cause and effect diagram problem solving tool

• Guide: Fishbone Diagram

Daniel Croft

Daniel Croft is an experienced continuous improvement manager with a Lean Six Sigma Black Belt and a Bachelor's degree in Business Management. With more than ten years of experience applying his skills across various industries, Daniel specializes in optimizing processes and improving efficiency. His approach combines practical experience with a deep understanding of business fundamentals to drive meaningful change.

• Last Updated: October 19, 2023
• Learn Lean Sigma

The Fishbone Diagram, also known by various other names such as Ishikawa Diagram, Cause and Effect Diagram or 6Ms, is a visual tool used in problem-solving and root cause analysis . Originating from the quality management sector, it is used as a systematic approach to identify, explore, and display possible causes of a specific problem.

Table of Contents

What is a fishbone diagram.

The Fishbone Diagram is a graphical tool used for identifying and organizing possible causes of a specific problem or outcome. The diagram resembles the skeletal structure of a fish, hence its name. At the “head” of the fish is the problem you’re trying to solve, and the “bones” branching off the spine are the multiple potential causes contributing to that problem.

The benefit of a Fishbone Diagram lies in its simplicity. It gives you a structured way to brainstorm and categorize the various factors affecting a specific issue. The diagram can get as detailed as you need it to be, allowing for sub-causes to branch off the main causes, offering even deeper insights.

The Components of a Fishbone Diagram

Head : The fish’s head represents the problem or effect you’re analyzing.

Spine : The long, horizontal line connecting to the head serves as the timeline or sequence of the problem.

Bones : These are the categories of potential causes. They branch off the spine, leading towards the head.

Sub-Bones : These are the more specific factors or sub-causes that stem from the main categories.

Why Use a Fishbone Diagram?

The Fishbone Diagram is a flexible tool that can be used for a range of applications. Here’s why it’s so useful:

1. Easy Visualization:

One of the primary advantages of using a Fishbone Diagram is its ability to simplify complex problems. With all potential causes visually represented in one place, it becomes easier to analyze and discuss the issues.

2. Team Collaboration:

The Fishbone Diagram is excellent for brainstorming sessions. It encourages team members to think critically and contributes to a shared understanding of the problem. It’s collaborative by design, allowing for the collective intelligence of the group to shine.

3. Root Cause Analysis:

Identifying symptoms of a problem is one thing; uncovering the root cause is another. The Fishbone Diagram excels at this by forcing you to dig deep into various contributing factors. By isolating these causes, you’re better positioned to find a lasting solution.

By using a Fishbone Diagram, you’re not just addressing a problem with a short-term fix; you’re conducting a thorough investigation to eliminate issues from the root up.

How to Create a Fishbone Diagram: A Detailed Guide

Creating a Fishbone Diagram might seem like a daunting task, but it’s actually a straightforward process. Here, we’ll break down each step in detail to ensure you can construct a Fishbone Diagram that serves its purpose effectively.

Materials You’ll Need:

• A whiteboard or large sheet of paper
• Markers or pens
• Sticky notes (optional)
• A team of people for brainstorming

Step 1: Identify the Problem

The first and most crucial step is to clearly identify the problem you’re trying to solve. This statement should be specific and concise. Write this problem statement at the far right side of your whiteboard or paper, as it will serve as the “head” of your fishbone diagram.

• Use data to define the problem whenever possible.
• Make sure the problem is mutually understood and agreed upon by all team members.

Step 2: Determine the Main Categories

Now, draw a horizontal line from the problem statement towards the left side of the board. This is the “spine” of your fish. Next, you’ll identify the major categories of causes that could be contributing to the problem. These categories will serve as the main “bones” branching off from the spine.

Common categories often include:

• Measurement
• Environment
• The categories can be industry-specific or general, depending on the problem you’re analyzing.
• Aim for 4-6 main categories for better manageability.

Step 3: Brainstorm Causes

Once you’ve determined the main categories, it’s time to brainstorm potential causes for each category. These causes will be the smaller “bones” that branch off from the main bones. If you’re working with a team, this is an excellent time for a brainstorming session.

• Use sticky notes to write down ideas so you can easily move them around.
• Encourage every team member to contribute; sometimes the most unexpected insights come from diverse perspectives.

The output of the root cause analysis at this point may look something like the below example. With the lack of preventative maintenance being explored with the 5Whys analysis.

Step 4: Dig Deeper with Sub-Causes

Sometimes, the primary causes can be broken down into smaller, more specific sub-causes. This is where the “ 5 Whys ” technique can be beneficial. For each primary cause, ask “Why?” up to five times to dig deeper into the root of the issue.

• Not all primary causes will need sub-causes; use your discretion.
• Keep the diagram organized to ensure readability.

Step 5: Analyze and Take Action

After all the causes and sub-causes have been identified, it’s time to analyze the Fishbone Diagram as a team. Highlight or circle the causes that seem most likely to be contributing to the problem. These are the areas that will need immediate attention and action.

• Use data or evidence to support your conclusions.
• Create an action plan assigning responsibility for each highlighted cause.

And there you have it! You’ve successfully created a Fishbone Diagram that will help you get to the root of your problem.

Examples and Case Studies: Understanding Fishbone Diagrams in Action

Case study: manufacturing unit with quality issues.

Imagine you run a manufacturing unit, and you’ve been receiving complaints about the quality of your products. You decide to use a Fishbone Diagram to get to the root of the issue.

Step 1: Identify the Problem Problem Statement: “High number of defective products in the last quarter.”

Step 2: main categories.

• People : Untrained staff, high employee turnover
• Process : Inconsistent quality checks, outdated SOPs (Standard Operating Procedures)
• Equipment : Aged machinery, lack of maintenance
• Environment : Poor lighting, extreme temperature fluctuations

Step 4: Dig Deeper (5 Whys)

• Untrained Staff : Why? No formal training program.
• Aged Machinery : Why? No budget allocated for equipment upgrades.

After analyzing the Fishbone Diagram, you realize that untrained staff and aged machinery are your primary culprits. Your next steps could involve investing in staff training programs and allocating budget for machinery upgrades.

By following these steps, you can develop targeted strategies to improve product quality significantly.

Common Mistakes and Tips: How to Make the Most of Your Fishbone Diagram

1. overlooking minor causes.

While it’s easy to focus on the most glaring issues, minor causes can accumulate and have a significant impact.

Tip : Don’t disregard a cause just because it seems minor. Sometimes, fixing smaller issues can lead to big improvements.

2. Ignoring Data

It’s tempting to rely solely on brainstorming and intuition, but data should be your guiding star.

