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How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal

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• Published: 30 April 2020
• Volume 36 , pages 909–913, ( 2021 )

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• Clara Busse   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-1000 1 &
• Ella August   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5151-1036 1 , 2  

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Communicating research findings is an essential step in the research process. Often, peer-reviewed journals are the forum for such communication, yet many researchers are never taught how to write a publishable scientific paper. In this article, we explain the basic structure of a scientific paper and describe the information that should be included in each section. We also identify common pitfalls for each section and recommend strategies to avoid them. Further, we give advice about target journal selection and authorship. In the online resource 1 , we provide an example of a high-quality scientific paper, with annotations identifying the elements we describe in this article.

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Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Introduction

Writing a scientific paper is an important component of the research process, yet researchers often receive little formal training in scientific writing. This is especially true in low-resource settings. In this article, we explain why choosing a target journal is important, give advice about authorship, provide a basic structure for writing each section of a scientific paper, and describe common pitfalls and recommendations for each section. In the online resource 1 , we also include an annotated journal article that identifies the key elements and writing approaches that we detail here. Before you begin your research, make sure you have ethical clearance from all relevant ethical review boards.

Select a Target Journal Early in the Writing Process

We recommend that you select a “target journal” early in the writing process; a “target journal” is the journal to which you plan to submit your paper. Each journal has a set of core readers and you should tailor your writing to this readership. For example, if you plan to submit a manuscript about vaping during pregnancy to a pregnancy-focused journal, you will need to explain what vaping is because readers of this journal may not have a background in this topic. However, if you were to submit that same article to a tobacco journal, you would not need to provide as much background information about vaping.

Information about a journal’s core readership can be found on its website, usually in a section called “About this journal” or something similar. For example, the Journal of Cancer Education presents such information on the “Aims and Scope” page of its website, which can be found here: https://www.springer.com/journal/13187/aims-and-scope .

Peer reviewer guidelines from your target journal are an additional resource that can help you tailor your writing to the journal and provide additional advice about crafting an effective article [ 1 ]. These are not always available, but it is worth a quick web search to find out.

Identify Author Roles Early in the Process

Early in the writing process, identify authors, determine the order of authors, and discuss the responsibilities of each author. Standard author responsibilities have been identified by The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [ 2 ]. To set clear expectations about each team member’s responsibilities and prevent errors in communication, we also suggest outlining more detailed roles, such as who will draft each section of the manuscript, write the abstract, submit the paper electronically, serve as corresponding author, and write the cover letter. It is best to formalize this agreement in writing after discussing it, circulating the document to the author team for approval. We suggest creating a title page on which all authors are listed in the agreed-upon order. It may be necessary to adjust authorship roles and order during the development of the paper. If a new author order is agreed upon, be sure to update the title page in the manuscript draft.

In the case where multiple papers will result from a single study, authors should discuss who will author each paper. Additionally, authors should agree on a deadline for each paper and the lead author should take responsibility for producing an initial draft by this deadline.

Structure of the Introduction Section

The introduction section should be approximately three to five paragraphs in length. Look at examples from your target journal to decide the appropriate length. This section should include the elements shown in Fig.  1 . Begin with a general context, narrowing to the specific focus of the paper. Include five main elements: why your research is important, what is already known about the topic, the “gap” or what is not yet known about the topic, why it is important to learn the new information that your research adds, and the specific research aim(s) that your paper addresses. Your research aim should address the gap you identified. Be sure to add enough background information to enable readers to understand your study. Table 1 provides common introduction section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

The main elements of the introduction section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Methods Section

The purpose of the methods section is twofold: to explain how the study was done in enough detail to enable its replication and to provide enough contextual detail to enable readers to understand and interpret the results. In general, the essential elements of a methods section are the following: a description of the setting and participants, the study design and timing, the recruitment and sampling, the data collection process, the dataset, the dependent and independent variables, the covariates, the analytic approach for each research objective, and the ethical approval. The hallmark of an exemplary methods section is the justification of why each method was used. Table 2 provides common methods section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Results Section

The focus of the results section should be associations, or lack thereof, rather than statistical tests. Two considerations should guide your writing here. First, the results should present answers to each part of the research aim. Second, return to the methods section to ensure that the analysis and variables for each result have been explained.

Begin the results section by describing the number of participants in the final sample and details such as the number who were approached to participate, the proportion who were eligible and who enrolled, and the number of participants who dropped out. The next part of the results should describe the participant characteristics. After that, you may organize your results by the aim or by putting the most exciting results first. Do not forget to report your non-significant associations. These are still findings.

Tables and figures capture the reader’s attention and efficiently communicate your main findings [ 3 ]. Each table and figure should have a clear message and should complement, rather than repeat, the text. Tables and figures should communicate all salient details necessary for a reader to understand the findings without consulting the text. Include information on comparisons and tests, as well as information about the sample and timing of the study in the title, legend, or in a footnote. Note that figures are often more visually interesting than tables, so if it is feasible to make a figure, make a figure. To avoid confusing the reader, either avoid abbreviations in tables and figures, or define them in a footnote. Note that there should not be citations in the results section and you should not interpret results here. Table 3 provides common results section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Discussion Section

Opposite the introduction section, the discussion should take the form of a right-side-up triangle beginning with interpretation of your results and moving to general implications (Fig.  2 ). This section typically begins with a restatement of the main findings, which can usually be accomplished with a few carefully-crafted sentences.

Major elements of the discussion section of an original research article. Often, the elements overlap

Next, interpret the meaning or explain the significance of your results, lifting the reader’s gaze from the study’s specific findings to more general applications. Then, compare these study findings with other research. Are these findings in agreement or disagreement with those from other studies? Does this study impart additional nuance to well-accepted theories? Situate your findings within the broader context of scientific literature, then explain the pathways or mechanisms that might give rise to, or explain, the results.

Journals vary in their approach to strengths and limitations sections: some are embedded paragraphs within the discussion section, while some mandate separate section headings. Keep in mind that every study has strengths and limitations. Candidly reporting yours helps readers to correctly interpret your research findings.

The next element of the discussion is a summary of the potential impacts and applications of the research. Should these results be used to optimally design an intervention? Does the work have implications for clinical protocols or public policy? These considerations will help the reader to further grasp the possible impacts of the presented work.

Finally, the discussion should conclude with specific suggestions for future work. Here, you have an opportunity to illuminate specific gaps in the literature that compel further study. Avoid the phrase “future research is necessary” because the recommendation is too general to be helpful to readers. Instead, provide substantive and specific recommendations for future studies. Table 4 provides common discussion section pitfalls and recommendations for addressing them.

Follow the Journal’s Author Guidelines

After you select a target journal, identify the journal’s author guidelines to guide the formatting of your manuscript and references. Author guidelines will often (but not always) include instructions for titles, cover letters, and other components of a manuscript submission. Read the guidelines carefully. If you do not follow the guidelines, your article will be sent back to you.

Finally, do not submit your paper to more than one journal at a time. Even if this is not explicitly stated in the author guidelines of your target journal, it is considered inappropriate and unprofessional.

Your title should invite readers to continue reading beyond the first page [ 4 , 5 ]. It should be informative and interesting. Consider describing the independent and dependent variables, the population and setting, the study design, the timing, and even the main result in your title. Because the focus of the paper can change as you write and revise, we recommend you wait until you have finished writing your paper before composing the title.

Be sure that the title is useful for potential readers searching for your topic. The keywords you select should complement those in your title to maximize the likelihood that a researcher will find your paper through a database search. Avoid using abbreviations in your title unless they are very well known, such as SNP, because it is more likely that someone will use a complete word rather than an abbreviation as a search term to help readers find your paper.

After you have written a complete draft, use the checklist (Fig. 3 ) below to guide your revisions and editing. Additional resources are available on writing the abstract and citing references [ 5 ]. When you feel that your work is ready, ask a trusted colleague or two to read the work and provide informal feedback. The box below provides a checklist that summarizes the key points offered in this article.

Checklist for manuscript quality

Data Availability

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Acknowledgments

Ella August is grateful to the Sustainable Sciences Institute for mentoring her in training researchers on writing and publishing their research.

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Busse, C., August, E. How to Write and Publish a Research Paper for a Peer-Reviewed Journal. J Canc Educ 36 , 909–913 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13187-020-01751-z

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Peer Review in Scientific Publications: Benefits, Critiques, & A Survival Guide

Jacalyn kelly.

1 Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Tara Sadeghieh

Khosrow adeli.

2 Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

3 Chair, Communications and Publications Division (CPD), International Federation for Sick Clinical Chemistry (IFCC), Milan, Italy

The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding publication of this article.

Peer review has been defined as a process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field. It functions to encourage authors to meet the accepted high standards of their discipline and to control the dissemination of research data to ensure that unwarranted claims, unacceptable interpretations or personal views are not published without prior expert review. Despite its wide-spread use by most journals, the peer review process has also been widely criticised due to the slowness of the process to publish new findings and due to perceived bias by the editors and/or reviewers. Within the scientific community, peer review has become an essential component of the academic writing process. It helps ensure that papers published in scientific journals answer meaningful research questions and draw accurate conclusions based on professionally executed experimentation. Submission of low quality manuscripts has become increasingly prevalent, and peer review acts as a filter to prevent this work from reaching the scientific community. The major advantage of a peer review process is that peer-reviewed articles provide a trusted form of scientific communication. Since scientific knowledge is cumulative and builds on itself, this trust is particularly important. Despite the positive impacts of peer review, critics argue that the peer review process stifles innovation in experimentation, and acts as a poor screen against plagiarism. Despite its downfalls, there has not yet been a foolproof system developed to take the place of peer review, however, researchers have been looking into electronic means of improving the peer review process. Unfortunately, the recent explosion in online only/electronic journals has led to mass publication of a large number of scientific articles with little or no peer review. This poses significant risk to advances in scientific knowledge and its future potential. The current article summarizes the peer review process, highlights the pros and cons associated with different types of peer review, and describes new methods for improving peer review.

