , Photosensitivity : حساسیت نور , Acetamide : بے رنگ محلول , Flash : اچانک سے چمکنا , Hydrocyanic Acid : پروسی تیزاب , Radiometer : شعاع پیما , Opaque : غیر شفاف , Absorptance : شعائیں جذب کرنے کا پیمانہ , Radiant Energy : اشعاعی توانائی , Generator : برقی کرنٹ پیدا کرنے کی مشین , Atomic : ایٹمی , Turbine : چرخاب , Photovoltaic Cell : وہ سیل جس کے ذریعے سورج کی روشنی کو برقی توانائی میں بدل لیا جاتا ہے , Radiantly : چمک دمک کے ساتھ , Aglow : روشن , Glory : خوبصورتی سے چمکنا , Aura : نورانی ہالہ , Acetylene : آتش گیر گیس , Fischer : جرمن کیمیا دان , Mediterranean Anaemia : خون میں ہمیو گلوبین کی کمی کا خاندانی مرض , Arsine : آتش گیر زہریلی گیس , Horticulturist : ماہر باغبانی , Botanical Medicine : جڑی بوٹیوں کا علاج , Conjugate : ملا کر بنا , Agavaceae : بغیر تنے کا پودا , Argentic : چاندی کی مانند , Acid Halide : نمک کا تیزاب , Vegetable : سبزی , Heterotrophic : دوسری مخلوق کھانے والا

Useful Words Definitions

Foliage: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants.

Photosynthetic: relating to or using or formed by photosynthesis.

Holophyte: an organism that produces its own food by photosynthesis.

Photosensitivity: sensitivity to the action of radiant energy.

Acetamide: a colorless solid amide of acetic acid used as a solvent and in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Flash: a sudden intense burst of radiant energy.

Hydrocyanic Acid: a solution of hydrogen cyanide in water; weak solutions are used in fumigating and in the synthesis of organic compounds.

Radiometer: meter to detect and measure radiant energy (electromagnetic or acoustic).

Opaque: not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy; impenetrable to sight.

Absorptance: a measure of the rate of decrease in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (as light) as it passes through a given substance; the fraction of incident radiant energy absorbed per unit mass or thickness of an absorber.

Radiant Energy: energy that is transmitted in the form of (electromagnetic) radiation; energy that exists in the absence of matter.

Generator: engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction.

Atomic: (weapons) deriving destructive energy from the release of atomic energy.

Turbine: rotary engine in which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed rotor to rotate.

Photovoltaic Cell: a cell that converts solar energy into electrical energy.

Radiantly: in a radiant manner.

Aglow: softly bright or radiant.

Glory: brilliant radiant beauty.

Aura: an indication of radiant light drawn around the head of a saint.

Acetylene: a colorless flammable gas used chiefly in welding and in organic synthesis.

Fischer: German chemist noted for his synthesis of hemin (1881-1945).

Mediterranean Anaemia: an inherited type of anemia resulting from impaired hemoglobin synthesis.

Arsine: a poisonous colorless flammable gas used in organic synthesis and to dope transistors and as a poison gas in warfare.

Horticulturist: an expert in the science of cultivating plants (fruit or flowers or vegetables or ornamental plants).

Botanical Medicine: the use of plants or plant extracts for medicinal purposes (especially plants that are not part of the normal diet).

Conjugate: formed by the union of two compounds.

Agavaceae: chiefly tropical and xerophytic plants: includes Dracenaceae (Dracaenaceae); comprises plants that in some classifications are divided between the Amaryllidaceae and the Liliaceae.

Argentic: relating to compounds in which silver is bivalent.

Acid Halide: organic compounds containing the group -COX where X is a halogen atom.

Vegetable: any of various herbaceous plants cultivated for an edible part such as the fruit or the root of the beet or the leaf of spinach or the seeds of bean plants or the flower buds of broccoli or cauliflower.

Heterotrophic: requiring organic compounds of carbon and nitrogen for nourishment.

Related Words

Flora : پودا

Next of Photosynthesis

Photosynthetic : relating to or using or formed by photosynthesis.

Previous of Photosynthesis

Photometer : photographic equipment that measures the intensity of light.