Tip : Use metrics and KPIs to support or refute the causes you’ve identified. This adds credibility to your findings and helps you prioritize effectively.

3. Stopping at Symptoms

Identifying symptoms is just the first step; your ultimate goal should be to uncover the root causes.

Tip : Use techniques like the “5 Whys” to dig deeper into each cause and ensure you’re addressing the root of the issue, not just its manifestations.

Fishbone Diagrams are a fantastic asset in the toolbox of anyone interested in continuous improvement. Whether you’re a seasoned professional or just getting started, this simple yet powerful tool can help you dissect complex problems and develop targeted solutions.

They encourage you to look beyond the obvious and delve into the intricacies that contribute to each problem. So go ahead, grab that pen and paper (or a whiteboard, if you’re feeling fancy), and start your journey towards effective problem-solving.

• Ilie, G. and Ciocoiu, C.N., 2010. Application of fishbone diagram to determine the risk of an event with multiple causes.   Management research and practice ,  2 (1), pp.1-20.
• Coccia, M., 2018. The Fishbone diagram to identify, systematize and analyze the sources of general purpose Technologies.   Journal of Social and Administrative Sciences ,  4 (4), pp.291-303.

Q: What is the origin of the Fishbone Diagram?

A: The Fishbone Diagram was originally developed by Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa, a Japanese quality control statistician, in the 1960s. It’s also sometimes referred to as the Ishikawa Diagram in his honor.

Q: Can Fishbone Diagrams be used for non-manufacturing problems?

A: Absolutely! While Fishbone Diagrams are popular in manufacturing and quality management, their application is not limited to these areas. They can be used in healthcare, software development, event planning, and even for personal problem-solving.

Q: How many main categories should my Fishbone Diagram have?

A: The number of main categories can vary depending on the complexity of the problem. However, it’s generally advisable to have between 4-6 main categories for easier analysis and readability.

Q: Can I use software to create a Fishbone Diagram?

A: Yes, there are several software tools available for creating Fishbone Diagrams, such as Microsoft Visio, Lucidchart, and various other project management software options. However, a simple pen and paper or a whiteboard can be just as effective for smaller teams or simpler problems.

Q: How do I know which causes to prioritize after creating a Fishbone Diagram?

A: After creating your Fishbone Diagram, you should analyze it with your team to identify the most likely root causes of the problem. Using data to support your conclusions can be very helpful. You may also employ techniques like the Pareto Analysis to prioritize causes based on their impact.

Daniel Croft is a seasoned continuous improvement manager with a Black Belt in Lean Six Sigma. With over 10 years of real-world application experience across diverse sectors, Daniel has a passion for optimizing processes and fostering a culture of efficiency. He's not just a practitioner but also an avid learner, constantly seeking to expand his knowledge. Outside of his professional life, Daniel has a keen Investing, statistics and knowledge-sharing, which led him to create the website learnleansigma.com, a platform dedicated to Lean Six Sigma and process improvement insights.

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Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone, Ishikawa): Ultimate Guide with Examples

Last Updated on January 8, 2024 by andrewshih

The Cause and Effect Diagram, also known as the Fishbone or Ishikawa Diagram, is a useful visual tool that aids in identifying and understanding the root causes of a problem. 

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the intricacies of the Cause and Effect Diagram, providing a step-by-step procedure, a practical example, and resources for implementation.

What Is Cause And Effect Diagram

Cause and Effect Diagram is a graphical representation that illustrates the cause-and-effect relationships within a system or a specific problem. 

Developed by Kaoru Ishikawa, this diagram is widely used in various industries to analyze complex issues and facilitate effective problem-solving. 

The diagram gets its name from its fishbone-like structure, where the problem statement is placed at the “head,” and various potential causes branch out like the “bones” of the fish.

The primary purpose of an Ishikawa Diagram is to provide a comprehensive and structured method for identifying, categorizing, and analyzing the factors that contribute to a specific problem. 

By visually organizing potential causes into distinct categories, the diagram helps teams and individuals gain a clearer understanding of the relationships between different elements of a system, process, or situation.

When To Use A Fishbone Diagram

Here are some instances when using a Fishbone Diagram is particularly beneficial:

Complex Problem Solving

When faced with a complex problem that involves multiple factors and potential causes, a Fishbone Diagram can help break down the complexity into manageable categories. It provides a structured approach to understanding the interrelationships among different elements contributing to the issue.

Quality Improvement

In industries that prioritize quality control, such as manufacturing or healthcare, a Fishbone Diagram is often used to investigate defects, errors, or deviations from standards. It helps teams explore and address the underlying causes affecting product or service quality.

Process Improvement

When analyzing and improving business processes, a Fishbone Diagram can be instrumental in identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, or breakdowns in the workflow. By categorizing potential causes, teams can streamline processes for increased efficiency.

Project Planning

During the planning phase of a project, a Fishbone Diagram can be used to anticipate potential challenges and risks. It aids in proactive problem identification and mitigation strategies, contributing to more successful project outcomes.

Team Collaboration

When teams are working on a shared goal or project, a Fishbone Diagram encourages collaborative brainstorming sessions. It provides a visual platform for team members to contribute their insights and perspectives, fostering a collective understanding of the problem.

Customer Complaints

In customer-centric industries, a Fishbone Diagram can be deployed to investigate and address customer complaints. It helps identify the underlying causes of dissatisfaction and guides the development of strategies to enhance customer satisfaction.

Training and Development

In educational settings or corporate training programs, a Fishbone Diagram can be utilized to analyze challenges or obstacles hindering effective learning and development. It assists in identifying areas for improvement in training processes.

Strengths of Cause and Effect Diagrams

Visual representation.

One of the main strengths of cause and effect diagrams is their ability to provide a visual representation of complex issues. The diagram’s fishbone structure allows for a clear and organized display of potential causes and their relationships, making it easier for teams to understand and communicate.

Systematic Analysis

Cause and effect diagrams promote a systematic approach to problem-solving. By categorizing potential causes into major branches, teams can methodically explore and analyze each factor, leading to a comprehensive understanding of the root causes of a problem.

Collaborative Problem Solving

The creation of a cause and effect diagram often involves collaborative brainstorming sessions. This encourages team members to share their insights and perspectives, fostering a collaborative problem-solving environment that capitalizes on collective knowledge and expertise.

Identification of Multiple Causes

The diagram facilitates the identification of multiple causes contributing to a single problem. This multiperspective analysis helps ensure that the root causes are thoroughly explored, reducing the likelihood of overlooking critical factors.

