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🤔 What is an APA Citation Generator?

An APA citation generator is a software tool that will automatically format academic citations in the American Psychological Association (APA) style.

It will usually request vital details about a source -- like the authors, title, and publish date -- and will output these details with the correct punctuation and layout required by the official APA style guide.

Formatted citations created by a generator can be copied into the bibliography of an academic paper as a way to give credit to the sources referenced in the main body of the paper.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an APA Citation Generator?

College-level and post-graduate students are most likely to use an APA citation generator, because APA style is the most favored style at these learning levels. Before college, in middle and high school, MLA style is more likely to be used. In other parts of the world styles such as Harvard (UK and Australia) and DIN 1505 (Europe) are used more often.

🙌 Why should I use a Citation Generator?

Like almost every other citation style, APA style can be cryptic and hard to understand when formatting citations. Citations can take an unreasonable amount of time to format manually, and it is easy to accidentally include errors. By using a citation generator to do this work you will:

• Save a considerable amount of time
• Ensure that your citations are consistent and formatted correctly
• Be rewarded with a higher grade

In academia, bibliographies are graded on their accuracy against the official APA rulebook, so it is important for students to ensure their citations are formatted correctly. Special attention should also be given to ensure the entire document (including main body) is structured according to the APA guidelines. Our complete APA format guide has everything you need know to make sure you get it right (including examples and diagrams).

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's APA Citation Generator?

Our APA generator was built with a focus on simplicity and speed. To generate a formatted reference list or bibliography just follow these steps:

• Start by searching for the source you want to cite in the search box at the top of the page.
• MyBib will automatically locate all the required information. If any is missing you can add it yourself.
• Your citation will be generated correctly with the information provided and added to your bibliography.
• Repeat for each citation, then download the formatted list and append it to the end of your paper.

MyBib supports the following for APA style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

How do I cite a biographical note?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

To cite a biographical note, mention it in your prose and then include the work in your works-cited list:

According to a biographical note in Edith Wharton’s  The Age of Innocence , the author “was born . . . into such wealth and privilege that her family inspired the phrase ‘keeping up with the Joneses.’” Work Cited Wharton, Edith.  The Age of Innocence . Barnes and Noble Classics, 2004.

Biographical Research: Citation & Writing Manuals

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• Genealogy Research Guide This link opens in a new window

Citation & Writing Websites

• OWL - Purdue Online Writing Lab Excellent site for citation information. Guidelines for APA, MLA, and Chicago citation styles.
• APA Citation Style Help The American Psychological Association citation style website.
• Turabian Quick Guide From the University of Chicago Press, this website provides a basic overview of the Turabian style.
• Fordham University Writing Centers From the website: "Providing more than a proofreading service, our tutors will work with you on a variety of logical, rhetorical, and grammatical concerns in your writing. We can assist you with any type of writing from your curriculum, from conception, to composition, to completion. Our aim is not only to help you perfect an individual essay; we want to help you develop the tools you need to become a better writer. Our service is free and, if you come with the right expectations and the willingness to participate actively in the session, extremely effective. "
• Writing Center Handouts & Resources Guides created by the Writing Center staff to help student writers.

Biographical Writing

• Biography, A User's Guide by Carl Rollyson Call Number: (RH) Stacks CT21 .R585 2008 Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2008.

• Lives in Context: the Art of Life History Research by Ardra L. Cole; J. Gary Knowles Call Number: (RH) Stacks HM511 .C657 2001 Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001

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Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. If you are unsure about which system to use, or how the two systems are related, read on.

Notes and Bibliography or Author-Date?

In the notes and bibliography system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. The notes and bibliography system, Chicago’s oldest and most flexible, can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. For this reason, it is preferred by many working in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts.

In the author-date system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided. Because it credits researchers by name directly in the text while at the same time emphasizing the date of each source, the author-date system is preferred by many in the sciences and social sciences.

Aside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share the same style for authors’ names, titles of works, and other cited components. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems.

Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Students should check with their instructor before deciding which system to use.

For a more comprehensive overview of Chicago’s two systems of source citation, see chapter 13 of The Chicago Manual of Style . For many more examples organized by type of source, consult chapter 14 .

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• Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples

Published on 1 May 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 7 November 2022.

In Harvard style , the bibliography or reference list provides full references for the sources you used in your writing.

• A reference list consists of entries corresponding to your in-text citations .
• A bibliography sometimes also lists sources that you consulted for background research, but did not cite in your text.