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Photosynthesis Meaning In Urdu

سادہ مثالوں اور تعریفوں کے ساتھ photosynthesis کا حقیقی معنی جانیں۔, definitions of photosynthesis.

1 . وہ عمل جس کے ذریعے سبز پودے اور کچھ دوسرے جاندار سورج کی روشنی کو کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ اور پانی سے غذائی اجزاء کی ترکیب کے لیے استعمال کرتے ہیں۔ پودوں میں فوٹو سنتھیس میں عام طور پر سبز رنگ کا رنگ کلوروفیل شامل ہوتا ہے اور ایک ضمنی پیداوار کے طور پر آکسیجن پیدا کرتا ہے۔

1 . the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a by-product.

Examples of Photosynthesis :

1 . ہیٹروٹروفس فوٹو سنتھیسز کے ذریعے اپنا کھانا خود نہیں بنا سکتے اور اس لیے اپنی خوراک کی فراہمی کے لیے مکمل طور پر آٹوٹروفس پر انحصار کرتے ہیں۔

1 . heterotrophs are not able to produce their own food through photosynthesis and therefore wholly depend on autotrophs for food supply.

2 . پانی کے دباؤ کے تحت پودے اپنے سٹوماٹا کے بند ہونے سمیت ردعمل کی ایک سیریز کے ذریعے اپنی ٹرانسپائریشن اور فوٹو سنتھیس دونوں کو کم کرتے ہیں۔

2 . plants under water stress decrease both their transpiration and photosynthesis through a number of responses, including closing their stomata.

3 . تاہم، زائلم ٹرانسپائریشن اور فوٹو سنتھیسز کے ذریعے ضائع ہونے والے پانی کو بھرنے کے لیے ذمہ دار ہے۔

3 . nevertheless, xylem is responsible for restoring water lost by means of transpiration and photosynthesis .

4 . سٹوماٹا فوٹو سنتھیسز میں اہم کردار ادا کرتا ہے۔

4 . Stomata play a crucial role in photosynthesis .

5 . یہ پوائنٹس کلوروپلاسٹ ہیں، جہاں ہلکے سے حساس سبز کلوروفیل واقع ہے اور جہاں فتوسنتھیس ہوتا ہے۔

5 . these dots are the chloroplasts, where the light- sensitive green chlorophyll is found and where photosynthesis takes place.

6 . یہ مضمون متعدد میں سے پہلا مضمون ہوگا جس میں یہ دیکھا جائے گا کہ فتوسنتھیس کیسے کام کرتا ہے اور مختلف رنگین روشنی خارج کرنے والے ڈائیوڈس کے اثرات۔

6 . this article will be the first of several that will examine how photosynthesis works and the effects of variously colored light-emitting diodes.

7 . فگر 4.5 فوٹو سنتھیس اور سانس۔

7 . figure 4.5 photosynthesis and respiration.

8 . ٹھیک ہے، بچوں، یہاں کون کہہ سکتا ہے "فوٹو سنتھیسس"؟

8 . okay, kids, who here can say" photosynthesis "?

9 . (b) یہ فتوسنتھیسز کے لیے کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ حاصل نہیں کرے گا۔

9 . (b) it will not get carbon dioxide for photosynthesis .

10 . فوٹو سنتھیس کو بڑھانا، فصل کی پیداوار اور معیار کو بہتر بنانا۔

10 . enhance photosynthesis , improve crop yields and quality.

11 . مصنوعی فتوسنتھیس بھی ایک طویل مدتی امکان ہے۔

11 . Artificial photosynthesis is also a long-term possibility.

12 . پودے فتوسنتھیس کے دوران کاربوہائیڈریٹ کو خوراک کے طور پر تیار کرتے ہیں۔

12 . plants prepare carbohydrates during photosynthesis as food.

13 . فوٹو سنتھیس کے بغیر، زندگی جیسا کہ ہم جانتے ہیں ممکن نہیں ہوگا۔

13 . without photosynthesis , life as we know it would not be possible.

14 . فوٹو سنتھیسس: تاریک مرحلے اور فوٹو ریسپریشن کے دوران کیا ہوتا ہے؟

14 . Photosynthesis : What Happens During the Dark Phase & Photorespiration?

