how many statement of the problem in quantitative research

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How to Write a Statement of a Problem in Research with Steps

Published by Grace Graffin at August 11th, 2021 , Revised On October 3, 2023

Research is a systematic investigation to find new techniques, products or processes to solve problems. Apart from being systematic, research is empirical in nature: it’s based on observations and measurement of those observations.

It’s what comes before the development. Impacts and policies that are born in society are borne out of the research.

The most important step to perform any research is to identify a problem that needs to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to define a research problem before starting the actual research process. Once a research problem has been identified, the next step is to write a problem statement.

Philosopher Kaoru Ishikawa said: “You will have a problem half-solved by defining it correctly on the first day.”

This quote perfectly reflects the importance of a problem statement in research. Before writing a problem statement, it is essential to pinpoint a specific problem, the difficulties you can expect to face as you try to solve it and the research gaps you aim to fill with your research.

The last part—how your research aims to fill a gap in the existing literature—will act as a springboard to the solution(s) that policy makers, for instance, might eventually take to solve that problem.

Filling a gap, therefore, is very important towards solving an existing problem.

What is a Problem Statement?

A problem statement is a clear and concise description of an issue or challenge that needs to be addressed. It typically outlines the existing gap between the current state (what currently is) and the desired state (what should be). Crafting a well-defined problem statement is critical for problem-solving, research, or project planning, as it serves as a guidepost and sets the direction for the subsequent steps.

Research Problem and Research Method – A Cyclical Process

The type of research strategy used in research determines whether you will be analysing theoretical problems to add value to existing knowledge, discussing practical issues to become an agent of change for an organisation or industry or looking at both aspects in relation to any given problem.

However, the kind of problem you aim to tackle with your research, to begin with, will also help you narrow down which research design , method or strategy to opt for.

This is therefore a cyclical process. Your research aim guides your research design can help you focus on a specific kind of research gap/problem.

However, generally, your research will focus on one or the other.

Here is all you need to know about how to write a statement of the problem in research, also called problem statement by some research writers .

Why do you Need a Statement of the Problem, to Begin with?

You need a statement of the problem to transform a generalised problem into a well-defined, brief, targeted statement to perform research in the decision-making process. The problem statement helps the researcher to identify the purpose of the ongoing research.

The problem statement in the dissertation is the pillar of the introduction chapter through which the reader can understand the research questions and scope of the project. If you do not define the problem statement properly, the results might become unmanageable.

Writing Problem Statement for a Business or Organisation

In the business world, problem statements provide the basis for the enhancement and refinement of projects. Without identifying and understanding the problem, it will be hard to find and effectively implement solutions.

A stand-alone document that solely provides an in-depth and detailed problem statement is usually the answer for organisations and businesses when it becomes imperative to find the solution to a problem.

Writing Problem Statement for Academic Research

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Problem Statement – How to Write it

Ask yourself the following questions before writing the problem statement:

• What is wrong in the research area/subarea XYZ?
• Where did it happen?
• When did it happen?
• To what extent (how much)?
• I know that because…(evidence)

‘What’ always defines the defect of the problem at hand and explains why it matters? ‘Where’ defines the geological location of the problem. ‘When’ defines the history and the pattern of the problem, the goal of the stated problem and the scope of research.

‘How much’ defines the trend of the problem as to how many objects are facing the same defect and to what extent. The last part, ‘I know this because…’, will help the researcher identify the standard(s) that he must meet.

Step 1: Understanding the Problem

The problem statement should provide a clear and concise background to the research problem you are investigating. Before starting your research , review the literature about the specific problem and find a gap to fill with your own research.

Practical Research Problem Statement

If you are doing experimental research , you can identify problems by talking to people working in a relevant field, studying research reports, and reviewing previous research. Here are some examples of practical research problems:

• A problem that hinders the efficiency of a company
• An institutional process that needs interventions
• An area of concern in your field/sub-field of interest
• Members of a society facing a specific difficulty

The problem statement should focus on the details related to the problem, such as:

• When and where was the problem observed?
• Who is/are affected by it?
• What research has been conducted and what practical steps have been taken to resolve the problem?

Example of Practical Research Problem Statement

The production of a company is low for the months of July and August every year. Initial research has been conducted by the company, which revealed poor production in July and August is due to the unavailability of local raw material.

The company has made some effective attempts at engaging the local suppliers to ensure an uninterrupted supply of the raw material, but these efforts are yet to have any significant impact on the production levels.

Theoretical Research Problem Statement

According to USC Libraries, “A theoretical framework consists of concepts and, together with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing theory that is used for your particular study…theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts…relevant to the topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered.”

The theoretical research indirectly contributes to the change by identifying the problem, expanding knowledge and improving understanding. The researcher can find a specific problem by brainstorming the topic and reviewing already published theories and research.

When writing a problem statement based on a theoretical research problem , it is important to recognise the historical, geographical, social and scientific background. Here are the elements of the theoretical problem statement framework that you should consider:

• What are the facts about the problem?
• Does the problem relate to a certain geographical area or time period?
• How is the problem discussed and explained in the existing literature?

Example of Theoretical Research Problem Statement

The production of a company is low for July and August every year. Initial research has been conducted by the company, which revealed poor production in July and August is due to the unavailability of local raw material. The company has made some effective attempts to engage the local suppliers to ensure an uninterrupted raw material supply. Still, these efforts are yet to have any significant impact on the production levels.

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Step 2 – Show why it’s Important and Relevant

By discussing the importance of the problem under investigation, you are demonstrating the relevance of your research. However, this does not mean that you will end up discovering something unimaginable or extraordinary.

The objective here is to clearly state how and why your research problem is relevant in your chosen area of study and why it requires further research.

As indicated previously, practical research deals with a problem affecting society, social group, firm or organisation on a broader scale. To elaborate on why it is important to solve this problem and why your research is significant, you could consider the following questions:

• What will be the consequences if the problem remains unsolved?
• Who do these consequences have the most implications for?
• What is the wider relevance of the problem being investigated?

Low production in July and August negatively affects the company’s marketing capital, thereby becoming an area of deep concern for the directors and stakeholders. The marketing budget cut in July and August is hindering its ability to promote its products uninterruptedly.

Addressing this problem will have practical benefits for the company and help establish the reasons for disruption in raw material supply.

The relevance of all theoretical issues may not be too obvious, even though most theoretical problems do have practical implications. Here are some questions for you to ponder to establish the importance of your research problem:

• Will your research help to advance understanding of the topic under investigation?
• Are there any benefits of you resolving the problem for other researchers who wish to explore this topic further in the future?
• What are the direct or indirect implications (s) of the problem you are trying to solving?

The new forms of employment such as freelance, contract-based work and zero-hour work arrangements are recognised as either a manipulative last option or a flexible active choice. It is necessary to conduct comprehensive qualitative research to uncover why fresh graduates take up these types of employment in the gig economy. There is a need to advance more vigorous concepts relating to instability and flexibility in modern forms of employment from employees’ perspectives, which will also help shape future policies.

Also see: How to Write the Abstract for Dissertation

Step 3 – Declaring the Problem

Before you jump on to state your research’s problem statements, it’s important to devote a sentence or two to let your readers know the precise, narrowed-down research problem you will be discussing about.

For language clarity purposes, here are some strong opening statements to achieve this step:

• Recently, there has been growing interest in …
• The possibility of…has generated wide interest in …
• The development of…is a classic problem in…
• The development of…has led to the hope that …
• The…has become a favourite topic for analysis …
• Knowledge of…has great importance for …
• The study of…has become an important aspect of …
• A central issue in…is…
• The…has been extensively studied in recent years.
• Many investigators have recently turned to …
• The relationship between…has been investigated by many researchers.
• Many recent studies have found out…

Step 4 – Establishing Aim and Objectives

The last step in writing a problem statement is to provide a framework for solving the problem. This will help you, the researcher, stay focused on your research aims and not stray; it will also help you readers keep in mind the reason as to why you conducted this study, to begin with.