WHAT IS PEER REVIEW AND WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?

Peer Review is defined as “a process of subjecting an author’s scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field” ( 1 ). Peer review is intended to serve two primary purposes. Firstly, it acts as a filter to ensure that only high quality research is published, especially in reputable journals, by determining the validity, significance and originality of the study. Secondly, peer review is intended to improve the quality of manuscripts that are deemed suitable for publication. Peer reviewers provide suggestions to authors on how to improve the quality of their manuscripts, and also identify any errors that need correcting before publication.

HISTORY OF PEER REVIEW

The concept of peer review was developed long before the scholarly journal. In fact, the peer review process is thought to have been used as a method of evaluating written work since ancient Greece ( 2 ). The peer review process was first described by a physician named Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi of Syria, who lived from 854-931 CE, in his book Ethics of the Physician ( 2 ). There, he stated that physicians must take notes describing the state of their patients’ medical conditions upon each visit. Following treatment, the notes were scrutinized by a local medical council to determine whether the physician had met the required standards of medical care. If the medical council deemed that the appropriate standards were not met, the physician in question could receive a lawsuit from the maltreated patient ( 2 ).

The invention of the printing press in 1453 allowed written documents to be distributed to the general public ( 3 ). At this time, it became more important to regulate the quality of the written material that became publicly available, and editing by peers increased in prevalence. In 1620, Francis Bacon wrote the work Novum Organum, where he described what eventually became known as the first universal method for generating and assessing new science ( 3 ). His work was instrumental in shaping the Scientific Method ( 3 ). In 1665, the French Journal des sçavans and the English Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were the first scientific journals to systematically publish research results ( 4 ). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is thought to be the first journal to formalize the peer review process in 1665 ( 5 ), however, it is important to note that peer review was initially introduced to help editors decide which manuscripts to publish in their journals, and at that time it did not serve to ensure the validity of the research ( 6 ). It did not take long for the peer review process to evolve, and shortly thereafter papers were distributed to reviewers with the intent of authenticating the integrity of the research study before publication. The Royal Society of Edinburgh adhered to the following peer review process, published in their Medical Essays and Observations in 1731: “Memoirs sent by correspondence are distributed according to the subject matter to those members who are most versed in these matters. The report of their identity is not known to the author.” ( 7 ). The Royal Society of London adopted this review procedure in 1752 and developed the “Committee on Papers” to review manuscripts before they were published in Philosophical Transactions ( 6 ).

Peer review in the systematized and institutionalized form has developed immensely since the Second World War, at least partly due to the large increase in scientific research during this period ( 7 ). It is now used not only to ensure that a scientific manuscript is experimentally and ethically sound, but also to determine which papers sufficiently meet the journal’s standards of quality and originality before publication. Peer review is now standard practice by most credible scientific journals, and is an essential part of determining the credibility and quality of work submitted.

IMPACT OF THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS

Peer review has become the foundation of the scholarly publication system because it effectively subjects an author’s work to the scrutiny of other experts in the field. Thus, it encourages authors to strive to produce high quality research that will advance the field. Peer review also supports and maintains integrity and authenticity in the advancement of science. A scientific hypothesis or statement is generally not accepted by the academic community unless it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal ( 8 ). The Institute for Scientific Information ( ISI ) only considers journals that are peer-reviewed as candidates to receive Impact Factors. Peer review is a well-established process which has been a formal part of scientific communication for over 300 years.

OVERVIEW OF THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS

The peer review process begins when a scientist completes a research study and writes a manuscript that describes the purpose, experimental design, results, and conclusions of the study. The scientist then submits this paper to a suitable journal that specializes in a relevant research field, a step referred to as pre-submission. The editors of the journal will review the paper to ensure that the subject matter is in line with that of the journal, and that it fits with the editorial platform. Very few papers pass this initial evaluation. If the journal editors feel the paper sufficiently meets these requirements and is written by a credible source, they will send the paper to accomplished researchers in the field for a formal peer review. Peer reviewers are also known as referees (this process is summarized in Figure 1 ). The role of the editor is to select the most appropriate manuscripts for the journal, and to implement and monitor the peer review process. Editors must ensure that peer reviews are conducted fairly, and in an effective and timely manner. They must also ensure that there are no conflicts of interest involved in the peer review process.

Overview of the review process

When a reviewer is provided with a paper, he or she reads it carefully and scrutinizes it to evaluate the validity of the science, the quality of the experimental design, and the appropriateness of the methods used. The reviewer also assesses the significance of the research, and judges whether the work will contribute to advancement in the field by evaluating the importance of the findings, and determining the originality of the research. Additionally, reviewers identify any scientific errors and references that are missing or incorrect. Peer reviewers give recommendations to the editor regarding whether the paper should be accepted, rejected, or improved before publication in the journal. The editor will mediate author-referee discussion in order to clarify the priority of certain referee requests, suggest areas that can be strengthened, and overrule reviewer recommendations that are beyond the study’s scope ( 9 ). If the paper is accepted, as per suggestion by the peer reviewer, the paper goes into the production stage, where it is tweaked and formatted by the editors, and finally published in the scientific journal. An overview of the review process is presented in Figure 1 .

WHO CONDUCTS REVIEWS?

Peer reviews are conducted by scientific experts with specialized knowledge on the content of the manuscript, as well as by scientists with a more general knowledge base. Peer reviewers can be anyone who has competence and expertise in the subject areas that the journal covers. Reviewers can range from young and up-and-coming researchers to old masters in the field. Often, the young reviewers are the most responsive and deliver the best quality reviews, though this is not always the case. On average, a reviewer will conduct approximately eight reviews per year, according to a study on peer review by the Publishing Research Consortium (PRC) ( 7 ). Journals will often have a pool of reviewers with diverse backgrounds to allow for many different perspectives. They will also keep a rather large reviewer bank, so that reviewers do not get burnt out, overwhelmed or time constrained from reviewing multiple articles simultaneously.

WHY DO REVIEWERS REVIEW?

Referees are typically not paid to conduct peer reviews and the process takes considerable effort, so the question is raised as to what incentive referees have to review at all. Some feel an academic duty to perform reviews, and are of the mentality that if their peers are expected to review their papers, then they should review the work of their peers as well. Reviewers may also have personal contacts with editors, and may want to assist as much as possible. Others review to keep up-to-date with the latest developments in their field, and reading new scientific papers is an effective way to do so. Some scientists use peer review as an opportunity to advance their own research as it stimulates new ideas and allows them to read about new experimental techniques. Other reviewers are keen on building associations with prestigious journals and editors and becoming part of their community, as sometimes reviewers who show dedication to the journal are later hired as editors. Some scientists see peer review as a chance to become aware of the latest research before their peers, and thus be first to develop new insights from the material. Finally, in terms of career development, peer reviewing can be desirable as it is often noted on one’s resume or CV. Many institutions consider a researcher’s involvement in peer review when assessing their performance for promotions ( 11 ). Peer reviewing can also be an effective way for a scientist to show their superiors that they are committed to their scientific field ( 5 ).

ARE REVIEWERS KEEN TO REVIEW?

A 2009 international survey of 4000 peer reviewers conducted by the charity Sense About Science at the British Science Festival at the University of Surrey, found that 90% of reviewers were keen to peer review ( 12 ). One third of respondents to the survey said they were happy to review up to five papers per year, and an additional one third of respondents were happy to review up to ten.

HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO REVIEW ONE PAPER?

On average, it takes approximately six hours to review one paper ( 12 ), however, this number may vary greatly depending on the content of the paper and the nature of the peer reviewer. One in every 100 participants in the “Sense About Science” survey claims to have taken more than 100 hours to review their last paper ( 12 ).

HOW TO DETERMINE IF A JOURNAL IS PEER REVIEWED

Ulrichsweb is a directory that provides information on over 300,000 periodicals, including information regarding which journals are peer reviewed ( 13 ). After logging into the system using an institutional login (eg. from the University of Toronto), search terms, journal titles or ISSN numbers can be entered into the search bar. The database provides the title, publisher, and country of origin of the journal, and indicates whether the journal is still actively publishing. The black book symbol (labelled ‘refereed’) reveals that the journal is peer reviewed.

THE EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR PEER REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

As previously mentioned, when a reviewer receives a scientific manuscript, he/she will first determine if the subject matter is well suited for the content of the journal. The reviewer will then consider whether the research question is important and original, a process which may be aided by a literature scan of review articles.

Scientific papers submitted for peer review usually follow a specific structure that begins with the title, followed by the abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, conclusions, and references. The title must be descriptive and include the concept and organism investigated, and potentially the variable manipulated and the systems used in the study. The peer reviewer evaluates if the title is descriptive enough, and ensures that it is clear and concise. A study by the National Association of Realtors (NAR) published by the Oxford University Press in 2006 indicated that the title of a manuscript plays a significant role in determining reader interest, as 72% of respondents said they could usually judge whether an article will be of interest to them based on the title and the author, while 13% of respondents claimed to always be able to do so ( 14 ).

