latest research topics electronics and communication

Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Proceedings of the 8th ICIECE 2019

• Conference proceedings
• © 2020
• H. S. Saini 0 ,
• R. K. Singh 1 ,
• Mirza Tariq Beg 2 ,
• J. S. Sahambi 3

Guru Nanak Institutions, Hyderabad, India

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Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad, India

Department of electronics and communication engineering, jamia millia islamia, new delhi, india, indian institute of technology ropar, rupnagar, india.

• Provides the latest developments in the field of electronics and communication engineering
• Includes contributions by researchers, scientists, technocrats, academicians, and engineers
• Presents high-quality papers presented at ICIECE 2019

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (LNNS, volume 107)

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About this book

This book is a collection of the best research papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering at Guru Nanak Institutions Hyderabad, India. Featuring contributions by researchers, technocrats and experts, the book covers various areas of communication engineering, like signal processing, VLSI design, embedded systems, wireless communications, and electronics and communications in general, as well as cutting-edge technologies. As such, it is a valuable reference resource for young researchers.

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L’elettronica italiana negli anni ’60–’70

Electronics Part II

• VLSI Design
• Wireless Communications
• Signal Processing
• Embedded Systems
• Digital Electronics
• Microwave Engineering and RADAR
• Emerging Technologies
• ICIECE 2019

Table of contents (75 papers)

Front matter, communications, fault analysis for lightweight block cipher and security analysis in wireless sensor network for internet of things.

• Shamimul Qamar, Nawsher Khan, Naim Ahmad, Mohammed Rashid Hussain, Arshi Naim, Noorulhasan Naveed Quadri et al.

A Literature Review on Quantum Experiments at Space Scale—QUESS Satellite

• C. S. N. Koushik, Shruti Bhargava Choubey, Abhishek Choubey, Khushboo Pachori

Simulink Model of Wireless Sensor Network in Biomedical Application

• Md. Fazlul Haque Jesan, Md. Monwar Jahan Chowdhury, Saifur Rahman Sabuj

Analysis of Power in Medium Access Control Code Division Multiple Access Protocol for Data Collection in a Wireless Sensor Network

• Mohammed Salman Arafath, Shamimul Qamar, Khaleel Ur Rahman Khan, K. V. N. Sunitha

Single-Feed Right-Hand Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antenna with Endfire Radiation

• K. Manoj Kumar, A. Bharathi

Flexible RFID Tag Antenna Design

• Fwen Hoon Wee, Mohamed Fareq Abdul Malek, Been Seok Yew, Yeng Seng Lee, Siti Zuraidah Ibrahim, Hasliza A. Rahim

Miniaturized Two-Section Branch-Line Coupler Using Open-Stub Slow-Wave Structure

• Kok Yeow You, Jaw Chung Chong, Mohd Fareq Abdul Malek, Yeng Seng Lee, Sehar Mirza

Implementation of Wireless Sensor Network Using Virtual Machine (VM) for Insect Monitoring

• Mohammad Rashid Hussain, Arshi Naim, Mohammed Abdul Khaleel

Impact of Pointing Error on the Performance of 2-D WH/TS OCDMA in FSO

• Bithi Mitra, Md. Jahedul Islam, Mir Mehedi Al Hammadi

Millimeter-Wave AWR1642 RADAR for Obstacle Detection: Autonomous Vehicles

• Nalini C. Iyer, Preeti Pillai, K. Bhagyashree, Venkatesh Mane, Raghavendra M. Shet, P. C. Nissimagoudar et al.

Performance Evaluation of Various Modulation Techniques for Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System

• Mahin Akter, Md. Jahedul Islam, Mir Mehedi Al Hammadi

MCMC Particle Filter Approach for Efficient Multipath Error Mitigation in Static GNSS Positioning Applications

• N. Swathi, V. B. S. Srilatha Indira Dutt, G. Sasibhushana Rao

Investigation of Multiband Microstrip Antenna by AWR Electromagnetic Simulator

• Yaqeen Sabah Mezaal

A Voltage Dependent Meander Line Dipole Antenna with Improve Read Range as a Passive RFID Tag

• Md. Mustafizur Rahman, Ajay Krishno Sarkar, Liton Chandra Paul

Evaluation of Latency in IEEE 802.11ad

• Garima Shukla, M. T. Beg, Brejesh Lall

An Approach for Real-Time Indoor Localization Based on Visible Light Communication System

• Dharmendra Dhote, Manju K. Chatopadhyay

Performance Analysis of 3 × 8 Multiband Antenna Arrays with Uniform and Non-uniform Inputs for RADAR Applications

• P. Sai Vinay Kumar, M. N. Giri Prasad

Performance of BLDC Motor for Enhancing the Response of Antenna’s Positioner Using PI Controller

• Bhaskaruni Suresh Kumar, D. Varun Raj, Segu Praveena

Editors and Affiliations

H. S. Saini

R. K. Singh

Mirza Tariq Beg

J. S. Sahambi

About the editors

H. S. Saini, Managing Director of Guru Nanak Institutions, obtained his Ph.D. in the field of Computer Science. He has over 22 years of experience at university/college level in teaching UG/PG students and has guided several B.Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. projects. He has published/presented more than 30 high-quality research papers in international, national journals and proceedings of international conferences. He is the editor for Journal of Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering (JIECE) published by Guru Nanak Publishers. He has two books to his credit. Dr. Saini is a lover of innovation and is an advisor for NBA/NAAC accreditation process to many Institutions in India and abroad. 

R. K. Singh, Associate Director Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, is an alumina of REC (now MNIT Jaipur) and did his M.Tech. from IIT Bombay, in the field of Communication Engineering.  He has completed Ph.D. on Radar Signal Processing from GITAM Deemed to be University. He has served Indian Army in the core of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering for 20 years before hanging his uniform as Lt Col. He has rich industrial experience as Army Officer managing workshops and has been teaching faculty for more than six years while in services. He started his career as a teaching Assistant at MNIT Jaipur for one year before joining army. As a Professor, he has served for more than eleven years after premature retirement from the army services. He has served as HOD, Vice Principal and Principal of engineering college before being approved as Associate Director of this institute. The Professor had hands-on experience on high-tech electronic equipments and has done many courses on radars and simulators. He has published many papers on microstrip antennas, VLSI and radar signal processing in national and international conferences. 

Mirza Tariq Beg is a Professor and Head Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He received Ph.D. degree from Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi in the year 2003, M.Tech. from Delhi University Delhi in the year 1987 and B.Tech. from Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh in 1985. He started his career as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi in 1987. Now, he is working as a Professor since 2003 in the same organization. He was also Director of Centre for Distance & Open Learning (CDOL), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. His research area includes microwave and communication engineering. He has guided several Ph.D. students and authored and co-authored more than 50 research papers in peer-reviewed, international journals. 

J. S. Sahambi received the graduation degree in electrical engineering from Guru Nanak Engineering College, Ludhiana, India, M.Tech. degree in computer technology from the Electrical Engineering Department and the Ph.D. degree in the area of signal processing, in 1998, both from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, India. In June 1999, he joined Electronics & Communication Engineering Department, IIT Guwahati, and moved to the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Ropar, since 2010. His research interests include signal processing, image processing, wavelets, DSP embedded systems and biomedical systems. 

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Innovations in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Book Subtitle : Proceedings of the 8th ICIECE 2019

Editors : H. S. Saini, R. K. Singh, Mirza Tariq Beg, J. S. Sahambi

Series Title : Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3172-9

Publisher : Springer Singapore

eBook Packages : Engineering , Engineering (R0)

Copyright Information : Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020

Hardcover ISBN : 978-981-15-3171-2 Published: 23 April 2020

Softcover ISBN : 978-981-15-3174-3 Published: 23 April 2021

eBook ISBN : 978-981-15-3172-9 Published: 22 April 2020

Series ISSN : 2367-3370

Series E-ISSN : 2367-3389

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XXVIII, 801

Number of Illustrations : 133 b/w illustrations, 386 illustrations in colour

Topics : Communications Engineering, Networks , Signal, Image and Speech Processing , Power Electronics, Electrical Machines and Networks

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Recent phd research topic ideas for electronic engineering 2020.

Exclusive for scholars pursuing their PhD in Electronics and Communication Engineering with base papers (peer-reviewed articles)

• Energy Efficiency Examination of Comb Source Carrier-Injection Ring depend on Photonic Silicon Connection
• Silicon Photonics is on Wavelength division multiplexing Compatible Polarisation-Diverse OAM Generator and Multiplexer
• Integrating Ultra-Wideband Antennas with the Bluetooth
• Wetness Detection – Bluetooth depends on microcontroller unit and (Global System for Mobile communication
• Electrical Annealing – examination of the performance of Organic Rectifying Diodes
• Depend on organic light-emitting diodes – Optical camera communication system for IoT
• Enhancement in wireless body application for the deployment of a Human Body Phantom Model.
• Manipulation of wireless body area network in Clothing Spoof Surface Plasmons
• Deliberation of Human Body Blocking in User-Dense Condition and analyzation of Channel Capacity of Millimetre-Wave WBAN
• Tackling the catastrophic forgetting interface using an artificial neural network
• Wavelength Demultiplexer Models Running on Several Spatial Modes of the Rectangular Waveguide
• Enhancement in Decision Making with Photonics for Bandit Issues
• Binary Coherent Optical Receiver depend on Opto-Electronic Neural Network
• Backside Metal Mirrors with a grating coupler in silicon insulator
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• Detection and visualization of terahertz using ballistic graphene rectifiers
• Challenges for 5 G Mobile Backhaul network based on threats and attacks
• Examination of CoAP with the DTLS Protocol in the communications of Fog-to-Fog.
• Distance-Based system for Named Software-Defined Vehicular Networks (NSDVN) in Broadcast Storm Mitigation
• Security and threats challenges in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks MANETs

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Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Electronics and telecommunication engineering phd project help, explore the prominent research areas for phd in electronics and telecommunication engineering with us.

Discover the fascinating world of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering research. Dive into the design and regulation of telecommunication equipment installations, exploring areas such as digital electronics, electronic circuits, and computer communication networks. Join our esteemed researchers in pushing the boundaries of connectivity, leveraging cutting-edge technologies to shape the future of this dynamic field. Explore innovative ideas and contribute to advancements in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Popular Research Domains in EXTC PhD Research

Multi-user MIMO Communication

Wireless communication system achieved an impactful breakthrough with the evolution of multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems. Various wireless standards like 802.11n and 802.16e are being integrated with MIMO systems and have resulted in a huge leap with their reasonable rates. Multi-user MIMO has recently achieved more interest among research as it can address various communication requirements.

Improving Energy Efficiency of Internet Routers

Telecommunication deals with transmission of any information which could be a signal, data, document, etc. through any communication medium. Telecommunications has improved over a period and has become a major developing field in communication. However, the energy consumption of telecommunication networks are, and hence researches are being done over the past decade for both, sustainability and cost reasons.

Body-Area Networks for Healthcare Monitoring

Recently, for real-time information gathering in medical fields, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are utilized, which operates based on various sensor information. WBAN based healthcare applications are in its early stage but have valuable contributions to medical diagnosis with regular monitoring. The scope of research in healthcare monitoring using WBAN has raised widely over the years.

Reliable communication in vehicular Ad Hoc networks

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Late-phase solar flares could be more dangerous for Earth's communication than thought, new study suggests

The latter stage of a solar flare could have more of an impact on a part of the atmosphere satellites need to work properly than previously realised.

Tuesday 20 August 2024 06:43, UK

Later-stage solar flares could be more disruptive to communication systems than previously thought, according to new research.

While it's well known the first wave of a solar flare - a sudden burst of energy from the Sun - can knock out GPS signals and trigger global radio blackouts, the secondary emission is less-studied.

