difference between verbal and non verbal communication essay

Comparison of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Communication is an instrumental tool which facilitates effective interaction among individuals. Although it is vital in improving interpersonal relationships, most people take it for granted and fail to enhance their communication skills. It can be either verbal or nonverbal, and the type used to exchange information or ideas is influenced by various factors, including the parties involved as well as the environment. Verbal communication involves the conveyance of a message using oral or written words. Conversely, nonverbal communication uses body language to send a particular message. While verbal and nonverbal communications involve transferring and receiving information and are not connected to the brain, they are significantly different in such features as structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time.

Verbal communication develops differently in various cultures and is structured while nonverbal communication is not. Verbal communication is regulated by grammar rules to ensure that the conveyed message is clear (Wahyuni 80). This aspect of specific pattern of communication is vital since it guarantees a similar understanding of a particular message among the individuals using the same language. Conversely, nonverbal communication lacks a definite array of conveying a message. It has no guiding rules, and one can interpret the sent information according to their wish. Nevertheless, nonverbal communication has an instrumental role in supporting verbal communication to enhance meaning of sent information.

The chances of miscommunication in verbal communications are significantly lower than in nonverbal communication. Notably, every word used in verbal communication has a specific meaning, minimizing the possibility of being misinterpreted. The intended message significance is preserved even when words are translated into other languages. Conversely, there are numerous facial expressions which people can make using muscles in their faces. The lexes depend on how someone responds to a particular stimulus. Additionally, there are types of nonverbal communications whose meaning varies from one culture to another (Wahyuni 82). For instance, avoiding direct eye contact when speaking to an older person is a sign of respect in some cultures, but it can be interpreted as a person being shy. Therefore, the likelihoods of misinterpreting nonverbal communication are high, mainly when cultural background differs.

The chances of miscommunication depending on situations and places are also lower in verbal communication than in nonverbal communication. Whereas one receives immediate feedback when using verbal communication, it is impossible in nonverbal communication because it takes some time to show the emotions (Wahyuni 82). Indeed, an individual has to process the meaning of a message conveyed verbally before responding nonverbally. The tone of verbal communication minimizes the possibility of miscommunication in different situations, even when someone is playacting. However, miscommunication can be inevitable in various places, such as Asia and the United States because of varying cultures. Nevertheless, misunderstanding of nonverbal communication does not occur in all situations. Thus, verbal communication is easily influenced by social as well as cultural factors.

Distance is insignificant in verbal communication, and it takes a short period of time to convey a message, contrary to nonverbal communication. People use different means of sending information such as phone calls, letters, and chats to transmit messages. The distance does not matter even though one has to choose the medium wisely to guarantee effective communication. However, long-distance inhibits nonverbal communication, requiring individuals’ face-to-face interaction to show and receive a particular message. Additionally, it is time consuming compared to verbal communication. One can take time to receive and interpret nonverbal messages before giving appropriate feedback. Therefore, verbal communication is faster, efficient, and convenient regardless of location of involved parties.

Contrary to nonverbal communication, verbal communication has limited continuousness because it is easier for someone to interrupt. It has a starting point when one initiates communication and stops when it is terminated or interrupted. Different factors such as sound and visible movements can interrupt verbal communication. On the other hand, nonverbal communication continues without inference once it is initiated. Nonverbal cues are evident even when individuals have stopped talking. For instance, people smile or laugh after they comment on something good. Therefore, nonverbal communication can endure external elements that interfere with transmission of information.

Despite the differences between nonverbal and verbal communication, their role and usage consistency are similar. Both forms of communication involve sending and receiving messages, regardless of the medium used to transmit information. In most cases, individuals use verbal and nonverbal communication in parallel to guarantee the useful meaning of the anticipated outcomes (Bhat and Kingsley 39). Nonverbal communication has various functions such as reinforcement, regulation, accentuation, and substitution. Moreover, both verbal and nonverbal communication are not inherent because they are learned. People learn how to pronounce words, write well-structured sentences, and use their faces and other parts of the body to convey a meaningful message. Further, they have no direct connection to the brain of individuals. Undeniably, the brain only receives, processes and interprets messages, and generates appropriate feedback. Thus, verbal and nonverbal communications complement each other to enhance the meaning of conveyed messages.

In conclusion, verbal and nonverbal communication differ in structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time. Verbal communication is regulated by grammar rules, has minimum miscommunication possibilities, is not inhibited by distance, takes a short time, and is quickly interrupted, contrary to nonverbal communication. However, common features associated with verbal and nonverbal communication are that they are not inherent or directly connected to individual’s brain and involve transferring and receiving of information. Additionally, they are used in parallel in most cases, with nonverbal playing the role of reinforcement or accentuation of particular message.

Works Cited

Bhat, B. Vishnu, and Manoj Kumar Kingsley. “Effective Non-Verbal Communication.” Effective Medical Communication , edited by Subhash Chandra Parija and Balachandra V. Adkoli, Springer, 2020, pp. 39–47.

Wahyuni, Akhtim. “The Power of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication in Learning”. Proceedings of the 1St International Conference on Intellectuals’ Global Responsibility (ICIGR 2017) , vol. 125, 2018, pp. 80-83. Web.