The two terms are sometimes used interchangeably. If in doubt about which to include, check with your instructor or department.

The information you include in a reference varies depending on the type of source, but it usually includes the author, date, and title of the work, followed by details of where it was published. You can automatically generate accurate references using our free reference generator:

Harvard Reference Generator

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Table of contents

Formatting a harvard style bibliography, harvard reference examples, referencing sources with multiple authors, referencing sources with missing information, frequently asked questions about harvard bibliographies.

Sources are alphabetised by author last name. The heading ‘Reference list’ or ‘Bibliography’ appears at the top.

Each new source appears on a new line, and when an entry for a single source extends onto a second line, a hanging indent is used:

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Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author’s last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.

• Entire book
• Book chapter
• Translated book
• Edition of a book

Journal articles

• Print journal
• Online-only journal with DOI
• Online-only journal without DOI

• General web page
• Online article or blog
• Social media post

Newspapers and magazines

• Newspaper article
• Magazine article

When a source has up to three authors, list all of them in the order their names appear on the source. If there are four or more, give only the first name followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sometimes a source won’t list all the information you need for your reference. Here’s what to do when you don’t know the publication date or author of a source.

Some online sources, as well as historical documents, may lack a clear publication date. In these cases, you can replace the date in the reference list entry with the words ‘no date’. With online sources, you still include an access date at the end:

When a source doesn’t list an author, you can often list a corporate source as an author instead, as with ‘Scribbr’ in the above example. When that’s not possible, begin the entry with the title instead of the author:

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Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

• A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
• A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

In Harvard style referencing , to distinguish between two sources by the same author that were published in the same year, you add a different letter after the year for each source:

• (Smith, 2019a)
• (Smith, 2019b)

Add ‘a’ to the first one you cite, ‘b’ to the second, and so on. Do the same in your bibliography or reference list .

To create a hanging indent for your bibliography or reference list :

• Highlight all the entries
• Click on the arrow in the bottom-right corner of the ‘Paragraph’ tab in the top menu.
• In the pop-up window, under ‘Special’ in the ‘Indentation’ section, use the drop-down menu to select ‘Hanging’.
• Then close the window with ‘OK’.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, November 07). Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-bibliography/

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Free citation software on the web.

You must always cite information you use from other sources for the following reasons:

1. You need to let the reader or your instructor know the original source of information. Citing sources strengthens your paper and lets your instructor know that you did the work.

2. Citing is a service to the reader. The reader may be stimulated by a reference you have used in your works cited page and will be able to identify and access the sources you have used for his/her own use.

3. You want to give credit to the person whose ideas you have used.

For help with citing sources consult the following citation style guides available online:

• Modern Language Association (MLA) Citation Style Guide
• Style Guides from the OWL (Purdue)

Some databases will automatically generate a citation in MLA and other formats. Others will only provide the basic information, and it's up to you to do the formatting. Look for links like "Cite" or "How to cite" within the databases and on article pages. Also check the top and bottom of the page or article for citation info.

Warning: Most of the citations in databases, web services, etc., are produced automatically using a computer algorithm. That means that if the data is incorrect, the resulting citation is incorrect. You have the final responsibility of checking that the citation is fully correct using the guidelines provided by your professor (or publisher).

These websites have forms where you can fill in the needed information and get a formatted citation to cut and paste into your documents.

Zotero Free and easy to use. Allows you to collect citations and format a bibliography

Bibme BibMe is a free automatic citation creator that supports MLA, APA, Chicago, and Turabian formatting. This bibliography maker auto-fills and is very easy to use. And it's free!

Son of Citation Machine The Citation Machine will do APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian style citations for the most common types of sources: books, book chapters, articles, webpages, images, videos, etc. Both in-text (parenthetical) references and the full citation for the bibliography are produced and ready for copying and pasting into your document.

NoodleBib Express Free citation formatting from the makers of NoodleTools. NoodleBib Express does MLA, APA, and Chicago, and has options for dozens of types of sources, from books and articles to patents, letters, and TV programs.

CiteMaker CiteMaker does APA, Harvard, and MLA citations and covers a wide variety of types of sources, from corporate advertising to musical scores, as well as the usual books and articles. There is also an account version.

EasyBib SCSU subscribes to EasyBib. You can use EasyBib to create bibliographies in APA, MLA, and Chicago/Turabian citation styles. EasyBib will also suggest more scholarly references for your paper. 