A good problem statement does not provide the exact solution to any problem. Rather, it focuses more on how to effectively understand or tackle a problem by establishing the possible causes.

The aim of a research study is its end goal or overall purpose. Following are some examples of how you can craft your research aim statements:

• This research study aims to investigate…
• This paper is aimed at exploring…
• This research aims to identify…

On the other hand, objectives are the smaller steps that a researcher must take to address the aim of the research. Once you have laid out the research problem your research will deal with, it’s important to next mention the how behind that. Objectives are mostly imperative statements, often beginning with transitive verbs like ‘to analyse,’ ‘to investigate,’ etc.

Some more examples are:

• Statistical analysis will be conducted to determine…
• Both quantitative and qualitative research methods will be employed to probe…
• Face-to-face interviews will be carried out with the participants to establish…

Practical Research Aim and Objectives

This project aims to identify the causes of disturbed supply of raw material in the region, which resulted in low production for the company in July and August. This will be achieved by conducting interviews and surveys with the suppliers to understand why the supply is unpredictable in those two months and what can be done to ensure orderliness. Practical experiments will also be conducted to observe the effectiveness of proposed solutions.

Theoretical Research Aim and Objectives

This study aims to understand and unearth the experiences of fresh graduates in the modern economy. The sample population will participate in this study through qualitative research methods, which are expected to provide a deeper insight into the perceptions and motives of these fresh graduates working as freelancers and contract-based employees. The data collected from this exercise and the existing literature on the topic will be analysed in statistical analysis software.

TIP: Search the common themes of the problem statement in your field of research before writing a problem statement.

Also see: Argumentative Essay Writing Service

Problem Statement versus Significance of the Study

Even though both may sound similar, the statement of the problem and the significance of your study are going to be different. The latter does develop upon and from the former, though.

The problem statement tells your readers what’s wrong, whereas the significance of the study will tell them how your research contributed to that problem. You can’t have a significance of a study without mentioning the problem statement first.

Furthermore, signifying your study implies mentioning 4 key points related to it:

• How your study will further develop the theory behind the existing problem
• Practical solutions that might be implemented to solve the problem (especially in field research work)
• Whether your study or research will pave way for innovative methods to solve the existing problem.
• How your study can help in policy making and implementation, impact studies, etc.

Problem statement in research is the description of an existing issue that needs to be addressed. The problem statement is a focal point of any research and a bridge between the  literature review  and the  research methodology .

Problem statement often has three elements; the problem itself, the method of solving the problem, and the purpose. There are five aspects of every problem: What, Where, When, to what extent, and what defects you know about the topic. Here is an  example of a problem statement in a research proposal  for your better understanding.

If you wish to know more about how to start your research process, then you might want to take a look at the “ Starting the Research Process ” section on our website, which has several articles relating to a  research problem , problem statement, research aim and objectives, and  research proposal .

ResearchProspect is a UK-registered business that offers academic support and assistance to students across the globe. Our writers can help you with individual chapters of your dissertation or the full dissertation writing service , no matter how urgent or complex your requirements might be.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it necessary to write a problem statement.

Yes, the most important step to perform any research is to identify a problem that needs to be solved. Therefore, it is necessary to define a research problem before starting the actual research process .

How is a problem statement different from a problem statement written for an organisation?

In the business world, problem statements provide the basis for the enhancement and refinement of projects. Whereas, in academic research, A problem statement helps researchers understand and realise organised the significance of a research problem .

What is a practical research problem?

Doing experimental research can identify problems by talking to people working in a relevant field, studying research reports, and reviewing previous research. 

What is a theoretical research problem?

A theoretical research problem is when the researcher finds a specific problem by brainstorming and reviewing already published theories and research.

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• How It Works

Statement of the Problem

Ai generator.

A Statement of the Problem introduces the central issue or challenge that a research project or study aims to address. It highlights the significance of the problem, its impact, and the need for a solution. This section sets the stage for the research, providing context and justifying the importance of investigating the issue at hand.

What is a Statement of the Problem?

A Statement of the Problem clearly identifies and outlines a specific issue that a research project aims to address. It explains the context, significance, and implications of the problem, providing a foundation for the study and highlighting the necessity for a solution.

Features of a Statement of the Problem

A Statement of the Problem is a critical component of academic, scientific, or professional projects, serving as a foundation for understanding the research or the issue at hand. Here are some key features that make an effective Statement of the Problem:

• Clarity : The statement should be clear and straightforward, avoiding any ambiguity about what the problem is. It should be easily understandable to someone unfamiliar with the specific field of study or context.
• Specificity : It should precisely define the problem, outlining specific details rather than generalities. This includes who is affected by the problem, what the problem is, and where and when it occurs.
• Relevance : The problem should be significant enough to warrant investigation. This means it should have practical implications, impact a significant number of people, or contribute meaningfully to existing knowledge.
• Researchability : The problem stated should be one that can be investigated through scientific methods, including data collection and analysis. It should lead to empirical research, allowing for testing through qualitative or quantitative methods.
• Feasibility : The statement should imply a problem that can be solved within the practical constraints of the researcher’s resources, time, and technological capabilities.
• Contextual Background : It often includes a brief background that situates the problem within a larger context, helping to illustrate why it is significant and in need of investigation.
• Goal Orientation : The statement should align with the overall goals of the research, guiding the research questions and objectives. It serves as a benchmark for evaluating the success of the research.

When to Use a Statement of the Problem

Statement of the problem examples.

Here are several examples of Statements of the Problem, each tailored to different contexts to illustrate how they might be structured:

1. Academic Research in Education

Problem Statement : Many low-income students in cities struggle to use technology in their education. This lack makes it harder for them to keep up with their peers and succeed in today’s tech-heavy world.

2. Business Project in a Corporate Setting

Problem Statement : In the last two years, our customer service department received 30% more calls, but people are less satisfied with our service. Our current tools and processes can’t handle the increased number of calls, leading to lower customer loyalty and lost revenue.

3. Grant Proposal for Environmental Study

Problem Statement : Industrial waste is polluting our rivers in the southeast, harming fish populations and affecting local communities who rely on fishing for their livelihoods.

4. Product Development in Technology

Problem Statement : Many users find our mobile app hard to navigate, causing nearly half of them to stop using it within the first minute. This issue is preventing users from engaging with new features and reducing potential earnings.

5. Healthcare Quality Improvement

Problem Statement : More patients are returning to the hospital soon after going home because they aren’t getting the right care and information post-discharge. This issue is increasing healthcare costs and making patients unhappy.

6. Policy Development for Urban Planning

Problem Statement : Our city’s public transportation can’t handle the rush-hour crowds, causing delays of about 45 minutes and more pollution. This inefficiency is hurting our economy and environment.

Statement of the Problem Examples in Research

1. environmental science research.

Problem Statement : Increasing industrial activities have escalated pollution levels in River X, threatening aquatic life and water quality. This pollution impacts biodiversity and local communities relying on the river for drinking water and recreation. Addressing this issue is crucial for ecological balance and public health.

2. Social Science Research

Problem Statement : Urban migration is intensifying, leading to overcrowded cities and under-resourced rural areas. This shift causes significant urban planning challenges, such as inadequate housing and strained public services, while diminishing rural development. Research into sustainable planning is necessary to manage these demographic changes effectively.

3. Health Science Research

Problem Statement : Diabetes prevalence is rising globally, yet current management strategies are not reducing complication rates effectively. This gap highlights the need for innovative management approaches that focus on medical treatment, lifestyle, and dietary education to curb the growing diabetes epidemic.