The abstract is a summary of the paper, which briefly mentions the background or purpose, methods, key results, and major conclusions of the study. The peer reviewer assesses whether the abstract is sufficiently informative and if the content of the abstract is consistent with the rest of the paper. The NAR study indicated that 40% of respondents could determine whether an article would be of interest to them based on the abstract alone 60-80% of the time, while 32% could judge an article based on the abstract 80-100% of the time ( 14 ). This demonstrates that the abstract alone is often used to assess the value of an article.

The introduction of a scientific paper presents the research question in the context of what is already known about the topic, in order to identify why the question being studied is of interest to the scientific community, and what gap in knowledge the study aims to fill ( 15 ). The introduction identifies the study’s purpose and scope, briefly describes the general methods of investigation, and outlines the hypothesis and predictions ( 15 ). The peer reviewer determines whether the introduction provides sufficient background information on the research topic, and ensures that the research question and hypothesis are clearly identifiable.

The methods section describes the experimental procedures, and explains why each experiment was conducted. The methods section also includes the equipment and reagents used in the investigation. The methods section should be detailed enough that it can be used it to repeat the experiment ( 15 ). Methods are written in the past tense and in the active voice. The peer reviewer assesses whether the appropriate methods were used to answer the research question, and if they were written with sufficient detail. If information is missing from the methods section, it is the peer reviewer’s job to identify what details need to be added.

The results section is where the outcomes of the experiment and trends in the data are explained without judgement, bias or interpretation ( 15 ). This section can include statistical tests performed on the data, as well as figures and tables in addition to the text. The peer reviewer ensures that the results are described with sufficient detail, and determines their credibility. Reviewers also confirm that the text is consistent with the information presented in tables and figures, and that all figures and tables included are important and relevant ( 15 ). The peer reviewer will also make sure that table and figure captions are appropriate both contextually and in length, and that tables and figures present the data accurately.

The discussion section is where the data is analyzed. Here, the results are interpreted and related to past studies ( 15 ). The discussion describes the meaning and significance of the results in terms of the research question and hypothesis, and states whether the hypothesis was supported or rejected. This section may also provide possible explanations for unusual results and suggestions for future research ( 15 ). The discussion should end with a conclusions section that summarizes the major findings of the investigation. The peer reviewer determines whether the discussion is clear and focused, and whether the conclusions are an appropriate interpretation of the results. Reviewers also ensure that the discussion addresses the limitations of the study, any anomalies in the results, the relationship of the study to previous research, and the theoretical implications and practical applications of the study.

The references are found at the end of the paper, and list all of the information sources cited in the text to describe the background, methods, and/or interpret results. Depending on the citation method used, the references are listed in alphabetical order according to author last name, or numbered according to the order in which they appear in the paper. The peer reviewer ensures that references are used appropriately, cited accurately, formatted correctly, and that none are missing.

Finally, the peer reviewer determines whether the paper is clearly written and if the content seems logical. After thoroughly reading through the entire manuscript, they determine whether it meets the journal’s standards for publication,

and whether it falls within the top 25% of papers in its field ( 16 ) to determine priority for publication. An overview of what a peer reviewer looks for when evaluating a manuscript, in order of importance, is presented in Figure 2 .

How a peer review evaluates a manuscript

To increase the chance of success in the peer review process, the author must ensure that the paper fully complies with the journal guidelines before submission. The author must also be open to criticism and suggested revisions, and learn from mistakes made in previous submissions.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PEER REVIEW

The peer review process is generally conducted in one of three ways: open review, single-blind review, or double-blind review. In an open review, both the author of the paper and the peer reviewer know one another’s identity. Alternatively, in single-blind review, the reviewer’s identity is kept private, but the author’s identity is revealed to the reviewer. In double-blind review, the identities of both the reviewer and author are kept anonymous. Open peer review is advantageous in that it prevents the reviewer from leaving malicious comments, being careless, or procrastinating completion of the review ( 2 ). It encourages reviewers to be open and honest without being disrespectful. Open reviewing also discourages plagiarism amongst authors ( 2 ). On the other hand, open peer review can also prevent reviewers from being honest for fear of developing bad rapport with the author. The reviewer may withhold or tone down their criticisms in order to be polite ( 2 ). This is especially true when younger reviewers are given a more esteemed author’s work, in which case the reviewer may be hesitant to provide criticism for fear that it will damper their relationship with a superior ( 2 ). According to the Sense About Science survey, editors find that completely open reviewing decreases the number of people willing to participate, and leads to reviews of little value ( 12 ). In the aforementioned study by the PRC, only 23% of authors surveyed had experience with open peer review ( 7 ).

Single-blind peer review is by far the most common. In the PRC study, 85% of authors surveyed had experience with single-blind peer review ( 7 ). This method is advantageous as the reviewer is more likely to provide honest feedback when their identity is concealed ( 2 ). This allows the reviewer to make independent decisions without the influence of the author ( 2 ). The main disadvantage of reviewer anonymity, however, is that reviewers who receive manuscripts on subjects similar to their own research may be tempted to delay completing the review in order to publish their own data first ( 2 ).

Double-blind peer review is advantageous as it prevents the reviewer from being biased against the author based on their country of origin or previous work ( 2 ). This allows the paper to be judged based on the quality of the content, rather than the reputation of the author. The Sense About Science survey indicates that 76% of researchers think double-blind peer review is a good idea ( 12 ), and the PRC survey indicates that 45% of authors have had experience with double-blind peer review ( 7 ). The disadvantage of double-blind peer review is that, especially in niche areas of research, it can sometimes be easy for the reviewer to determine the identity of the author based on writing style, subject matter or self-citation, and thus, impart bias ( 2 ).

Masking the author’s identity from peer reviewers, as is the case in double-blind review, is generally thought to minimize bias and maintain review quality. A study by Justice et al. in 1998 investigated whether masking author identity affected the quality of the review ( 17 ). One hundred and eighteen manuscripts were randomized; 26 were peer reviewed as normal, and 92 were moved into the ‘intervention’ arm, where editor quality assessments were completed for 77 manuscripts and author quality assessments were completed for 40 manuscripts ( 17 ). There was no perceived difference in quality between the masked and unmasked reviews. Additionally, the masking itself was often unsuccessful, especially with well-known authors ( 17 ). However, a previous study conducted by McNutt et al. had different results ( 18 ). In this case, blinding was successful 73% of the time, and they found that when author identity was masked, the quality of review was slightly higher ( 18 ). Although Justice et al. argued that this difference was too small to be consequential, their study targeted only biomedical journals, and the results cannot be generalized to journals of a different subject matter ( 17 ). Additionally, there were problems masking the identities of well-known authors, introducing a flaw in the methods. Regardless, Justice et al. concluded that masking author identity from reviewers may not improve review quality ( 17 ).

In addition to open, single-blind and double-blind peer review, there are two experimental forms of peer review. In some cases, following publication, papers may be subjected to post-publication peer review. As many papers are now published online, the scientific community has the opportunity to comment on these papers, engage in online discussions and post a formal review. For example, online publishers PLOS and BioMed Central have enabled scientists to post comments on published papers if they are registered users of the site ( 10 ). Philica is another journal launched with this experimental form of peer review. Only 8% of authors surveyed in the PRC study had experience with post-publication review ( 7 ). Another experimental form of peer review called Dynamic Peer Review has also emerged. Dynamic peer review is conducted on websites such as Naboj, which allow scientists to conduct peer reviews on articles in the preprint media ( 19 ). The peer review is conducted on repositories and is a continuous process, which allows the public to see both the article and the reviews as the article is being developed ( 19 ). Dynamic peer review helps prevent plagiarism as the scientific community will already be familiar with the work before the peer reviewed version appears in print ( 19 ). Dynamic review also reduces the time lag between manuscript submission and publishing. An example of a preprint server is the ‘arXiv’ developed by Paul Ginsparg in 1991, which is used primarily by physicists ( 19 ). These alternative forms of peer review are still un-established and experimental. Traditional peer review is time-tested and still highly utilized. All methods of peer review have their advantages and deficiencies, and all are prone to error.

PEER REVIEW OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS

Open access (OA) journals are becoming increasingly popular as they allow the potential for widespread distribution of publications in a timely manner ( 20 ). Nevertheless, there can be issues regarding the peer review process of open access journals. In a study published in Science in 2013, John Bohannon submitted 304 slightly different versions of a fictional scientific paper (written by a fake author, working out of a non-existent institution) to a selected group of OA journals. This study was performed in order to determine whether papers submitted to OA journals are properly reviewed before publication in comparison to subscription-based journals. The journals in this study were selected from the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) and Biall’s List, a list of journals which are potentially predatory, and all required a fee for publishing ( 21 ). Of the 304 journals, 157 accepted a fake paper, suggesting that acceptance was based on financial interest rather than the quality of article itself, while 98 journals promptly rejected the fakes ( 21 ). Although this study highlights useful information on the problems associated with lower quality publishers that do not have an effective peer review system in place, the article also generalizes the study results to all OA journals, which can be detrimental to the general perception of OA journals. There were two limitations of the study that made it impossible to accurately determine the relationship between peer review and OA journals: 1) there was no control group (subscription-based journals), and 2) the fake papers were sent to a non-randomized selection of journals, resulting in bias.