EndNote Basic EndNote Basic (formerly EndNote Web) is a free version of EndNote available to SCSU because we subscribe to the ISI database,  Web of Science . EndNote allows you to collect and manage your references and to create bibliographies in a variety of styles. 

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Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

MLA Formatting and Style Guide

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The following overview should help you better understand how to cite sources using MLA  9 th edition, including how to format the Works Cited page and in-text citations.

Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in MLA. See also our MLA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel .

Creating a Works Cited list using the ninth edition

MLA is a style of documentation that may be applied to many different types of writing. Since texts have become increasingly digital, and the same document may often be found in several different sources, following a set of rigid rules no longer suffices.

Thus, the current system is based on a few guiding principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still describes how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This gives writers a flexible method that is near-universally applicable.

Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.

Here is an overview of the process:

When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

• Title of source.
• Title of container,
• Other contributors,
• Publication date,

Each element should be followed by the corresponding punctuation mark shown above. Earlier editions of the handbook included the place of publication and required different punctuation (such as journal editions in parentheses and colons after issue numbers) depending on the type of source. In the current version, punctuation is simpler (only commas and periods separate the elements), and information about the source is kept to the basics.

Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.

Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. Routledge, 1994.

Title of source

The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks.

A book should be in italics:

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

An individual webpage should be in quotation marks. The name of the parent website, which MLA treats as a "container," should follow in italics:

Lundman, Susan. "How to Make Vegetarian Chili." eHow, www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html.*

A periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) article should be in quotation marks:

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature , vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

A song or piece of music on an album should be in quotation marks. The name of the album should then follow in italics:

Beyoncé. "Pray You Catch Me." Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016, www.beyonce.com/album/lemonade-visual-album/.

*The MLA handbook recommends including URLs when citing online sources. For more information, see the “Optional Elements” section below.

Title of container

The eighth edition of the MLA handbook introduced what are referred to as "containers," which are the larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.

The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.

Wise, DeWanda. “Why TV Shows Make Me Feel Less Alone.”  NAMI,  31 May 2019,  www.nami.org/Blogs/NAMI-Blog/May-2019/How-TV-Shows-Make-Me-Feel-Less-Alone . Accessed 3 June 2019.

In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books , or watched a television series on Netflix . You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation , season 2, episode 21, NBC , 29 Apr. 2010. Netflix, www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd-44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal , vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest, doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

Other contributors

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated by Richard Howard , Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room . Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow, Harcourt, Inc., 2008.

If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.

The Bible . Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed., Pearson, 2004.

If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2006.

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation . Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2015.

Note : The publisher’s name need not be included in the following sources: periodicals, works published by their author or editor, websites whose titles are the same name as their publisher, websites that make works available but do not actually publish them (such as  YouTube ,  WordPress , or  JSTOR ).

Publication date

The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on  Netflix  on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your writing. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.

In the following example, Mutant Enemy is the primary production company, and “Hush” was released in 1999. Below is a general citation for this television episode:

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer , created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999 .

However, if you are discussing, for example, the historical context in which the episode originally aired, you should cite the full date. Because you are specifying the date of airing, you would then use WB Television Network (rather than Mutant Enemy), because it was the network (rather than the production company) that aired the episode on the date you’re citing.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer, created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar, season 4, episode 10, WB Television Network, 14 Dec. 1999 .

You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.

An essay in a book or an article in a journal should include page numbers.

Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf, 2009, pp. 74-94 .

The location of an online work should include a URL.  Remove any "http://" or "https://" tag from the beginning of the URL.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

When citing a physical object that you experienced firsthand, identify the place of location.

Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York .

Optional elements

The ninth edition is designed to be as streamlined as possible. The author should include any information that helps readers easily identify the source, without including unnecessary information that may be distracting. The following is a list of optional elements that can be included in a documented source at the writer’s discretion.

Date of original publication:

If a source has been published on more than one date, the writer may want to include both dates if it will provide the reader with necessary or helpful information.

Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. 1984. Perennial-Harper, 1993.

City of publication:

The seventh edition handbook required the city in which a publisher is located, but the eighth edition states that this is only necessary in particular instances, such as in a work published before 1900. Since pre-1900 works were usually associated with the city in which they were published, your documentation may substitute the city name for the publisher’s name.