4. Education Research

Problem Statement : Online learning platforms are expanding, but many lack engagement strategies catering to diverse learning needs. This oversight leads to lower completion rates and limited knowledge retention. Developing more interactive and personalized online learning experiences could enhance educational outcomes.

5. Engineering Research

Problem Statement : The efficiency of wind turbines is limited by variable wind speeds and maintenance challenges. Improving turbine design to adapt to these variations could increase energy output and reduce costs, making wind energy more viable and sustainable.

6. Business Research

Problem Statement : Small businesses in urban areas are struggling to sustain operations amid rising rental costs and competition from large e-commerce platforms. The lack of effective business models addressing these challenges threatens the diversity and economic vitality of urban commercial districts.

7. Public Health Research

Problem Statement : Mental health issues among adolescents are increasing, yet there are insufficient school-based mental health programs to address this trend. This gap leaves many students without access to necessary support, contributing to poor academic and social outcomes.

8. Technology Research

Problem Statement : Cybersecurity threats are evolving rapidly, outpacing current defense mechanisms. Many organizations lack the resources to implement advanced security protocols, leaving sensitive data vulnerable. Research into affordable, scalable cybersecurity solutions is essential to protect data integrity.

9. Agricultural Research

Problem Statement : Climate change is affecting crop yields, with unpredictable weather patterns leading to reduced agricultural productivity. This impact threatens food security and farmers’ livelihoods. Innovative farming practices and resilient crop varieties are needed to mitigate these effects.

10. Psychology Research

Problem Statement : The increasing use of social media among teenagers is linked to higher rates of anxiety and depression. However, there is limited understanding of the specific factors contributing to these mental health issues. Research is needed to identify these factors and develop effective interventions.

Statement of the Problem Examples for Students

Problem Statement : Coastal areas are experiencing increased erosion due to rising sea levels and stronger storms. This erosion threatens homes, wildlife habitats, and tourism. Finding effective ways to protect our coasts is essential for the environment and local economies.

Problem Statement : Many elderly people in rural areas feel isolated due to limited transportation options. This isolation can lead to depression and other health issues. Researching better transportation solutions can help improve their quality of life.

Problem Statement : There is a growing number of teenagers with sleep problems caused by excessive use of electronic devices at night. Poor sleep affects their academic performance and overall health. Finding strategies to reduce screen time before bed can help improve their sleep quality.

Problem Statement : Many students struggle with math because they do not have access to personalized learning tools. This struggle can affect their confidence and academic success. Researching effective personalized math learning apps can help students improve their math skills.

Problem Statement : Electric cars often have limited driving range due to current battery technology. This limitation makes them less attractive to potential buyers. Developing better battery solutions can help make electric cars more practical and popular.

Problem Statement : Many local businesses are closing because they cannot compete with online retailers. This trend is hurting local economies and reducing job opportunities. Researching ways to help local businesses compete can support community growth.

Problem Statement : Many teenagers are unaware of the long-term health risks of vaping. This lack of awareness leads to high rates of vaping among teens. Creating effective educational programs can help reduce vaping and protect teen health.

Problem Statement : Many people find it difficult to keep track of their daily expenses due to a lack of easy-to-use budgeting tools. This difficulty can lead to financial problems. Researching simple and effective budgeting apps can help people manage their finances better.

Problem Statement : Farmers are facing challenges with pest control due to the overuse of chemical pesticides, which harm the environment and human health. Finding natural pest control methods can help protect crops without negative side effects.

Problem Statement : High school students often experience high levels of stress during exam periods, which can negatively impact their performance and well-being. Researching stress management techniques can help students cope better with exam stress.

Statement of the Problem Examples in Case Study

1. business case study.

Problem Statement : XYZ Corporation has experienced a 25% decline in sales over the past year due to increased competition and outdated marketing strategies. This decline is threatening the company’s market position and profitability. Analyzing effective marketing strategie can help XYZ Corporation regain its market share.

2. Healthcare Case Study

Problem Statement : The ABC Hospital has seen a 30% increase in patient readmissions within 30 days post-discharge. This trend indicates potential gaps in patient care and follow-up procedures. Identifying and addressing these gaps can improve patient outcomes and reduce readmission rates.

3. Education Case Study

Problem Statement : DEF High School students have consistently scored below the national average in science subjects. This underperformance may be due to outdated curriculum and lack of hands-on learning opportunities. Exploring innovative teaching methods can help improve science education outcomes.

4. Environmental Case Study

Problem Statement : The coastal town of GHI is facing severe flooding during high tides, exacerbated by climate change. This flooding damages property, displaces residents, and disrupts local businesses. Developing sustainable flood management solutions is critical to protect the town and its residents.

5. Social Work Case Study

Problem Statement : The JKL Community Center has seen a 40% increase in youth engaging in risky behaviors, such as drug use and violence. This rise may be linked to a lack of after-school programs and community support. Investigating effective intervention programs can help reduce these behaviors and support youth development.

6. Technology Case Study

Problem Statement : MNO Tech’s new software product has received numerous customer complaints about usability issues. These issues are affecting customer satisfaction and retention. Identifying and resolving these usability problems is essential to enhance the user experience and increase customer loyalty.

7. Public Health Case Study

Problem Statement : The rural area of PQR has a high incidence of preventable diseases due to limited access to healthcare services and health education. This situation leads to poor health outcomes and increased healthcare costs. Implementing accessible healthcare solutions and educational programs is necessary to improve community health.

8. Psychology Case Study

Problem Statement : Students at STU University are reporting high levels of anxiety and stress, which negatively impact their academic performance and mental health. The current counseling services are insufficient to meet student needs. Expanding and improving mental health support services is crucial to student well-being.

9. Urban Planning Case Study

Problem Statement : The city of VWX is experiencing increased traffic congestion due to rapid population growth and inadequate public transportation infrastructure. This congestion results in longer commute times and higher pollution levels. Developing efficient public transportation solutions is vital to improve traffic flow and environmental quality.

10. Marketing Case Study

Problem Statement : YZ Company’s latest product launch failed to meet sales targets, attributed to poor market research and ineffective promotional strategies. This failure affects the company’s revenue and brand reputation. Conducting thorough market research and developing targeted promotional strategies is essential for future product success.

Statement of the Problem Examples in Quantitative Research

1. educational research.

Problem Statement : High school students in District X have shown a significant decline in math scores over the past five years. Quantitative analysis of teaching methods and student performance data is needed to identify effective strategies to improve math education.

2. Healthcare Research

Problem Statement : The rate of patient satisfaction in XYZ Hospital has dropped by 20% in the last year. Quantitative research is required to analyze patient feedback and identify factors contributing to dissatisfaction to enhance healthcare services.

3. Environmental Research

Problem Statement : Air pollution levels in City Y have increased by 30% over the past decade. This rise correlates with an increase in respiratory illnesses among residents. A quantitative study is necessary to measure pollution sources and their health impacts.

4. Business Research

Problem Statement : Employee turnover in ABC Corporation has increased by 15% annually, leading to higher recruitment and training costs. Quantitative research can help determine the main causes of turnover and develop strategies to improve employee retention.

5. Social Science Research

Problem Statement : The unemployment rate among recent graduates in Region Z is 25%, significantly higher than the national average. Quantitative analysis of employment trends and factors affecting job placement is essential to develop effective career support programs.

6. Technology Research

Problem Statement : Users of the new MNO software report a 40% lower satisfaction rate compared to previous versions. Quantitative data on user interactions and feedback are needed to pinpoint usability issues and enhance the software design.

Problem Statement : The incidence of Type 2 diabetes in Community Q has risen by 35% over the past ten years. Quantitative research is required to assess dietary habits, physical activity levels, and other risk factors contributing to this increase.

8. Marketing Research

Problem Statement : Sales of Product A have decreased by 25% in the last quarter despite increased advertising efforts. Quantitative analysis of sales data and consumer behavior is needed to understand the effectiveness of marketing strategies and identify areas for improvement.