Weaknesses of Cause and Effect Diagrams

Oversimplification.

One weakness of cause and effect diagrams is the potential for oversimplification. The structured nature of the diagram may not capture the complexity or interdependencies of certain issues, leading to a superficial understanding of the problem.

Subjectivity in Prioritization

The prioritization of causes within the diagram can be subjective. Teams may struggle to objectively rank the importance of various factors, and the process may be influenced by individual perspectives, biases, or incomplete information.

Lack of Quantitative Data

Cause and effect diagrams are primarily qualitative tools and do not inherently incorporate quantitative data. While they are effective in identifying potential causes, they may not provide a precise measurement of the impact or significance of each cause, requiring supplementary quantitative analysis.

How to Create Fishbone Diagram Step-by-Step

Creating a Cause and Effect Diagram involves systemically identifying and categorizing potential causes of a specific problem. Here are the steps to create a cause-and-effect diagram:

Step 1: Define the Problem Statement

Clearly articulate the problem or issue that you want to address. Write it as a concise statement at the “head” of the Fishbone Diagram.

Step 2: Identify Major Categories (Fishbone Bones)

The next step is to create the main branches, or “bones,” of the fishbone diagram.

Teams using cause-effect diagrams often use additional mnemonic lists to ensure a thorough consideration of potential causes. For example, the manufacturing industry frequently utilizes 5Ms, and the service industry often uses 5Ps.

While these lists serve as helpful aids, they are not universally applicable, and individuals may create their own or modify existing ones. The key is to consider all potential sources of causation by asking targeted questions like, “What procedures might be causing this problem?”

Step 3: Brainstorm Causes Within Each Category

With your team, brainstorm potential causes within each category. 

Encourage open discussion and gather as many ideas as possible. There are several techniques that may be helpful during the storming process.

• Use Affinity Diagrams to organize the information and group related ideas.
• Utilize 5 Whys Analysis to repeatedly ask why for a thorough cause and effect chain analysis.
• Ask the 4 Ws – What, Why, When, and Where to help explore the cause and effect.

Step 4: Add Subcauses and Details

If necessary, the team can further expand on each identified cause by adding subcauses or specific details. This adds granularity to the diagram, making it more comprehensive.

Using the image above, the team has identified two sub-causes for the main cause #1.

Continue this process until the team feels that the causes and sub-causes are sufficiently detailed. The team can continue to add additional sub-levels to sub-causes if necessary, although the diagram can become more difficult to visualize with multiple levels.

Step 5: Prioritize Causes

If applicable, prioritize the causes based on their significance. This can be done through team discussion, voting, or using data such as the Pareto Principle to identify the most critical factors.

Step 6:  Review, Validate, and implement

Review the completed Fishbone Diagram with the team. Ensure that all relevant causes have been included and that the relationships between causes and effects are accurate. Finally, share the completed diagram with relevant stakeholders and use it as a visual aid to identify and solve the problem.

By following these steps, the team can utilize the Fishbone Diagram to systematically analyze complex problems, identify root causes, and drive effective solutions.

Tips for Creating a Cause and Effect Diagram

Here are some tips to enhance the process and maximize the value of the fishbone diagram:

Tips for Creating the Diagram

• Clearly Define the Problem : A well-defined problem statement ensures that the cause-and-effect analysis remains focused and relevant.
• Select Appropriate Categories : Tailor these categories to fit the specific context of your analysis.
• Use Facilitation Techniques : Employ facilitation techniques such as affinity diagrams to organize and group related causes. Or use the 5 Whys technique to dig deeper into the root causes of each identified issue.
• Keep it Visual and Simple : Maintain clarity and simplicity in the Fishbone Diagram. Use clear and concise language, and avoid overcrowding the diagram with excessive detail. Make the diagram easy to understand and communicate.

Tips for Collaboration

• Encourage Open Brainstorming : Encourage team members to share their insights and ideas freely. Avoid judgment during the initial brainstorming phase to stimulate creativity.
• Include Relevant Stakeholders : Involve stakeholders with diverse perspectives in the cause-and-effect analysis to capture a comprehensive view of the problem and its contributing factors.
• Review and Iterate : After creating the initial diagram, review it with the team to confirm its accuracy and completeness. Be open to feedback and make necessary adjustments and several iterations.
• Facilitate Follow-Up Action : Use the insights gained from the Fishbone Diagram to develop actionable plans and solutions. Assign responsibilities for implementing changes and track progress over time to ensure continuous improvement.

By following these tips, you can facilitate a more effective cause-and-effect analysis, leading to a Fishbone Diagram that serves as a valuable tool for problem-solving and decision-making.

Cause and Effect Diagram Examples

Here are three examples of Ishikawa Diagrams representing different scenarios:

Example 1: Production Delays in a Manufacturing Plant

In this scenario, you are tasked with identifying the various factors contributing to production delays, allowing the team to identify root causes and implement targeted solutions.

Problem Statement : Unexpected delays in the production process lead to reduced output.

From the brainstorming exercise, the team identified the following causes within each category:

• Manpower : Insufficient Training, Staff Shortage, Lack of Motivation
• Machinery : Equipment Malfunctions, Inadequate Maintenance, Outdated Technology
• Material : Defective Raw Materials, Supply Chain Issues, Inventory Management
• Methods : Inefficient Workflows, Lack of Standard Operating Procedures, Poor Planning
• Measurement : Inaccurate Performance Metrics, Lack of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), Monitoring and Reporting Issues

Example 2: High Employee Turnover in a Company

In this scenario, you are tasked with identifying the root causes of high employee turnover and guiding the development of strategies to improve retention.

Problem Statement : High turnover rates lead to instability and decreased morale among employees.

• People : Poor Leadership, Lack of Recognition, Limited Growth Opportunities
• Processes : Inefficient Recruitment, Inadequate Onboarding, Poor Performance Management
• Policies : Lack of Work-Life Balance, Inflexible Policies, Unclear Communication
• Work Environment : Toxic Culture, Inadequate Facilities, Lack of Team Collaboration
• Compensation & Benefits : Below-market Salaries, Inadequate Benefits, Limited Incentives

While taking a deep dive and examining the potential causes of insufficient recruitment, the team identified poor job descriptions, limited recruitment channels, and a competitive job market.

Example 3: Customer Complaints in a Service Industry

In this scenario, you are tasked with understanding the causes of multifaceted customer complaints and helping the organization to enhance its service quality and address customer concerns effectively.

Problem Statement : Increasing customer complaints leads to a decline in customer satisfaction.