JOURNAL ACCEPTANCE RATES

Based on a recent survey, the average acceptance rate for papers submitted to scientific journals is about 50% ( 7 ). Twenty percent of the submitted manuscripts that are not accepted are rejected prior to review, and 30% are rejected following review ( 7 ). Of the 50% accepted, 41% are accepted with the condition of revision, while only 9% are accepted without the request for revision ( 7 ).

SATISFACTION WITH THE PEER REVIEW SYSTEM

Based on a recent survey by the PRC, 64% of academics are satisfied with the current system of peer review, and only 12% claimed to be ‘dissatisfied’ ( 7 ). The large majority, 85%, agreed with the statement that ‘scientific communication is greatly helped by peer review’ ( 7 ). There was a similarly high level of support (83%) for the idea that peer review ‘provides control in scientific communication’ ( 7 ).

HOW TO PEER REVIEW EFFECTIVELY

The following are ten tips on how to be an effective peer reviewer as indicated by Brian Lucey, an expert on the subject ( 22 ):

1) Be professional

Peer review is a mutual responsibility among fellow scientists, and scientists are expected, as part of the academic community, to take part in peer review. If one is to expect others to review their work, they should commit to reviewing the work of others as well, and put effort into it.

2) Be pleasant

If the paper is of low quality, suggest that it be rejected, but do not leave ad hominem comments. There is no benefit to being ruthless.

3) Read the invite

When emailing a scientist to ask them to conduct a peer review, the majority of journals will provide a link to either accept or reject. Do not respond to the email, respond to the link.

4) Be helpful

Suggest how the authors can overcome the shortcomings in their paper. A review should guide the author on what is good and what needs work from the reviewer’s perspective.

5) Be scientific

The peer reviewer plays the role of a scientific peer, not an editor for proofreading or decision-making. Don’t fill a review with comments on editorial and typographic issues. Instead, focus on adding value with scientific knowledge and commenting on the credibility of the research conducted and conclusions drawn. If the paper has a lot of typographical errors, suggest that it be professionally proof edited as part of the review.

6) Be timely

Stick to the timeline given when conducting a peer review. Editors track who is reviewing what and when and will know if someone is late on completing a review. It is important to be timely both out of respect for the journal and the author, as well as to not develop a reputation of being late for review deadlines.

7) Be realistic

The peer reviewer must be realistic about the work presented, the changes they suggest and their role. Peer reviewers may set the bar too high for the paper they are editing by proposing changes that are too ambitious and editors must override them.

8) Be empathetic

Ensure that the review is scientific, helpful and courteous. Be sensitive and respectful with word choice and tone in a review.

Remember that both specialists and generalists can provide valuable insight when peer reviewing. Editors will try to get both specialised and general reviewers for any particular paper to allow for different perspectives. If someone is asked to review, the editor has determined they have a valid and useful role to play, even if the paper is not in their area of expertise.

10) Be organised

A review requires structure and logical flow. A reviewer should proofread their review before submitting it for structural, grammatical and spelling errors as well as for clarity. Most publishers provide short guides on structuring a peer review on their website. Begin with an overview of the proposed improvements; then provide feedback on the paper structure, the quality of data sources and methods of investigation used, the logical flow of argument, and the validity of conclusions drawn. Then provide feedback on style, voice and lexical concerns, with suggestions on how to improve.

In addition, the American Physiology Society (APS) recommends in its Peer Review 101 Handout that peer reviewers should put themselves in both the editor’s and author’s shoes to ensure that they provide what both the editor and the author need and expect ( 11 ). To please the editor, the reviewer should ensure that the peer review is completed on time, and that it provides clear explanations to back up recommendations. To be helpful to the author, the reviewer must ensure that their feedback is constructive. It is suggested that the reviewer take time to think about the paper; they should read it once, wait at least a day, and then re-read it before writing the review ( 11 ). The APS also suggests that Graduate students and researchers pay attention to how peer reviewers edit their work, as well as to what edits they find helpful, in order to learn how to peer review effectively ( 11 ). Additionally, it is suggested that Graduate students practice reviewing by editing their peers’ papers and asking a faculty member for feedback on their efforts. It is recommended that young scientists offer to peer review as often as possible in order to become skilled at the process ( 11 ). The majority of students, fellows and trainees do not get formal training in peer review, but rather learn by observing their mentors. According to the APS, one acquires experience through networking and referrals, and should therefore try to strengthen relationships with journal editors by offering to review manuscripts ( 11 ). The APS also suggests that experienced reviewers provide constructive feedback to students and junior colleagues on their peer review efforts, and encourages them to peer review to demonstrate the importance of this process in improving science ( 11 ).

The peer reviewer should only comment on areas of the manuscript that they are knowledgeable about ( 23 ). If there is any section of the manuscript they feel they are not qualified to review, they should mention this in their comments and not provide further feedback on that section. The peer reviewer is not permitted to share any part of the manuscript with a colleague (even if they may be more knowledgeable in the subject matter) without first obtaining permission from the editor ( 23 ). If a peer reviewer comes across something they are unsure of in the paper, they can consult the literature to try and gain insight. It is important for scientists to remember that if a paper can be improved by the expertise of one of their colleagues, the journal must be informed of the colleague’s help, and approval must be obtained for their colleague to read the protected document. Additionally, the colleague must be identified in the confidential comments to the editor, in order to ensure that he/she is appropriately credited for any contributions ( 23 ). It is the job of the reviewer to make sure that the colleague assisting is aware of the confidentiality of the peer review process ( 23 ). Once the review is complete, the manuscript must be destroyed and cannot be saved electronically by the reviewers ( 23 ).

COMMON ERRORS IN SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

When performing a peer review, there are some common scientific errors to look out for. Most of these errors are violations of logic and common sense: these may include contradicting statements, unwarranted conclusions, suggestion of causation when there is only support for correlation, inappropriate extrapolation, circular reasoning, or pursuit of a trivial question ( 24 ). It is also common for authors to suggest that two variables are different because the effects of one variable are statistically significant while the effects of the other variable are not, rather than directly comparing the two variables ( 24 ). Authors sometimes oversee a confounding variable and do not control for it, or forget to include important details on how their experiments were controlled or the physical state of the organisms studied ( 24 ). Another common fault is the author’s failure to define terms or use words with precision, as these practices can mislead readers ( 24 ). Jargon and/or misused terms can be a serious problem in papers. Inaccurate statements about specific citations are also a common occurrence ( 24 ). Additionally, many studies produce knowledge that can be applied to areas of science outside the scope of the original study, therefore it is better for reviewers to look at the novelty of the idea, conclusions, data, and methodology, rather than scrutinize whether or not the paper answered the specific question at hand ( 24 ). Although it is important to recognize these points, when performing a review it is generally better practice for the peer reviewer to not focus on a checklist of things that could be wrong, but rather carefully identify the problems specific to each paper and continuously ask themselves if anything is missing ( 24 ). An extremely detailed description of how to conduct peer review effectively is presented in the paper How I Review an Original Scientific Article written by Frederic G. Hoppin, Jr. It can be accessed through the American Physiological Society website under the Peer Review Resources section.

CRITICISM OF PEER REVIEW

A major criticism of peer review is that there is little evidence that the process actually works, that it is actually an effective screen for good quality scientific work, and that it actually improves the quality of scientific literature. As a 2002 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded, ‘Editorial peer review, although widely used, is largely untested and its effects are uncertain’ ( 25 ). Critics also argue that peer review is not effective at detecting errors. Highlighting this point, an experiment by Godlee et al. published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ) inserted eight deliberate errors into a paper that was nearly ready for publication, and then sent the paper to 420 potential reviewers ( 7 ). Of the 420 reviewers that received the paper, 221 (53%) responded, the average number of errors spotted by reviewers was two, no reviewer spotted more than five errors, and 35 reviewers (16%) did not spot any.

Another criticism of peer review is that the process is not conducted thoroughly by scientific conferences with the goal of obtaining large numbers of submitted papers. Such conferences often accept any paper sent in, regardless of its credibility or the prevalence of errors, because the more papers they accept, the more money they can make from author registration fees ( 26 ). This misconduct was exposed in 2014 by three MIT graduate students by the names of Jeremy Stribling, Dan Aguayo and Maxwell Krohn, who developed a simple computer program called SCIgen that generates nonsense papers and presents them as scientific papers ( 26 ). Subsequently, a nonsense SCIgen paper submitted to a conference was promptly accepted. Nature recently reported that French researcher Cyril Labbé discovered that sixteen SCIgen nonsense papers had been used by the German academic publisher Springer ( 26 ). Over 100 nonsense papers generated by SCIgen were published by the US Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) ( 26 ). Both organisations have been working to remove the papers. Labbé developed a program to detect SCIgen papers and has made it freely available to ensure publishers and conference organizers do not accept nonsense work in the future. It is available at this link: http://scigendetect.on.imag.fr/main.php ( 26 ).

Additionally, peer review is often criticized for being unable to accurately detect plagiarism. However, many believe that detecting plagiarism cannot practically be included as a component of peer review. As explained by Alice Tuff, development manager at Sense About Science, ‘The vast majority of authors and reviewers think peer review should detect plagiarism (81%) but only a minority (38%) think it is capable. The academic time involved in detecting plagiarism through peer review would cause the system to grind to a halt’ ( 27 ). Publishing house Elsevier began developing electronic plagiarism tools with the help of journal editors in 2009 to help improve this issue ( 27 ).