9. Psychology Research

Problem Statement : Anxiety levels among college students have increased by 20% in the past three years. Quantitative research is necessary to examine the relationship between academic pressure, social media usage, and mental health outcomes.

10. Agricultural Research

Problem Statement : Crop yields in Farm B have declined by 15% over the past five years, despite advancements in farming technology. Quantitative analysis of soil quality, weather patterns, and farming practices is needed to identify the causes and improve crop productivity.

Statement of the Problem Examples in Business

1. declining sales.

Problem Statement : XYZ Corporation has experienced a 20% decline in sales over the past year. This decrease is attributed to increased competition and outdated marketing strategies. Analyzing current market trends and customer preferences is necessary to develop effective sales strategies.

2. High Employee Turnover

Problem Statement : ABC Company faces a 15% annual employee turnover rate, leading to increased recruitment and training costs. Identifying the key factors driving turnover through employee surveys and exit interviews is essential to improve retention rates.

3. Customer Satisfaction

Problem Statement : Customer satisfaction scores for DEF Inc. have dropped by 10% in the past six months. This decline impacts customer loyalty and overall revenue. Quantitative research into customer feedback and service quality can help identify areas for improvement.

4. Digital Marketing

Problem Statement : GHI Retail’s online sales have stagnated despite increased digital marketing efforts. Current strategies may not be effectively reaching the target audience. Analyzing online consumer behavior and campaign performance is needed to enhance digital marketing tactics.

5. Supply Chain Efficiency

Problem Statement : JKL Manufacturing has faced a 25% increase in supply chain disruptions, leading to production delays and higher costs. Researching the causes of these disruptions and exploring alternative supply chain models can improve operational efficiency.

6. Product Launch

Problem Statement : MNO Corporation’s recent product launch failed to meet sales targets, resulting in a 30% shortfall. Factors such as market readiness and product positioning need to be evaluated to ensure future launches are successful.

7. Market Expansion

Problem Statement : PQR Ltd. aims to expand into international markets but lacks a clear understanding of local consumer preferences and regulatory requirements. Conducting market research and feasibility studies is crucial to develop a successful expansion strategy.

8. Financial Performance

Problem Statement : STU Enterprises has seen a 10% decline in profit margins over the past two years due to rising operational costs and stagnant revenue growth. Quantitative analysis of financial data and cost management practices is needed to enhance profitability.

9. Brand Awareness

Problem Statement : VWX Brand’s awareness in the target market is low, with only 30% brand recognition among potential customers. Investigating effective branding and promotional strategies is essential to increase market visibility and customer engagement.

10. Customer Retention

Problem Statement : YZ Services is experiencing a high churn rate, with 20% of customers leaving annually. Understanding the reasons behind customer attrition through data analysis and customer feedback can help develop strategies to improve retention and loyalty.

How to identify a Statement of the Problem

Identifying a Statement of the Problem involves several key steps to ensure it is clear, specific, and researchable. Here’s a guide to help you identify and craft a strong Statement of the Problem:

1. Understand the Context

• Background Research : Conduct preliminary research to understand the broader context of the issue.
• Literature Review : Review existing studies and reports to identify gaps in knowledge or unresolved issues.

2. Define the Problem

• Specificity : Clearly define what the problem is, focusing on a specific issue rather than a broad topic.
• Relevance : Ensure the problem is significant enough to warrant investigation.

3. Identify the Stakeholders

• Affected Parties : Identify who is affected by the problem (e.g., a particular community, organization, or demographic group).
• Impact : Explain how these stakeholders are impacted by the problem.

4. State the Consequences

• Implications : Discuss the potential consequences if the problem is not addressed. This could include economic, social, health, or environmental impacts.

5. Establish the Research Scope

• Researchability : Ensure the problem can be addressed through empirical research. It should lead to questions that can be answered through data collection and analysis.
• Feasibility : Consider whether the problem can be studied within the available resources and time frame.

6. Draft the Statement

• Clarity : Write the problem statement clearly and concisely.
• Conciseness : Keep it brief while ensuring all essential details are included.

How to Write a Statement of the Problem

Writing a Statement of the Problem is a critical step in setting the foundation for any research project. It clearly identifies the issue that the research will address. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to write a compelling Statement of the Problem:

Contextualize the Problem

Introduce the Topic : Briefly introduce the broader topic or field in which the problem exists. Background Information : Provide relevant background information to help the reader understand the context of the problem.

State the Problem Clearly

Define the Problem : Clearly state what the specific problem is. Be Specific : Avoid vague language. Be as specific as possible about what the problem is and who it affects.

Explain the Relevance

Significance : Explain why this problem is important and why it needs to be addressed. Impacts : Discuss the potential negative impacts if the problem is not addressed.

Identify the Gap

Existing Research : Mention what is already known about the problem. Knowledge Gap : Identify what is not known or what has not been addressed adequately by existing research.

State the Objectives

Research Purpose : Clearly state what you aim to achieve with your research. Scope : Define the scope of your research and what it will cover.

Format and Language

Clarity : Use clear and concise language. Conciseness : Keep the statement brief but informative. Readability : Ensure the statement is easy to read and understand.

Full Example Statement of the Problem:

Statement of the Problem: Educational Disparities in Low-Income Areas In recent years, educational disparities between different socio-economic groups have become more pronounced. Students in low-income areas of District X are scoring significantly lower in standardized tests compared to students in higher-income areas. This underperformance limits future opportunities for these students, perpetuating cycles of poverty and inequality. Despite numerous studies highlighting factors such as lack of resources and inadequate support contributing to this issue, there remains insufficient data on the effectiveness of targeted interventions designed to improve academic performance in these areas. Addressing this problem is crucial, as educational attainment is a key determinant of socio-economic mobility and overall quality of life. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of additional educational resources and support on student performance in low-income areas of District X. Specifically, this research will focus on three key areas: access to tutoring, availability of learning materials, and parental involvement. By identifying and implementing effective strategies, this study aims to close the educational gap and provide equitable opportunities for all students, regardless of their socio-economic background.

What not to include in a Statement of the Problem

When writing a Statement of the Problem, it’s important to be clear, concise, and focused. Here are some elements you should avoid including to ensure your statement is effective and professional:

1. Broad Generalizations

• Avoid making vague or overly broad statements that do not clearly define the problem. Specificity is key to a strong problem statement.

2. Unrelated Information

• Do not include background information or context that is not directly related to the problem you are addressing. Stay focused on the specific issue at hand.

3. Solutions or Interventions

• The problem statement should only describe the issue, not propose solutions. Solutions and interventions should be discussed in a separate section of your research proposal or paper.

4. Technical Jargon

• Avoid using overly technical language or jargon that may not be easily understood by all readers. Aim for clarity and simplicity.

5. Personal Opinions

• A problem statement should be based on facts and evidence, not personal opinions or anecdotal experiences.

6. Excessive Details

• Do not overload the statement with too many details. Keep it concise and to the point, focusing on the most critical aspects of the problem.

7. Assumptions

• Avoid making assumptions about the causes or solutions of the problem. The purpose of your research is to investigate these aspects objectively.

8. Redundancy

• Do not repeat information or restate the problem in different ways. Be concise and avoid redundancy to keep the statement clear and focused.

9. Passive Voice

• Minimize the use of passive voice. Active voice makes the statement more direct and dynamic.

A Statement of the Problem identifies and describes the specific issue or gap that the research aims to address, providing context and significance.

Why is it important?

It sets the foundation for the research, clearly defining the issue to guide the study’s objectives, methodology, and analysis.

How long should it be?

Typically, it should be concise, about one to two paragraphs, clearly presenting the problem without unnecessary details.

What should it include?

Include the problem definition, its context, significance, affected stakeholders, and the research gap.