• People : Inadequate Training, Lack of Empathy, Communication Issues
• Process : Inefficient Service Delivery, Long Waiting Times, Lack of Quality Control
• Product : Defective Products, Inadequate Product Information, Poor Product Design
• Policies : Inconsistent Policies, Lack of Customer-Focused Policies, Misleading Information
• Environment : Unpleasant Atmosphere, Poor Customer Service Culture, Lack of Feedback Mechanism

While taking a deeper dive into the long waiting time, the team identified insufficient staffing, and technical malfunctions as potential causes.

As the team continued to look into the cause of insufficient staffing, the team identified budget constraints, poor scheduling, and unexpected sickness as the causes.

Cause And Effect Diagram Complimentary Techniques

While the Fishbone Diagram (Ishikawa Diagram) is the most well-known type of Cause and Effect Diagram, there are other variations and complementary techniques used for cause and effect analysis. Here are some notable ones:

Affinity Diagram

An affinity diagram serves as the starting point by organizing diverse ideas and grouping them into clusters. It acts as a foundation for the fishbone diagram, which then delves into a more detailed analysis of root causes within specific categories. 

Together, these tools provide a comprehensive approach to problem-solving, transitioning from idea generation and organization to in-depth cause-and-effect analysis.

5 Whys Analysis

Although not a diagram per se, the 5 Whys is a questioning technique that helps delve deeper into the root cause of a problem. It involves asking “Why?” repeatedly (typically five times) to trace the cause-and-effect chain until the fundamental issue is uncovered. The 5 Whys Analysis is often used in conjunction with Fishbone Diagrams for a more thorough investigation.

Pareto Chart

A Pareto Chart is often used in conjunction with Fishbone Diagrams. It helps prioritize issues by illustrating the relative importance of different causes. The Pareto Principle suggests that 80% of problems may be attributed to 20% of the causes, guiding teams to focus on the most significant contributors.

How do I prioritize causes in a Fishbone Diagram?

Causes can be prioritized based on their significance or impact. This can be done through team discussion, voting, or using data such as the Pareto Principle to identify the most critical factors that require immediate attention.

Can I use a Fishbone Diagram for project planning?

Yes, a Fishbone Diagram can be a useful tool in the planning phase of a project. It helps anticipate potential challenges, risks, and issues, allowing teams to develop proactive strategies for successful project outcomes.

How often should I revisit a Fishbone Diagram?

Revisit a Fishbone Diagram as needed, especially when there are changes in the problem, new information becomes available, or when monitoring progress on implemented solutions. It’s a dynamic tool that can be iteratively improved over time.

What is the difference between an affinity diagram and a fishbone diagram?

An affinity diagram is used for brainstorming and organizing ideas, providing a foundation for a Fishbone Diagram. The Fishbone Diagram then conducts a more detailed analysis of root causes within specific categories identified by the affinity diagram. They work together in a collaborative problem-solving process.

What are the 6 elements of a Fishbone Diagram?

The Fishbone Diagram typically consists of six major elements or “bones.” These elements represent different categories under which potential causes of a problem are grouped. The six categories are People, Processes, Equipment, Materials, Environment, and Management . Each category helps organize and analyze potential causes systematically, providing a comprehensive view of the factors contributing to a specific issue.

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Cause and effect diagrams: A Guide

Table of Contents

What is a cause and effect diagram.

A cause and effect diagram is a powerful visual tool that helps identify and organize potential causes of an issue or effect. Also known as a fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram, it's widely used in many industries to identify the root causes of issues.

The diagram consists of a central spine, resembling a fishbone, with branches that represent different categories of potential causes. The categories can vary based on the context and nature of the problem.

For example:

In manufacturing, the categories may include people, machines, materials, methods, and the environment.

In healthcare, the categories may include patients, processes, equipment, environment, and staff.

Why use the cause and effect diagram?

The cause and effect diagram is an effective diagramming tool that can help teams tackle complex problems and improve their problem-solving capabilities.

Here are some benefits of using a cause and effect diagram:

It helps teams identify the root cause(s) of a problem, which is crucial for developing effective solutions to address the issue.

The diagram enables teams to leverage diverse perspectives and insights by encouraging collaboration and participation from team members. This helps them to arrive at a more comprehensive understanding of the problem.

The diagram can be used across various industries and sectors, making it a versatile tool for problem-solving and decision-making.

A fishbone diagram can help streamline a free workflow process by identifying bottlenecks or inefficiencies in a process.

Key concepts of cause and effect diagrams

Cause and effect diagrams are a useful tool for problem-solving. However, it's essential to understand their limitations and underlying concepts.

Visual representation of factors contributing to an observed effect

Cause and effect diagrams start with the effect at the center of the diagram, represented by a box or a circle. Then, branches get drawn out from the center, representing possible causes of the effect. This helps teams to identify multiple factors that contribute to an observed effect.

Each branch is a category of causes, such as “manpower,” “machine,” “method,” “measurement,” or “material.”

The branches are further divided into smaller sub-branches that represent specific causes. The diagram can be as simple or as complex as needed, depending on the problem at hand.

Interrelationships among causal factors are clearly shown

This type of diagram can help teams identify the relationships between different factors contributing to the observed effect.

By organizing the possible causes into categories and subcategories, the diagram can reveal the interdependencies among them. This can be particularly helpful when analyzing complex problems.

For example, a healthcare team uses a cause and effect diagram to identify the potential causes of patient falls in a hospital.

The diagram could show multiple branches with subcategories, such as:

Environmental factors

Medication-related factors

Patient-related factors.

The team identifies that patient confusion, environmental factors, and medication side effects can all contribute to falls, and they're interrelated.

One causal factor may appear in several places

A single factor may contribute to the observed effect in multiple ways.

The cause and effect diagram can help identify multiple pathways. It does this by showing where a single factor appears in different categories or subcategories.

A manufacturing team uses a cause and effect diagram to identify the causes of product defects. The diagram shows that a faulty machine part may contribute to defects in the product's size, shape, and color, as well as affect the machine's overall performance. The team realizes that addressing the faulty machine parts could significantly impact the final product's quality.

It’s qualitative and hypothetical

While cause and effect diagrams can provide a valuable visual representation, their qualitative and hypothetical nature limit them.

The diagram doesn't provide any quantitative data, making it difficult to prioritize and compare different possible causes.

However, even with these limitations, the diagram can still be useful as a brainstorming tool for identifying possible causes and interrelationships.

How to create a cause and effect diagram

Creating a cause and effect diagram is a straightforward process that can help teams identify and address problems.

