effective ways to improve the health system essay

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Innovative approaches to strengthening health systems in low- and middle-income countries: Current models, developments, and challenges

Diana frost, mufti mahmud, m shamim kaiser, david musoke, paulette henry, shariful islam.

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Issue date 2021 Dec.

Keywords: Health systems, LMIC, Co-creation, Healthcare, Health services, Innovations in healthcare

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

Improvement in quality and access to healthcare is a global challenge, driven particularly by the extended lifespans of the population and an increase in chronic diseases. Health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic – that has resulted in more than three million deaths globally [1] , and led to increased maternal morbidity [2] , risk of chronic diseases [3] and mental health problems [4] , and increased risks to children [5] – further underscore challenges in healthcare provisioning. The pandemic has highlighted the disproportionate impact of healthcare on different sections of the population [6] and the uneven access to health services – only one per cent of COVID-19 vaccines have been administered within low-income countries [1] . Pre-pandemic, inequalities to healthcare access and delivery within low-income countries have been attributed to many factors, including poor physical and technological infrastructure, social disparities, ineffective policies, and regulations, lack of awareness, geographical location and a shortage of relevant capacities and capabilities to support the sustainability of implemented health system interventions [7] , [8] , [9] , [10] . Additionally, concerns such as healthcare staff distribution within rural or urban and remote areas, have also contributed to perceived inequities [10] . Therefore, strengthening global health systems remains a crucial and ongoing objective.

The World Health Organisation (WHO) describes a well-functioning, robust health system, as characterised by the following six fundamental building blocks: (a) good health service delivery; (b) well-performing health workforce; (c) well-functioning health information system; (d) facilitates access to essential medicines and other supplies; (e) utilises a sound health financing system; and (f) demonstrates effective leadership/governance [11] . However, for many low-income countries, achievement of these goals may seem an insurmountable challenge. Yet, in circumventing the inherent challenges encountered within a low resource setting, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have enhanced their technological (and non-technological) innovative capacities in the provision of healthcare solutions. Countries such as Bangladesh have achieved significant health advances, building capacities through “a pluralistic health system that has many stakeholders pursuing women-centred, gender-equity-oriented, highly focused health programmes in family planning, immunisation, oral rehydration therapy, maternal and child health, tuberculosis, vitamin A supplementation, and other activities, through the work of widely deployed community health workers reaching all households” [ 12 p1734]. Nepal's Safe Motherhood programme addresses the entire continuum of care - reduction in maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality alongside improvements in maternal and neonatal health [13] - “while incorporating new approaches, such as adopting an all-level affordable focus on quality, especially for preventive and curative services” [ 14 p1]. These solutions are relevant not only within LMICs, but also to similar low-resourced communities in high-income countries [15] .

While innovations are deemed necessary in responding to the inequities in healthcare, there have been systemic barriers such as suboptimal communication, high workload coupled with workers resistance due to lack of understanding of benefits, and personalities that mitigate innovations [16] . Therefore, as seen in Bangladesh and Nepal, health innovations must be coupled with increased stakeholder education on the system level needs and the benefits to be derived from innovation [10] . This suggests that stakeholder engagement is necessary for promoting equity in health care and participating in the co-creation (or co-design) processes of health innovations that are accessible and affordable to the most at-need populations.

These healthcare solutions typically include the innovative use of technologies to provide health services, promote accurate health information, and deliver medicines to marginalised communities [17] . Technology-based solutions have been used in many LMICs to improve health systems and service delivery, including behaviour change communication for maternal, newborn and child health services [ 18 , 19 ], vaccination [20] , diabetes care [21] , reduction of cardiovascular risks [22] , telepsychiatry [23] and integrated health service delivery [24] . Further, emerging literature shows that mobile technologies enable efficacy in the delivery of services since data is easily accessible [25] . Increasingly, research points to social media as an effective tool for disseminating healthcare information, epidemic surveillance, and healthcare monitoring [26] , [27] , [28] . However, challenges such as limited access to devices, cost-prohibitive service provision, low literacy levels, and poor internet connectivity affect use of mobile technologies in many LMICs. Additionally, the pervasiveness of health misinformation using social media platforms emphasises that promoting a technology on its own as a solution is not enough. Therefore, for a globally vulnerable population with an appetite for social media, health information must be monitored for quality and reliability [28] . For example, evidence suggests that social media has negatively affected response to the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries including contributing to vaccine hesitancy [ 29 , 30 ].

What is equally apparent however, is that success of any implemented solution is not only dependent on stakeholder acceptance and trust in what are typically government-initiated solutions, but also on engagement of stakeholders to ensure misalignment between the implemented solution and stakeholder expectations is diminished. Core to stakeholder engagement is the notion of social capital [31] , a concept that may be perceived as necessary to facilitate acceptance of (typically) government implemented healthcare solutions, and to build trusted information networks between healthcare suppliers and end beneficiaries. This social capital – defined as the “ability of individuals in a group to form relationships of trust, cooperation and common purpose” [ 32 p103] – is inherent in many communities within LMICs and may be based on shared attributes or values such as religion or cultural values. Social capital has contributed to healthier behaviours especially in communities with weakened health infrastructure [33] . Thus, formulating approaches to harness social capital as a valuable resource for engaging stakeholders in the design of co-created healthcare solutions, or developing trusted health information and knowledge networks may be necessary for developing strong and effective health systems in LMICs.