It has also been argued that peer review has lowered research quality by limiting creativity amongst researchers. Proponents of this view claim that peer review has repressed scientists from pursuing innovative research ideas and bold research questions that have the potential to make major advances and paradigm shifts in the field, as they believe that this work will likely be rejected by their peers upon review ( 28 ). Indeed, in some cases peer review may result in rejection of innovative research, as some studies may not seem particularly strong initially, yet may be capable of yielding very interesting and useful developments when examined under different circumstances, or in the light of new information ( 28 ). Scientists that do not believe in peer review argue that the process stifles the development of ingenious ideas, and thus the release of fresh knowledge and new developments into the scientific community.

Another issue that peer review is criticized for, is that there are a limited number of people that are competent to conduct peer review compared to the vast number of papers that need reviewing. An enormous number of papers published (1.3 million papers in 23,750 journals in 2006), but the number of competent peer reviewers available could not have reviewed them all ( 29 ). Thus, people who lack the required expertise to analyze the quality of a research paper are conducting reviews, and weak papers are being accepted as a result. It is now possible to publish any paper in an obscure journal that claims to be peer-reviewed, though the paper or journal itself could be substandard ( 29 ). On a similar note, the US National Library of Medicine indexes 39 journals that specialize in alternative medicine, and though they all identify themselves as “peer-reviewed”, they rarely publish any high quality research ( 29 ). This highlights the fact that peer review of more controversial or specialized work is typically performed by people who are interested and hold similar views or opinions as the author, which can cause bias in their review. For instance, a paper on homeopathy is likely to be reviewed by fellow practicing homeopaths, and thus is likely to be accepted as credible, though other scientists may find the paper to be nonsense ( 29 ). In some cases, papers are initially published, but their credibility is challenged at a later date and they are subsequently retracted. Retraction Watch is a website dedicated to revealing papers that have been retracted after publishing, potentially due to improper peer review ( 30 ).

Additionally, despite its many positive outcomes, peer review is also criticized for being a delay to the dissemination of new knowledge into the scientific community, and as an unpaid-activity that takes scientists’ time away from activities that they would otherwise prioritize, such as research and teaching, for which they are paid ( 31 ). As described by Eva Amsen, Outreach Director for F1000Research, peer review was originally developed as a means of helping editors choose which papers to publish when journals had to limit the number of papers they could print in one issue ( 32 ). However, nowadays most journals are available online, either exclusively or in addition to print, and many journals have very limited printing runs ( 32 ). Since there are no longer page limits to journals, any good work can and should be published. Consequently, being selective for the purpose of saving space in a journal is no longer a valid excuse that peer reviewers can use to reject a paper ( 32 ). However, some reviewers have used this excuse when they have personal ulterior motives, such as getting their own research published first.

RECENT INITIATIVES TOWARDS IMPROVING PEER REVIEW

F1000Research was launched in January 2013 by Faculty of 1000 as an open access journal that immediately publishes papers (after an initial check to ensure that the paper is in fact produced by a scientist and has not been plagiarised), and then conducts transparent post-publication peer review ( 32 ). F1000Research aims to prevent delays in new science reaching the academic community that are caused by prolonged publication times ( 32 ). It also aims to make peer reviewing more fair by eliminating any anonymity, which prevents reviewers from delaying the completion of a review so they can publish their own similar work first ( 32 ). F1000Research offers completely open peer review, where everything is published, including the name of the reviewers, their review reports, and the editorial decision letters ( 32 ).

PeerJ was founded by Jason Hoyt and Peter Binfield in June 2012 as an open access, peer reviewed scholarly journal for the Biological and Medical Sciences ( 33 ). PeerJ selects articles to publish based only on scientific and methodological soundness, not on subjective determinants of ‘impact ’, ‘novelty’ or ‘interest’ ( 34 ). It works on a “lifetime publishing plan” model which charges scientists for publishing plans that give them lifetime rights to publish with PeerJ, rather than charging them per publication ( 34 ). PeerJ also encourages open peer review, and authors are given the option to post the full peer review history of their submission with their published article ( 34 ). PeerJ also offers a pre-print review service called PeerJ Pre-prints, in which paper drafts are reviewed before being sent to PeerJ to publish ( 34 ).

Rubriq is an independent peer review service designed by Shashi Mudunuri and Keith Collier to improve the peer review system ( 35 ). Rubriq is intended to decrease redundancy in the peer review process so that the time lost in redundant reviewing can be put back into research ( 35 ). According to Keith Collier, over 15 million hours are lost each year to redundant peer review, as papers get rejected from one journal and are subsequently submitted to a less prestigious journal where they are reviewed again ( 35 ). Authors often have to submit their manuscript to multiple journals, and are often rejected multiple times before they find the right match. This process could take months or even years ( 35 ). Rubriq makes peer review portable in order to help authors choose the journal that is best suited for their manuscript from the beginning, thus reducing the time before their paper is published ( 35 ). Rubriq operates under an author-pay model, in which the author pays a fee and their manuscript undergoes double-blind peer review by three expert academic reviewers using a standardized scorecard ( 35 ). The majority of the author’s fee goes towards a reviewer honorarium ( 35 ). The papers are also screened for plagiarism using iThenticate ( 35 ). Once the manuscript has been reviewed by the three experts, the most appropriate journal for submission is determined based on the topic and quality of the paper ( 35 ). The paper is returned to the author in 1-2 weeks with the Rubriq Report ( 35 ). The author can then submit their paper to the suggested journal with the Rubriq Report attached. The Rubriq Report will give the journal editors a much stronger incentive to consider the paper as it shows that three experts have recommended the paper to them ( 35 ). Rubriq also has its benefits for reviewers; the Rubriq scorecard gives structure to the peer review process, and thus makes it consistent and efficient, which decreases time and stress for the reviewer. Reviewers also receive feedback on their reviews and most significantly, they are compensated for their time ( 35 ). Journals also benefit, as they receive pre-screened papers, reducing the number of papers sent to their own reviewers, which often end up rejected ( 35 ). This can reduce reviewer fatigue, and allow only higher-quality articles to be sent to their peer reviewers ( 35 ).

According to Eva Amsen, peer review and scientific publishing are moving in a new direction, in which all papers will be posted online, and a post-publication peer review will take place that is independent of specific journal criteria and solely focused on improving paper quality ( 32 ). Journals will then choose papers that they find relevant based on the peer reviews and publish those papers as a collection ( 32 ). In this process, peer review and individual journals are uncoupled ( 32 ). In Keith Collier’s opinion, post-publication peer review is likely to become more prevalent as a complement to pre-publication peer review, but not as a replacement ( 35 ). Post-publication peer review will not serve to identify errors and fraud but will provide an additional measurement of impact ( 35 ). Collier also believes that as journals and publishers consolidate into larger systems, there will be stronger potential for “cascading” and shared peer review ( 35 ).

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Peer review has become fundamental in assisting editors in selecting credible, high quality, novel and interesting research papers to publish in scientific journals and to ensure the correction of any errors or issues present in submitted papers. Though the peer review process still has some flaws and deficiencies, a more suitable screening method for scientific papers has not yet been proposed or developed. Researchers have begun and must continue to look for means of addressing the current issues with peer review to ensure that it is a full-proof system that ensures only quality research papers are released into the scientific community.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND ANALYTICAL REVIEWS (IJRAR.ORG) | ISSN Approved Journal No: E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138 Journal ESTD Year: 2014 Journal Type : International Peer Reviewed, Open Access Journal, Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, AI-Powered Research Tool , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI)

ISSN : E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138 | ISSN Approved .

Current Issue Details : Call For Paper (Volume 11 | Issue 2 | Month- April 2024)

Subject Category   : Multidisciplinary, Monthly scholarly open access journals

DOI and HARD copy of certificate Provide.

Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journals.

Impact Factor.

Research Papers, Survey Papers, Study Papers, Subjective Papers, Experimental Result Papers, Analysis Study Research Papers, Informative Article, Comparison Papers, Case Studies Papers, Review Papers, Comparative Studies, Dissertation Chapters, Research Proposals or Synopsis, Working Projects, New Innovation & Idea, Prototypes and Models and many More

  IJRAR Journal Details:

Call for paper (volume 11 | issue 2 | month- april 2024).

Submit Paper to IJRAR.ORG Submit Paper online Only IJRAR - International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) Issue Frequency : Quarterly (4 issue Annually)

• Refereed Journal, Peer Journal and Indexed Journal and Quick, qualitative and Speedy Review and Publication Process
• Check Your Paper Status online using Paper registration id and Author Email Address
• IJRAR Started “ Go Green Initiative “ by providing the e-Confirmation letter, e-certificate to each author for the publication of the paper.(We are provinding the Hard Copy of certificate and confirmation letter on Request based only(for indian author) with additional charges.)
• Soft Copy of "Certificate of Publication" of all authors (instantly available after publication)
• Automated Metadata and Indexing Citation Generator
• Provide A Free digital object identifier (DOI) Like our Facebook Page and free DOI.
• Provice the Mail and SMS notification to the author for each stage of the paper publication procedure.
• IJRAR has Highly Secure SSL Certificate Based website (http://www.ijrar.org)
• Prestigious Reviewers from Well-known Institutes/Universities among the world.
• Provided Hard Copy of Certificate on Request based only additional charges.
• Meta Level Programming in order to make your paper SEO effective and Automated Citation Generator
• provide author research guidelines & support by mail, SMS and the call.
• Indexing of paper in all major online journal databases like Google Scholar, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters Indexing, Mendeley : reference manager, Academia.edu, arXiv.org : cornell university library, Thomson Reuters, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, DOAJ : Directory of Open Access Journals, DRJI, DocStoc, GetCited,Base,ISEDN, Wiki CFP, Index Copernicus International, Cabell's Directory, Open J Gate, ISSUU, Scribd, ASI : Advance Science Indexing, RefSeek, Utem.