What should be avoided?

Avoid broad generalizations, unrelated information, solutions, technical jargon, personal opinions, excessive details, assumptions, redundancy, and passive voice.

Can it include questions?

Yes, posing research questions can help clarify the specific aspects of the problem that the study will address.

Should it mention the research method?

No, the Statement of the Problem should focus on defining the issue, not on the research methods or solutions.

How does it differ from a hypothesis?

A Statement of the Problem identifies the issue to be researched, while a hypothesis is a testable prediction based on that problem.

Can it evolve during research?

Yes, it can be refined as more information is gathered, but the core problem should remain consistent.

Where is it placed in a research paper?

It is usually located at the beginning of the introduction section, setting the stage for the research.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

10 Examples of Public speaking

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How to Write a Statement of the Problem for Your Research Proposal

Defining your research problem is essential when conducting an experiment. In this article, you will learn how to write a statement of the problem for your research proposal. Learn about the characteristics of a good statement of the problem and examples of research questions.

Updated on May 17, 2022

You are a great researcher. You are full of ideas and questions as to where to go next with your work. You would not be in this position if you were not good at coming up with interesting questions within your area.

One problem, though, is knowing where to spend your time, energy, and money. Which ideas, questions, and problems are worthwhile?

You need to be able to define a good research problem. A research problem addresses an existing gap in knowledge in your field and leads to further investigations by you and other researchers. Inspiring others with your research problem will lead to citations, enhancing your and your institution's impact.

In order to write a clear and useful problem statement, you need to describe a question and its consequences.

One key way to assess the ‘usefulness' of your research ideas is to learn how to express them as clear problems.

In this article, we will talk about how to write a statement of the problem for your next research proposal. This is important not just for assessing the ‘usefulness' of research ideas, but also for formulating a grant application or proposal. We'll talk about how to explain your research ideas to others in the form of a problem statement in your proposal.

What is a statement of the problem in research?

All research projects should start with a clear problem statement. A problem statement is a formulation of an issue which is usually a ‘gap' within your area. A research gap is an unanswered question, an issue, controversy, or untested hypothesis that has not yet been addressed.

The trick with research problems is working out whether they are actually worth investing the time, energy, and money to figure out. This comes with experience, or you could just read on!

Since a clear problem statement is going to form the basis of your next research project, the question is: How can I write one?

How is this done? The first step is to become familiar with the basic elements of a problem statement in effective research.

Characteristics of a problem statement

A research problem statement has two key attributes:

• The problem must be challenging and original, but also potentially achievable by your team.
• The problem must not be incremental. In other words, don't try to address a small change or advance on an existing study that leads to no new scientific insight. This could be damaging to your and your team's reputation, and will likely not lead to a meaningful publication.

Developing a ‘good' research problem statement, therefore, involves systematic planning and setting time-based, realistic objectives. Your problem has to be achievable.

You'll also need to apply feasible research methods based on an approach that best suits the research question. Your methods have to make sense. They must be usable. In other words, you must be able to acquire statistically sufficient and relevant data that is reproducible.

Finally, the problem you define means you'll need to train team members in this particular research area and methods.

Writing a statement of the problem

Stating a research problem is done by defining it within the general area of your research. This depends on your previous work and experience. It may be an area you want to move into or a topic related to what you have already worked on as a researcher. Examples could include a question in astrophysics within physics, robotics within engineering, nutrition within medicine, or marine biology within ocean and Earth science.

Once you've determined your overall area (and you'll know this already of course), it's time to drill down, decide, and define a research problem within that field.

First , your statement should identify a problem that needs to be addressed within your selected sub-area.

This will almost certainly require literature work, but the idea may arise from:

• Discussions you've had with colleagues;
• Discussions at a conference;
• A paper you've read.

Second , your problem statement should be a “good research problem.” This will require further investigation and reading as you consider “what has been done?” and “what needs to be done?”

Third , search for more information, perhaps by:

• Locating relevant books, papers and other materials;
• Evaluating the quality and authority of the information collected;
• Maintaining a regular literature review throughout the project;
• Making regular notes on background material;
• Deciding how this literature search will be carried out within the research group;
• Deciding how information gained will be disseminated to the group (e.g., via each researcher carrying out a regular literature review in their sub-area and information disseminated at group meetings or via email at regular intervals).

This process may well change or modify how your research problem is stated or formulated.

Once your research problem has been identified, research questions within the problem need to be specified.

How long should your statement of the problem be?

Not too long. One page is more than enough for a clear and effective problem statement.

Research questions within your problem

The first stage of writing your research problem statement involves formulating your questions in a meaningful way. In the context of important questions, we are looking for things that many readers across different disciplines find to be interesting. But at the same time, set your question within your field.

Thus, once a research problem has been established, several questions can be written down. These questions should specify exactly what needs to be determined to address the problem.

These questions should also be specific enough that they can be answered using appropriate available research methods - or methods that could be made available to the research group (e.g. by buying or borrowing equipment).

These questions should require complex in-depth investigation, analysis, and argument. They should not be simple enough that they can be answered easily with well-established facts or yes/no answers.

All research questions should be focused, specific, appropriately complex, and relevant to the overall aims of the project.

Examples of questions and next steps

• How do government regulations prevent companies from polluting water systems?
• What factors have influenced population growth in the fastest growing countries?
• How can a bespoke thermal desorption unit be designed and built for use in detection of trace particulate matter in a polluted environment (e.g., a busy city street)?
• What methods and procedures can be used to understand, and hence control, fundamental chemical processes that occur in flames?
• How can measurement protocols used in mass spectrometry in a university research laboratory be developed and standardized to enable direct comparison with related measurements in a government laboratory?

Once the problem and questions have been identified, the resources required to carry out the research will need to be assessed. This will involve:

• Identifying the equipment needed. Find out what is available and what needs to be purchased.
• Assessing which consumables (e.g., chemicals) are needed for the project, and determining if they can be obtained on a regular basis (i.e., in the right quantities at the appropriate times).
• Identifying the software, data-analyses and other computer support needed. Assess what needs to be purchased.
• Assessing what laboratory and office space is needed. And if more is required, discuss this with the relevant laboratory manager.
• Identifying what support for travel is needed for the group, as well as what resources are required for the group to attend relevant conferences and training of group personnel.

Final thoughts

Defining and writing a clear statement of a problem as the basis of a project is the first - and most important - step in any research. The tips and ideas in this article will help you clearly identify the purpose of the research you are developing.

A clear research problem statement will likely form the skeleton of the Introduction of your final article. If you are able to clearly direct your reader (the most important person in the publishing process) to an important and interesting question, they will likely stay engaged, and use and cite your article in the future.

The AJE Team

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• How to Write a Problem Statement for your Research

Every research starts with identifying a problem which is usually an existing gap in your field of study. Once you do this, the next step is to craft a statement of the problem that captures this issue and how you plan to resolve it. A statement of problem forms the basis of every systematic investigation. 

Seeing as a problem statement forms the core of your research, it makes sense to know how to write an effective one. So how do you go about this? First, you need to get acquainted with the features of a good problem statement plus its elements and structure. 

Use this guide to know how to write an effective statement of the problem for your systematic investigation. 

What is the Statement of the Problem in Research?

A statement of problem refers to the critical issue that your research seeks to address. In other words, it captures the existing knowledge gap that your study aims to bridge using reliable results or outcomes. A problem statement can be as little as a few sentences or go all the way to several paragraphs—what matters is it communicates the central focus of your study. 

As your study bridges this gap, it also leaves room for future investigations. The implication is that your problem statement should not be too broad; instead, it should address one specific issue and contribute to the knowledge pool for further research. 

Use for Free: Research Form Templates

What are the Features of a Good Problem Statement?  