Therefore, understanding innovative approaches to strengthening health systems in LMICs necessitates a multi-dimensional exploration of the following themes:

Utilisation of technologies in health service delivery – this includes the application of mobile technologies in service provisioning;

Design of health information systems – an examination of platforms used for health information exchange;

Planning of health systems – this includes a discussion of any adopted co-creation strategies during planning processes, and include issues of financing and human resources; and

Stakeholder engagement in health systems design – to include approaches for stakeholder identification and engagement during design processes.

What is incontrovertible, however, is the severe and long-term impact COVID-19 pandemic has had on existing health systems within LMICs. In many cases, the pandemic has slowed down or reversed any substantial gains that have been made in the improvement of healthcare delivery. However, the lessons learnt during this pandemic may prove effective in future planning and design processes for health systems in LMICs.

This journal therefore welcomes papers on innovative approaches that have been adopted in LMICs to strengthen health systems that are related to any of the four key themes mentioned previously. The journal also invites papers that investigates implemented solutions undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the implications of these solutions on healthcare management and service delivery within the respective country. Though the long-term impact and effectiveness of recently adopted innovative approaches may not yet be fully understood, their timely dissemination will help support health providers and policy-makers in evaluating the applicability of these approaches within the local context.

Ethical approval

Not required Patient Consent: Not required.

Declaration of Competing Interest

None declared.

Biographies

Dr. Diana Frost is currently a senior lecturer in the Department of Management, Nottingham Trent University. Prior to her role at Nottingham Trent University, Diana managed her own consultancy business for more than 10 years. She worked extensively with a number of international agencies, businesses and governments including the government of Saint Lucia providing consultancy services primarily in the management of ICT projects. She received her interdisciplinary PhD degree from Tufts University (USA) in Computer Science and Policy.

Dr. Mufti Mahmud received his PhD degree in information engineering from the University of Padova, Italy, in 2011. He is currently serving as a Senior Lecturer of Computer Science with Nottingham Trent University, UK. He is a recipient of the Vice-Chancellors outstanding research award in 2020 at the NTU and the Marie-Curie Postdoctoral Fellowship in 2013. He serves as a Section Editor (Big Data Analytics) for the Cognitive Computation journal, an associate editor of the IEEE Access, Frontiers in Neuroscience, and Big Data Analytics journals, and a Regional Editor (Europe) for Brain Informatics journal.

Dr. M. Shamim Kaiser (Senior Member, IEEE) received his Ph.D. degree in telecommunication engineering from the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, in 2010. In 2005, he joined the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Daffodil International University, as a Lecturer. In 2010, he worked with the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Eastern University, Bangladesh, and the Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, as an Assistant Professor. He is currently Professor at the Institute of Information Technology, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka. He has authored more than 150 articles in different peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He is a Life Member of the Bangladesh Electronic Society and the Bangladesh Physical Society. He is also a Senior Member of IEICE, Japan, and a Volunteer of the IEEE Bangladesh Section. He is also the Founding Chapter Chair of the IEEE Bangladesh Section Computer Society Chapter.

Dr. David Musoke is a Lecturer in the Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Makerere University School of Public Health, Uganda. He is Co-Chair of the Community Health Workers Thematic Working Group of Health Systems Global. He is also a Senior Visiting Fellow at Nottingham Trent University (NTU), UK, and Uganda lead of the partnership between NTU and Makerere University that has supported the health system in Uganda. His research interests include health systems, Environmental Health, Community Health Workers, communicable and non-communicable diseases, and antimicrobial resistance. He spearheaded the organization of the first ever International Symposium on Community Health Workers held in Uganda in 2017. He is an External Examiner at the University of Malawi and National University of Science and Technology (Zimbabwe). He is also an academic editor for PLOS Global Public Health, BMC Public Health, BMC Health Services Research, and Journal of Environmental and Public Health.

Dr. Paulette Henry received her PhD from the University of the West Indies in Higher Education Leadership. Her professional career spans education and professional social work practice and culminated in higher educational leadership as she assumed several administrative positions. During the period 2015-2018, Dr. Henry guided the establishment of the Institute for Gender Studies(IGS) and the Centre of Excellence for Teaching and Learning (CoETaL at the University of Guyana. She has led the development of national professional standards for social work practice in Guyana. Her research pivots around well-being and she has written in the areas of suicide and stress, child protection, waste management, financial leadership, gender, and human rights.

Dr Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam (MBBS, MPH, PhD, FESC) is a physician trained in cardiology, epidemiology and digital health. His research has attracted >$6.5 million funding ($1.8 million as Chief Investigator A) including Heart Foundation Fellowship and Vanguard grant. His research focuses on innovative mHealth, sensors, wearables and artificial intelligence for improving cardiovascular health. Dr Islam is a member WHO Technical Advisory Group on Digital Health and leads the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand position statement on Artificial Intelligence in Cardiology. Dr Islam has published >211 articles and ranked in Top 2% of scientists in General and Internal Medicine globally in 2019.

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