Communication Guidelines/Process

E : [email protected]

H (Working Days/Hours) : Monday - Friday: 11:00 AM to 07:00 PM IST

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

IJRAR International Peer Reviewed, Open Access Journal |International Peer Reviewed, Open Access Journal, Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, AI-Powered Research Tool , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI).

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TIJER - INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNALS

ISSN Approved Journal | ESTD Year: 2014 Follow UGC CARE Journal Norms and Guidelines

Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 8.57 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool) , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI) Paper Submission Till : 29 th of this Current Month

Indexing In Google Scholar, SSRN, ResearcherID-Publons, Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Microsoft Academic, Academia.edu, arXiv.org, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters, Mendeley : reference manager, DocStoc, ISSUU, Scribd, and many more

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TIJER-International Research Journals(TIJER) | ISSN Approved

TIJER, following the UGC CARE Journal Norms and Guidelines, stands as a beacon of scholarly open access publishing, Impact Factor of 8.57 by Google Scholar. our rigorous multidisciplinary peer-review process, extensive indexing across major databases, the convenience of a citation generator, and the assignment of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). TIJER envisions a future where knowledge is freely accessible, and research is a driving force for global progress. Join us in this journey of discovery and collaboration. TIJER-International Research Journal (TIJER) aims to explore advances in research pertaining to applied, theoretical and experimental Technological studies. The goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working in and around the world.

Subject Category

Multidisciplinary, Monthly and Multilanguage (Regional language supported)

Low Publication Charges

Low cost research journal, online international research journal, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, scholarly open access journals. Publication fees: ₹1500 INR for Indian author & 50$ for foreign International author

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Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 8.57 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool), Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Online, Print Journal, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI)

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Publication charges, for indian authors, ₹ 1500 / paper, for foreign authors, $ 55 / paper, licence and indexing.

Welcome to International Journal of Advanced Research

International Journal of Advanced Research (IJAR) is an open access, Peer-reviewed, CrossRef Indexed International Journal, that provides rapid publication (monthly) of Research Articles, Case Reports,  Review Articles, Correspondences and short communications in all subjects.

Every article published in IJAR is provided with unique DOI and the metadata is submitted to CrossRef .   and Google Scholar . For details Check Indexing link of Journal.

Journal Statistics & Approval Details

Call for papers, most viewed / downloaded articles.

The Journal Invites Research articles that have significant impact on Scientific and academic community. All the Submitted papers will be assigned Unique Manuscript Number with in 24 hours after submission. This journal uses double-blind review, which means that both the reviewer and author identities are concealed from the reviewers, and vice versa, throughout the review process. The Reviewing process is completed with in 10 days after submission. The manuscripts will be published online shortly after acceptance and the article proof will be mailed to the corresponding author. Please read Instructions to authors before submitting your manuscript.

Journal DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01

THOMSON REUTERS Publons

Why Publish with IJAR

• Publication within a short period after acceptance.
• 5 year Impact Factor : 7.337
• Every article provided with DOI (Digital Object Identifier System).
• Online tracking of articles submitted.
• Online manuscript submission.
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• Blind Peer-Reviewed Open Access Journal.
• Papers abstract/indexed by all the major scientific indexing services.
• Original article will be download (PDF) from the www.journalijar.com
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For all communication regarding how to:

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mail us at:

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UGC Approved Journal No: 49023 (18) UGC approval Link https://ijcrt.org/ugc%20approval.jpg All Policy and Approval

Please Like Our Facebook Page and get 100 of in DOI | DOI and Hard copy of Certificate Provide if required. | www.IJCRT.org | [email protected] | WhatsApp: 7990172303

Publication Details:

• Paper Submission : 30-Apr-2024. Call For Paper (Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024)
• Acceptance/Rejection Notification: Within 02-04 Days.
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Submit Your Paper Any time There No deadline.

Publication fees with free doi: 1500 inr for indian author & 55$ for foreign international author., please like our facebook page and get 100 inr off in doi | doi and hard copy of certificate provide if required..

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CREATIVE RESEARCH THOUGHTS - IJCRT (IJCRT.ORG)

International peer reviewed & refereed journals, open access journal.

ISSN Approved Journal No: 2320-2882 | Impact factor: 7.97 | ESTD Year: 2013

Call For Paper - Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024

Scholarly open access journals, peer-reviewed, and refereed journals, impact factor 7.97 (calculate by google scholar and semantic scholar | ai-powered research tool) , multidisciplinary, monthly, indexing in all major database & metadata, citation generator, digital object identifier(doi), contact us click here, whatsapp contact click here, ijcrt - international peer-reviewed, refereed journals, and open access journal international journal of creative research thoughts - ijcrt publication fees with free doi: 1500 inr for indian author & 55$ for foreign international author issn: 2320-2882 | impact factor: 7.97 (calculate by google scholar and semantic scholar | ai-powered research tool) publication guidelines : follow cope guidelines low cost research journal, online international research journal, peer-reviewed, and refereed journals, scholarly open access journals, multidisciplinary, monthly, indexing in all major database, impact factor 7.97 (calculate by google scholar and semantic scholar | ai-powered research tool), valid as per new ugc gazette regulations..

Please Like Our Facebook Page and get Free DOI | DOI and Hard copy of Certificate Provide if required. | www.IJCRT.org | [email protected] | WhatsApp: 7990172303

Please Like Our Facebook Page and get 100 of in DOI | DOI and Hard copy of Certificate Provide if required.

QUICK LINKS

Submit your paper online.

Pay Fees Online

Author instructions and publication guidelines, call for paper publication fees details & schedule of publication, peer review policy or peer review statement.

Impact factor Calculation

COPE Ethics and malpractice statement

Open access policy, aims and scope.

Approval, Association and indexing

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Follow this step and publish your research paper within 2 to 3 day

Submit Article

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About IJCRT

The International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) aims to explore advances in research pertaining to applied, theoretical and experimental Technological studies. The goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, Faculty, students, and practitioners working in and around the world.

Publication Charges :

Low Publication Charge 1500 INR for indian author & 55$ for foreign International author.

Current Issue :

Current Issue : Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024 Impact Factor: 7.97 | International Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journals, and Open Access Journal | Scholarly Open access journals, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database.

Paper Submission Till :

Paper Submission Till : 30-Apr-2024 You can Submit your paper any time no deadline for paper submission Monthly Issue.

Review Results (Acceptance/Rejection) Notification :

Review Results (Acceptance/Rejection) Notification : Within 02-03 Days.

Paper Publication Time :

Paper Publish : Within 02-03 Days after submitting all the required documents.

The International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) aims to explore advances in research pertaining to applied, theoretical and experimental Technological studies. The goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, Faculty, students, and practitioners working in and around the world. IJCRT is Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, High Impact factor 7.97 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool), Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI) with Open-Access Publications. The open access supports the rights of users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles provided they are properly acknowledged and cited. IJCRT Followed Norms, guidelines, requirement from UGC Care, AICTE, SCI, COPE, WoS, Scopus Journal for Publication Process and API Academic Performance Indicator Process. As per UGC Care guidelines, our plagiarism policy is established. We have 4100+ Reviewer that have a strong and reputable team of reviewers from All Over the World.

Indexing In Google Scholar, SSRN, ResearcherID-Publons, Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool, Microsoft Academic, Academia.edu, arXiv.org, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters, Mendeley : reference manager, DocStoc, ISSUU, Scribd, and many more International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) ISSN: 2320-2882 | Impact Factor: 7.97 | Impact Factor: 7.97 and Monthly-Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals. Open Access Processing Charges or Publication fees with free DOI : ₹1500 INR for Indian author & 55$ for foreign International author. Refereed Journal, Peer Journal and Indexed Journal Publication Issue Frequency : Monthly (12 issue Per Year Annually) Journal Discipline and Subject : Multidisciplinary,Monthly,Multilanguage (Regional language supported) . Publisher and Managed By : IJPUBLICATION (ijpublication.org). Publication Supported Languages: Allow All Multiple Languages (Regional language supported). Regarding Approval and Equivalence of - ugc approved journal, UGC CARE, ugc approved list of journal, ugc care journal, UGC CARE list, UGCCARE, care journal, UGC-CARE list, New UGC-CARE Reference List, UGC CARE Journals, ugc care list of journal, ugc care list 2020, ugc care approved journal, ugc care list 2020, new ugc approved journal in 2020, ugc care list 2021, ugc approved journal in 2021 : ugc approved journal in 18 before care approved journal and Valid as per new UGC Gazette regulations for UGC regulations on minimum qualifications for appointment of teachers and other academic staff in universities and colleges Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journal is valid and point in Publication. IJCRT Followed Norms, guidelines, requirement, listing criteria and methodology of score/point from: ugc approved journal, UGC CARE, ugc approved list of journal, ugc care journal, UGC CARE list, UGCCARE, care journal, UGC-CARE list, New UGC-CARE Reference List, UGC CARE Journals, ugc care list of journal, ugc care list 2020, ugc care approved journal, ugc care list 2020, new ugc approved journal in 2020, ugc care list 2021, ugc approved journal in 2021, Scopus, web of Science ugc approved journal in 2018 before care approved journal and Valid as per new UGC Gazette regulations for Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journal. Provide DOI and Hard copy of Certificate. Free to Submit and Review of Paper. Publish Paper within 1 to 2 Days only. Referred by Universities to UGC Approved and UGC CARE List. High impact factor and 50+ index database and Fast paper publication. Nominal Fee for Professional Research Services, Low cost research journal. Publication Guidelines : COPE Guidelines Quick, Fast, automatic Speedy Review and publication Process Notification of Review Result and publication - Within 02-03 Days. Provide Free e-certificate to all author and DOI (Digital Object Identifiers) to All Paper. Download all digital data from website anytime lifetime available. Indexing of paper in all major online journal databases. Low Publication Charge 1500 INR per single paper Publication with Maximum 5 Author for indian author & 55$ for foreign International author. Paper Submission Till : 30-Apr-2024 Review Results (Acceptance/Rejection) Notification : Within 02-03 Days Paper Publication Time : Paper Publish: Within 02-03 Days after submitting all the required documents. Submit your Paper Submit your paper Call For Paper (Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024)