15 . اگر روشنی کی شدت بہت زیادہ ہے، تو یہ کچھ مرجانوں کے فوٹو سنتھیس کو روک سکتی ہے۔

15 . if light intensity is too high it can impede photosynthesis in some corals.

16 . ان میں سے بہت سے، تانبے کی طرح، فوٹو سنتھیسز اور تولید میں اہم کردار ادا کرتے ہیں۔

16 . many of them, like copper, play a major role in photosynthesis and reproduction.

17 . فوٹو سنتھیسز کا کام روک دیا جاتا ہے، پتے پیلے ہو جاتے ہیں اور گر جاتے ہیں۔

17 . the function of photosynthesis is inhibited, the leaves turn yellow and fall off.

18 . کلوروفل اے کلوروفیل کی ایک مخصوص شکل ہے جو آکسیجنک فوٹو سنتھیس کے لیے استعمال ہوتی ہے۔

18 . chlorophyll a is a specific form of chlorophyll which is used for oxygenic photosynthesis .

19 . اس کے علاوہ کتاب "It's Ok to Be Healthy" کے مصنف، اور جلد آرہے ہیں، "Human Photosynthesis 101"۔

19 . Also author of the book “It’s Ok to Be Healthy”, and coming soon, “Human Photosynthesis 101”.

20 . پگمنٹڈ گھاووں اور ٹیٹو کا لیزر ٹریٹمنٹ منتخب فوٹو سنتھیسس کے اصول پر مبنی ہے۔

20 . the laser treatment of pigmented lesions and tattoos are based on principle of selected photosynthesis .

Similar Words

Photosynthesis meaning in Urdu - Learn actual meaning of Photosynthesis with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Photosynthesis in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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photosynthesis Urdu Meaning

Urdu Meanings

iJunoon official Urdu Dictionary

ضیائی تالیف

zayai taleef

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Development of the idea

Overall reaction of photosynthesis.

• Basic products of photosynthesis
• Evolution of the process
• Light intensity and temperature
• Carbon dioxide
• Internal factors
• Energy efficiency of photosynthesis
• Structural features
• Light absorption and energy transfer
• The pathway of electrons
• Evidence of two light reactions
• Photosystems I and II
• Quantum requirements
• The process of photosynthesis: the conversion of light energy to ATP
• Elucidation of the carbon pathway
• Carboxylation
• Isomerization/condensation/dismutation
• Phosphorylation
• Regulation of the cycle
• Products of carbon reduction
• Photorespiration
• Carbon fixation in C 4 plants
• Carbon fixation via crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
• Differences in carbon fixation pathways
• The molecular biology of photosynthesis

Why is photosynthesis important?

What is the basic formula for photosynthesis, which organisms can photosynthesize.

photosynthesis

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• Khan Academy - Photosynthesis
• Biology LibreTexts - Photosynthesis
• University of Florida - Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences - Photosynthesis
• Milne Library - Inanimate Life - Photosynthesis
• National Center for Biotechnology Information - Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis
• Roger Williams University Pressbooks - Introduction to Molecular and Cell Biology - Photosynthesis
• BCcampus Open Publishing - Concepts of Biology – 1st Canadian Edition - Overview of Photosynthesis
• photosynthesis - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
• photosynthesis - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

Photosynthesis is critical for the existence of the vast majority of life on Earth. It is the way in which virtually all energy in the biosphere becomes available to living things. As primary producers, photosynthetic organisms form the base of Earth’s food webs and are consumed directly or indirectly by all higher life-forms. Additionally, almost all the oxygen in the atmosphere is due to the process of photosynthesis. If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth, most organisms would disappear, and Earth’s atmosphere would eventually become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen.

The process of photosynthesis is commonly written as: 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O → C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 . This means that the reactants, six carbon dioxide molecules and six water molecules, are converted by light energy captured by chlorophyll (implied by the arrow) into a sugar molecule and six oxygen molecules, the products. The sugar is used by the organism, and the oxygen is released as a by-product.