Here are the steps for creating a cause and effect diagram:

1. Identify the problem that needs to be addressed

The first step in creating a cause and effect diagram is to clearly identify the problem that needs to be addressed.

This problem should be clearly defined and specific so that the resulting diagram can accurately reflect the potential causes.

2. Determine the effect that is being observed

After identifying the problem, the next step is to determine the observed effect. This effect is typically a symptom of the underlying problem, and understanding it's crucial to identify the potential causes.

3. Brainstorm potential causes and categorize them into different groups

Once you have identified the problem and effect, the team can begin to brainstorm potential causes. These causes can then be categorized into different groups, such as people, processes, equipment, or materials.

4. Draw the cause and effect diagram using a visual tool like Miro

With potential causes identified and categorized, the team can then draw the cause and effect diagram using a visual tool like Miro.

This diagram should have the effect at the center and the different categories of potential causes branching out from it.

Miro has both a fishbone diagram template that is are easy to customize and will help you get started in no time.

5. Review and refine the diagram with input from team members

Finally, the team should review and refine the cause and effect diagram with input from team members.

This feedback can help to identify any missing causes, refine the categorization of causes, and ensure accuracy.

Importance of involving all team members in the process

Involving all team members in the creation of a cause and effect diagram is crucial for identifying and addressing the root causes of a problem.

Each team member brings a unique perspective and expertise to the process, which can result in identifying more potential causes and the evolution of better solutions.

Additionally, involving all team members fosters a sense of ownership and credibility. It can also improve communication and collaboration, leading to more effective problem-solving.

Next, let’s look at how you would make one.

Example of a simple cause and effect diagram and how it was created

To illustrate the process of creating a simple cause and effect diagram, let's consider a scenario.

In this example, we'll create a cause and effect diagram to understand why 40% of users cancel their subscriptions after the first month.

First, we identified the problem: a high cancellation rate after the first month of a subscription.

Next, we determined the effect that was being observed: 40% of users were canceling their subscription after the first month.

We then brainstormed potential causes and categorized them into different groups, including:

Customer Service

Product Quality

We identified the Customer Service category subcategories, such as‌ 'Difficult to Contact,' 'Unhelpful Support Staff,' and 'Long Wait Times.'

We identified subcategories for the Product Quality category, such as 'Technical Issues' and 'Poor User Experience.' For the Price category, we identified subcategories such as 'High Cost' and 'Hidden Fees.' And for the Marketing categories like 'Misleading Information' and 'Inaccurate Targeting.'

After categorizing the potential causes, we drew the cause and effect diagram using a visual tool like Miro. We then reviewed and refined the diagram with input from team members.

The resulting cause and effect diagram showed that the primary causes of the high cancellation rate were 'Difficult to Contact' and 'Poor User Experience.' These issues were further refined by analyzing the subcategories and identifying specific actions that could be taken to address them.

In the next section, we'll discuss how to analyze and interpret the diagram to identify the most likely causes of the problem.

How to analyze and interpret a cause and effect diagram

After creating a cause and effect diagram, the team needs to review it and identify potential causes that most likely contribute to the problem.

Several techniques can be used to analyze the diagram.

Techniques for analyzing and interpreting the diagram

One technique is to look for patterns or clusters of related causes. For example, if multiple causes in different categories all relate to a particular aspect of the problem, that may suggest that this is a particularly important area to investigate further.

Another technique is identifying potential causes that appear multiple times or in different categories. This can highlight the most important factors contributing to the problem and suggest areas where solutions could be targeted.

Teams can also use hypothesis testing, looking for evidence to support or disprove each potential cause. By testing hypotheses, the team can identify which potential causes are most likely to be the root cause(s) of the problem.

The goal of analyzing the diagram is to identify the most likely root cause(s) of the problem, which can then be addressed with targeted solutions.

Importance of considering both direct and indirect causes

It's essential to consider both direct and indirect causes when analyzing a cause and effect diagram. Direct causes are factors that directly contribute to the observed effect, such as malfunctioning machines. Indirect causes refer to underlying factors, such as insufficient training, that may not be immediately obvious.

An example could be a production problem caused by a broken machine and an untrained operator. While fixing the machine is a direct solution, providing the operator with proper training is indirect.

Addressing indirect causes can be more effective in the long term since they can have a wider impact and can contribute to solving future problems. So, considering both direct and indirect causes can help the team develop more effective solutions to the problem.

Example of a complex cause and effect diagram

A complex cause and effect diagram may include multiple categories with many potential causes or represent a system with many interrelated parts. For instance, a diagram related to supply chain management could include categories such as logistics, inventory, and procurement, with dozens of potential causes under each category.

To analyze such a diagram, the team would need to use techniques like:

Looking for patterns or clusters of related causes

Identifying potential causes that appear multiple times or in different categories

Testing hypotheses by looking for evidence to support or disprove each potential cause

Since complex diagrams can be overwhelming, involving all team members in the analysis is important. This ensures that different perspectives and knowledge can contribute to identifying the root cause(s).

After analyzing the diagram, the team should have a better understanding of the most likely root cause(s) of the problem. This information can then be used to develop targeted solutions to address the problem and prevent it from occurring again.

Use Miro to build an effective cause and effect diagram

Whether you're mapping out the root causes of a problem or analyzing the consequences of an action, Miro makes it easy so visually and collaboratively create a cause and effect diagram.

Using intuitive drag-and-drop functionality you can easily add and connect elements, label branches, and customize your diagram to suit your specific needs. Collaborate in real-time with your team, regardless of their location, and benefit from their insights as you build a comprehensive diagram. Sign up for free to get started!

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Cause and effect diagrams: what they are and how to use them

April 27, 2021 by MindManager Blog

By: Leanna Armstrong

Figuring out what lies at the root of a complicated production or work process challenge is sometimes easier said than done. Fortunately, a cause and effect diagram makes for a handy tool any time you’re called on to solve a problem or prevent one from happening.

What is a cause and effect diagram?

A cause and effect diagram is a visual map that functions as a problem-solving tool . As the name suggests, its main purpose is to help you identify the cause of a troubling situation in relation to the effect (or results) you’ve observed.

To clarify the cause and effect diagram definition further, it may help to understand that this tool is also known as a fishbone diagram . By setting your problem on one side – and radiating out to the various elements that may be causing it on the other – you end up with a diagram loosely resembling the skeleton of a fish.

How to use a cause and effect diagram

If you’re in any way involved in manufacturing or selling a product or service, chances are you can benefit from using a cause and effect diagram tool.