A new study now suggests this later phase, known as EUV (extreme ultraviolent), could be just as threatening to the Earth's satellites, with more energy over a longer period of time.

This means it could have a prolonged impact on a part of the upper atmosphere called the ionosphere, which grows and shrinks depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun.

Significant changes to the ionosphere - which satellites need to send signals around the planet - can disrupt communication completely.

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Corresponding author Dr Susanna Bekker, from the School of Mathematics and Physics at Queen's University Belfast, said studying the impact of solar flares on the ionosphere is a "significant focus".

"Studies have indicated that the illuminated part of the Earth's ionosphere is extremely sensitive to variations in solar radiation fluxes, which can cause failures in technology that people rely on daily," she said.

"During more powerful events, the effect on the ionosphere is much higher, therefore the late phase can also have a negative impact on the accuracy of navigation systems and the stability of radio communications."

Keep up with all the latest news from the UK and around the world by following Sky News

Recent findings have shown a large proportion of solar flares have an EUV late phase, whose influence is not yet as clear.

Solar flares are classed in relation to how powerful they are and their potential impact on Earth - with an X flare considered the most aggressive.

Researchers looked at data from previous X-class flares to analyse how the ionosphere responded to an EUV late-phase flare.

The findings are published in the The Astrophysical Journal.

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List of topics.

SSRG International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (SSRG - IJECE) - is a journal that publishes articles that contribute new novel experimentation and theoretical work in all electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high-quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Electronics and Communication.

• Hybrid Renewable Energy and Energy Saving
• Controllers, Drives and Machine Design
• Fuzzy and Hybrid Optimization
• Artificial Immune System
• Conditional Monitoring and Instrumentation
• Circuits and Devices
• Communication and Information Processing
• Electrical Engineering Communications
• Electromagnetic and Microwave
• Measurement and Testing
• Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
• Optics and Optoelectronics
• Devices and Systems
• Semiconductors
• Systems and Control Engineering
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• Power Transmission
• Transmission Lines etc.

Any other topics relevant to latest trends in Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Electronics Research Paper Topics

This list of electronics research paper topics provides the list of 30 potential topics for research papers and an overview article on the history of electronics.

1. Applications of Superconductivity

The 1986 Applied Superconductivity Conference proclaimed, ‘‘Applied superconductivity has come of age.’’ The claim reflected only 25 years of development, but was justifiable due to significant worldwide interest and investment. For example, the 1976 annual budget for superconducting systems exceeded $30 million in the U.S., with similar efforts in Europe and Japan. By 1986 the technology had matured impressively into applications for the energy industry, the military, transportation, high-energy physics, electronics, and medicine. The announcement of high-temperature superconductivity just two months later brought about a new round of dramatic developments.

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Get 10% off with 24start discount code, 2. discovery of superconductivity.

As the twenty-first century began, an array of superconducting applications in high-speed electronics, medical imaging, levitated transportation, and electric power systems are either having, or will soon have, an impact on the daily life of millions. Surprisingly, at the beginning of the twentieth century, the discovery of superconductivity was completely unanticipated and unimagined.

In 1911, three years after liquefying helium, H. Kammerlingh Onnes of the University of Leiden discovered superconductivity while investigating the temperature-dependent resistance of metals below 4.2Kelvin. Later reporting on experiments conducted in 1911, he described the disappearance of the resistance of mercury, stating, ‘‘Within some hundredths of a degree came a sudden fall, not foreseen [by existing theories of resistance]. Mercury has passed into a new state, which . . . may be called the superconductive state.’’

3. Electric Motors

The main types of electric motors that drove twentieth century technology were developed toward the end of the nineteenth century, with direct current (DC) motors being introduced before alternating current (AC) ones. Most important initially was the ‘‘series’’ DC motor, used in electric trolleys and trains from the 1880s onward. The series motor exerts maximum torque on starting and then accelerates to its full running speed, the ideal characteristic for traction work. Where speed control independent of the load is required in such applications as crane and lift drives, the ‘‘shunt’’ DC motor is more suitable.

4. Electronic Calculators

The electronic calculator is usually inexpensive and pocket-sized, using solar cells for its power and having a gray liquid crystal display (LCD) to show the numbers. Depending on the sophistication, the calculator might simply perform the basic mathematical functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) or might include scientific functions (square, log, trig). For a slightly higher cost, the calculator will probably include programmable scientific and business functions. At the end of the twentieth century, the electronic calculator was as commonplace as a screwdriver and helped people deal with all types of mathematics on an everyday basis. Its birth and growth were early steps on the road to today’s world of computing.

5. Electronic Communications

The broad use of digital electronic message communications in most societies by the end of the 20th century can be attributed to a myriad of reasons. Diffusion was incremental and evolutionary. Digital communication technology was seeded by large-scale funding for military projects that broke technological ground, however social needs and use drove systems in unexpected ways and made it popular because these needs were embraced. Key technological developments happened long before diffusion into society, and it was only after popularity of the personal computer that global and widespread use became commonplace. The Internet was an important medium in this regard, however the popular uses of it were well established long before its success. Collaborative developments with open, mutually agreed standards were key factors in broader diffusion of the low-level transmission of digital data, and provided resistance to technological lock-in by any commercial player. By the twenty-first century, the concept of interpersonal electronic messaging was accepted as normal and taken for granted by millions around the world, where infrastructural and political freedoms permitted. As a result, traditional lines of information control and mass broadcasting were challenged, although it remains to be seen what, if any, long-term impact this will have on society.

6. Electronic Control Technology

The advancement of electrical engineering in the twentieth century made a fundamental change in control technology. New electronic devices including vacuum tubes (valves) and transistors were used to replace electromechanical elements in conventional controllers and to develop new types of controllers. In these practices, engineers discovered basic principles of control theory that could be further applied to design electronic control systems.

7. Fax Machine

Fax technology was especially useful for international commercial communication, which was traditionally the realm of the Telex machine, which only relayed Western alpha-numeric content. A fax machine could transmit a page of information regardless of what information it contained, and this led to rapid and widespread adoption in developing Asian countries during the 1980s. With the proliferation of the Internet and electronic e-mail in the last decade of the twentieth century, fax technology became less used for correspondence. At the close of the 20th century, the fax machine was still widely used internationally for the transmission of documents of all forms, with the ‘‘hard copy’’ aspect giving many a sense of permanence that other electronic communication lacked.

8. Hall Effect Devices

The ‘‘Hall effect,’’ discovered in 1879 by American physicist Edwin H. Hall, is the electrical potential produced when a magnetic field is perpendicular to a conductor or semiconductor that is carrying current. This potential is a product of the buildup of charges in that conductor. The magnetic field makes a transverse force on the charge carriers, resulting in the charge being moved to one of the sides of the conductor. Between the sides of the conductor, measurable voltage is yielded from the interaction and balancing of the polarized charge and the magnetic influence.

Hall effect devices are commonly used as magnetic field sensors, or alternatively if a known magnetic field is applied, the sensor can be used to measure the current in a conductor, without actually plugging into it (‘‘contactless potentiometers’’). Hall sensors can also be used as magnetically controlled switches, and as a contactless method of detecting rotation and position, sensing ferrous objects.

9. Infrared Detectors

Infrared detectors rely on the change of a physical characteristic to sense illumination by infrared radiation (i.e., radiation having a wavelength longer than that of visible light). The origins of such detectors lie in the nineteenth century, although their development, variety and applications exploded during the twentieth century. William Herschel (c. 1800) employed a thermometer to detect this ‘‘radiant heat’’; Macedonio Melloni, (c. 1850) invented the ‘‘thermochrose’’ to display spatial differences of irradiation as color patterns on a temperature-sensitive surface; and in 1882 William Abney found that photographic film could be sensitized to respond to wavelengths beyond the red end of the spectrum. Most infrared detectors, however, convert infrared radiation into an electrical signal via a variety of physical effects. Here, too, 19th century innovations continued in use well into the 21st century.

10. Integrated Circuits Design and Use

Integrated circuits (ICs) are electronic devices designed to integrate a large number of microscopic electronic components, normally connected by wires in circuits, within the same substrate material. According to the American engineer Jack S. Kilby, they are the realization of the so-called ‘‘monolithic idea’’: building an entire circuit out of silicon or germanium. ICs are made out of these materials because of their properties as semiconductors— materials that have a degree of electrical conductivity between that of a conductor such as metal and that of an insulator (having almost no conductivity at low temperatures). A piece of silicon containing one circuit is called a die or chip. Thus, ICs are known also as microchips. Advances in semiconductor technology in the 1960s (the miniaturization revolution) meant that the number of transistors on a single chip doubled every two years, and led to lowered microprocessor costs and the introduction of consumer products such as handheld calculators.

11. Integrated Circuits Fabrication

The fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs) is a complicated process that consists primarily of the transfer of a circuit design onto a piece of silicon (the silicon wafer). Using a photolithographic technique, the areas of the silicon wafer to be imprinted with electric circuitry are covered with glass plates (photomasks), irradiated with ultraviolet light, and treated with chemicals in order to shape a circuit’s pattern. On the whole, IC manufacture consists of four main stages:

• Preparation of a design
• Preparation of photomasks and silicon wafers
• Testing and packaging

Preparing an IC design consists of drafting the circuit’s electronic functions within the silicon board. This process has radically changed over the years due to the increasing complexity of design and the number of electronic components contained within the same IC. For example, in 1971, the Intel 4004 microprocessor was designed by just three engineers, while in the 1990s the Intel Pentium was designed by a team of 100 engineers. Moreover, the early designs were produced with traditional drafting techniques, while from the late 1970s onward the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) techniques completely changed the design stage. Computers are used to check the design and simulate the operations of perspective ICs in order to optimize their performance. Thus, the IC drafted design can be modified up to 400 times before going into production.

12. Josephson Junction Devices

One of the most important implications of quantum physics is the existence of so-called tunneling phenomena in which elementary particles are able to cross an energy barrier on subatomic scales that it would not be possible for them to traverse were they subject to the laws of classical mechanics. In 1973 the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Brian Josephson, Ivan Giaever and Leo Esaki for their work in this field. Josephson’s contribution consisted of a number of important theoretical predictions made while a doctoral student at Cambridge University. His work was confirmed experimentally within a year of its publication in 1961, and practical applications were commercialized within ten years.

13. Laser Applications

Lasers are employed in virtually every sector of the modern world including industry, commerce, transportation, medicine, education, science, and in many consumer devices such as CD players and laser printers. The intensity of lasers makes them ideal cutting tools since their highly focused beam cuts more accurately than machined instruments and leaves surrounding materials unaffected. Surgeons, for example, have employed carbon dioxide or argon lasers in soft tissue surgery since the early 1970s. These lasers produce infrared wavelengths of energy that are absorbed by water. Water in tissues is rapidly heated and vaporized, resulting in disintegration of the tissue. Visible wavelengths (argon ion laser) coagulate tissue. Far-ultraviolet wavelengths (higher photon energy, as produced by excimer lasers) break down molecular bonds in target tissue and ‘‘ablate’’ tissue without heating. Excimer lasers have been used in corneal surgery since 1984. Short pulses only affect the surface area of interest and not deeper tissues. The extremely small size of the beam, coupled with optical fibers, enables today’s surgeons to conduct surgery deep inside the human body often without a single cut on the exterior. Blue lasers, developed in 1994 by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Chemical Industries of Japan, promise even more precision than the dominant red lasers currently used and will further revolutionize surgical cutting techniques.