Thoreau, Henry David. Excursions . Boston, 1863.

Date of access:

When you cite an online source, the MLA Handbook recommends including a date of access on which you accessed the material, since an online work may change or move at any time.

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing the Living Web." A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

As mentioned above, while the MLA handbook recommends including URLs when you cite online sources, you should always check with your instructor or editor and include URLs at their discretion.

A DOI, or digital object identifier, is a series of digits and letters that leads to the location of an online source. Articles in journals are often assigned DOIs to ensure that the source is locatable, even if the URL changes. If your source is listed with a DOI, use that instead of a URL.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. "Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates." Environmental Toxicology , vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library, doi: 10.1002/tox.20155.

Creating in-text citations using the previous (eighth) edition

Although the MLA handbook is currently in its ninth edition, some information about citing in the text using the older (eighth) edition is being retained. The in-text citation is a brief reference within your text that indicates the source you consulted. It should properly attribute any ideas, paraphrases, or direct quotations to your source, and should direct readers to the entry in the Works Cited list. For the most part, an in-text citation is the  author’s name and the page number (or just the page number, if the author is named in the sentence) in parentheses :

When creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference. For example: (00:02:15-00:02:35).

Again, your goal is to attribute your source and provide a reference without interrupting your text. Your readers should be able to follow the flow of your argument without becoming distracted by extra information.

How to Cite the Purdue OWL in MLA

Entire Website

The Purdue OWL . Purdue U Writing Lab, 2019.

Individual Resources

Contributors' names. "Title of Resource." The Purdue OWL , Purdue U Writing Lab, Last edited date.

The new OWL no longer lists most pages' authors or publication dates. Thus, in most cases, citations will begin with the title of the resource, rather than the developer's name.

"MLA Formatting and Style Guide." The Purdue OWL, Purdue U Writing Lab. Accessed 18 Jun. 2018.

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How to Cite a Biography

Writers in the humanities are likely to cite biographies and can find guidelines for citation of sources in either the "MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers" or the "Chicago Manual of Style." To cite according to MLA conventions, you will have to create both an in-text citation and a works-cited entry for your source. To cite according to the conventions dictated by the "Chicago Manual of Style," you will need to create a footnote and a bibliography entry.

Modern Language Association

Give the author's last name, either in your sentence or in parentheses following the sentence to begin your in-text citation. For example:

Hamilton sympathized with Major Andre (Chernow).

According to Ron Chernow, Hamilton sympathized with Major Andre.

Write the page number you are taking your information from to complete your in-text citation.

Hamilton sympathized with Major Andre (Chernow 142).

According to Ron Chernow, Hamilton sympathized with Major Andre (142).

Give the biographer's last and first name separated by a comma, the biography's title, the city of publication and the publisher's name separated by a colon and the year of publication preceded by a comma.

Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin, 2005.

Put "Print" at the end of your citation to specify that you are accessing a print source.

Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin, 2005. Print.

Chicago Manual of Style

Number your footnote.

Give the first name and last name of the biographer, the title of the biography in italics, the place of publication and publisher separated by a colon and the year of publication (all contained in parentheses) and the page number you are taking your information from to complete your footnote.

• Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton. (New York: Penguin, 2005), 143.

Write "ibid" and the page number to cite the same biography again consecutively.

Put the biographer's last name and first name separated by a comma, the biography's title in italics, the place of publication separated by a colon from the publisher and the year of publication to complete your bibliography entry.

Need help with a citation? Try our citation generator .

• "The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers"; Modern Language Association; 2008
• "Chicago Manual of Style"; Editors of the Chicago Manual of Style; 2010

Thomas Colbyry is a writer living in Marquette, Mich. Currently pursuing a B.A. in English, he works as a writing tutor and contributes book reviews to several publications. Colbyry often covers topics related to literature, specializing in early modern, Restoration, 18th-century and Victorian British literature, as well as the literature of Japan.

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Learn how to cite “An autobiography” by Mahatma Gandhi

Learn how to create in-text citations and a full citation/reference/note for An Autobiography by Mahatma Gandhi using the examples below. An Autobiography  is cited in 14 different citation styles, including MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, APA, ACS, and many others.

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Here are An Autobiography   citations for five popular citation styles: MLA, APA, Chicago (notes-bibliography), Chicago (author-date), and Harvard style.