A good problem statement captures the core purpose of your study in simple, clear, and direct terms. Some other tell-tale signs of a well-written research statement of problem include: 

• A good problem statement is concrete and concise. It doesn’t capture ideas vaguely or ambiguously.
• It allows you to contextualize the research problem.
• A good problem statement helps you to set the aims and objectives of your systematic investigation. 
• It justifies your research and draws attention to the study’s significance. 

Why is a Problem Statement Important in Research Writing?

Writing a good problem statement serves both the researcher and the readers. For the researcher, the problem statement helps you visualize the scope of your project and outline it accordingly. Also, it allows you to map out specific aims and objectives for your study. 

On the flip side, the problem statement helps the reader identify the core reason for your research and see how your work fits into the existing body of knowledge. It helps them get on the same page as you regarding the importance and significance of your systematic investigation. 

If you require funding for your research, a problem statement can help potential financiers to see why investing in your project is the right move to make. It gives them an overview of the existing problem, your solution, and the impact of your solution on the field of study. 

Elements and Structure of a Problem Statement

In its most basic form, a problem statement comprises three(3) elements which are: 

• The research problem
• The claim or working thesis
• The significance of the study

In other words, it tells the reader what you’re trying to solve, how you plan to solve it, and why you want to solve it. 

1. The Research Problem

Your research problem is the reason for your systematic investigation. It is the gap you identified and planned to fill based on the results of your study. You can also think of this as the primary research question. 

A few questions you should ask yourself here include: 

• Is it clear what’s being described in this problem statement?
• Do I understand the main problem being described here?
• Do I have a good grasp of what the main issue is here?

2. The Claim or Working Thesis 

Your working thesis is the first attempt at asserting your position, and it spells out your stance on the matter at a specific point in time. It’s called a “working” thesis because it is subject to change as your study progresses. In your working thesis, you have the chance to justify your position by providing primary and secondary claims that support your position. 

3. The Significance of the Study 

This is the point where you communicate the value of your research and show readers why it is necessary in the first place. Here, you can discuss the impact of your work and its relevance to your field of study. Don’t forget to highlight the contributions of your work to existing knowledge and how others will benefit from it. 

Read: Research Report: Definition, Types + [Writing Guide]

What is the Difference Between a Thesis Statement and a Problem Statement? 

A problem statement focuses on the specific issue you’ve identified and hope to resolve with your research. It comprises the research problem, claim, or working statement and the significance of your research. On the other hand, a thesis statement makes a specific claim or assertion open for debate. 

For example, the statement “writing is more of a science than an art” is an excellent example of a thesis statement because it proposes an idea that may be true or false. Once you establish the thesis statement for your research, you are expected to provide evidence and build a strong argument that supports this claim.

What are the Steps for Writing a Problem Statement? 

• Define Your Research Context 
• State Why The Problem Matters 
• State the Financial Cost
• Back Up Your Claims
• Propose A Solution
• Conclude By Summarizing the Problem and Solution

1. Define Your Research Context 

The first thing you need to do is build a solid context that makes it easier for readers to understand the problem. A hack for this is to describe an ideal world where the problem doesn’t exist. In other words, help your readers to visualize how different things would be if they didn’t have to deal with this problem in the first place. 

For example, if you’re researching the rise in the number of train accidents in London, start by describing how the process would function if the current problem didn’t exist. When you’ve done this, you can refer to the research problem at the end of your explanation. 

2. State Why the Problem Matters

You should let readers in on why the problem matters and why you must address it at this point. In other words, answer the question, “why is it important that we fix this particular problem?” What difference would it make? 

Your job here is to show the reader why your research problem is the biggest elephant in the room. You may also consider including what attempts have already been made to solve the problem and why they didn’t work out. 

3. State the Financial Cost

If there’s a financial implication of not fixing the problem, then it’s a good idea to state it here. This is more useful if you’re pitching for funding for your research. 

4. Back Up Your Claims

It’s not enough to say that the problem has some negative impact on other people or your organization; you must back up all of these claims with well-researched data. This is the point where you pull up information from relevant secondary data sources and reference them in your work. 

5. Proffer a Solution

Now that we know the problem, the next question is, “what can be done about it”? To answer this, you need to propose a practical solution to the research problem. Take time to demonstrate why this is the most pragmatic solution and why it will work. More importantly, focus on the impact of your solution and hint at its benefits. 

6. Conclude By Summarizing the Problem and Solution

Your conclusion should consist of the problem, why it needs to be fixed, and a summarized argument of why your solution is the best answer to the problem.

Sample Problem Statement 

Problem : The use of hard drugs amongst teenagers in the District of Columbia has increased significantly over the past decade. 

Background : According to the Drug Abuse Statistics Organization data, 50% of teenagers have misused a drug at least once. Teenagers in the District of Columbia are 11.94% more likely to have used drugs in the last month than the average American teen. Existing data shows that this is a significant problem but fails to address the root causes of rising teenage drug abuse in the state. Therefore, more research is required to identify why teenagers in Colombia abuse drugs and proffer solutions to this menace. 

Relevance : Young people who abuse drugs expose themselves to many risks, including life-threatening conditions and mental health-related problems. Drug abuse can impact the brain’s ability to function in the short term and prevent proper growth and development in the long term. Data shows that teenagers who use hard drugs are more likely to be disillusioned. Addressing this problem will give concerned parties the much-needed insights to help them curtail drug abuse. 

Objectives : This research aims to identify the root causes of teenage drug abuse and map out actionable solutions to address this. 

Mistakes to Avoid when Writing Problem Statements  

A good problem statement sets the tone for the rest of your dissertation, so you want to get it right. That said, here are some things you should have at the back of your mind as you craft a problem statement for your research paper. 

1. Make sure your problem statement is straight to the point. Every sentence should reinforce the importance of your study. 

2. Narrow the scope of your problem statement.

3. Avoid unnecessary jargon and highly technical language.

4. Build a logical argument that will convince the reader

5. Emphasize the “why” of the problem 

FAQ About Writing a Statement of the Problem

How do you identify a research problem?

The best way to identify a research problem is to read through existing studies to discover any gaps in knowledge. You can also discover research problems by observing your environment and identifying any contradictions that exist among perspectives. 

Conclusion 

Whether you’re seeking funding for your research or approval from your professor, you need to write a well-defined statement of the problem. A problem statement allows you to pitch the core idea of your study and show others why it is worth being addressed. It should draw attention to the core idea of your research, and convince others to invest in your systematic investigation. 

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The basics of writing a statement of the problem for your research proposal

Statement of the Problem

Henry Bwisa

• A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study.
• A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the field and lead to further research.
• To write a persuasive problem statement, you need to describe (a) the ideal, (b), the reality, and (c) the consequences.

Research is a systematic investigative process employed to increase or revise current knowledge by discovering new facts. It can be divided into two general categories: (1) Basic research, which is inquiry aimed at increasing scientific knowledge, and (2) Applied research, which is effort aimed at using basic research for solving problems or developing new processes, products, or techniques.

The first and most important step in any research is to identify and delineate the research problem: that is, what the researcher wants to solve and what questions he/she wishes to answer. A research problem may be defined as an area of concern, a gap in the existing knowledge, or a deviation in the norm or standard that points to the need for further understanding and investigation. Although many problems turn out to have several solutions (the means to close the gap or correct the deviation), difficulties arise where such means are either not obvious or are not immediately available. This then necessitates some research to reach a viable solution.

A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the problem addressed by a study. The statement of the problem briefly addresses the question: What is the problem that the research will address?

What are the goals of a statement of the problem?

The ultimate goal of a statement of the problem is to transform a generalized problem (something that bothers you; a perceived lack) into a targeted, well-defined problem; one that can be resolved through focused research and careful decision-making.