14. Laser Theory and Operation

Lasers (an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) provide intense, focused beams of light whose unique properties enable them to be employed in a wide range of applications in the modern world. The key idea underlying lasers originated with Albert Einstein who published a paper in 1916 on Planck’s distribution law, within which he described what happens when additional energy is introduced into an atom. Atoms have a heavy and positively charged nucleus surrounded by groups of extremely light and negatively charged electrons. Electrons orbit the atom in a series of ‘‘fixed’’ levels based upon the degree of electromagnetic attraction between each single electron and the nucleus. Various orbital levels also represent different energy levels. Normally electrons remain as close to the nucleus as their energy level permits, with the consequence that an atom’s overall energy level is minimized. Einstein realized that when energy is introduced to an atom; for example, through an atomic collision or through electrical stimulation, one or more electrons become excited and move to a higher energy level. This condition exists temporarily before the electron returns to its former energy level. When this decay phenomenon occurs, a photon of light is emitted. Einstein understood that since the energy transitions within the atom are always identical, the energy and the wavelength of the stimulated photon of light are also predictable; that is, a specific type of transition within an atom will yield a photon of light of a specific wavelength. Hendrick Kramers and Werner Heisenberg obtained a series of more extensive calculations of the effects of these stimulated emissions over the next decade. The first empirical evidence supporting these theoretical calculations occurred between 1926 and 1930 in a series of experiments involving electrical discharges in neon.

15. Lasers in Optoelectronics

Optoelectronics, the field combining optics and electronics, is dependent on semiconductor (diode) lasers for its existence. Mass use of semiconductor lasers has emerged with the advent of CD and DVD technologies, but it is the telecommunications sector that has primarily driven the development of lasers for optoelectronic systems. Lasers are used to transmit voice, data, or video signals down fiber-optic cables.

While the success of lasers within telecommunication systems seems unquestioned thanks to their utility in long-distance large-capacity, point-to-point links, these lasers also find use in many other applications and are ubiquitous in the developed world. Their small physical size, low power operation, ease of modulation (via simple input current variation) and small beam size mean that these lasers are now part of our everyday world, from CDs and DVDs, to supermarket checkouts and cosmetic medicine.

16. Light Emitting Diodes

Light emitting diodes, or LEDs, are semiconductor devices that emit monochromatic light once an electric current passes through it. The color of light emitted from LEDs depends not on the color of the bulb, but on the emission’s wavelength. Typically made of inorganic materials like gallium or silicon, LEDs have found frequent use as ‘‘pilot,’’ or indicator, lights for electronic devices. Unlike incandescent light bulbs, which generate light from ‘‘heat glow,’’ LEDs create light more efficiently and are generally more durable than traditional light sources.

17. Lighting Techniques

In 1900 electric lighting in the home was a rarity. Carbon filament incandescent lamps had been around for 20 years, but few households had electricity. Arc lamps were used in streets and large buildings such as railway stations. Domestic lighting was by candle, oil and gas.

The stages of the lightning techniques evolution are the following:

• Non-Electric Lighting
• Electric Lighting: Filament Lamps
• Electric Lighting: Discharge Lamps
• Electric Lighting: Fluorescent Lamps
• Electric Lighting: LED Lamps

18. Mechanical and Electromechanical Calculators

The widespread use of calculating devices in the twentieth century is intimately linked to the rise of large corporations and to the increasing role of mathematical calculation in science and engineering. In the business setting, calculators were used to efficiently process financial information. In science and engineering, calculators speeded up routine calculations. The manufacture and sale of calculators was a widespread industry, with major firms in most industrialized nations. However, the manufacture of mechanical calculators declined very rapidly in the 1970s with the introduction of electronic calculators, and firms either diversified into other product lines or went out of business. By the end of the twentieth century, slide rules, adding machines, and other mechanical calculators were no longer being manufactured.

19. Mobile (Cell) Telephones

In the last two decades of the twentieth century, mobile or cell phones developed from a minority communication tool, characterized by its prevalence in the 1980s among young professionals, to a pervasive cultural object. In many developed countries, more than three quarters of the population owned a cell phone by the end of the 20th century.

Cell phone technology is a highly evolved form of the personal radio systems used by truck drivers (citizens band, or CB, radio) and police forces in which receiver/transmitter units communicate with one another or a base antenna. Such systems work adequately over short distances with a low volume of traffic but cannot be expanded to cope with mass communication due to the limited space (bandwidth) available in the electromagnetic spectrum. Transmitting and receiving on one frequency, they allow for talking or listening but not both simultaneously.

For mobile radio systems to make the step up to effective telephony, a large number of two-way conversations needed to be accommodated, requiring a duplex channel (two separate frequencies, taking up double the bandwidth). In order to establish national mobile phone networks without limiting capacity or the range of travel of handsets, a number of technological improvements had to occur.

20. Photocopiers

The photocopier, copier, or copying machine, as it is variously known, is a staple of modern life. Copies by the billions are produced not only in the office but also on machines available to the public in libraries, copy shops, stationery stores, supermarkets, and a wide variety of other commercial facilities. Modern xerographic copiers, produced by a number of manufacturers, are available as desktop models suitable for the home as well as the small office. Many modern copiers reproduce in color as well as black and white, and office models can rival printing presses in speed of operation.

21. Photosensitive Detectors

Sensing radiation from ultraviolet to optical wavelengths and beyond is an important part of many devices. Whether analyzing the emission of radiation, chemical solutions, detecting lidar signals, fiber-optic communication systems, or imaging of medical ionizing radiation, detectors are the final link in any optoelectronic experiment or process.

Detectors fall into two groups: thermal detectors (where radiation is absorbed and the resulting temperature change is used to generate an electrical output) and photon (quantum) detectors. The operation of photon detectors is based on the photoelectric effect, in which the radiation is absorbed within a metal or semiconductor by direct interaction with electrons, which are excited to a higher energy level. Under the effect of an electric field these carriers move and produce a measurable electric current. The photon detectors show a selective wavelength-dependent response per unit incident radiation power.

22. Public and Private Lighting

At the turn of the 20th century, lighting was in a state of flux. In technical terms, a number of emerging lighting technologies jostled for economic dominance. In social terms, changing standards of illumination began to transform cities, the workplace, and the home. In design terms, the study of illumination as a science, as an engineering profession, and as an applied art was becoming firmly established. In the last decades of the 20th century, the technological and social choices in lighting attained considerable stability both technically and socially. Newer forms of compact fluorescent lighting, despite their greater efficiency, have not significantly replaced incandescent bulbs in homes owing to higher initial cost. Low-pressure sodium lamps, on the other hand, have been adopted increasingly for street and architectural lighting owing to lower replacement and maintenance costs. As with fluorescent lighting in the 1950s, recent lighting technologies have found niche markets rather than displacing incandescents, which have now been the dominant lighting system for well over a century.

23. Quantum Electronic Devices

Quantum theory, developed during the 1920s to explain the behavior of atoms and the absorption and emission of light, is thought to apply to every kind of physical system, from individual elementary particles to macroscopic systems such as lasers. In lasers, stimulated transitions between discrete or quantized energy levels is a quantum electronic phenomena (discussed in the entry Lasers, Theory and Operation). Stimulated transitions are also the central phenomena in atomic clocks. Semiconductor devices such as the transistor also rely on the arrangement of quantum energy levels into a valence band and a conduction band separated by an energy gap, but advanced quantum semiconductor devices were not possible until advances in fabrication techniques such as molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) developed in the 1960s made it possible to grow extremely pure single crystal semiconductor structures one atomic layer at a time.

In most electronic devices and integrated circuits, quantum phenomena such as quantum tunneling and electron diffraction—where electrons behave not as particles but as waves—are of no significance, since the device is much larger than the wavelength of the electron (around 100 nanometers, where one nanometer is 109 meters or about 4 atoms wide). Since the early 1980s however, researchers have been aware that as the overall device size of field effect transistors decreased, small-scale quantum mechanical effects between components, plus the limitations of materials and fabrication techniques, would sooner or later inhibit further reduction in the size of conventional semiconductor transistors. Thus to produce devices on ever-smaller integrated circuits (down to 25 nanometers in length), conventional microelectronic devices would have to be replaced with new device concepts that take advantage of the quantum mechanical effects that dominate on the nanometer scale, rather than function in despite of them. Such solid state ‘‘nanoelectronics’’ offers the potential for increased speed and density of information processing, but mass fabrication on this small scale presented formidable challenges at the end of the 20th century.

24. Quartz Clocks and Watches

The wristwatch and the domestic clock were completely reinvented with all-new electronic components beginning about 1960. In the new electronic timepieces, a tiny sliver of vibrating quartz in an electrical circuit provides the time base and replaces the traditional mechanical oscillator, the swinging pendulum in the clock or the balance wheel in the watch. Instead of an unwinding spring or a falling weight, batteries power these quartz clocks and watches, and integrated circuits substitute for intricate mechanical gear trains.

25. Radio-Frequency Electronics

Radio was originally conceived as a means for interpersonal communications, either person-toperson, or person-to-people, using analog waveforms containing either Morse code or actual sound. The use of radio frequencies (RF) designed to carry digital data in the form of binary code rather than voice and to replace physical wired connections between devices began in the 1970s, but the technology was not commercialized until the 1990s through digital cellular phone networks known as personal communications services (PCS) and an emerging group of wireless data network technologies just reaching commercial viability. The first of these is a so-called wireless personal area network (WPAN) technology known as Bluetooth. There are also two wireless local area networks (WLANs), generally grouped under the name Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity): (1) Wi-Fi, also known by its Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) designation 802.11b, and (2) Wi-Fi5 (802.11a).

26. Rectifiers

Rectifiers are electronic devices that are used to control the flow of current. They do this by having conducting and nonconducting states that depend on the polarity of the applied voltage. A major function in electronics is the conversion from alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) where the output is only one-half (either positive or negative) of the input. Rectifiers that are currently, or have been, in use include: point-contact diodes, plate rectifiers, thermionic diodes, and semiconductor diodes. There are various ways in which rectifiers may be classified in terms of the signals they encounter; this contribution will consider two extremes—high frequency and heavy current—that make significantly different demands on device design.

27. Strobe Flashes

Scarcely a dozen years after photography was announced to the world in 1839, William Henry Fox Talbot produced the first known flash photograph. Talbot, the new art’s co-inventor, fastened a printed paper onto a disk, set it spinning as fast as possible, and then discharged a spark to expose a glass plate negative. The words on the paper could be read on the photograph. Talbot believed that the potential for combining electric sparks and photography was unlimited. In 1852, he pronounced, ‘‘It is in our power to obtain the pictures of all moving objects, no matter in how rapid motion they may be, provided we have the means of sufficiently illuminating them with a sudden electric flash.’’

The electronic stroboscope fulfills Talbot’s prediction. It is a repeating, short-duration light source used primarily for visual observation and photography of high-speed phenomena. The intensity of the light emitted from strobes also makes them useful as signal lights on communication towers, airport runways, emergency vehicles, and more. Though ‘‘stroboscope’’ actually refers to a repeating flash and ‘‘electronic flash’’ denotes a single burst, both types are commonly called ‘‘strobes.’’

28. Transistors

Early experiments in transistor technology were based on the analogy between the semiconductor and the vacuum tube: the ability to both amplify and effectively switch an electrical signal on or off (rectification). By 1940, Russell Ohl at Bell Telephone Laboratories, among others, had found that impure silicon had both positive (ptype material with holes) and negative (n-type) regions. When a junction is created between n-type material and p-type material, electrons on the ntype side are attracted across the junction to fill holes in the other layer. In this way, the n-type semiconductor becomes positively charged and the p-type becomes negatively charged. Holes move in the opposite direction, thus reinforcing the voltage built up at the junction. The key point is that current flows from one side to the other when a positive voltage is applied to the layers (‘‘forward biased’’).

29. Travelling Wave Tubes

One of the most important devices for the amplification of radio-frequency (RF) signals— which range in frequency from 3 kilohertz to 300 gigahertz—is the traveling wave tube (TWT). When matched with its power supply unit, or electronic power conditioner (EPC), the combination is known as a traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA). The amplification of RF signals is important in many aspects of science and technology, since the ability to increase the strength of a very low-power input signal is fundamental to all types of long-range communications, radar and electronic warfare.