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• Introduction

Early life and career

Signing with rostrum records, blue slide park, watching movies with the sound off, changing labels, faces , and go:od am, the divine feminine and relationship with ariana grande, posthumous releases and legacy.

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• Table Of Contents

Emerging as a rapper, producer, and songwriter in the “party rap ” tradition, Mac Miller went on to captivate audiences with a diverse discography of hip-hop music. Originally derided by critics, Miller’s Blue Slide Park (2011) became the first independently distributed debut album to reach the top of the Billboard album chart since 1995. His subsequent albums explored more personal territory in his lyrics and incorporated different musical styles such as jazz to create songs of greater complexity. Miller was open about his struggles with depression , addiction , and substance use . He died of an accidental overdose at the age of 26, one month after releasing the Grammy -nominated rap album Swimming .

• Original name: Malcolm James McCormick
• Born: January 19, 1992, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S.
• Died: September 7, 2018, Los Angeles , California
• Occupation: Rapper, producer, and songwriter
• Honors: Nominated for a Grammy Award for best rap album ( Swimming , 2018)

Born in Pittsburgh , Malcolm McCormick was raised in the city’s affluent neighborhood of Point Breeze. His mother, Karen Meyers, is a photographer, and his father, Mark McCormick, is an architect. Malcolm and his older brother, Miller, were raised Jewish , like their mother, but attended a Roman Catholic grade school . Their father is Christian , but they were enrolled in the school primarily because it offered a better education.

McCormick grew up with a love for music, teaching himself how to play piano , guitar , bass , and drums by the age of six. He began rapping when he was 14 years old and counted among his influences old-school rappers including the Sugarhill Gang , A Tribe Called Quest, Lauryn Hill , Outkast , and the Beastie Boys . By the time McCormick entered high school , he had become serious about developing a rap career, and he released his first mixtape, But My Mackin’ Ain’t Easy (2007), under the name Easy Mac when he was 15.

In 2009 he released two more mixtapes, The Jukebox (Prelude to Class Clown) and The High Life , under what became his professional name, Mac Miller. (“Mac” was a family nickname, and Miller was his maternal grandmother’s maiden name as well as his brother’s first name.) With these releases, he attracted a substantial fan base and attention from record labels.

Miller’s single “Donald Trump” (2011) attracted attention from the song’s real-life namesake . Initially, Trump bragged about how well the single was selling and dubbed Miller “the new Eminem .”

By 2013 Miller was expressing regret about the song’s title, telling Complex magazine that he resented Trump for taking credit for its success and that he could have just as well named the song for Microsoft honcho Bill Gates . In response, Trump demanded a share of the song’s royalties and threatened to sue Miller (whom he called “Little Mac Miller” and an “ungrateful dog”) for using his name without permission.

In 2015, after Trump announced his candidacy for the U.S. presidential campaign of 2016 , Miller tweeted at his followers not to vote for him.

In 2010 Miller signed with Pittsburgh-born independent label Rostrum Records. He released multiple mixtapes in the following months, including K.I.D.S. (2010) and Best Day Ever (2011), the latter of which features the single “Donald Trump.” A song of braggadocio about the kind of wealth and ostentatious lifestyle made famous by Donald Trump (at the time a real estate developer and a reality TV game-show host), it became Miller’s first single to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Two years after its release it was certified platinum.

Later in 2011 Miller dropped his debut studio album, Blue Slide Park , named for a playground in Pittsburgh’s Frick Park. On the one hand, the album achieved groundbreaking commercial success for an independent debut album. On the other hand, it received scathing critical reviews; Pitchfork called Miller “crushingly bland” and gave the album a 1 out of 10 rating.

Mac Miller and Snoop Dogg appeared together in Scary Movie V (2013). Miller also had his own reality show , Mac Miller and the Most Dope Family (2013–14).

The harsh criticism only fueled Miller to innovate and aim higher. He moved to Los Angeles in 2012 and began to experiment with new sounds and producing his own work, sometimes under pseudonyms such as Bobby Loveskins, Delusional Thomas, and Larry Fisherman. His next studio album, Watching Movies with the Sound Off (2013), received positive reviews as Miller moved from so-called “frat rap” (the label given to music by young white rappers whose lyrics focus on partying) to increasingly complex beats and lyrics. The album also was his first to feature collaborations with other high-profile producers and artists such as Pharrell Williams and Tyler, the Creator. That year Miller told journalist Dan Hyman , “Personally, I think the most talented people in music right now are the people coming through my studio.”