The ability to photosynthesize is found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. The most well-known examples are plants, as all but a very few parasitic or mycoheterotrophic species contain chlorophyll and produce their own food. Algae are the other dominant group of eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. All algae, which include massive kelps and microscopic diatoms , are important primary producers.  Cyanobacteria and certain sulfur bacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes, in whom photosynthesis evolved. No animals are thought to be independently capable of photosynthesis, though the emerald green sea slug can temporarily incorporate algae chloroplasts in its body for food production.

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photosynthesis , the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy . During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water , carbon dioxide , and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds .

It would be impossible to overestimate the importance of photosynthesis in the maintenance of life on Earth . If photosynthesis ceased, there would soon be little food or other organic matter on Earth. Most organisms would disappear, and in time Earth’s atmosphere would become nearly devoid of gaseous oxygen. The only organisms able to exist under such conditions would be the chemosynthetic bacteria , which can utilize the chemical energy of certain inorganic compounds and thus are not dependent on the conversion of light energy.

Energy produced by photosynthesis carried out by plants millions of years ago is responsible for the fossil fuels (i.e., coal , oil , and gas ) that power industrial society . In past ages, green plants and small organisms that fed on plants increased faster than they were consumed, and their remains were deposited in Earth’s crust by sedimentation and other geological processes. There, protected from oxidation , these organic remains were slowly converted to fossil fuels. These fuels not only provide much of the energy used in factories, homes, and transportation but also serve as the raw material for plastics and other synthetic products. Unfortunately, modern civilization is using up in a few centuries the excess of photosynthetic production accumulated over millions of years. Consequently, the carbon dioxide that has been removed from the air to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis over millions of years is being returned at an incredibly rapid rate. The carbon dioxide concentration in Earth’s atmosphere is rising the fastest it ever has in Earth’s history, and this phenomenon is expected to have major implications on Earth’s climate .

Requirements for food, materials, and energy in a world where human population is rapidly growing have created a need to increase both the amount of photosynthesis and the efficiency of converting photosynthetic output into products useful to people. One response to those needs—the so-called Green Revolution , begun in the mid-20th century—achieved enormous improvements in agricultural yield through the use of chemical fertilizers , pest and plant- disease control, plant breeding , and mechanized tilling, harvesting, and crop processing. This effort limited severe famines to a few areas of the world despite rapid population growth , but it did not eliminate widespread malnutrition . Moreover, beginning in the early 1990s, the rate at which yields of major crops increased began to decline. This was especially true for rice in Asia. Rising costs associated with sustaining high rates of agricultural production, which required ever-increasing inputs of fertilizers and pesticides and constant development of new plant varieties, also became problematic for farmers in many countries.

A second agricultural revolution , based on plant genetic engineering , was forecast to lead to increases in plant productivity and thereby partially alleviate malnutrition. Since the 1970s, molecular biologists have possessed the means to alter a plant’s genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA ) with the aim of achieving improvements in disease and drought resistance, product yield and quality, frost hardiness, and other desirable properties. However, such traits are inherently complex, and the process of making changes to crop plants through genetic engineering has turned out to be more complicated than anticipated. In the future such genetic engineering may result in improvements in the process of photosynthesis, but by the first decades of the 21st century, it had yet to demonstrate that it could dramatically increase crop yields.

Another intriguing area in the study of photosynthesis has been the discovery that certain animals are able to convert light energy into chemical energy. The emerald green sea slug ( Elysia chlorotica ), for example, acquires genes and chloroplasts from Vaucheria litorea , an alga it consumes, giving it a limited ability to produce chlorophyll . When enough chloroplasts are assimilated , the slug may forgo the ingestion of food. The pea aphid ( Acyrthosiphon pisum ) can harness light to manufacture the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP); this ability has been linked to the aphid’s manufacture of carotenoid pigments.

General characteristics

The study of photosynthesis began in 1771 with observations made by the English clergyman and scientist Joseph Priestley . Priestley had burned a candle in a closed container until the air within the container could no longer support combustion . He then placed a sprig of mint plant in the container and discovered that after several days the mint had produced some substance (later recognized as oxygen) that enabled the confined air to again support combustion. In 1779 the Dutch physician Jan Ingenhousz expanded upon Priestley’s work, showing that the plant had to be exposed to light if the combustible substance (i.e., oxygen) was to be restored. He also demonstrated that this process required the presence of the green tissues of the plant.