30. Vacuum Tubes/Valves

The vacuum tube has its roots in the late nineteenth century when Thomas A. Edison conducted experiments with electric bulbs in 1883. Edison’s light bulbs consisted of a conducting filament mounted in a glass bulb. Passing electricity through the filament caused it to heat up and radiate light. A vacuum in the tube prevented the filament from burning up. Edison noted that electric current would flow from the bulb filament to a positively charged metal plate inside the tube. This phenomenon, the one-way flow of current, was called the Edison Effect. Edison himself could not explain the filament’s behavior. He felt this effect was interesting but unimportant and patented it as a matter of course. It was only fifteen years later that Joseph John Thomson, a physics professor at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in the U.K., discovered the electron and understood the significance of what was occurring in the tube. He identified the filament rays as a stream of particles, now called electrons. In a range of papers from 1901 to 1916, O.W. Richardson explained the electron behavior. Today the Edison Effect is known as thermionic emission.

History of Electronics

Few of the basic tasks that electronic technologies perform, such as communication, computation, amplification, or automatic control, are unique to electronics. Most were anticipated by the designers of mechanical or electromechanical technologies in earlier years. What distinguishes electronic communication, computation, and control is often linked to the instantaneous action of the devices, the delicacy of their actions compared to mechanical systems, their high reliability, or their tiny size.

The electronics systems introduced between the late nineteenth century and the end of the twentieth century can be roughly divided into the applications related to communications (including telegraphy, telephony, broadcasting, and remote detection) and the more recently developed fields involving digital information and computation. In recent years these two fields have tended to converge, but it is still useful to consider them separately for a discussion of their history.

The origins of electronics as distinguished from other electrical technologies can be traced to 1880 and the work of Thomas Edison. While investigating the phenomenon of the blackening of the inside surface of electric light bulbs, Edison built an experimental bulb that included a third, unused wire in addition to the two wires supporting the filament. When the lamp was operating, Edison detected a flow of electricity from the filament to the third wire, through the evacuated space in the bulb. He was unable to explain the phenomenon, and although he thought it would be useful in telegraphy, he failed to commercialize it. It went unexplained for about 20 years, until the advent of wireless telegraphic transmission by radio waves. John Ambrose Fleming, an experimenter in radio, not only explained the Edison effect but used it to detect radio waves. Fleming’s ‘‘valve’’ as he called it, acted like a one-way valve for electric waves, and could be used in a circuit to convert radio waves to electric pulses so that that incoming Morse code signals could be heard through a sounder or earphone.

As in the case of the Fleming valve, many early electronic devices were used first in the field of communications, mainly to enhance existing forms of technology. Initially, for example, telephony (1870s) and radio (1890s) were accomplished using ordinary electrical and electromechanical circuits, but eventually both were transformed through the use of electronic devices. Many inventors in the late nineteenth century sought a functional telephone ‘‘relay’’; that is, something to refresh a degraded telephone signal to allow long distance telephony. Several people simultaneously recognized the possibility of developing a relay based on the Fleming valve. The American inventor Lee de Forest was one of the first to announce an electronic amplifier using a modified Fleming valve, which he called the Audion. While he initially saw it as a detector and amplifier of radio waves, its successful commercialization occurred first in the telephone industry. The sound quality and long-distance capability of telephony was enhanced and extended after the introduction of the first electronic amplifier circuits in 1907. In the U.S., where vast geographic distances separated the population, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) introduced improved vacuum tube amplifiers in 1913, which were later used to establish the first coast-to-coast telephone service in 1915 (an overland distance of nearly 5000 kilometers).

These vacuum tubes soon saw many other uses, such as a public-address systems constructed as early as 1920, and radio transmitters and receivers. The convergence of telephony and radio in the form of voice broadcasting was technically possible before the advent of electronics, but its application was greatly enhanced through the use of electronics both in the radio transmitter and in the receiver.

World War I saw the applications of electronics diversify somewhat to include military applications. Mostly, these were modifications of existing telegraph, telephone, and radio systems, but applications such as ground-to-air radio telephony were novel. The pressing need for large numbers of electronic components, especially vacuum tubes suitable for military use, stimulated changes in their design and manufacture and contributed to improving quality and falling prices. After the war, the expanded capacity of the vacuum tube industry contributed to a boom in low-cost consumer radio receivers. Yet because of the withdrawal of the military stimulus and the onset of the Great Depression, the pace of change slowed in the 1930s. One notable exception was in the field of television. Radio broadcasting became such a phenomenal commercial success that engineers and businessmen were envisioning how ‘‘pictures with sound’’ would replace ordinary broadcasting, even in the early 1930s. Germany, Great Britain, and the U.S. all had rudimentary television systems in place by 1939, although World War II would bring nearly a complete halt to these early TV broadcasts.

World War II saw another period of rapid change, this one much more dramatic than that of World War I. Not only were radio communications systems again greatly improved, but for the first time the field of electronics engineering came to encompass much more than communication. While it was the atomic bomb that is most commonly cited as the major technological outcome of World War II, radar should probably be called the weapon that won the war. To describe radar as a weapon is somewhat inaccurate, but there is no doubt that it had profound effects upon the way that naval, aerial, and ground combat was conducted. Using radio waves as a sort of searchlight, radar could act as an artificial eye capable of seeing through clouds or fog, over the horizon, or in the dark. Furthermore, it substituted for existing methods of calculating the distance and speed of targets. Radar’s success hinged on the development of new electronic components, particularly new kinds of vacuum tubes such as the klystron and magnetron, which were oriented toward the generation of microwaves. Subsidized by military agencies on both sides of the Atlantic (as well as Japan) during World War II, radar sets were eventually installed in aircraft and ships, used in ground stations, and even built into artillery shells. The remarkable engineering effort that was launched to make radar systems smaller, more energy efficient, and more reliable would mark the beginning of an international research program in electronics miniaturization that continues today. Radar technology also had many unexpected applications elsewhere, such as the use of microwave beams as a substitute for long-distance telephone cables. Microwave communication is also used extensively today for satellite-to-earth communication.

The second major outcome of electronics research during World War II was the effort to build an electronic computer. Mechanical adders and calculators were widely used in science, business, and government by the early twentieth century, and had reached an advanced state of design. Yet the problems peculiar to wartime, especially the rapid calculation of mountains of ballistics data, drove engineers to look for ways to speed up the machines. At the same time, some sought a calculator that could be reprogrammed as computational needs changed. While computers played a role in the war, it was not until the postwar period that they came into their own. In addition, computer research during World War II contributed little to the development of vacuum tubes, although in later years computer research would drive certain areas of semiconductor electron device research.

While the forces of the free market are not to be discounted, the role of the military in electronics development during World War II was of paramount importance. More-or-less continuous military support for research in electronic devices and systems persisted during the second half of the twentieth century too, and many more new technologies emerged from this effort. The sustained effort to develop more compact, rugged devices such as those demanded by military systems would converge with computer development during the 1950s, especially after the invention of the transistor in late 1947.

The transistor was not a product of the war, and in fact its development started in the 1930s and was delayed by the war effort. A transistor is simply a very small substitute for a vacuum tube, but beyond that it is an almost entirely new sort of device. At the time of its invention, its energy efficiency, reliability, and diminutive size suggested new possibilities for electronic systems. The most famous of these possibilities was related to computers and systems derived from or related to computers, such as robotics or industrial automation. The impetus for the transistor was a desire within the telephone industry to create an energy-efficient, reliable substitute for the vacuum tube. Once introduced, the military pressed hard to accelerate its development, as the need emerged for improved electronic navigational devices for aircraft and missiles.

There were many unanticipated results of the substitution of transistors for vacuum tubes. Because they were so energy efficient, transistors made it much more practical to design battery powered systems. The small transistor radio (known in some countries simply as ‘‘the transistor’’), introduced in the 1950s, is credited with helping to popularize rock and roll music. It is also worth noting that many developing countries could not easily provide broadcasting services until the diffusion of battery operated transistor receivers because of the lack of central station electric power. The use of the transistor also allowed designers to enhance existing automotive radios and tape players, contributing eventually to a greatly expanded culture of in-car listening. There were other important outcomes as well; transistor manufacture provided access to the global electronics market for Asian radio manufacturers, who improved manufacturing methods to undercut their U.S. competitors during the 1950s and 1960s. Further, the transistor’s high reliability nearly eliminated the profession of television and radio repair, which had supported tens of thousands of technicians in the U.S. alone before about 1980.

However, for all its remarkable features, the transistor also had its limitations; while it was an essential part of nearly every cutting-edge technology of the postwar period, it was easily outperformed by the older technology of vacuum tubes in some areas. The high-power microwave transmitting devices in communications satellites and spacecraft, for example, nearly all relied on special vacuum tubes through the end of the twentieth century, because of the physical limitations of semiconductor devices. For the most part, however, the transistor made the vacuum tube obsolete by about 1960.

The attention paid to the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s made the phrase ‘‘solid-state’’ familiar to the general public, and the new device spawned many new companies. However, its overall impact pales in comparison to its successor—the integrated circuit. Integrated circuits emerged in the late 1950s, were immediately adopted by the military for small computer and communications systems, and were then used in civilian computers and related applications from the 1960s. Integrated circuits consist of multiple transistors fabricated simultaneously from layers of semiconductor and other materials. The transistors, interconnecting ‘‘wires,’’ and many of the necessary circuit elements such as capacitors and resistors are fabricated on the ‘‘chip.’’ Such a circuit eliminates much of the laborious process of assembling an electronic system such as a computer by hand, and results in a much smaller product. The ability to miniaturize components through integrated circuit fabrication techniques would lead to circuits so vanishingly small that it became difficult to connect them to the systems of which they were a part. The plastic housings or ‘‘packages’’ containing today’s microprocessor chips measure just a few centimeters on a side, and yet the actual circuits inside are much smaller. Some of the most complex chips made today contain many millions of transistors, plus millions more solid-state resistors and other passive components.

While used extensively in military and aerospace applications, the integrated circuit became famous as a component in computer systems. The logic and memory circuits of digital computers, which have been the focus of much research, consist mainly of switching devices. Computers were first constructed in the 1930s with electromechanical relays as switching devices, then with vacuum tubes, transistors, and finally integrated circuits. Most early computers used off-the-shelf tubes and transistors, but with the advent of the integrated circuit, designers began to call for components designed especially for computers. It was clear to engineers at the time that all the circuits necessary to build a computer could be placed on one chip (or a small set of chips), and in fact, the desire to create a ‘‘computer on a chip’’ led to the microprocessor, introduced around 1970. The commercial impetus underlying later generations of computer chip design was not simply miniaturization (although there are important exceptions) or energy efficiency, but also the speed of operation, reliability, and lower cost. However, the inherent energy efficiency and small size of the resulting systems did enable the construction of smaller computers, and the incorporation of programmable controllers (special purpose computers) into a wide variety of other technologies. The recent merging of the computer (or computer-like systems) with so many other technologies makes it difficult to summarize the current status of digital electronic systems. As the twentieth century drew to a close, computer chips were widely in use in communications and entertainment devices, in industrial robots, in automobiles, in household appliances, in telephone calling cards, in traffic signals, and in a myriad other places. The rapid evolution of the computer during the last 50 years of the twentieth century was reflected by the near-meaninglessness of its name, which no longer adequately described its functions.