Writing a statement of the problem should help you clearly identify the purpose of the research project you will propose. Often, the statement of the problem will also serve as the basis for the introductory section of your final proposal, directing your reader’s attention quickly to the issues that your proposed project will address and providing the reader with a concise statement of the proposed project itself.

A statement of problem need not be long and elaborate: one page is more than enough for a good statement of problem.

A good research problem should have the following characteristics:

• It should address a gap in knowledge.
• It should be significant enough to contribute to the existing body of research
• It should lead to further research
• The problem should render itself to investigation through collection of data
• It should be of interest to the researcher and suit his/her skills, time, and resources
• The approach towards solving the problem should be ethical

What is the format for writing a statement of the problem?

A persuasive statement of problem is usually written in three parts:

Part A (The ideal):  Describes a desired goal or ideal situation; explains how things should be.

Part B (The reality): Describes a condition that prevents the goal, state, or value in Part A from being achieved or realized at this time; explains how the current situation falls short of the goal or ideal.

Part C   (The consequences): Identifies the way you propose to improve the current situation and move it closer to the goal or ideal.

Here is an example:

Statement 1

The Ministry of Youth is dedicated to allocating enterprise development funds to both the youth and women. These funds are made available in order to start entrepreneurial ventures that create and expand employment. (Provide relevant statistics and quote)

Statement 2

One of the main focuses of the ministry is consistency. Unfortunately, consistency in allocating funds to the next generation of recipients requires prior knowledge of previous allocations and established practices. The current continuous disbursement method does not allow for adequate analysis of previous disbursements before a current disbursement is done.

Statement 3

Continuing with this current disbursement method prevents consistency and causes decisions to become grossly political, which in turn inhibits the achievement of the goals of the funds. Developing a more informed disbursement system could help better implement the consistency focus of the ministry and at the same time help the ministry better monitor and evaluate its funds.

This proposed research aspires to explore options for a new funds disbursement system that would focus on consistency. To do this, the researcher will carry out a full stakeholder analysis and use it to propose appropriate policy interventions.

Sample statement of a problem

An established trend in the small business start-up financing in Kenya is to establish funds. Some of these funds include the youth fund and women fund. These funds have helped improve the rate of start-ups in the country. However, after the start-up stage, the ventures start developing problems. First, they face problems in management which lead to a marketing problem and eventually to stagnation and early exit.

A study by the Institute of Development Studies (RoK, 2004) revealed that only 38% of the businesses are expanding while 58% have not added workers. According to the survey, more enterprises are likely to close in their first three years of operation. Four years later the same institute conducted another study in Central Kenya. This study revealed that 57% of small businesses are in stagnation with only 33% of them showing some level of growth.

In our current project, we propose to examine factors that have an impact on small business sustainability. We will employ both qualitative and quantitative approaches to gather both primary and secondary data and information with the objective of determining success factors for the growth of small business in Kenya.

Specifically, we shall employ the product life cycle (PLC) model to identify the needs of a small business at the various stages of the PLC.

Now that you’ve learnt the basics, hone your skills and write an ideal statement of the problem with this advanced course by our expert Prof. Henry Bwisa .

References:

1. RoK, (2008). Economic Survey . Nairobi, Kenya. Government Printer.

2. Nyaga C.N. (2009). Non-financial constraints hindering growth of SMEs in Kenya: The case of plastic manufacturing companies in industrial area in Nairobi county.  (A masters  research thesis, University of Nairobi).

3. Nyagah C.N. (2013).  Non-financial constraints hindering growth of SME’S in Kenya: the case of plastic manufacturing companies in industrial area in Nairobi County  (Doctoral dissertation).

This post is a modified version of the article  Is it problem statement or statement of the problem? published on the website of Mukmik consultants. This post has been modified and republished with the permission of the author.

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Published on: May 15, 2018

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Problem statement overview.

The dissertation problem needs to be very focused because everything else from the dissertation research logically flows from the problem. You may say that the problem statement is the very core of a dissertation research study. If the problem is too big or too vague, it will be difficult to scope out a purpose that is manageable for one person, given the time available to execute and finish the dissertation research study.

Through your research, your aim is to obtain information that helps address a problem so it can be resolved. Note that the researcher does not actually solve the problem themselves by conducting research but provides new knowledge that can be used toward a resolution. Typically, the problem is solved (or partially solved) by practitioners in the field, using input from researchers.

Given the above, the problem statement should do three things :

• Specify and describe the problem (with appropriate citations)
• Explain the consequences of NOT solving the problem
• Explain the knowledge needed to solve the problem (i.e., what is currently unknown about the problem and its resolution – also referred to as a gap )

What is a problem?

The world is full of problems! Not all problems make good dissertation research problems, however, because they are either too big, complex, or risky for doctorate candidates to solve. A proper research problem can be defined as a specific, evidence-based, real-life issue faced by certain people or organizations that have significant negative implications to the involved parties.

Example of a proper, specific, evidence-based, real-life dissertation research problem:

“Only 6% of CEOs in Fortune 500 companies are women” (Center for Leadership Studies, 2019).

Specific refers to the scope of the problem, which should be sufficiently manageable and focused to address with dissertation research. For example, the problem “terrorism kills thousands of people each year” is probably not specific enough in terms of who gets killed by which terrorists, to work for a doctorate candidate; or “Social media use among call-center employees may be problematic because it could reduce productivity,” which contains speculations about the magnitude of the problem and the possible negative effects.

Evidence-based here means that the problem is well-documented by recent research findings and/or statistics from credible sources. Anecdotal evidence does not qualify in this regard. Quantitative evidence is generally preferred over qualitative ditto when establishing a problem because quantitative evidence (from a credible source) usually reflects generalizable facts, whereas qualitative evidence in the form of research conclusions tend to only apply to the study sample and may not be generalizable to a larger population. Example of a problem that isn’t evidence-based: “Based on the researcher’s experience, the problem is that people don’t accept female leaders;” which is an opinion-based statement based on personal (anecdotal) experience.

Real-life means that a problem exists regardless of whether research is conducted or not. This means that “lack of knowledge” or “lack of research” cannot be used as the problem for a dissertation study because it’s an academic issue or a gap; and not a real-life problem experienced by people or organizations.  Example of a problem that doesn’t exist in real life: “There is not enough research on the reasons why people distrust minority healthcare workers.” This type of statement also reveals the assumption that people actually do mistrust minority healthcare workers; something that needs to be supported by actual, credible evidence to potentially work as an underlying research problem.

What are consequences?

Consequences are negative implications experienced by a group of people or organizations, as a result of the problem. The negative effects should be of a certain magnitude to warrant research. For example, if fewer than 1% of the stakeholders experience a negative consequence of a problem and that consequence only constitutes a minor inconvenience, research is probably not warranted. Negative consequences that can be measured weigh stronger than those that cannot be put on some kind of scale.

In the example above, a significant negative consequence is that women face much larger barriers than men when attempting to get promoted to executive jobs; or are 94% less likely than men to get to that level in Corporate America.

What is a gap?

To establish a complete basis for a dissertation research study, the problem has to be accompanied by a gap . A gap is missing knowledge or insights about a particular issue that contributes to the persistence of the problem. We use gaps to “situate” new research in the existing literature by adding to the knowledge base in the business research field, in a specific manner (determined by the purpose of the research). Identifying gaps requires you to review the literature in a thorough fashion, to establish a complete understanding of what is known and what isn’t known about a certain problem.  In the example from above about the underrepresentation of female CEOs, a gap may be that male-dominated boards have not been studied extensively in terms of their CEO hiring decisions, which might then warrant a study of such boards, to uncover implicit biases and discriminatory practices against female candidates.

How to Write a Problem Statement

How to write a problem statement.

• Here is one way to construct a problem section (keep in mind you have a 250-300 word limit, but you can write first and edit later):

It is helpful to begin the problem statement with a sentence :  “The problem to be addressed through this study is… ”  Then, fill out the rest of the paragraph with elaboration of that specific problem, making sure to “document” it, as NU reviewers will look for research-based evidence that it is indeed a problem (emphasis also on timeliness of the problem, supported by citations within the last 5 years).