Miller’s contract with Rostrum Records expired in January 2014, and the rapper signed with Warner Bros. Records (now known as Warner Records) later that year. While between labels, he self-released Faces (2014), a jazz-infused mixtape featuring reflections about mortality . In interviews, Miller had discussed his depression and struggle with addiction, in particular to lean (a mixture of codeine , promethazine , and usually citrus -flavored soda pop ), and his lyrics frequently mentioned his use of drugs. Such topics were also the subject of the songs on GO:OD AM (2015), his first album with his new label, but critics noted that his lyrics approached these topics from the perspective of someone who had emerged from the worst of his addiction.

That same year Miller began to date pop star Ariana Grande , although their professional relationship went back to December 2012, when the two recorded a cover of “Baby, It’s Cold Outside.” In 2013 Miller had appeared on Grande’s single “The Way,” which became a top 10 hit on Billboard ’s Hot 100 chart. Grande contributed vocals to “My Favorite Part,” a track on The Divine Feminine . The couple’s high-profile relationship ended in May 2018, announced by Grande on Instagram .

Days after their breakup was made public, Miller crashed his car into a pole near his home and was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol . People on social media blamed Grande for Miller’s troubles, but she shut down such trolls in an Instagram post in which she said that their relationship had become “toxic” but that she had “cared for him and tried to support his sobriety and prayed for his balance for years (and always will of course).”

In August Miller released his fifth studio album, Swimming , which features such singles as “Self Care,” “Come Back to Earth,” and “Hurt Feelings.” Although fans speculated that its songs were written in response to his recent personal struggles, Miller told Vulture that the majority of the music had been completed before his breakup with Grande and the car crash. Moreover, in an interview with Zane Lowe one month before the album’s release, Miller dismissed any ill will toward Grande and said that he felt like he was “in a great space.” Rolling Stone gave Swimming three and a half stars and wrote , “The self-described ‘chill dude’ weathers personal wreckage on the most impactful album of his career.” The album peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 chart and earned a Grammy Award nomination in 2019 for best rap album.

“Wish I could say ‘Thank you’ to Malcolm / ’Cause he was an angel” —lyrics about Mac Miller in “thank u, next,” recorded by Ariana Grande in 2018, after Miller’s death

On September 7, 2018, Miller was found dead by his personal assistant and sobriety coach in his home in Los Angeles. Hundreds of fans immediately gathered at a vigil at the Blue Slide Playground in Pittsburgh’s Frick Park. An autopsy ruled his death to be an accidental drug overdose, with fentanyl , cocaine , and alcohol found in his system. Although Miller had been open about his struggles with addiction and depression, his death shocked his friends and family, who said that he had been in his best physical and mental shape in years before he died. In 2019 three men were arrested for their roles in selling fake oxycodone pills containing fentanyl to Miller.

A year after his death Miller’s estate began to approve posthumous music releases, beginning with the singles “Time” (recorded with the Free Nationals and Kali Uchis) and “That’s Life” (with 88-Keys and Sia). The album Circles was released in 2020 to positive reviews and sold more than 160,000 copies in its first week, the highest amount sold in a week for any of his albums. In 2023 Swimming was certified double platinum. Several of his earlier albums and mixtapes were posthumously rereleased and landed on the Billboard 200 chart.

In 2018 Mac Miller’s family and the Pittsburgh Foundation established the Mac Miller Fund to help support youth from underserved communities . The following year the fund donated $50,000 to MusiCares to establish the Mac Miller Legacy Fund to assist young people with recovery from addiction. The Mac Miller Fund has also donated to music programs for teenagers.

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• Citing sources
• How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples

Published on March 5, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.

To cite a page from a website, you need a short in-text citation and a corresponding reference stating the author’s name, the date of publication, the title of the page, the website name, and the URL.

This information is presented differently in different citation styles. APA , MLA , and Chicago are the most commonly used styles.

Use the interactive example generator below to explore APA and MLA website citations.

Note that the format is slightly different for citing YouTube and other online video platforms, or for citing an image .

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Table of contents

Citing a website in mla style, citing a website in apa style, citing a website in chicago style, frequently asked questions about citations.

An MLA Works Cited entry for a webpage lists the author’s name , the title of the page (in quotation marks), the name of the site (in italics), the date of publication, and the URL.