In 1782 it was demonstrated that the combustion-supporting gas (oxygen) was formed at the expense of another gas, or “fixed air,” which had been identified the year before as carbon dioxide. Gas-exchange experiments in 1804 showed that the gain in weight of a plant grown in a carefully weighed pot resulted from the uptake of carbon, which came entirely from absorbed carbon dioxide, and water taken up by plant roots; the balance is oxygen, released back to the atmosphere. Almost half a century passed before the concept of chemical energy had developed sufficiently to permit the discovery (in 1845) that light energy from the sun is stored as chemical energy in products formed during photosynthesis.

This equation is merely a summary statement, for the process of photosynthesis actually involves numerous reactions catalyzed by enzymes (organic catalysts ). These reactions occur in two stages: the “light” stage, consisting of photochemical (i.e., light-capturing) reactions; and the “dark” stage, comprising chemical reactions controlled by enzymes . During the first stage, the energy of light is absorbed and used to drive a series of electron transfers, resulting in the synthesis of ATP and the electron-donor-reduced nicotine adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). During the dark stage, the ATP and NADPH formed in the light-capturing reactions are used to reduce carbon dioxide to organic carbon compounds. This assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic compounds is called carbon fixation.

Van Niel’s proposal was important because the popular (but incorrect) theory had been that oxygen was removed from carbon dioxide (rather than hydrogen from water, releasing oxygen) and that carbon then combined with water to form carbohydrate (rather than the hydrogen from water combining with CO 2 to form CH 2 O).

By 1940 chemists were using heavy isotopes to follow the reactions of photosynthesis. Water marked with an isotope of oxygen ( 18 O) was used in early experiments. Plants that photosynthesized in the presence of water containing H 2 18 O produced oxygen gas containing 18 O; those that photosynthesized in the presence of normal water produced normal oxygen gas. These results provided definitive support for van Niel’s theory that the oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis is derived from water.

ENCYCLOPEDIC ENTRY

Photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.

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Learning materials, instructional links.

• Photosynthesis (Google doc)

Most life on Earth depends on photosynthesis .The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, which capture energy from sunlight to produce oxygen (O 2 ) and chemical energy stored in glucose (a sugar). Herbivores then obtain this energy by eating plants, and carnivores obtain it by eating herbivores.

The process

During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O) from the air and soil. Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. This transforms the water into oxygen and the carbon dioxide into glucose. The plant then releases the oxygen back into the air, and stores energy within the glucose molecules.

Chlorophyll

Inside the plant cell are small organelles called chloroplasts , which store the energy of sunlight. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-absorbing pigment called chlorophyll , which is responsible for giving the plant its green color. During photosynthesis , chlorophyll absorbs energy from blue- and red-light waves, and reflects green-light waves, making the plant appear green.

Light-dependent Reactions vs. Light-independent Reactions

While there are many steps behind the process of photosynthesis, it can be broken down into two major stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light- dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH . The light-independent stage, also known as the Calvin cycle , takes place in the stroma , the space between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast membranes, and does not require light, hence the name light- independent reaction. During this stage, energy from the ATP and NADPH molecules is used to assemble carbohydrate molecules, like glucose, from carbon dioxide.

C3 and C4 Photosynthesis

Not all forms of photosynthesis are created equal, however. There are different types of photosynthesis, including C3 photosynthesis and C4 photosynthesis. C3 photosynthesis is used by the majority of plants. It involves producing a three-carbon compound called 3-phosphoglyceric acid during the Calvin Cycle, which goes on to become glucose. C4 photosynthesis, on the other hand, produces a four-carbon intermediate compound, which splits into carbon dioxide and a three-carbon compound during the Calvin Cycle. A benefit of C4 photosynthesis is that by producing higher levels of carbon, it allows plants to thrive in environments without much light or water. The National Geographic Society is making this content available under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-SA license . The License excludes the National Geographic Logo (meaning the words National Geographic + the Yellow Border Logo) and any images that are included as part of each content piece. For clarity the Logo and images may not be removed, altered, or changed in any way.