Next, write a paragraph explaining the consequences of NOT solving the problem. Who will be affected? How will they be affected? How important is it to fix the problem? Again, NU reviewers will want to see research-based citations and statistics that indicate the negative implications are significant.

In the final paragraph, you will explain what information (research) is needed in order to fix the problem. This paragraph shows that the problem is worthy of doctoral-level research. What isn’t known about the problem? Ie, what is the gap? Presumably, if your problem and purpose are aligned, your research will try to close or minimize this gap by investigating the problem. Have other researchers investigated the issue? What has their research left unanswered?

• Another way to tackle the Statement of the Problem:

The Statement of the Problem section is a very clear, concise identification of the problem. It must stay within the template guidelines of 250-300 words but more importantly, must contain four elements as outlined below. A dissertation worthy problem should be able to address all of the following points:

-->identification of the problem itself--what is "going wrong" (Ellis & Levy, 2008)

-->who is affected by the problem

-->the consequences that will result from a continuation of the problem

-->a brief discussion of 1) at least 3 authors’ research related to the problem; and 2)   their stated suggestion/recommendation for further research related to the problem

Use the following to work on the Statement of the Problem by first outlining the section as follows:

1. One clear, concise statement that tells the reader what is not working, what is “going wrong”. Be specific and support it with current studies.

2. Tell who is affected by the problem identified in #1. 

3. Briefly tell what will happen if the problem isn’t addressed.

4. Find at least 3 current studies and write a sentence or two for each study that

i. briefly discusses the author(s)’ work, what they studied, and

ii. state their recommendation for further research about the problem

• Finally, you can follow this simple 3-part outline when writing the statement of the problem section:

Your problem statement is a short (250-300 words), 3 paragraph section, in which you

• Explain context and state problem (“the problem is XYZ”), supported by statistics and/or recent research findings
• Explain the negative consequences of the problem to stakeholders, supported by statistics and/or recent research findings
• Explain the gap in the literature.

Example of a problem statement that follows the 3-part outline (295 words):

The problem to be addressed by this study is the decline of employee well-being for followers of novice mid-level managers and the corresponding rise in employee turnover faced by business leaders across the financial services industry (Oh et al., 2014).  Low levels of employee well-being are toxic for morale and result in expensive turnover costs, dysfunctional work environments, anemic corporate cultures, and poor customer service (Compdata, 2018; Oh et al., 2014).  According to Ufer (2017), the financial services industry suffers from one of the highest turnover rates among millennial-aged employees in all industries in the developed world, at 18.6% annually.  Starkman (2015) reported that 50% of those surveyed in financial services were not satisfied with a single one of the four key workplace aspects: job, firm, pay or career path. 

Low levels of employee well-being interrupt a financial services’ company’s ability to deliver outstanding customer service in a world increasingly dependent on that commodity (Wladawsky-Berger, 2018).Mid-level managers play an essential role in support of the success of many of top businesses today (Anicich & Hirsh, 2017). 

The current body of literature does not adequately address the well-being issue in the financial services industry from the follower’s perspective (Uhl-Bien, Riggio, Lowe, & Carsten, 2014). Strategic direction flows top-down from senior executives and passes through mid-level leadership to individual contributors at more junior grades.  The mid-level managers’ teams are tasked with the achievement of core tasks and the managers themselves are expected to maintain the workforce’s morale, motivation and welfare (Anicich & Hirsh, 2017).  Unless industry leaders better understand the phenomenon of employee well-being from the follower perspective and its role in positioning employees to provide a premium client experience, they may be handicapped from preserving their most significant principal market differentiator: customer service (Wladawsky-Berger, 2018). 

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How to Write an Effective Problem Statement for Your Research Paper

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Table of Contents

The problem statement usually appears at the beginning of an article, making it one of the first things readers encounter. An excellent problem statement not only explains the relevance and importance of the research but also helps readers quickly determine if the article aligns with their interests by clearly defining the topic. Therefore, the problem statement plays a unique role in the widespread dissemination of the paper and enhancing the researcher’s academic influence.  

In this article, we will focus on writing ideas, structure, and practical examples of the problem statement, helping researchers easily write an excellent problem statement.  

Basic Writing Strategies for the Problem Statement  

The problem statement aims to highlight the pressing issue the research intends to address. It should be concise and to the point. Researchers can follow a two-step approach: first, think about the content of the problem statement, and then organize the writing framework.  

Before writing, clarify the following points¹ :  

• What is the reader’s level of understanding of the research topic?  
• How can the significance of the research be effectively conveyed to the reader?  

After addressing these two questions, you can organize the content according to the following structure:  

• Clarify what you aim to achieve with your research.  
• Explore why the problem exists and explain how solving it helps reach the goal.  
• Outline the potential impact of the research, such as possible outcomes, challenges, and benefits.  
• Recommend a plan for your experiment that follows the rules of science.  
• Explain the potential consequences if the problem is not resolved (if applicable).  

Three Important Parts of the Problem Statement  

The content and length of the problem statement can vary depending on the type of research. Although there’s no fixed format, it’s helpful to include these three key parts:  

  Research Background:  

Explain clearly what problem your research focuses on. Describe how things would be better if this problem didn’t exist. Also, talk about what other researchers have tried to do about this problem and what still needs to be figured out.  

  Research Significance:  

Clarify the impact of the problem on the research field and society, and analyze the cause of the problem. Explain who will benefit from solving the problem, thus demonstrating the relevance of the research and its contribution to the existing research system.²  To illustrate the relevance, consider aspects such as the geographical location or process where the problem occurs, the time period during which it exists, and the severity of the problem.  

Solution:  

Describe the research objective and the expected solution or results.  

Understanding the Writing Method Through Examples  

To further explore the writing method of the problem statement, let’s look at the following case.  

Research Topic: 

The benefits of vitamin D supplementation on the immune system.  

Problem Statement: 

• Review existing research on the role of vitamin D in the immune system, emphasizing the potential impacts of vitamin D deficiency on the human body.  
• List the obstacles encountered when trying to increase vitamin D levels in the body through supplements, and briefly mention the physiological or molecular mechanisms behind these obstacles.  
• Clarify feasible ways to overcome these obstacles, such as new methods to promote the absorption of vitamin D in the intestine. Then, focus on the benefits of these methods, such as helping postmenopausal women with breast cancer improve their blood vitamin D levels.   

Points to Note: 

When crafting your problem statement, focus on essential details and avoid unnecessary information. Additionally, absolute terms such as “must” should be avoided.  

( The examples in this article are used only to illustrate writing points, and the academic views contained therein are not for reference. )  

By mastering these techniques and methods, you can enhance the clarity and impact of their problem statements. This not only makes the articles more engaging for reviewers and readers but also increases the likelihood of broader dissemination.  

For efficient and professional assistance, consider reaching out to Elsevier Language Services. Our team of expert editors, who are native English speakers across various disciplines, can help refine every aspect of your article, including the problem statement. Our goal is to ensure your research achieves efficient publication and has wide-reaching impact, supporting your academic journey in the long term.  

Type in wordcount for Plus Total: USD EUR JPY Follow this link if your manuscript is longer than 9,000 words. Upload

References:  

• SURF Workshop Resources: Problem Statements – Purdue OWL® – Purdue University. (n.d.). https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/writing_in_the_purdue_surf_program/surf_workshop_resources_problem_statements/index.html
• Problem Statement | A practical guide to delivering results. (n.d.). Copyright (C)2024 a Practical Guide to Delivering Results. All Rights Reserved. https://deliveringresults.leeds.ac.uk/delivering-results-lifecycle/problem-statement/

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