Fishbone diagrams are designed to help you:

• Get clear on the nature of a problem and why it’s occurring
• Identify contributing factors and how they’re connected
• Determine the best course of action for correcting a setback

You’ll get more from your cause and effect diagram if you and your team use it while brainstorming which areas of a particular process are most likely involved.

By visually breaking those areas down into their various components – and noting the impact of specific activities – you can increase your understanding of where things have gone wrong, and find a solution much faster.

You may discover, for example, that you need to:

• Change out materials or suppliers
• Revise the steps in a new or established workflow
• Tweak the tasks carried out by certain departments or individuals

With that in mind, here are 3 key areas where fishbone diagrams are commonly used.

1. Manufacturing a product.

This usually includes analyzing the 6 (or 8) M-factors involved in most production processes (Machinery, Method, Materials, Measurement, Mother Nature, Manpower, Management, Maintenance).

2. Providing a service.

This may include examining the 4 S-factors involved in many service delivery procedures (Surroundings, Suppliers, Skills, Systems).

3. Marketing a product or service.

This may include exploring the 8 P-factors involved in many product or service marketing systems (Price, People, Place, Product, Packaging, Procedures/Processes, Policies, Promotion).

No matter the source of your predicament, creating a cause and effect diagram template will help you and your team drill down and sort out the changes required to put it right.

How to create a cause and effect diagram

With a versatile program like MindManager , you can use a fishbone diagram template to capture, view, and organize all the potential causes of a problem – then use (and link to) an idea map for brainstorming ways to resolve it.

Here’s how to create a cause and effect diagram in 4 easy steps.

Label a box or node at one end of your diagram with the name of your issue (this represents the “head” of your fish).

Extend a main “spine” line from this node out to one side.

Add “rib” lines that branch off from either side of your main line, each leading to its own node. Label these nodes with the names of areas or factors that may be contributing to your problem.

Break down and explore each of these potential causes further by branching off to the specific processes, tasks, or resources involved (these are your sub-causes).

And that’s it!

Now, you and your team can spot suspect activity and identify the areas that are most likely causing your issue more easily. To better focus on problem-solving , you might even prioritize these factors by ranking them in the order in which they should be addressed.

Example of a cause and effect diagram

Creating a fishbone diagram is a great way to see what’s behind a particular problem so you can both resolve it and prevent it from occurring again. Here’s a simple cause and effect diagram example to help demonstrate this.

Let’s say you want to build out your line of travel backpacks and have recently launched a second product. Despite the success of your original backpack however, your new, sturdier pack is falling short of sales expectations .

You decide to investigate the problem from a marketing perspective with the help of a cause and effect diagram.

First, you identify the problem at hand by labeling a box on the middle left side of your diagram:

Next, at a loss for where to actually start, you construct the skeleton of your diagram by adding a spine line and branching out to all 8 areas of your marketing process:

At this point, you realize you should probably sit down with your promotional team and examine the key factors affecting these categories.

After some inspired brainstorming, the ribs of your diagram look like this:

As your team sits back and analyzes their finished diagram, 2 key findings emerge:

• Instead of travelers, your existing customers are predominantly students who love your product but can’t afford – and don’t want or need – a larger, heavier, more expensive version
• The travelers your new product was geared toward can buy a similar quality pack for significantly less from your local competitor

Now that you have a better understanding of the reasons behind your new pack’s lack of success, you can create a plan to resolve the problem (possibly by sourcing less costly materials) and ensure you always perform sufficient marketing research in future.

Cause and effect diagram use cases

Crafting a simple cause and effect diagram template is the best way to shift your team’s focus from the symptoms associated with a problem, to the construction of a practical plan for meeting it head-on.

Here are some simple use cases that illustrate a few more common cause and effect diagram examples.

Company A wants to fix a product quality problem

Production quality at the company’s newest widget manufacturing facility is below that of other locations. After ruling out factors in common, the QC team meets to create a cause and effect diagram around two key areas – Mother Nature (environment) and Manpower (plant workers) – and makes some impactful discoveries: the new plant is located in a very humid location where skilled labor is limited.

Making process adjustments to correct for the humidity and ramping up training allows the company to normalize quality.

Company B wants to resolve an image setback

As a newer massage and body treatment spa, image is especially important to the company. After a promising start, however, customer reviews show their reputation for calm and relaxation has taken a hit. Management sits down to brainstorm the problem and, with the help of a fishbone diagram, resolves that recent renovations and staff turnover have combined to disrupt the spa’s serene surroundings.

The company makes a plan to both confine renos to off-days and improve employee engagement.

Company C wants to overcome a marketing challenge

With a full line of successful breakfast cereals under their belt, the company is at a loss as to why their latest cereal isn’t selling. Working with their marketing department, they use a cause and effect diagram tool to pinpoint the problem and conclude that the only real difference lies in the packaging.

The company creates several new packaging designs and polls their target audience to determine which holds the greatest appeal.

Remember, mapping your way out of a problem is the easiest way to see where you are, how you got there, and what the most promising route is to get back on track.

Downloadable cause and effect diagram templates from MindManager

Click the images below to access the cause and effect diagram example shared above, and a blank template created using MindManager. Click “Menu” in the bottom left corner of your browser window, and then click “Download” to get a copy of the template. Open the template in MindManager to start working.

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Cause and effect analysis with a fishbone (Ishikawa) diagram

Imagine you have been tasked with solving a problem: customers are experiencing lag while attempting to check out from their carts. Specifically, the app takes two minutes to transition from the cart page to the payment page once a customer clicks Continue .

What would you do? The first question that comes to mind is “why,” right? To answer this question, you’ll need to identify all the steps that customers take when checking out, and then assess how each step is performing. Together, these answers will enable you to determine the exact point in the checkout process where the problem is occurring.

This is called “root cause analysis” — you tried to list all the possibilities that could have created this problem. And out of all possibilities, you found which likely created the problem.

Let’s refer to the problem as the “effect,” and all the potential causes you identified during your analysis as the “causes.” Now, imagine trying to represent this cause-and-effect analysis visually. What types of diagrams could you create?

Maybe a tree whose roots are the effect and all the branches as the cause(s). Or maybe an Excel table listing all the causes and sub-causes in columns. Those are all good options, but in this article, we’ll discuss a cause-and-effect diagram (also called a fishbone diagram or Ishikawa diagram).

What is a fishbone diagram?

To start, a fishbone diagram (or Ishikawa diagram) is a tool to visually explore and represent the possible causes of an effect. The tool helps in identifying the potential causes that could have caused the problem.