From an engineering perspective, not only did electronics begin to inhabit, in an almost symbiotic fashion, other technological systems after about 1950, but these electronics systems were increasingly dominated by the use of semiconductor technology. After virtually supplanting the vacuum tube in the 1950s, the semiconductor-based transistor became the technology of choice for most subsequent electronics development projects. Yet semiconducting alloys and compounds proved remarkably versatile in applications at first unrelated to transistors and chips. The laser, for example, was originally operated in a large vacuum chamber and depended on ionized gas for its operation. By the 1960s, laser research was focused on the remarkable ability of certain semiconducting materials to accomplish the same task as the ion chamber version. Today semiconductor devices are used not only as the basis of amplifiers and switches, but also for sensing light, heat, and pressure, for emitting light (as in lasers or video displays), for generating electricity (as in solar cells), and even for mechanical motion (as in micromechanical systems or MEMS).

However, semiconductor devices in ‘‘discrete’’ forms such as transistors, would probably not have had the remarkable impact of the integrated circuit. By the 1970s, when the manufacturing techniques for integrated circuits allowed high volume production, low cost, tiny size, relatively small energy needs, and enormous complexity; electronics entered a new phase of its history, having a chief characteristic of allowing electronic systems to be retrofitted into existing technologies. Low-cost microprocessors, for example, which were available from the late 1970s onward, were used to sense data from their environment, measure it, and use it to control various technological systems from coffee machines to video tape recorders. Even the human body is increasingly invaded by electronics; at the end of the twentieth century, several researchers announced the first microchips for implantation directly in the body. They were to be used to store information for retrieval by external sensors or to help deliver subcutaneous drugs. The integrated circuit has thus become part of innumerable technological and biological systems.

It is this remarkable flexibility of application that enabled designers of electronic systems to make electronics the defining technology of the late twentieth century, eclipsing both the mechanical technologies associated with the industrial revolution and the electrical and information technologies of the so-called second industrial revolution. While many in the post-World War II era once referred to an ‘‘atomic age,’’ it was in fact an era in which daily life was increasingly dominated by electronics.

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Research PhD Topics in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Electronics and communication is the branch of engineering science that is intended to control electron streams in an electrical circuit by rectification and amplification functionalities whereas classical electrical engineering uses the inductance & capacitance to control electron streams (current flow). In short, it is one of the thriving technologies in the recent technical eras. “We are presenting you the most expected pioneering article which is all about PhD topics in electronics and communication engineering”

Electronics and communication engineering is comprised of so many irreplaceable components.  The main objective of this article is to make your thoughts provoke a different perception of curlicue electronics technology. We are dedicating our indispensable efforts to this article to electronics enthusiasts. You can also become a master in these areas by paying your kind attention throughout the article. Now let us begin to focus on the core areas.

Overview of Electronics and Communication

Electronic components are the entities which are interpreting electron flows in every electronic mechanism.  These components are interconnected with the printed circuit boards to generate oscillator, receiver & amplifier-based electronic circuits. Electronic components such as,

• Transistors

These components are usually integrated with complex digital circuits.  Advancements in digital electronics are cannot be fingered in numbers. For example, digital watches, traffic signals, and supercomputers are the best instances of digital electronic circuits. In this regard, let us look into the modern evolution of digital electronics.

Evolution of Digital Electronics

• Transparent Latch & Truth Tables
• State Machines & Sequential Logic
• Logic Synthesis & Simulation
• Karnaugh Maps & Formal Verification
• Digital Circuits & Counters
• De Morgan’s Laws & Boolean Algebra
• Combinational Logic & Binary Decision Diagrams
• Schmitt Triggers & Multiplexers
• Registers & Counters
• Flip-Flops, Logic Gates & Adders
• Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
• Field-Programmable Gate Array
• Digital Signal Processor & Memory Chip
• Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
• Microcontrollers & Microprocessors

The above listed are the various branches in which electronic engineering is contributed their vital functionalities to enhance them. As this article is titled with the PhD topics in electronics and communication engineering, we would like the mention the research areas of the same at the beginning itself for the ease of your understanding.

Research Areas in Electronics and Communication Engineering

• Instrumentation & Control Engineering
• Telecommunications Engineering
• Automation & Robotics
• Data Science & IoT
• Embedded Systems & Engineering
• Signal Processing & Communication Systems
• Wireless Communication Technology
• Optoelectronics, Microelectronics & Bioelectronics
• Electronic & Microwave Engineering
• Electrical & Computer Science Engineering
• Information & Communications Processing
• Computer Technology & Digital Circuits

These are the diverse research areas heading their paves and offering so many opportunities to explore more. These technologies are making other models stronger by the application of their significant features in every technique comprised it.

You can make use of our technical team’s assistance here for brainstorming about how electronics and communication engineering is going to help your selected areas of research. In this sense, we could gear up our directions into the next section.

What are the Different Models that benefitted from Electronics and Communication Engineering?

• Heart Beat Monitor
• Plasma Antenna Technology
• Pass-Transistor Dual Value Logic for Low-Power CMOS
• Markov and Hidden Markov Models

Itemized above are the 4 major models which are benefited from electronics and communication engineering in general. We know that it would be really helpful to beginners by explaining these systems. Hence, we are going to make the next section with their corresponding explanations.

• Heartbeat monitors are using IR Receiver (Rx) & IR Transmitter (Tx) by taking biometric inputs from index fingers in the medical field
• A metal element in an electronic system is substituted by plasma antenna which engages ionized gas into the tubes
• Further, it allows radio frequency to transmit signals over the medium when ionized gas charged
• The antenna element will have flopped if ionized gas is not charged as well as voltage application is enabling electrons to flow in a circuit
• Portable devices are in needing very high throughput & low power consumption in every process
• It is highly resulted in designing high-density VLSI chips to ensure several requirements of portable devices
• Markov models are tackling pattern recognition complexities by the application of electronics engineering
• These models are widely used to examine genes, promoter entities, CpG, RNA & as well as DNA patterns

This is how these mentioned models are getting benefited by electronics and communication engineering in real-time. Our researchers in the institute are smart and intellectual individuals who are spontaneously skilled.

They are interacting and encourage the students utilizing directing them to technical areas which are going to help them to grab their dream career opportunities. Right now, we would like to add up some peppers here about how electronics and communication engineering work in general with clear handy notes.

How Does Electronics and Communication Engineering Work?

• Polarization Module & Lightweight Broadband Antenna
• Synthetic aperture radar sensors are powered by the transversal electromagnetic & logarithmic-periodic dipole broadband antennas
• Unmanned aircraft vehicles are placed with broadband antennas and estimated according to the weight, radiation pattern pulse response & matching
• Wideband Microwave Power Module
• It is the integrated module of vacuum tube & solid-state electronics that is aimed to increase (amplify) radio frequency signal levels
• As well as they are enfolding EPC, TWTA & SSPA within the solitary unit and they are widely used in,
• Military & Defense Satellite Communications
• Dynamic Phased Array of Antennas
• Synthetic Aperture Radars & Transmitters

These are 2 modules mainly involved in the working process of electronics and communication engineering. In fact, without wideband and lightweight broadband modules, the electronic system cannot execute its processes in a better manner.

At this time of the technical era, so many trends are injected into electronics and communication engineering technology. Yes, we are going to let you know some interesting current trends presented in the same technology for making your perceptions wise.

Current Trends in Electronics and Communication Engineering

• This technology is vigorously involving with communication antennas research
• It is transmitting data over the infrared lights in a bidirectional way
• Enlarges the bandwidth and network speed by multiplying 4G, 3G & Wi-Fi
• It allows the digital users to connect with the internet and smart devices
• It can connect with longer cables and allows to access other electromagnetic generators
• This technology is making supercomputers with human analytical skills
• For interacting with humans (as human interaction with other individuals)
• Used in the airlines for communicating with broadband & wireless narrowband
• Microchips in Gi-Fi offer multi-gigabit data transmission with short-range

The foregoing passage has revealed to you some of the current trends in electronics and communication engineering. Researching is an art and not everyone is Picasso of it. However, you can become a master in research by continuously putting in your hard work.

In the following passage, we have wrapped several exciting PhD research ideas in electronics and communication engineering for your valuable consideration. Shall we get into that section? Come on!!! Let’s grab them.

Research Ideas for Electronics and Communication Engineering

• Urban Area based 5G Communication Networks
• MEMS Sensors & Systems
• Nano Devices with Microchips
• Software-Defined Wireless System Evaluation

These are the innovative research ideas that can be further explored with the help of skilled developers and researchers. When doing PhD studies, you need to choose the exact research topic in which you are strong.

Many scholars are failing to select the correct research topic. For this, you can avail our mentors’ assistance freely to know about trending electronics and communication engineering journals list . Students are given various options such as they can choose one of the given topics or they can even choose topics as per our technical crew’s instructions.

To be honest, we are suggesting every student handpick the latest topics in emerging technologies with phd thesis writing services .  Here is a tip for you! Try to make questions on the issues that arise in your research topic and make the interesting issues to frame your PhD topics. In this regard, we wanted to mention the latest topics in electronics and communication.

What are the Latest Topics in Electronics and Communication?

• Infrared Communications
• VLSI Implementation by OFDM
• WLAN in Automated Vehicles
• corDECT Wireless in Local Loop System
• Wearable & IoT Computing
• Linux Clusters with Parallel File System
• Digital Image Processing
• Speech Recognition
• Visible Light Communication
• Smart Sensors
• Communication Channel Testing
• IR & RF Waveforms Experimentations
• Integrated Back Haul & Front Haul Systems
• Testing Samples on Signals
• Simulating Interfaces in Hardware
• Application of CRO in Active Frequency of Output
• Testing using Antenna, Radar & Sonar

Here CRO stands for Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.  These are some of the possible topics in electronics and communication engineering. As our technical team is concerned with the student’s understanding, they are always lending their helping hands to them by means revealing every aspect of research. Hence, they would also like to highlight some simulation tools used in electronics and communication engineering technology.

Simulation Tools for Electronics and Communication

• Matlab or Simulink
• NS 2 or NS 3

The aforementioned are some of the simulation tools used in electronics and communication engineering. As our researchers concentrated on the student’s welfare, we wanted to explain at least one of the listed simulation tools for paving your understanding better. That is none other than, that we are going to illustrate how to simulate IoT devices using the COOJA simulator .

How to Simulate IoT Devices using COOJA Simulator?

• IoT is the intellectual and embedded system in which sensors, interfaces, hardware, and software are interconnected to exchange data
• Contiki system of wireless sensor networks are simulated by the COOJA’s Contiki Mote and they are controlling the whole architecture
• Contiki Mote compilers are performed as a load and sharing library in Java programming languages

This is how the IoT devices are simulated by the COOJA simulator. Apart from this, signals in IoT devices are significantly stimulated by Matlab tools. Do you know, How to simulate signal processing using Matlab? If you don’t know! Don’t cringe. We are going to illuminate you the same in the immediate section.

How to Simulate Signal Processing using Matlab?

• Primarily, Matlab is acquiring raw signals and then they are analyzing, preprocessing and extracting features in it
• Matlab tools are dynamically performing power spectrum evaluation, smoothing, & resamples filtered signals
• Particularly, they are very competent in extracting signal patterns and their similarities
• Even they are capable in measuring SNR oriented signal misrepresentations
• Matlab is using signal analyzer application to analyze and preprocess the various signals instantaneously without scripting any codes
• In addition, they are facilitating the users to customize the digital filters with the help of filter design application

This is how the signal processing in IoT devices is simulated under the Matlab tool. We are concerned with dynamic researchers who are showcasing their indispensable contributions to make the research paper’s quality with high standard levels.

Our experts have engaged them in various activities. One among them is reading habit. Yes, we habitually read and examine top journals published with every phase of technology (for example robotics journals list ). In addition, we are also suggesting you, people, read journals at least periodically. Finally, we would like to highlight some of the latest and emerging technologies in electronics and communication engineering.

What are the Latest Technologies in Electronics and Communication?