Impact Factor: 7.97 and ISSN approved. Impact Factor: 7.97 Calculated by google scholar Call For Paper (Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024) Quick, Fast, automatic Speedy Review Process Notification of Review Result - Within 02-03 Days. Publication of Paper - Within 02-03 Days.

Provide Free DOI(Digital Object Identifiers) to All Paper. Provide Hard copy of certificate based on request. Indexing of paper in all major online journal databases. SEO effective and Automated Metadata Citation Generator.

Open-Access peer reviewed International Journal Fully Automated and Secure https Website Author can Check Publication Process status online. EMail and SMS notification to the author for each Process stage. Paper and Soft Copy of "Certificate" Available life time on website.

Qualifed & Experience Reviewers from Well-known Institutes/Universities among the world. Social Media, Email and Call Support 24*7. Google Scholar, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters Indexing. Author Research Guidelines & Support.

Journal Type : International Peer-reviewed, Refereed Journals, and Open Access Journal

ISSN : 2320-2882 | Impact Factor: 7.97 and scholarly open access journals, Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database.

Current Issue Details : Call For Paper (Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024)

Subject Category   : Multidisciplinary, Monthly scholarly open access journals

DOI and HARD copy of certificate Provided.

Impact Factor : 7.97 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool)

Research Papers, Survey Papers, Study Papers, Subjective Papers, Experimental Result Papers, Analysis Study Research Papers, Informative Article, Comparison Papers, Case Studies Papers, Review Papers, Comparative Studies, Dissertation Chapters, Research Proposals or Synopsis, Working Projects, New Innovation & Idea, Prototypes and Models and many More

  IJCRT Journal Details:

Call for paper (volume 12 | issue 4 | month- april 2024).

Indexing In Google Scholar, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters, Mendeley : reference manager, Academia.edu, arXiv.org, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, DocStoc, ISSUU, Scribd, and many more International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) ISSN: 2320-2882 | Impact Factor: 7.97 | Impact Factor: 7.97 and Monthly-Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals. Open Access Processing Charges or Publication fees with free DOI : ₹1500 INR for Indian author & 55$ for foreign International author. Refereed Journal, Peer Journal and Indexed Journal Publication Issue Frequency : Monthly (12 issue Per Year Annually) Provide DOI and Hard copy of Certificate. Paper Submission Till : 30-Apr-2024 Review Results (Acceptance/Rejection) Notification : Within 02-03 Days Paper Publication Time : Paper Publish: Within 02-03 Days after submitting all the required documents. Submit your paper Call For Paper (Volume 12 | Issue 4 | Month- April 2024)

Important Key Point of Journal

IJCRT Research Journal for Research Paper Publication.

Why Submit paper

• Peer Review Journal
• Refereed Journal
• Open access Journal
• Online and Print Journal
• Impact Factor : 7.97 (calculated by google scholar)
• Journal soft copy, Research paper and Certificate
• DOi, Hard copy of Journal and certificate

important Date

• Paper submission Deadline: Submit paper any time no deadline
• Review (Acceptance/Rejection) Notification: within 1 to 2 days
• Paper Publish: within 1 to 2 days
• IJCRT Followed Norms, guidelines: Scopus Web of Science, UGC Approved, UGC CARE, UGC-CARE.
• Monthly, Multidisciplinary and Multilanguage (Regional language supported)
• Refereed Journal, Peer Journal and Indexed Journal and Quick, qualitative and Speedy Review and Publication Process
• Impact Factor: 7.97 Approved and added in the Impact Factor: 7.97 Approved List of Journals
• Check Your Paper Status online using Paper registration id and Author Email Address
• IJCRT Started “ Go Green Initiative “ by providing the e-Confirmation letter, e-certificate to each author for the publication of the paper.(We are provinding the Hard Copy of certificate and confirmation letter on Request based only(for indian author) with additional charges.)
• Soft Copy of "Certificate of Publication" of all authors (instantly available after publication)
• Automated Metadata and Indexing Citation Generator | Impact Factor: 7.97
• Provide A Free digital object identifier (DOI) Like our Facebook Page and free DOI.
• Provice the Mail and SMS notification to the author for each stage of the paper publication procedure.
• IJCRT has Highly Secure SSL Certificate Based website (http://www.ijcrt.org)
• Prestigious Reviewers from Well-known Institutes/Universities among the world.
• Provided Hard Copy of Certificate on Request based only additional charges.
• Meta Level Programming in order to make your paper SEO effective and Automated Citation Generator
• provide author research guidelines & support by mail, SMS and the call.
• Indexing of paper in all major online journal databases like Google Scholar, ResearcherID Thomson Reuters Indexing, Mendeley : reference manager, Academia.edu, arXiv.org : cornell university library, Thomson Reuters, Research Gate, CiteSeerX, DOAJ : Directory of Open Access Journals, DRJI, DocStoc, GetCited,Base,ISEDN, Wiki CFP, Index Copernicus International, Cabell's Directory, Open J Gate, ISSUU, Scribd, ASI : Advance Science Indexing, RefSeek, Utem.

Please join as reviewer or Refferal Managment System Member. Any one can Join and earn upto 300 INR Per Paper.

WhatsApp Only : +91 79 90 17 23 03

E : [email protected]

H : Monday - Saturday: 11:00 AM to 06:00 PM IST

Communication Guidelines/Process:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

IJCRT Scholarly open access journals, Peer-reviewed, and Refereed Journals, Impact factor 7.97 (Calculate by google scholar and Semantic Scholar | AI-Powered Research Tool) , Multidisciplinary, Monthly, Indexing in all major database & Metadata, Citation Generator, Digital Object Identifier(DOI)

Important Links

• Call for Paper
• Submit Paper online
• Current Issue

International Education and Research Journal

World Wide Most Trusted Research Publication Platform Since 2015

International Indexed Journal | Peer-Reviewed Journal | Multi-Disciplinary Refereed Research Journal

Peer-Reviewed Journal - Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal

E-ISSN : 2454-9916

Impact Factor Journal : 8.073(SJIF)

Journal DOI : 10.21276/2454-9916

Index Copernicus Value : 71.60

Google Scholar : h10-Index: 109

• Author Guidelines

Online Submission

Frequently asked questions.

• International Indexed Journal
• Peer Reviewed Refereed Journal - Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal
• Multi-Disciplinary Research Journal
• E-ISSN Number : 2454-9916
• Journal DOI Number: 10.21276/2454-9916

Welcome to International Education and Research Journal

Latest updates.

AWARD by KGMP

MOST VIEWED ARTICLE WILL BE AWARDED EVERY MONTH & BEST AUTHOR WILL BE AWARDED EVERY YEAR Corresponding Author will be Honoured by Memento and Certificate

ISSN and Impact Factor Value

International Education and Research Journal having E-ISSN: 2454-9916 and Impact Factor Value: 8.073 (SJIF).

IERJ is Peer-Reviewed Journal - Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal List, now as per revised norms, authors may publish in any Peer-Reviewed journal which is Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal list. For more details Click Here

Latest Indexing

Recently IERJ have Indexed in "Scientific Journal Impact Factor, Computer Science Directory, Google Plus, Bing,  More Indexing

Helpful Links

• Join PFP Program
• Search Article
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Review / Feedback

submit your questions

International Education and Research Journal (IERJ) accepts research works from scholars, academicians, professors, doctorates, lecturers, and corporate in their respective expertise of studies. IERJ is Peer-Reviewed Journal which is Equivalent to UGC Approved Journals

It is providing free online access to high-quality research and helping leading academics to make their work visible and accessible to diverse new audiences around the world. As well it is an online, double reviewed, multi-disciplinary refereed research journal which is published every 15th day of the month. It is a platform for students, researchers, academicians to share knowledge in the form of high quality research work in all subjects viz, Accounting, Advertising, Agriculture, Applied Physics, Applied Science, Architecture, Arts, Astronomy, Ayurveda, Biology, Bio-Medical, Biotechnology, Botany, Business Management, Criminology, Chemistry, Commerce, Communication Studies, Computer Science, Corporate Governance, Earth Science, E-commerce, Economics, Education,Engineering, Environmental Science, Finance, Food Science, Fisheries, Fuels Science, Geography, Health Science, Human science, History, Human Resources Management, Humanities, Homeopathy, Information Technology, International Business, Journalism, Law, Language, Library Science, Life Science, Literature, Logistics, Management, Microbiology, Marine Science, Marketing, Mathematics, Media Studies, Medical Science, Music, Nanotechnology, Nursing, Pharmaceutical Science, Philosophy, Physical Education, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Science, Social Science, Sports Science, Sociology, Space Science, Statistics, Urban Studies, Veterinary Science, Zoology, etc.