A sample fishbone diagram looks like this:

It is called a fishbone as it looks like the skeleton of a fish. The head of the fish explains the problem statement (or the effect) and the bones attached explain the possible cause and sub-causes.

The history behind fishbone diagrams

Although the early history of fishbone analysis is slightly unclear, fishbone diagrams are believed to have been in use since the 1920s. However, it was during the 1960s that the diagram gained widespread popularity, thanks to the work of Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa on quality management processes for Kawasaki Shipyards.

It’s believed that Ishikawa first presented the fishbone analysis method in 1945, as part of the development of a company-wide quality control process. The creation of quality improvement processes and tools, along with the introduction of quality circles, played a significant role in the evolution of the concept of total quality management. The Ishikawa diagram became recognized as one of the seven basic quality tools.

When to use a fishbone diagram

The purpose of the fishbone diagram is to identify all the root causes of a problem. You can use fishbone analysis in product development — let’s list a few cases where you should use fishbone analysis:

• When you have to identify the possible causes of a problem
• When you have to develop a feature or product to fix the cause of a problem. This is a reverse analysis where business analysts find the gap in market need and fill that gap with a product or feature
• When evaluating a business process to find loopholes or gaps that create problems
• When you’re defining a process for quality control. Evaluate and find the current gap in quality and build processes to fill it

You can apply the fishbone analysis tool to most applications that need an establishment of quality control and management.

Now, we’ll go over the fishbone diagram and how you can apply it to multiple industries. Most businesses fall into one of these operation areas: services, manufacturing, and marketing, each of which can use a different fishbone diagram. While manufacturing may not be directly relevant to digital products, the fishbone diagram can still be a useful tool for uncovering problems and identifying potential causes. You can modify them accordingly to fit the context of your product.

Let’s start with the 4 Ws: what, why, when, and where. Applying these will help you find the possible potential causes for any effect. This is a good way to brainstorm and all fishbone diagrams must start with these, regardless of the industry you’re in. The 4 Ws are:

• What? There will be materials, products, lines of code, and other resources involved in the problem creation. Ask “what?” to help to pinpoint the specific components or resources that may be contributing to the issue
• Why? There will be situations or conditions that lead to the problem. Asking “why?” may help to uncover factors such as network failure, temperature, weather conditions, or other external considerations that may be impacting the system
• When? There will be a moment when a particular problem occurs. Ask “when?” to find out the time the problem occurs and figure out if it’s a recurring or isolated incident
• Where? Asking this question can help to identify specific areas, such as during the checkout process, a different part of the application, or within a specific context where the issue is most prominent.

Many businesses in the service industry indeed share similarities when it comes to cause analysis in their operational areas. Specifically, the 5 S’s (systems, suppliers, surroundings, safety, and skills) can be applied to cause and effect analysis within the service business.

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While all service businesses don’t need to conduct a complete cause analysis using the 5 S’s, many find that these principles can be applied at the initial levels and then gradually approached more thoroughly as they identify potential causes within their unique environment:

Systems are the methods, policies, processes, products, and tools used to build operational excellence and provide service without any failure.

Suppliers are any issues in delivering the service itself, like lower quality of service, failure to support customers, delay in refunding payments, agents or vendors delay, and more.

Surroundings are any external factors such as market, competition, public relations, brand value/image, etc. that may contribute to the issue.

Skills focus on finding issues in training, qualifications, skill set, and the experience of employees providing the service.

Safety focuses on finding issues in the system’s overall safety, products, operational procedures, and work environment.

Though the 6 Ms apply mainly to the manufacturing industry, you can transfer this framework into the software industry as well. Since digital products don’t have physical parts, not all of them will be relevant, but we’ll highlight them anyway:

Material focuses on finding issues in any raw materials used for manufacturing. This includes issues with the quantity or quality of supplies, any issues with the timeline of procurement and supply, and more.

Method focuses on finding issues in processes, policies, regulations, training, and guidelines used by companies. Though this is relevant to manufacturing physical goods, these apply to digital products as well (in context).

Machine focuses on finding issues in machines that are used in manufacturing (production). This will help uncover any issues with the maintenance of machines, any failures in the machine or assembly line, etc.

Mother nature , aka the environment, focuses on finding issues in environmental conditions. For physical goods, this could mean issues with temperature, light conditions, etc. For digital products, this could mean issues with servers going down, weather causing latency problems, and more.

Manpower (aka people) focuses on finding issues in the workforce. This means any issues with the work itself, employee burnout, training and skill sets, and more.

Measurement focuses on finding issues in measuring the process and results. This is huge in any business, as metrics and measuring success are vital to the health of a company. Use this to find any issues in quality readings, calculations, and more.

There are 7 Ps that can be commonly applied in cause analysis. These are all related to marketing businesses, but nearly all physical and digital products have marketing functions that affect their product and that this can apply to:

People focuses on finding issues in people involved in marketing a product or service to customers. This implies issues with not targeting the right audience or marketers not having a good understanding of the product.

Product is focused on finding issues in the product or service of an organization. This could be several things, including the perceived image of the product , issues with availability to reach customers, or failure to meet customer needs .

Process works on finding issues in procedures for promoting and marketing the product or service. Are there any gaps in cross-functional team collaboration ? Are they any issues with the escalation matrix?

Price is a big one. This is where to uncover issues in the pricing of the product or service. Is the price too low? Maybe it’s too high? Are there any issues with the price range not matching the competition or with accepting certain payment methods?

Promotion focuses on finding issues in promotion methods, mediums, and strategies. Are social media advertisements reaching the right audience? Is it generating enough clicks?

Place identifies problems with the location of your product. Are there any issues with the availability of your product on particular devices?

Physical evidence is the last of the Ps. It focuses on finding issues in the direct visibility of your product or service. If it has a physical component, is there a problem with the packaging? Physical evidence literally implies any physical issues with the product getting into the hands of customers.