• Smart & Intellectual Energy Systems
• Computerized Industries
• Robotics & Automation
• Self-directed Drone Mechanisms
• Man-less Driving Systems

So far, we have come up with the essential areas of PhD topics in electronics and communication engineering and other concepts. Are you wondering about this technology? There are so many interesting fields that are yet too said. If you are interested in knowing about them, then you can feel free to approach our academics at any time.

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Top 10 Electronics Industry Trends & Innovations in 2025

How is technology enhancing electronics manufacturing workflows? Explore our in-depth industry research on the top 10 electronics manufacturing trends based on our analysis of 1100+ companies. These trends include organic electronics, AI, IoT, 3D-printed electronics, and more!

The electronics manufacturing industry expands, leveraging advanced materials, organic electronics, and miniaturization. Key trends include AI and IoT for smart manufacturing and industry growth. Startups innovate in component design and manufacturing for efficiency and compatibility, while 3D printing enhances the industry’s dynamism and cost-effectiveness. These trends improve the efficiency, durability, and sustainability of electronics.

This article was last updated in July 2024.

Innovation Map outlines the Top 10 Electronics Industry Trends & 20 Promising Startups

For this in-depth research on the Top Electronics Manufacturing Trends & Startups, we analyzed a sample of 1112 global startups & scaleups. This data-driven research provides innovation intelligence that helps you improve strategic decision-making by giving you an overview of emerging technologies in the electronics manufacturing industry. In the Electronics Manufacturing Innovation Map, you get a comprehensive overview of the innovation trends & startups that impact your company.

10 Emerging Electronics Industry Trends in 2025

• Advanced Electronic Materials
• Organic Electronics

Artificial Intelligence

• Internet of Things
• Embedded Systems
• Printed Electronics
• Advanced IC Packaging
• Miniaturized Electronics
• 3D Printing
• Immersive Technologies

Want to explore all Electronics innovations & trends?

Request Sample Database

These insights are derived by working with our Big Data & Artificial Intelligence-powered StartUs Insights Discovery Platform , covering 4.7M+ startups & scaleups globally. As the world’s largest resource for data on emerging companies, the SaaS platform enables you to identify relevant technologies and industry trends quickly & exhaustively.

Tree Map reveals the Impact of the Top 10 Trends in the Electronics Industry

Based on the Electronics Innovation Map, the Tree Map below illustrates the impact of the Top 10 Electronics Engineering Technology Trends in 2025. Advanced materials are required for the fabrication process as common semiconductor materials are unable to achieve miniaturization and sustainability. Similarly, organic electronics address global concerns about sustainability and eco-friendly manufacturing. Electronics manufacturing startups employ AI and IoT in the designing and fabrication processes.

Further, advanced circuit packaging reduces the size of a chip every year and integrates more and more functions. Because of the growing demand for flexibility and customization of embedded systems, startups work on new system architectures and designs. Technologies enabling printed electronics are also gaining traction and 3D printing is gathering a lot more attention due to its decentralized production and rapid prototyping capabilities.

Click to download

Global Startup Heat Map covers 1112 Electronics Manufacturing Startups & Scaleups

The Global Startup Heat Map below highlights the global distribution of the 1112 exemplary startups & scaleups that we analyzed for this research. Created through the StartUs Insights Discovery Platform , the Heat Map reveals high startup activity in the US, followed by India and Europe. Below, you get to meet 20 out of these 1112 promising startups & scaleups as well as the solutions they develop. These electronics startups are hand-picked based on criteria such as founding year, location, funding raised, & more. Depending on your specific needs, your top picks might look entirely different.

Top 10 Electronics Technology Trends in 2025

1. advanced electronic materials.

The semiconductor industry has been reliant on silicon for decades, but there is a limit to how far you can etch, lithograph, and pattern a silicon material. As a result, innovation to increase the performance of integrated circuits is coming from new materials and architectures.

Startups and scaleups are developing silicon alternatives and other semiconductor materials or composites such as graphene and nanomaterials for high performance and efficiency.

Odyssey Semiconductor develops Gallium Nitride (GaN) Semiconductor Material

US-based startup Odyssey Semiconductor builds high-performance power-switching gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor material. Its GaN processing technology allows for the realization of vertical current conduction GaN devices which extend application voltages from 1000V to over 10 000V.

It extends well beyond the consumer electronics application and into applications such as electric vehicles (EVs), industrial motor control, and energy grid applications.

SixLine Semiconductor commercializes Carbon Nanotube Processing

SixLine Semiconductor is a US-based startup that advances carbon nanotube processing. The startup manufactures semiconductor-grade carbon nanotubes that support room-temperature deposition on any substrate. Its technology features high packing density, tight alignment, high-throughput processing, and selective deposition.

The startup’s solution enables electronics manufacturers to mass produce high-performance transistor channels and finds use in manufacturing wireless, computing, and sensor components.

2. Organic Electronics

Organic Electronics offer massive advantages over traditional inorganic electronics. They are cost-effective, flexible, indissoluble, optically transparent, lightweight, and consume low power. In addition, the rise in awareness of sustainable development and eco-friendly manufacturing attracts manufacturers to opt for organic electronics. Designing circuits with microbial components or producing devices with biodegradable and recyclable materials is seen to be the next electronics manufacturing trend.

Moreover, the application of organic materials to manufacture electronic devices enables electronics manufacturers to use safer, fewer, and more abundantly available raw materials. Hence, it creates new business opportunities for companies and this is sure to give them a competitive edge in the long run.

Flask offers Materials for Organic Electronics Devices

Japanese startup Flask develops materials for application in various products such as organic displays, lighting, and solar cells. Examples of materials include electron transport materials, electron injection materials, light-emitting materials, coating materials, and organic solar cell materials.

Using these materials allows device manufacturers to meet customer demands like high efficiency, low power consumption, high reliability, and adaptation to next-generation materials.

Koala Tech develops Organic Semiconductor Laser Diode

Japanese startup Koala Tech develops an organic semiconductor laser diode. The startup’s laser diode technology is based on organic fluorescent semiconductors, which are generally easier, less harmful, and faster to process into thin films.

It enables manufacturers to use a low-cost light source that easily integrates into OLED and organic electronic platforms.

3. Artificial Intelligence

AI-powered solutions are gaining popularity in every sector. AI impacts the growth of semiconductor manufacturing in two ways, one by building demand for innovative AI-capable electronics components, and two, by enhancing the product manufacturing and design processes. The conventional methods have limitations in reshaping product development cycles, improving product design processes, and reducing defects. But the application of AI is solving all these limitations.

The implementation of predictive maintenance in the production lines also allows manufacturers to reduce downtime. Hence, artificial intelligence is one of the most important technologies among the electronics manufacturing trends.

Cybord develops AI-based Component Inspection Software

Israeli startup Cybord offers AI-based component inspection software. The startup uses visual inspection technology powered by artificial intelligence to achieve this. It is capable of doing material sourcing, manufacturing, and defect management of individual components and the assembled product as a whole.

Implementing this software in manufacturing facilities enables electronics companies to assure that each and every assembled component is genuine and untampered.

Celus offers an AI-powered Engineering Platform

German startup Celus creates an AI-powered engineering platform to automate all the manual steps in the engineering process. The startup’s platform automatically finds fitting components with the components’ information blocks available in the engineering platform. It then designs and generates schematics and PCB-floor planning with a single click.

The platform is also designed to fully integrate into an existing electronics manufacturing environment and automate the process from concept to design. In general, it allows manufacturers to reduce product development times and complexity in the development process.

4. Internet of Things

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things represents an unprecedented opportunity for the IoT electronics manufacturing industry. It re-evaluates the fabrication process and manages practices that are found to be difficult to achieve with conventional approaches. In other ways, the IoT enables electronic manufacturing machines to self-process and store data while being digitally connected.

Continuous improvements in the fabrication of sensors are also required since sensors are the key components that enable IoT applications. Further, the transition to 5G-enabled devices requires flawless, innovative chips with more efficient architectures at lower costs.

AnalogueSmith develops Integrated Circuit for IoT Sensor Nodes

Singaporean startup AnalogueSmith specializes in integrated circuit design for IoT sensor nodes. The startup offers complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based integration of RF, analog, and digital functionality for integrated circuits.

This CMOS-based approach allows manufacturers to reduce costs without compromising on performance requirements.

Meyvnsystems offers IoT Communication Systems

Singaporean startup Meyvnsystems develops wireless communication systems for IoT devices. The startup offers LTE Cat-M, NB-IoT, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, and 5G systems based on communication distance, power consumption, and data throughput requirements.

This allows IoT manufacturers to mitigate in-house communication system design and reduce development periods.

5. Embedded Systems

Embedded systems are an unavoidable part of any electronic device nowadays and it has a crucial role in deciding the speed, security, size, and power of the devices. Since we are in the transition phase of a connected world, there is high demand for embedded systems.

So the designing and manufacturing sector of such systems is undergoing numerous innovations to improve performance, security, and connectivity capabilities. Further, in electronics manufacturing facilities, these systems are useful for increasing machine control and monitoring.

Dover Microsystems develops Processor Level Security Solutions

US-based startup Dover Microsystems offers security solutions in protecting devices against network-based attacks at the processor level. The startup’s hardware-based technology guards the host processor by monitoring and screening every instruction executed based on a set of security, safety, and privacy rules.

In this way, it empowers processors to protect themselves in real-time from the exploitation of software vulnerabilities. Hence, integrating this technology within embedded systems enables manufacturers to solve the challenges associated with device security.

Luos provides Open-Source and Real-Time Orchestrator for Distributed Architectures

French startup Luos develops an open-source and real-time orchestrator for distributed architectures to easily design, test, and deploy embedded applications. The startup’s solution encapsulates hardware and software functions as microservices.

So, each microcontroller communicates with and recognizes one other, but remains independent of each other. Further, the startup offers a reusable configuration profile and offers more flexibility in the hardware development cycle.

Learn How 10 Emerging Technologies Shape Your Industry!

6. Printed Electronics

Printing electronic components on a semiconductor substrate is the most effective way to reduce the overall cost of the manufacturing process. So, manufacturers are always trying to tackle this challenge by searching for new technologies and advancements in conventional printing technologies.

Unlike traditional semiconductors that use tiny wires as circuits, 3D-printed electronics rely on conductive inks and often flexible films. Further, the advancements in printing technologies allow the flexible hybrid electronics field to obtain enough momentum. Therefore, startups and scaleups are developing solutions for advanced printing technologies.

Omniply develops a Delamination Technique for Printed Electronics

Canadian startup Omniply offers a delamination technology that facilitates the separation of flexible circuits from their rigid carrier. It creates high-performance electronic devices on flexible substrates without compromising device performance or without changing the manufacturing infrastructure.

This delamination technique makes the process cheaper and eco-friendly, compared to traditional delamination methods. In addition, it overcomes resolution and reliability limits associated with printed electronics by using traditional CMOS infrastructure for device fabrication.

TracXon advances Circular & Hybrid Printed Electronics (HPE)

TracXon is a Dutch startup that makes sustainable and hybrid printed electronics. The startup leverages sheet-to-sheet (S2S) and roll-to-roll (R2R) printing, photonic sintering, stencil printing, component assembly, and more to make printed electronics.

The startup’s technology also features a lower carbon footprint and finds applications in the lighting, automotive, healthcare, and electronics industries.

7. Advanced IC Packaging

In recent years, chip packaging has become a hot topic along with chip design. The traditional way to scale a device based on Moore’s law has limitations nowadays. The other way to get the benefits of scaling is to put multiple complex devices in an advanced package. So, semiconductor manufacturers develop new advanced IC packaging technologies to provide greater silicon integration in increasingly miniaturized packages.

The startup also enables manufacturers to offer customization and improve yields by vertically stacking modular components. Besides, advanced IC packaging optimizes manufacturing to balance customer needs against overall costs.