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Photosynthesis

Reviewed by: BD Editors

Photosynthesis Definition

Photosynthesis is the biochemical pathway which converts the energy of light into the bonds of glucose molecules. The process of photosynthesis occurs in two steps. In the first step, energy from light is stored in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). These two energy-storing cofactors are then used in the second step of photosynthesis to produce organic molecules by combining carbon molecules derived from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). The second step of photosynthesis is known as the Calvin Cycle. These organic molecules can then be used by mitochondria to produce ATP, or they can be combined to form glucose, sucrose, and other carbohydrates. The chemical equation for the entire process can be seen below.

Photosynthesis Equation

Above is the overall reaction for photosynthesis. Using the energy from light and the hydrogens and electrons from water, the plant combines the carbons found in carbon dioxide into more complex molecules. While a 3-carbon molecule is the direct result of photosynthesis, glucose is simply two of these molecules combined and is often represented as the direct result of photosynthesis due to glucose being a foundational molecule in many cellular systems. You will also notice that 6 gaseous oxygen molecules are produced, as a by-produce. The plant can use this oxygen in its mitochondria during oxidative phosphorylation . While some of the oxygen is used for this purpose, a large portion is expelled into the atmosphere and allows us to breathe and undergo our own oxidative phosphorylation, on sugar molecules derived from plants. You will also notice that this equation shows water on both sides. That is because 12 water molecules are split during the light reactions, while 6 new molecules are produced during and after the Calvin cycle. While this is the general equation for the entire process, there are many individual reactions which contribute to this pathway.

Stages of Photosynthesis

The light reactions.

The light reactions happen in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts of plant cells. The thylakoids have densely packed protein and enzyme clusters known as photosystems . There are two of these systems, which work in conjunction with each other to remove electrons and hydrogens from water and transfer them to the cofactors ADP and NADP + . These photosystems were named in the order of which they were discovered, which is opposite of how electrons flow through them. As seen in the image below, electrons excited by light energy flow first through photosystem II (PSII), and then through photosystem I (PSI) as they create NADPH. ATP is created by the protein ATP synthase , which uses the build-up of hydrogen atoms to drive the addition of phosphate groups to ADP.

The entire system works as follows. A photosystem is comprised of various proteins that surround and connect a series of pigment molecules . Pigments are molecules that absorb various photons, allowing their electrons to become excited. Chlorophyll a is the main pigment used in these systems, and collects the final energy transfer before releasing an electron. Photosystem II starts this process of electrons by using the light energy to split a water molecule, which releases the hydrogen while siphoning off the electrons. The electrons are then passed through plastoquinone, an enzyme complex that releases more hydrogens into the thylakoid space . The electrons then flow through a cytochrome complex and plastocyanin to reach photosystem I. These three complexes form an electron transport chain , much like the one seen in mitochondria. Photosystem I then uses these electrons to drive the reduction of NADP + to NADPH. The additional ATP made during the light reactions comes from ATP synthase, which uses the large gradient of hydrogen molecules to drive the formation of ATP.

The Calvin Cycle

With its electron carriers NADPH and ATP all loaded up with electrons, the plant is now ready to create storable energy. This happens during the Calvin Cycle , which is very similar to the citric acid cycle seen in mitochondria. However, the citric acid cycle creates ATP other electron carriers from 3-carbon molecules, while the Calvin cycle produces these products with the use of NADPH and ATP. The cycle has 3 phases, as seen in the graphic below.

During the first phase, a carbon is added to a 5-carbon sugar, creating an unstable 6-carbon sugar. In phase two, this sugar is reduced into two stable 3-carbon sugar molecules. Some of these molecules can be used in other metabolic pathways, and are exported. The rest remain to continue cycling through the Calvin cycle. During the third phase, the five-carbon sugar is regenerated to start the process over again. The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast. While not considered part of the Calvin cycle, these products can be used to create a variety of sugars and structural molecules.

Products of Photosynthesis

The direct products of the light reactions and the Calvin cycle are 3-phosphoglycerate and G3P, two different forms of a 3-carbon sugar molecule. Two of these molecules combined equals one glucose molecule, the product seen in the photosynthesis equation. While this is the main food source for plants and animals, these 3-carbon skeletons can be combined into many different forms. A structural form worth note is cellulose , and extremely strong fibrous material made essentially of strings of glucose. Besides sugars and sugar-based molecules, oxygen is the other main product of photosynthesis. Oxygen created from photosynthesis fuels every respiring organism on the planet.

Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Krieger, M., Scott, M. P., Bretscher, A., . . . Matsudaira, P. (2008). Molecular Cell Biology 6th. ed . New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry . New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.

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Meaning of photosynthesis in English

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• chasmogamous
• cleistogamous
• efflorescence
• in flower idiom
• multi-headed
• palynological

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Photosynthesis | american dictionary, examples of photosynthesis, translations of photosynthesis.

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AP®︎/College Biology

Course: ap®︎/college biology   >   unit 3.

• Photosynthesis

Intro to photosynthesis

• Breaking down photosynthesis stages
• Conceptual overview of light dependent reactions
• The light-dependent reactions
• The Calvin cycle
• Photosynthesis evolution
• Photosynthesis review

Introduction

What is photosynthesis.

• Energy. The glucose molecules serve as fuel for cells: their chemical energy can be harvested through processes like cellular respiration and fermentation , which generate adenosine triphosphate— ATP ‍   , a small, energy-carrying molecule—for the cell’s immediate energy needs.
• Fixed carbon. Carbon from carbon dioxide—inorganic carbon—can be incorporated into organic molecules; this process is called carbon fixation , and the carbon in organic molecules is also known as fixed carbon . The carbon that's fixed and incorporated into sugars during photosynthesis can be used to build other types of organic molecules needed by cells.

The ecological importance of photosynthesis

• Photoautotrophs use light energy to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds. This process is called photosynthesis.
• Chemoautotrophs extract energy from inorganic compounds by oxidizing them and use this chemical energy, rather than light energy, to convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds. This process is called chemosynthesis.
• Photoheterotrophs obtain energy from sunlight but must get fixed carbon in the form of organic compounds made by other organisms. Some types of prokaryotes are photoheterotrophs.
• Chemoheterotrophs obtain energy by oxidizing organic or inorganic compounds and, like all heterotrophs, get their fixed carbon from organic compounds made by other organisms. Animals, fungi, and many prokaryotes and protists are chemoheterotrophs.

Leaves are sites of photosynthesis

The light-dependent reactions and the calvin cycle.

• The light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane and require a continuous supply of light energy. Chlorophylls absorb this light energy, which is converted into chemical energy through the formation of two compounds, ATP ‍   —an energy storage molecule—and NADPH ‍   —a reduced (electron-bearing) electron carrier. In this process, water molecules are also converted to oxygen gas—the oxygen we breathe!
• The Calvin cycle , also called the light-independent reactions , takes place in the stroma and does not directly require light. Instead, the Calvin cycle uses ATP ‍   and NADPH ‍   from the light-dependent reactions to fix carbon dioxide and produce three-carbon sugars—glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, or G3P, molecules—which join up to form glucose.

Photosynthesis vs. cellular respiration

Attribution.

• “ Overview of Photosynthesis ” by OpenStax College, Biology, CC BY 3.0 . Download the original article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/5bb72d25-e488-4760-8da8-51bc5b86c29d@8 .
• “ Overview of Photosynthesis ” by OpenStax College, Concepts of Biology, CC BY 3.0 . Download the original article for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] .

Works cited:

• "Great Oxygenation Event." Wikipedia. Last modified July 17, 2016. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event .

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photosynthesis

Definition of photosynthesis

Did you know.

Photosynthesis Has Greek Roots

The Greek roots of photosynthesis combine to produce the basic meaning "to put together with the help of light". Photosynthesis is what first produced oxygen in the atmosphere billions of years ago, and it's still what keeps it there. Sunlight splits the water molecules (made of hydrogen and oxygen) held in a plant's leaves and releases the oxygen in them into the air. The leftover hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates, which the plant uses as food—as do any animals or humans who might eat the plant.

Examples of photosynthesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'photosynthesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

1898, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near photosynthesis

photosynthate

photosynthetic ratio

Cite this Entry

“Photosynthesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/photosynthesis. Accessed 6 Aug. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of photosynthesis, medical definition, medical definition of photosynthesis, more from merriam-webster on photosynthesis.

Nglish: Translation of photosynthesis for Spanish Speakers

Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about photosynthesis

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