Advantages and disadvantages of fishbone diagrams

There are many advantages you carry when you use a fishbone diagram as a tool for your cause analysis, including:

• Simplicity : the visual representation is simple and easy to understand. Anyone who understands the problem can easily go through all the possible causes of that problem
• Flexibility : you can dissect the cause into sub-causes and go deeper to find the cause
• Associativity : any cause becomes a potential candidate to generate the effect. The relationship with the problem is tightly defined, helping you conclude your analysis
• Ease of use : it’s easy to brainstorm with a team and explain how to use the diagram. Everyone can instantly adapt and be involved in a brainstorm
• Fast : it helps you analyze the root causes quickly by applying the 5 Why’s and drill down potential causes
• Prioritization : visual representation helps you to prioritize your causes and narrow down the most important ones

There are also a few limitations that can make fishbone diagrams difficult to use, including:

• Causes may not be as relevant as you once thought. This could lead to confusion on the path forward or create another problem by accident
• If oversimplified, the fishbone analysis may not uncover what you’re looking for
• There’s potential to prioritize smaller causes over critical ones. Since prioritization is so easy, the team may focus on small causes and waste time in fixing them
• The more dissection into sub-clauses you do leads to more complex diagrams. These may eventually become messy and difficult to understand
• The analysis is mostly based on understanding and brainstorming. It needs additional evaluation of the cause, which in case all possibilities have to be evaluated, can become inefficient and time-consuming

Fishbone diagram template

If you’d like a fishbone diagram template to work with, you can download this one I made on Google Sheets . Feel free to make a copy of it and customize it for your own use.

If you’d like to try to create a fishbone diagram yourself for your own team and organization, here are some common steps to make and analyze it:

• Identify and write the effect (problem statement) as the fish head
• Brainstorm and identify major causes. Write a major cause on each side bone. These major causes can be the Ms, Ps, or S’s with regard to the industry you’re in, or a combination of multiple
• Brainstorm and identify sub-causes. Write the sub-cause on each smaller bone
• Check for completeness. Evaluate or review for too few causes or narrow it down if you have too many
• Analyze each potential cause to narrow it down further. The goal is to end up with one or more that need to be fixed
• Prioritize the potential cause based on its severity on the effect

Let’s draw the fishbone diagram for a digital product. We’ll use the problem we listed at the beginning where customers are facing problems during the checkout process:

While this list may not be comprehensive, it does cover many potential causes that could lead to delays in opening the payments page. It’s important to note that during a brainstorming session, many potential causes can arise, but it’s important to focus on the most likely causes to address first. In this case, we’ve highlighted a sub-cause in red that represents the result of the analysis and the area that should be addressed.

How product managers can use fishbone diagrams

There are many cases where product managers have to analyze the cause of a problem, and a fishbone diagram is a powerful tool for product managers to benefit from. Its easy and quick creation helps quickly narrow down potential causes and act upon them.

A few examples where product managers can make use of fishbone diagram are:

• Finding the root cause for a reduction in feature usage
• Finding the root cause of churn
• Learn the effects of new features on the application upfront
• Analyze what the team should focus on while prioritizing enhancements for a feature
• Presenting the quality measures taken on certain features to senior management

The process type fishbone diagram

A not-so-popular and not-so-in-use flavor for creating fishbone diagrams is the process-type fishbone diagram. It’s very similar but has a small change in the drawing:

The main bone of the fish is divided into multiple cause areas. Team brainstorms potential causes that could have created the problem in each of these areas. It is called process type because each area in the main bone (mostly) represents a process, but each area in the main bone also represents a department. Causes are explored in the process of each department as a result.

These diagrams are not that popular but are an efficient way to involve multiple cross-functional teams from various departments.

Kaoru Ishikawa popularized the fishbone diagram to analyze the root cause of any problem. It is also called the Ishikawa diagram or cause and effect diagram.

One can use the 4 Ws — what, why, when, and where — to begin cause analysis. Based on industry type, there are common areas of cause analysis: the 5 S’ for services, 6 Ms for manufacturing, and 7 Ps for marketing. If your company or product has a combination of these, you can create multiple fishbone diagrams to get to the root cause of your issue.

Featured image source: IconScout

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Cause and Effect Diagrams: A Visual Tool for Root Cause Analysis

Updated: July 24, 2023 by Richard Penn

The effects and impacts of a problem or defect can often be clear to see, but understanding the potential causes can be tricky. Wouldn’t it be great if we had an intuitive, visual tool that helps us to capture potential causes and their relationship to the effect? 

Welcome to the cause and effect diagram.

Overview: What is a cause and effect diagram? 

A cause and effect diagram is a visual tool used to logically organize the many possible causes for a specific problem or effect by displaying them graphically. The term “cause and effect diagram” is often used interchangeably with fishbone diagram and Ishikawa diagram and is used successfully in continuous improvement activities across many industries and businesses. 

The ability to visually represent many potential causes and explore causal relationships is a significant benefit of creating and using a cause and effect diagram. It is particularly helpful if there is little quantitative data available for analysis. However, care should always be taken with the use of qualitative data and hypotheses, ensuring that individual opinion does not bias the outcome.

Logical organization of the possible causes is a key part of creating a cause and effect diagram and these are often categorized with common headings such as Environment, Equipment, Methods, People, Materials, and Measurements. 

An example of a cause and effect diagram is shown below:

Image source: support.minitab.com

A popular approach for creating a cause and effect diagram is:

• Assemble an enthusiastic team and agree the scope of the task – what effect is to be investigated?
• Conduct brainstorming sessions to capture the many potential causes.
• Graphically represent the causes in a fishbone diagram or similar template.
• Agree what measurements or analysis are required to explore the causes and their quantitative relationships to the effect.

It’s important to remember that the cause and effect diagram alone does not yield the root cause nor sensitivity of effects to the cause.

An industry example of a cause and effect diagram 

A healthcare department conducted an internal audit and patient satisfaction survey to better understand department throughput and capacity constraints. The audit and survey both highlighted that long waiting times for the patient when in the department was a key issue both for throughput and patient satisfaction. 

The department quality leader, who was experienced in cause and effect determination techniques, decided to explore the causes of long waiting times by using a cause and effect diagram.

A small team from the department were asked to contribute to the cause and effect analysis, taking part in three brainstorming sessions including training on the methods of constructing the diagram. 

The primary effect to be explored was agreed as long waiting times and the effects were classified into four main categories: Environment, Equipment, People and Methods. In total, 21 potential causes were identified for review, the cause and effect diagram being displayed clearly in the quality and administration offices for a period of three months whilst potential causes were explored and metrics were defined for acceptable waiting times. 

A follow up audit and patient satisfaction survey was conducted after a further six months to provide both quantitative and qualitative data for continuous improvement of patient waiting times.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) about cause and effect diagrams

What is a cause and effect diagram .

A cause and effect diagram is a visual tool used to logically organize the many possible causes for a specific problem or effect by displaying them graphically.

Is a fishbone diagram the same as a cause and effect diagram? 

Yes, these names are often used interchangeably, along with Ishikawa diagram.

How do I get started with a cause and effect diagram? 

Whilst there are many templates available online, often it’s easier and more productive to get an enthusiastic team together with a flipchart or whiteboard, marker pen, and a bunch of sticky notes.

About the Author

Richard Penn

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