PHIX offers Photonic Integrated Circuit (PIC) Assembly and Packaging

Dutch startup PHIX provides assembly and packaging services for photonic integrated circuits. To make PICs a part of a photonics-enabled module, it needs to be connected to components like optical fibers, other PICs, cooling solutions, and electronics.

The startup designs and manufactures the package in which these connections are made. PHIX allows the semiconductor industry to optimize the PIC and module design, process, and equipment, as well as scale up production.

Onto Innovation develops Advanced IC Packaging Equipment

US-based startup Onto Innovation builds equipment for advanced packaging processes for the semiconductor industry. The startup’s solution, JetStep W2300 System , features specialized large field optics and key system advantages to deliver maximum throughput without limiting resolution.

The startup enables electronics manufacturers to tackle IC packaging challenges along with device performance, quality, and reliability issues.

8. Miniaturized Electronics

Miniaturization enabled the use of electronics in several novel application areas. Particularly, healthcare and automotive industry applications have space limitations in terms of implementing specific devices. Previously, the miniaturization concept was limited by their practical handling, display, and battery, but not by the built-in electronics.

There are innovations happening to make electronic components as small as possible by maintaining speed, reliability, and efficiency. Another important aspect of miniaturization is the integration of more and more features into a single component. For example, nanonet sensors and forksheet FET are a couple of recent developments in miniaturized electronic components.

Alixlabs offers an ALE-Based Method of Manufacturing Nanostructures

Swedish startup AlixLabs provides an atomic layer etching (ALE)-based method for manufacturing nanostructures with a characteristic size below 20 nm. The startup’s technology achieves nanostructure fabrication beyond the resolution limit for optical and electron beam lithography.

The startup also enables an economically affordable way of transistor channel scaling for sub-20 nm technology nodes. Further, this allows for a higher level of device integration, in turn, reducing costs, increasing speed, and lowering the energy consumption of devices.

Spectricity provides Spectral Sensing Solutions

Belgian startup Spectricity develops miniaturized integrated spectral sensing solutions. The startup’s patented wafer-scale hyperspectral filter technology, combined with CMOS integration processes, results in miniaturized sensors.

Unlike other solutions, its filters do not require complex and bulky optics or packaging, slow scanning, or sophisticated calibration. Hence, it produces sensing devices compatible with the size, power consumption, and cost requirements of mobile devices.

9. 3D Printing

Additive manufacturing in the electronics industry eliminates the need for flat circuit boards. It enables new innovative designs and shapes that cannot be produced through conventional means. 3D printers also fabricate electronic components as a single, continuous part, effectively creating fully functional electronics that require little or no assembly.

Consequently, the implementation of this electronics manufacturing trend speeds up prototyping, offers mass customization, and decentralizes parts production. In general, 3D printing technology made possible electronic components production in terms of 3D design and not only 2D, with new ways of stacking the circuits.

Vanguard Photonics provides 3D Nanofabrication for Photonic Integration

German startup Vanguard Photonics offers 3D nanofabrication for photonic integration. The startup’s technology overcomes key challenges of large-scale photonic integration and system assembly by enabling in situ printing of facet-attached beam-shaping elements.

The technology also enables precise adaptation of vastly dissimilar mode profiles and permits alignment tolerances compatible with cost-efficient passive assembly techniques. The startup automates the assembly of photonic multi-chip systems with high performance and versatility.

ATLANT 3D Nanosystems offers Atomic Layer 3D Printing Technology

Danish startup ATLANT 3D Nanosystems develops atomic layer 3D printing technology. It enables materials, devices, and microsystem development and manufacturing with atomic precision. The startup’s technology is capable of performing printing on simple and complex surfaces, atom-by-atom.

Hence, it enables multi-material, atomically precise, and highly scalable atomic layer manufacturing for rapid prototyping and manufacturing of micro and nanodevices.

10. Immersive Technologies

There is a high dependency on the human workforce in different stages of electronics manufacturing. There are possibilities for human errors and it definitely affects the overall manufacturing efficiency. The adoption of immersive technologies is an effective solution to overcome these challenges. Such solutions inspect design objects at all possible scales, thereby eliminating defects in products at the design stage.

Specifically, they detect design errors in the circuitry as well as common manufacturing errors ranging from slivers, missing solder pads, and starved terminals, before fabrication. In addition, it facilitates personnel training, prototype development, and assembly maintenance, and enables operators to visualize workflows.

inspectAR offers Augmented Reality Toolkit For PCB Inspection

Canadian startup inspectAR provides an AR toolkit for PCB manufacturing and workflow testing. It takes the PCB design information and then matches it to calibration images of the PCB sample using AR. The software, along with the toolkit, determines the position of the PCB.

Further, it checks the board through the augmented reality format. This allows electronics companies to inspect, debug, rework, and assemble PCBs in lesser time without mistakes or frustration, thus increasing productivity.

Misterine provides AR-based Assembly Assistance

Misterine is a Czech startup that offers augmented reality software for assembly lines. The startup’s solution visually supports complicated assembly procedures with step-by-step instructions. Also, the system is interactive and the computer vision capability immediately detects errors to provide notifications to its users.

Hence, the startup’s software eliminates human errors, reduces the overall workload, and increases the efficiency of assembly practices.

Discover More Electronics Manufacturing Trends, Technologies & Startups

These electronics manufacturing trends promote the transition into adaptive and smart manufacturing practices. In general, the future manufacturer’s major focus is to build efficient and miniaturized components for specialized applications. The use of advanced materials and the adoption of advanced packaging and printing technologies for fabrication helps achieve these goals. Similarly, the transition to organic electronics allows companies to address the global concern about electronic waste and sustainability. Other innovations are also influencing the industry, such as big data and analytics, to improve the decision-making process.

The Top 10 Electronics Industry Trends & Startups outlined in this report only scratch the surface of trends that we identified during our in-depth innovation and startup scouting process. Among others, additive manufacturing and organic electronics, as well as miniaturized electronics and embedded systems will transform the sector as we know it today. Identifying new opportunities and emerging technologies to implement into your business goes a long way in gaining a competitive advantage. Get in touch to easily and exhaustively scout relevant technologies & startups that matter to you today!

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Why Leadership Teams Fail

• Thomas Keil
• Marianna Zangrillo

In pursuit of strong performance, CEOs often overlook a critical factor in organizational success: the health of their leadership team. That’s a big problem, because a dysfunctional team can be a serious drag on strategy execution.

To learn more about the problems that affect leadership teams, the authors interviewed more than 100 CEOs and senior executives in a multiyear research program. They identified three main patterns of dysfunction: the shark tank, characterized by infighting and political maneuvering; the petting zoo, characterized by conflict avoidance and an overemphasis on collaboration; and the mediocracy, characterized by complacency, a lack of competence, and an unhealthy focus on past success.

This article helps leadership teams diagnose their dynamic and find ways to improve it.

And what to do about it

In their pursuit of strong performance, CEOs and executives often overlook a critical factor in organizational success: the health of their leadership team. That’s a big problem, because a dysfunctional team can become a serious drag on strategy execution and erode morale. Not only that, the health of a senior team can make or break a CEO’s tenure.

It’s not just who’s in the room—it’s how they behave together.

• Thomas Keil is a professor and the chair in international management at the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He is a partner at the Next Advisors.
• Marianna Zangrillo is a partner at the Next Advisors.

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Electronics, photonics and device physics articles from across Nature Portfolio

Electronics, photonics and device physics is the study and development of components for processing information or for system control. Electronics operates using electrons, whereas photonics uses light. An important focus is on miniaturization; reducing the size of individual components so that they can be integrated together in compact modules.

Tuning electronic circuits close to absolute zero using quantum paraelectric varactors

Radiofrequency tuning elements made of quantum paraelectric materials are demonstrated at temperatures close to absolute zero — a temperature regime in which conventional electronic tuning components do not work. This advance greatly improves the read-out sensitivity of quantum circuits that require operation at such low temperatures.

Embedding core–shell photovoltaic nanocells in organic optoelectronics

Core–shell photovoltaic nanometre-scale cells are embedded in photo-crosslinkable organic semiconductors. This results in high performance and enables large-scale integration, thus overcoming the trade-off between photoelectric performance and device miniaturization.

• Tomoyuki Yokota
• Yusaku Tagawa

Breaking barriers by interfacial charge transfer

The issue of ohmic contact in WSe 2 has been effectively addressed through a significant charge transfer mechanism enabled by the RuCl 3 /WSe 2 heterostructure.

• Youngwook Kim

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Low cross-talk optical addressing of trapped-ion qubits using a novel integrated photonic chip

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Single-photon induced instabilities in a cavity electromechanical device

In electromechanical devices, nonlinear radiation-pressure interaction can lead to significant changes in the dynamics from just few photons. Here, by enhancing the light-matter coupling in a cavity electromechanical device, the author show the onset of mechanical instabilities with less than a single photon in the cavity.

• Tanmoy Bera
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Diamine chelates for increased stability in mixed Sn–Pb and all-perovskite tandem solar cells

The stability of perovskite tandem solar cells is an issue. Li et al. show that diamines improve the compositional homogeneity of a low-bandgap perovskite surface and form a low-dimensional barrier that passivates defects, leading to an operational stability of over 1,000 h.

• Chongwen Li
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On-chip topological beamformer for multi-link terahertz 6G to XG wireless

An on-chip topological beamformer for multi-link terahertz 6G to XG wireless communication achieves complete 360° azimuthal beamforming with gains of up to 20 dBi, radiating THz signals into free space with neural-network-driven customizable beams enabling up to eight simultaneous 40-Gbps wireless links.

• Wenhao Wang
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Bose–Einstein condensation of photons in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Bose–Einstein condensation of photons is demonstrated in a large-aperture electrically driven InGaAs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diode at room temperature. The observed photon Bose–Einstein condensate exhibits the fundamental transversal optical mode at a critical phase-space density.

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The authors discuss the physics underlying the enhancement of energy transfer and energy transport in molecular systems and identify key questions and theoretical challenges for future research.

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The instability of n-type organic semiconductors in air is a long-standing challenge in organic electronics. Now, a strategy based on the use of vitamin C is developed to stabilize organic semiconductors. Vitamin C scavenges reactive oxygen species and inhibits their generation, improving the performance and stability of organic semiconductors and their electronic devices.

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 Electronics

Ece seminar topics 2024 – the top 100 topics for electronics and communication engineering, electronics and communication engineering seminar topics.

Here is a curated list of the top 100 Technical Seminar topics for Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) and a brief introduction to each subject.

Emerging Technologies in Electronics (2024):

AI in Electronics & Communication Engineering : This involves leveraging artificial intelligence techniques to enhance the design, optimization, and performance of electronic systems and communication networks. Related : Integrating Artificial Intelligence on ECE

Quantum Dot Cellular Automata (QCA): A Paradigm Shift in Digital Design Explore the potential of QCA, a promising nanotechnology for ultra-low power and high-speed digital circuits.

Neuromorphic Engineering: Building Brain-Inspired Electronics Investigate how neuromorphic engineering mimics the structure and function of the human brain for efficient computing.

Memristor-Based Circuits for Non-Volatile Memory Applications Examine memristors as a revolutionary element for non-volatile memory with high-speed and low-power characteristics.

Spintronics: Next-Generation Electronics with Spin Discuss spin-based electronics that utilize the spin of electrons for novel computing and memory applications.

Flexible Electronics and Wearable Devices Explore advancements in flexible electronics and their applications in wearable devices for healthcare and consumer electronics.

Communication Technologies (2024):

6G Wireless Communication: The Future of Connectivity Investigate the key features and potential applications of the sixth generation of wireless communication technology. Related: 6G Network Technology

Terahertz Communication Systems: Breaking the Bandwidth Barrier Explore using terahertz frequencies for high-bandwidth wireless communication and imaging applications.