The in-text citation usually just lists the author’s name. For a long page, you may specify a (shortened) section heading to locate the specific passage. Don’t use paragraph numbers unless they’re specifically numbered on the page.

The same format is used for blog posts and online articles from newspapers and magazines.

You can also use our free MLA Citation Generator to generate your website citations.

Generate accurate MLA citations with Scribbr

Citing a whole website.

When you cite an entire website rather than a specific page, include the author if one can be identified for the whole site (e.g. for a single-authored blog). Otherwise, just start with the site name.

List the copyright date displayed on the site; if there isn’t one, provide an access date after the URL.

Webpages with no author or date

When no author is listed, cite the organization as author only if it differs from the website name.

If the organization name is also the website name, start the Works Cited entry with the title instead, and use a shortened version of the title in the in-text citation.

When no publication date is listed, leave it out and include an access date at the end instead.

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An APA reference for a webpage lists the author’s last name and initials, the full date of publication, the title of the page (in italics), the website name (in plain text), and the URL.

The in-text citation lists the author’s last name and the year. If it’s a long page, you may include a locator to identify the quote or paraphrase (e.g. a paragraph number and/or section title).

Note that a general reference to an entire website doesn’t require a citation in APA Style; just include the URL in parentheses after you mention the site.

You can also use our free APA Citation Generator to create your webpage citations. Search for a URL to retrieve the details.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Blog posts and online articles.

Blog posts follow a slightly different format: the title of the post is not italicized, and the name of the blog is.

The same format is used for online newspaper and magazine articles—but not for articles from news sites like Reuters and BBC News (see the previous example).

When a page has no author specified, list the name of the organization that created it instead (and omit it later if it’s the same as the website name).

When it doesn’t list a date of publication, use “n.d.” in place of the date. You can also include an access date if the page seems likely to change over time.

In Chicago notes and bibliography style, footnotes are used to cite sources. They refer to a bibliography at the end that lists all your sources in full.

A Chicago bibliography entry for a website lists the author’s name, the page title (in quotation marks), the website name, the publication date, and the URL.

Chicago also has an alternative author-date citation style . Examples of website citations in this style can be found here .

For blog posts and online articles from newspapers, the name of the publication is italicized. For a blog post, you should also add the word “blog” in parentheses, unless it’s already part of the blog’s name.

When a web source doesn’t list an author , you can usually begin your bibliography entry and short note with the name of the organization responsible. Don’t repeat it later if it’s also the name of the website. A full note should begin with the title instead.

When no publication or revision date is shown, include an access date instead in your bibliography entry.

The main elements included in website citations across APA , MLA , and Chicago style are the author, the date of publication, the page title, the website name, and the URL. The information is presented differently in each style.

In APA , MLA , and Chicago style citations for sources that don’t list a specific author (e.g. many websites ), you can usually list the organization responsible for the source as the author.

If the organization is the same as the website or publisher, you shouldn’t repeat it twice in your reference:

• In APA and Chicago, omit the website or publisher name later in the reference.
• In MLA, omit the author element at the start of the reference, and cite the source title instead.

If there’s no appropriate organization to list as author, you will usually have to begin the citation and reference entry with the title of the source instead.

When you want to cite a specific passage in a source without page numbers (e.g. an e-book or website ), all the main citation styles recommend using an alternate locator in your in-text citation . You might use a heading or chapter number, e.g. (Smith, 2016, ch. 1)

In APA Style , you can count the paragraph numbers in a text to identify a location by paragraph number. MLA and Chicago recommend that you only use paragraph numbers if they’re explicitly marked in the text.

For audiovisual sources (e.g. videos ), all styles recommend using a timestamp to show a specific point in the video when relevant.

Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.

• APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
• MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
• Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
• Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.

Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.

The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). How to Cite a Website | MLA, APA & Chicago Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-a-website/

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Harris is preparing for potential volatile moments in her first debate against Trump

Vice President Kamala Harris has been poring over briefing books and workshopping answers to policy questions while huddling with aides at a Pittsburgh hotel to get ready to face off against former President Donald Trump , according to multiple sources familiar with her preparations for Tuesday’s debate.

Harris has been devising ways to weave her biography into her answers to try to introduce herself to Americans who may still not know much about how she grew up or her career before she ascended to the vice presidency, the sources said. They said she’s even strategized how to approach possibly shaking hands with Trump onstage (the result: it’ll likely be a game-time decision).