IERJ has a wide network of very good academicians and researchers. Its review process is very strict and the papers not fulfilling the criteria are outright rejected. Referees are constantly working hard to maintain the standards of Journal.

Globally a large number of journals are present but we are keeping our promise to strictly adhere to the norms framed and so are vigilant in this process.

Call For Paper - Volume 10, Issue - 04, April - 2024

The authors need to submit the articles only in simple MS Word file as well you must need to follow our Author Guidelines . Do not pay the Processing Fees unless you receive an Acceptance Email.

* Last Date for Payment and Submission can be changed anytime by the decision of Editor-In-Chief. Journal isn't bound for any change in dates. Publication of manuscript and Issue selection is decision of Editor-In-Chief.

IN FREE TIME GET CHANCE TO EARN RS.50,000+ AND MANY OTHER BENEFITS Join our Partnership Funnel Program - PFP

Why publish with ierj.

• IERJ Peer-Reviewed Journal which is Equivalent to UGC Approved Journal
• IERJ is an open access journal, which means that your paper is available to anyone in the world to download for free directly from the IERJ website.
• MOST VIEWED ARTICLE WILL BE AWARDED EVERY MONTH & BEST AUTHOR WILL BE AWARDED EVERY YEAR (Corresponding Author will be Honoured by Memento and Certificate)
• The corresponding author will received A Hard Copy of the Journal and Certificates on behalf of all the Authors, which is included in Publication Fees for Print Publication.
• A lot of our journals receive a large number of papers, but unlike many traditional printed journals, your paper will not be rejected due to lack of space. Our journals are all published online and therefore we have no physical restrictions on the number or size of the papers that we can publish.
• The time from submission to a decision being made on a paper can, in many journals, take some months and this is very frustrating for authors. We have one of the fastest turnaround times of any publisher in the world. Generally peer review is complete within 2-3 weeks and the editor's decision within 24 hours of this. It is therefore very rare to have to wait more than 4 weeks for a final decision.
• The advantages of being an open access, online only publisher are numerous, but in essence allow us a greater flexibility and responsiveness to authors and readers that older journals cannot match. We often receive feedback from authors amazed at how prompt, professional yet friendly all their communication was with us, throughout the publishing process.
• We respond within 24 hours for any query or submission at IERJ.

"Do research. Feed your talent. Research not only wins the war on cliché, it's the key to victory over fear and it's cousin, depression" says Robert McKee, a famous creative writing instructor

Announcements.

March Issue Released

Now you can access March Issue. We are thankful to authors for supporting our efforts in the Area of Research... Visit  Current Issue

Correction in Galley Copy

Correction deadline for March Issue is closed now, we will not be able to do any corrections in your published manuscript of March Issue.

Please send us correction email before 29 th April 2024 , if any correction is there in your published paper from the word file that you have supplied. For more details please stay updated with our Announcements.

Call For Papers

IERJ invites High Quality, Fresh, Unpublished Research Papers/Articles for 15 th April, 2024 Issue. Last Submission Date is 29 th April, 2024 .

Award by KGMP

MOST VIEWED ARTICLE WILL BE AWARDED EVERY MONTH & BEST AUTHOR WILL BE AWARDED EVERY YEAR Corresponding Author will be Honoured by Memento and Certificate .

Our Sister Journals

International Educational Applied Scientific Research Journal

International Educational Journal of Science and Engineering

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Authors may search any Paper Title, Authors, Subjects, Types of Papers within IERJ on Google.

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International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews (IJRPR)

Why choose us.

• Low Publication Fees 499 Rs./14 USD (Maximum 7 Authors, Maximum 26 Pages)
• Free Open Access Journal.
• Peer-Reviewed Multi-disciplinary Journal
• Strict Policy against Plagiarism
• Fast Paper Publication within 6 Hours after receiving of Publication Fee & Copyright Form.
• Soft Copy of Certificates to Each Author Immediately after the Publication of Paper.
• Simple and Easy Online Paper Submission System.
• Guidance to Enhance the Quality of Research.
• Monthly Paper Publication.
• Convert Thesis in to Book with ISBN No

Topics Covered

• Architecture & Civil Engineering
• Earth Sciences
• Applied Sciences
• Engineering Management
• Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
• Computer Science & Electrical
• Earth, Energy & Environment
• Education Sciences
• Engineering & Technology
• Materials Science
• Mathematics & Statistics
• Food Science
• More Topics...

Call for Papers

International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews (IJRPR) is an international, peer reviewed, open access, online journal, aims to provide a online platform to promote excellence and advancement in the different areas of sciences, engineering and technologies and many more.

IJRPR welcomes article submissions from diverse fields of science, engineering and technologies and many more.

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Call for Papers :

All researchers are invited to submit their original papers for peer review and publications. Before submitting papers at IJRPR the authors must ensure that their works in original or refereed form have never published anywhere and be agreed upon the entire fraternity of authors. The authors must also agree and adhere on originality and authenticity of their research work. Written manuscript along with abstract in IJRPR Format should be submitted via online paper submission system or email at [email protected]

Published Papers :

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For Authors

Instructions for authors, submit paper, paper format, search paper, sample paper, peer review, join as reviewer, ijrpr review and publish:.

• Research Article
• Review Article
• Mini Review Article
• Short Communication
• Case Reports
• Conference Proceedings
• Letter to the Editor
• Book Review

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Frequently Asked questions

These FAQ’S are designed to provide a better understanding of the Publication process and Terms & Conditions. Feel free to email us to [email protected] for further any clarification. Your query will be resolved within 10 working hours. We are happy to help you.

HOW DO I SUBMIT THE PAPER? You need to submit the paper in [email protected] and a notification of the adequacy and acceptability of the manuscript is communicated to the author immediately. Papers are accepted or rejected at this point.

HOW MUCH TIME WOULD THE REVIEW PROCESS TAKE? Each submission undergoes a detailed but rapid review by our esteemed reviewers. The standard duration of peer review is within 7 days to 2 weeks.

I HAVEN’T RECEIVED ANY NOTIFICATION AFTER SUBMITTING MY MANUSCRIPT Depending on your personal spam filter settings it is possible that the notification email may be directed to your spam folder rather than your inbox. If this is not the case, we request you to send a mail directly to us, You shall be informed on the status within 24 hours.

DO YOU PROVIDE ANY CERTIFICATE? Yes, we provide digital certificates to the authors.

DO YOU PROVIDE ANY REVIEW REPORT? Yes, we provide peer reviewer guide report. We will attach reviewed manuscript with reviewers comments and peer reviewers guide

WHAT IS THE IMPACT FACTOR OF YOUR JOURNALS? Our journals have a Google Scholar Index Impact Factor of above 3.0

HOW MUCH IS THE PUBLICATION FEE? The publication charge of this journal (online publication only) is USD150

DO YOU ISSUE THE OFFICIAL ACCEPTANCE LETTER? Yes, upon making the payment of 150 USD a formal acceptance letter is issued and the manuscript goes for indepth peer review.

HOW OFTEN ARE THE JOURNALS PUBLISHED? The journals are published monthly.

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• | +91 9415388337
• |  UGC Journal No. : 49321
• |  IMPACT Factor : 7.0
• |  ISSN : 0976-6650

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Welcome to Shodh Drishti

Shodh Drishti (An International Peer Reviewed Refereed Research Journal)

GUIDELINES FOR CONTRIBUTORS :

Invites academicians and professionals to contribute articles, research papers, case studies, abstract of doctoral dissertations and book reviews. The following are the guidelines for the authors

• The contribution must be original, neither published nor under consideration for publication anywhere else.
• The cover page should contain the title of the paper, author’s name, designation, official address, contact phone, email address.
• The main text should not contain the authors name or affiliation. The face sheet should contain a declaration by the author(s) stating that the article/ research paper has not published or not been submitted or accepted for publication by any other journal, magazines or book publishing houses.
• The manuscripts should normally be of around 3000- 3500 words.
• The authors should submit one soft copy (CD–MS word format) of the manuscript for publication typed in double spaced, (English Times New Roman, 12 font size), (Hindi Krutidev 10, 16 font size) leaving 1.5 inch margin on all sides on A- 4 paper. More over, the contribution should be send as an email.
• Typescripts should be typed on one side of the sheet. Figures, tables, graph or chart should appear soon after the text and numbered numerically with appropriate headings.
• All notes are indicated by a serial number by using foot notes in the text.
• Follow British spellings throughout: ‘programme’ not ‘program’, organisation’ not ‘organization, ‘behaviour’ not ‘behaviour’.

Follow APA style of referencing and the same can be put at the end of the manuscript. F9 or example;

Book: Moon, C. (1994), ‘ Changing Pattern of Business – Government Relations in South Korea” , Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi, pp. 22-25

Journal: Kaur, Harvinder, (2004), “Time Varying Volatili

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+91 9415388337

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