Visible Light Communication (VLC): Li-Fi Technology Discuss VLC, a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit data, offering high-speed and secure communication.

Free-Space Optical Communication (FSO): Beyond Fiber Optics Examine FSO as a wireless communication technology using laser beams for high-speed data transmission.

Massive MIMO: Advancements in Wireless Antenna Technology Explore Massive Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) technology for improving the capacity and efficiency of wireless communication systems.

Signal Processing and Image Processing (2024):

Sparse Signal Processing: Applications in Compressed Sensing Investigate sparse signal processing techniques and their applications in medical imaging and communication.

Quantum Signal Processing: Harnessing Quantum Computing Power Explore how quantum computing can revolutionize signal processing tasks for enhanced speed and efficiency.

Image-to-Image Translation with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Discuss GANs for translating images from one domain to another, with applications in art, fashion, and medical imaging.

Edge Computing in Signal Processing: Real-Time Applications Explore the implementation of signal processing algorithms on edge devices for low-latency and real-time applications.

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI): Next-Generation Human-Machine Interaction Investigate the technology behind BCIs, enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (2024):

Energy Harvesting for IoT Devices: Sustainable Power Solutions Explore energy harvesting technologies for powering IoT devices using ambient energy sources.

5G IoT: Enabling the Massive Connectivity of Things Discuss how 5G technology facilitates the deployment of many IoT devices with high data rates and low latency. Related: 5G Technology

Blockchain for Secure and Decentralized IoT Networks Explore how blockchain technology enhances security and trust in IoT applications by providing a decentralized and tamper-proof ledger.

Wireless Sensor Networks for Environmental Monitoring Investigate the use of wireless sensor networks for real-time environmental monitoring and data collection.

RFID Technology: Applications and Challenges in IoT Explore Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, its applications, and challenges in implementing RFID-based IoT systems.

Related: Internet of Things(IoT) Seminar

Biomedical Electronics (2024):

Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: IoT in Healthcare: This session will discuss wearable devices and IoT technologies for continuous health monitoring, early detection, and personalized healthcare.

Bioelectronic Medicine: Interfacing Electronics with the Nervous System Explore the field of bioelectronic medicine, where electronic devices interface with the nervous system for therapeutic purposes.

Neural Prosthetics: Restoring Functionality with Brain-Computer Interfaces Investigate the development of neural prosthetics that use brain-computer interfaces to restore lost sensory or motor functions.

Biomedical Signal Processing for Disease Diagnosis Explore advanced signal processing techniques for analyzing biomedical signals and diagnosing diseases.

Implantable Electronics for Medical Applications Discuss the development of implantable electronics for various medical applications, including monitoring and treatment.

Robotics and Automation (2024):

Swarm Robotics: Cooperative Multi-Robot Systems Explore the coordination and collaboration of multiple robots in swarm robotics for efficient and scalable applications.

Soft Robotics: Flexible and Adaptive Robot Design Investigate soft robotics, focusing on flexible materials and structures for safer and more adaptable robotic systems.

Robotics Process Automation (RPA) in Industry Discuss the implementation of RPA in automating repetitive and rule-based processes in various industries.

Human-Robot Collaboration in Industry 4.0 Explore the integration of robots and humans in manufacturing processes for increased efficiency and flexibility.

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs): Exploring the Ocean Depths Discuss using AUVs for autonomous exploration and data collection in underwater environments.

Power Electronics and Renewable Energy (2024):

Smart Grid Technology: Modernizing Electrical Power Systems Explore integrating digital technology and communication in power systems for improved efficiency and reliability.

Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions Investigate the challenges and solutions of integrating renewable energy sources into the existing power grid.

Wireless Power Transfer: The Future of Charging Discuss wireless power transfer technologies for charging electronic devices, electric vehicles, and medical implants.

Power Electronics for Electric Vehicles: Charging and Control Explore advancements in power electronics for efficient charging and control systems in electric vehicles.

Energy Storage Technologies for Grid Integration Investigate emerging energy storage technologies to support grid integration and ensure a stable renewable energy supply.

Photonics and Optoelectronics (2024):

Integrated Photonics: Miniaturizing Optical Components Explore the integration of various photonic components on a single chip for compact and efficient optical systems.

Metamaterials: Engineering Light for Advanced Optics Discuss metamaterials and their applications in controlling light for improved optics, sensing, and imaging.

Quantum Photonics: Harnessing Quantum Properties of Light Investigate how quantum properties of light can be utilized in quantum communication and computing.

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) for Medical Imaging Explore OCT as a non-invasive imaging technique for high-resolution imaging in medical applications.

Plasmonics: Enhancing Light-Matter Interactions Discuss plasmonics, focusing on the interaction between electromagnetic field and free electrons for applications in sensing and imaging.

VLSI and Embedded Systems (2024):

Hardware Security in VLSI: Protecting Against Cyber Threats Explore techniques and methodologies for enhancing the security of VLSI designs against cyber-physical attacks.

Reconfigurable Computing: Flexibility in Hardware Design Investigate reconfigurable computing platforms that allow dynamic changes to hardware configurations for improved flexibility.

Energy-Efficient VLSI Design: Low-Power Circuit Techniques Discuss low-power circuit design techniques for energy-efficient VLSI systems, extending battery life in portable devices.

Internet of Things (IoT) Edge Processing: Efficient Embedded Solutions Explore edge processing in IoT devices, focusing on energy-efficient embedded systems for data analytics and decision-making.

Machine Learning on Edge Devices: Enabling Intelligent IoT Investigate the implementation of machine learning algorithms on edge devices for real-time and intelligent processing.

Microwave and Antenna Systems (2024):

Metasurface Antennas: Advanced Electromagnetic Wave Control Explore metasurface antennas and their ability to control electromagnetic waves for improved antenna performance.

Millimeter-Wave Communication Systems: 5G and Beyond Discuss the use of millimeter-wave frequencies in communication systems, especially for 5G networks and future wireless technologies.

Terahertz Antennas: Enabling High-Frequency Communication Investigate terahertz antennas for high-frequency communication systems, with applications in imaging and sensing.

MIMO Antenna Systems for Wireless Communication Explore Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna systems and their applications in improving wireless communication performance.

RF Energy Harvesting for Wireless Sensor Networks Discuss the use of radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting to power wireless sensor nodes in remote or hard-to-reach locations.

Communication Protocols and Standards (2024):

6LoWPAN: Enabling IPv6 Connectivity for IoT Devices Explore the use of IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) for efficient communication in IoT devices.

Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) for Industrial IoT Investigate TSN is a set of standards for real-time communication in industrial IoT applications that ensures timely and deterministic data delivery.

Cooperative Communication in Wireless Networks Discusses cooperative communication strategies that enhance the reliability and efficiency of wireless communication networks.

Software-Defined Radio (SDR): Flexible Communication Platforms Explore SDR platforms that enable flexible and reconfigurable communication systems by implementing radio functions in software.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): Efficient Wireless Connectivity Discuss BLE technology and its applications in low-power and short-range wireless communication for IoT devices.

IoT Related articles:

• Internet of Things(IoT) Seminar
• 100 IoT Project Ideas
• 21 Raspberry Pi Projects
• IIoT – The Industrial Internet of Things

Security and Privacy in Communication (2024):

Post-Quantum Cryptography: Securing Communication Against Quantum Threats Explore cryptographic techniques designed to resist attacks by quantum computers, ensuring secure communication.

Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communication Investigate techniques that leverage the physical characteristics of the communication channel for enhancing wireless communication security.

Blockchain-Based Secure Communication Networks Discuss the use of blockchain technology to establish secure and tamper-proof communication networks.

Biometric Authentication in Communication Systems Explore the integration of biometric authentication methods in communication systems for enhanced security.

Secure Multi-Party Computation: Privacy-Preserving Communication Investigate techniques for secure multi-party computation, allowing parties to jointly compute a function over their inputs while keeping them private.

Related: Secure Communication Technology

Wireless Charging and Power Transfer (2024):

Resonant Inductive Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) Explore resonant inductive WPT technologies for efficient wireless charging of devices over short to medium distances.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in Wireless Charging Discuss the integration of RFID technology with wireless charging systems, enabling identification and communication between devices.

Wireless Power Transfer for Biomedical Implants Investigate the application of wireless power transfer for charging and powering biomedical implants without physical connections.

Microwave Power Transfer: Long-Range Wireless Charging Explore microwave power transfer technologies for long-range wireless charging of electronic devices.

Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles: Challenges and Solutions Discuss challenges and solutions in implementing wireless charging systems for electric vehicles, enhancing convenience and efficiency. Related: Wireless Charging for Electric Vehicles (EVs) Seminar Report

Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access (2024):

Cognitive Radio Networks: Intelligent Spectrum Management Investigate cognitive radio networks that intelligently adapt to dynamic spectrum conditions, optimizing the utilization of available frequencies.

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA): Efficient Spectrum Sharing Discuss DSA technologies enabling flexible and efficient radio frequency spectrum sharing among different users.

Machine Learning for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Explores the application of machine learning techniques for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks, improving accuracy and reliability.

Game Theory in Spectrum Sharing: Balancing Interests Investigate the use of game theory principles in designing algorithms for fair and efficient spectrum sharing among multiple users.

White Space Devices (WSDs) in Dynamic Spectrum Access Discuss the use of WSDs to dynamically access unused frequencies (white spaces) in the spectrum, enhancing overall spectrum utilization.

Optical Communication Technologies (2024):

Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) Networks: Integrating Optical and Wireless Communication Explore FiWi networks that integrate high-speed optical communication with flexible and scalable wireless networks.

Visible Light Communication (VLC): Li-Fi Technology Discuss VLC, a wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit data, offering high-speed and secure communication. Li-Fi Technology

Optical Wireless Communication for Underwater Applications Investigates the challenges and solutions for implementing optical wireless communication in underwater environments.

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Secure Optical Communication Explore QKD as a method for secure key exchange in optical communication systems, leveraging quantum properties for enhanced security.

Integrated Circuits and System Design (2024):

Machine Learning on Edge Devices: Enabling Intelligent IoT Investigate the implementation of machine learning algorithms on edge devices for real-time and intelligent processing. Related: Internet of Things(IoT)

More Seminar topics in Electronics:

• Advanced Wireless Communications Technologies
• Space Science Technology Seminar Topics
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• 499 Seminar Topics for Electrical and Electronics Engineering
• AI Seminar Topics
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Electronics

Collegelib.com prepared and published this curated seminar topic ideas for Electronics Communication Engineering (ECE) Students. In addition to this information, you should research before shortlisting your topic. Please include the following Reference: Collegelib.com and link back to Collegelib in your work.

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• 100 Seminar Topics for ECE
• Seminar Topics for Electronics and Communication
• Advanced Wireless Communications
• Secure Communication
• mmWave Communication
• Optical Intersatellite Communication

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PhD Research Topics in Electronics and Communication

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An effective method for Generalized SDN Framework designed for Optical Wireless Communication Networks

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An effectual process of Outage Analysis based on Asymmetric dual hop PLC-VLC system designed for Indoor Broadcasting practice

A new source for Chirp Signal Transmission and Reception with Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing scheme

On the EMG Signal performance for Design and Development of Real Time Bionic Hand Control system

An effective method for Selective DF Based on Multiple Relayed Cooperative System with M-QAM Signalling scheme

An innovative methodology for Optimal Waveform Design intended for Dual-functional MIMO Radar-Communication Systems

The novel system for Multi-source network-coded D2D cooperative content based on distribution systems

An inventive mechanism for Pseudorandom Sequence Generator intended for Spread Spectrum Communications

The new-fangled process for RFPA Nonlinearity Compensation with MIMO Diversity for Indoor Channels system

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