But Harris also is preparing for a variety of potential unscripted — and perhaps history-making — moments, including the possibility that Trump makes derogatory comments about her, according to the sources familiar with her preparations, some of whom are directly involved.

“It’s not beyond the pale that he will mumble ‘this b----,’” one of the sources said. “That’s not unreasonable to assume. You have to be prepared for anything.”

Asked for comment for this story, spokesman Steven Cheung said, “Why are they even thinking about that word associated with her?”

The New York Times has  reported  that two people have heard Trump use that word to describe Harris privately, although Cheung has denied that account.

Harris, who arrived at a Pittsburgh hotel on Thursday for some five days of debate preparation, has not participated in a debate in four years, and she’s done few media interviews since announcing her candidacy. Trump, however, is more practiced in fielding unscripted questions. The sources familiar with Harris’ debate preparations said her aides are being diligent about preparing her for Tuesday because they don’t want to underestimate Trump.

Those involved in the process include Harris’ close ally Minyon Moore, as well as the vice president’s national security adviser, Phil Gordon and former domestic policy adviser, Rohini Kosoglu, sources familiar with the preparations said. They said former Hillary Clinton’s aide Philippe Reines, who is playing Trump in mock debates, has dressed up for the sessions in the former president’s signature navy blue suit and red tie.

Part of the intense focus on preparation also derives from the belief among some of Harris’ aides that Trump had a better-than-average performance in his June debate with President Joe Biden.

Yet one of the sources familiar with Harris’ debate preparations expressed concern that Harris might be overpreparing and could risk having a wonky, policy-heavy performance like then-President Barack Obama’s infamous one in 2012.

“My anxiety, it’s just high, because my fear is that they’ll overcook her,” the source said of Harris. “I hope they just prepare for 15 questions with Harris and work on style and substance.”

Two sources familiar with Harris’ debate preparations said that since Thursday she’s been participating in extended mock debate sessions that are focused on specific subject matters, and that will continue through Monday. As of Friday morning, she had not done full a run-through of the 90-minute debate, sources said.

Part of what Harris has been preparing for is to try to create moments in which Trump might lash out as he has in the past, the sources familiar with her preparations said.

Two of them said the vice president also is planning to needle Trump if he doesn’t tell the truth or gets information mixed up, stumbles on his words or goes off on a tangent. Harris has never spoken with, or been face to face or side by side with Trump, though one person familiar with her debate preparations said she feels like she knows him given how much she has had to watch him and study him recently.

Part of her provocation strategy is to bring up Project 2025, a conservative governing agenda developed by the Heritage Foundation and at least two dozen Trump allies that the former president has tried to distance himself from, NBC News has reported .

Harris’ aides are adamant that if a moment occurs in which Trump speaks derogatorily of her, Americans should see and hear it. That is partly why Harris’ aides continue to urge the debate host network, ABC News, to open the candidates’ microphones whenever there is over-talk or exchange between them. Currently the debate rules are that the candidates’ microphones will only be live for the candidate whose turn it is to speak and muted when the time belongs to the other.

When it is her turn to speak, the sources familiar with her debate preparations said Harris plans to try showcase her experience in elected office and as a prosecutor to make the case that she’s qualified for the job of president. And she’s planning to stress her middle-class background, particularly her mother’s work ethic and efforts to save to buy their family home — details her aides hope draw a contrast with Trump’s background as the child of a wealthy real estate developer, the sources said.

Harris intends to show some daylight between her domestic or economic policies if elected and those that Biden has advocated for, sources familiar with her preparations said. But she will not differ from Biden on foreign policy, they said, adhering to the axiom that there is only one president at a time when it comes to those issues.

Choosing a key battleground state for multiple days of debate preparations has some added value for Harris, the sources said, and it mirrors what previous presidential nominees have done — from George W. Bush preparing for a 2000 debate in Florida to Barack Obama doing the same in Nevada in 2012.

Harris also is likely to make some unannounced political stops while there, the sources familiar with her preparations said. And her team hopes that just by being there she’ll get some additional media coverage in an important market.

They said her plan is to remain in Pittsburgh until Tuesday, when she’ll travel directly to Philadelphia for the debate.

Yamiche Alcindor is an NBC News Washington correspondent.

Kelly O’Donnell is Senior White House correspondent for NBC News.

Monica Alba is a White House correspondent for NBC News.

Peter Alexander is chief White House correspondent for NBC News.