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Difference Between Verbal and Non-verbal Communication

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Verbal and non-verbal communication are two important forms of human interaction which are playing key roles in expressing messages, emotions, and thoughts. Verbal communication is the spoken or written words to express the information. Non-verbal communication includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and visuals to communicate without using words. Both are fundamental ways of communication among human individuals for interaction used to express ideas.

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Table of Content

Verbal communication, non-verbal communication, tabular difference between verbal and non-verbal communication, similarities, frequently asked questions.

Verbal communication is the use of language in spoken or written form for the exchange of information, ideas, and emotions. It depends on words, syntax, grammar, and vocabulary for communication. Verbal communication can be direct or indirect, formal and informal, it may be different in tone and pitch which influences how the message is perceived.

Characteristics of Verbal Communication

Involves spoken or written words.
Provides precise and detailed information.
Allows for immediate and direct feedback.
Influenced by language and dialect.
Dominant in formal communication settings.
Can be hindered by language barriers.
Suitable for conveying complex ideas.
Emotions are expressed through words.
Communication speed can be faster for conveying information.

Non-verbal communication includes all types of communication without using words. It includes hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body language and voice tone. Non-verbal communication can convey emotions stronger than words way.

Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication

Involves gestures, body language, facial expressions, and visual cues.
Provides emotional depth and context to messages.
Feedback is often subtle, indirect, or delayed.
Can have cultural universality in some expressions.
Crucial in conveying emotions and attitudes, especially in emotional situations.
Overcomes language barriers.
Supplements, reinforces, or contradicts verbal messages.
Emotions are often displayed non-verbally.
Non-verbal cues can be interpreted quickly.

Purpose: Both verbal and non-verbal communication are aimed to convey emotions, information and intentions among different individuals.

Contextual: Both forms of communication are influenced by cultural norms, social ways and relationship between the communicators.

Subjectivity: They can be interpreted and meaning may vary based on the receiver’s perception and understanding.

Feedback: Verbal and non-verbal communication will possess responses and feedback from the receiver, allowing to interact.

Expressiveness: Both verbal and non-verbal communication had strong forms of expressing emotions, feelings and attitudes helps in improving the message totally

In summary, verbal and non-verbal communication are two important forms for the human interaction which are playing key roles in expressing the messages, emotions and thoughts. Verbal communication is the spoken or written words to express the information. Non-verbal communication is body language, facial expressions, gestures and visual to communicate without using words. Both are fundamental way of communication among human individuals for interaction used to express ideas.

What is verbal communication?

Verbal communication is the use of language by spoken or written form for exchange of information, ideas and emotions.

What is non-verbal communication?

Non-verbal communication includes all types of communication without using words. It includes hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, body language and voice tone.

What is the similarity among verbal communication and non-verbal communication?

Both verbal and non-verbal communication had strong forms of expressing emotions, feelings and attitudes helps in improving the message totally.

What is the medium of non-verbal communication?

Body language, facial expressions, gestures, etc.

Write any 3 characteristics of Verbal communication?

Involves spoken or written words. Provides precise and detailed information. Allows for immediate and direct feedback.

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Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

On the contrary, Nonverbal communication does not use words for communicating anything, but some other modes are used, i.e. where communication takes place by way of unspoken or unwritten messages such as body language, facial expressions, sign language and so forth. In this article excerpt, we’ve broken down all the important differences between verbal and non-verbal communication in detail.

Content: Verbal Communication Vs Nonverbal Communication

Comparison chart, definition of verbal communication.

The communication in which the sender uses words, whether spoken or written, to transmit the message to the receiver is known as Verbal Communication. It is the most effective form of communication that leads to the rapid interchange of information and feedback. There are fewer chances of misunderstanding as the communication between parties is clear, i.e. the parties are using words for saying anything.

The communication can be done in two ways (i) Oral – like face to face communication, lectures, phone calls, seminars, etc. (ii) Written – Letters, E- mail, SMS, etc. There are two types of communication, they are:

Formal Communication: Also termed as official communication, it is a type of communication in which the sender follows a pre-defined channel to transmit the information to the receiver is known as formal communication.
Informal Communication: Most commonly known as grapevine, the type of communication in which the sender does not follow any pre-defined channels to transmit the information is known as informal communication.

Video: Verbal Communication

Definition of Nonverbal Communication

Non-verbal communication is based on the understanding of the parties to communication, as the transmission of messages from the sender to receiver is wordless i.e. the communication uses signs. So, if the receiver understands the message completely and proper feedback is given afterwards, then the communication succeeds.

It complements the verbal communication many times, to understand the mindset and the status of the of the parties, which is not spoken by them, but it is an act of understanding. The types of Non-verbal communication are as under:

Chronemics: The use of time in communication is chronemics, which speaks about the personality of the sender / receiver like punctuality, the speed of speech, etc.
Vocalics: The volume, tone of voice and pitch used by the sender for communicating a message to the receiver is known as vocalics or paralanguage.
Haptics: The use of touch in communication is the expression of feelings and emotions.
Kinesics: It is the study of the body language of a person, i.e., gestures, postures, facial expressions, etc.
Proxemics: The distance maintained by a person while communicating with others, communicates about the relationship of the person with others like intimate, personal, social and public.
Artifacts: The appearance of a person speaks about his personality, i.e. by way of clothing, carrying jewellery, lifestyle, etc. This kind of communication is known as artifactual communication.

Video: Nonverbal Communication

Key Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

The following points explain the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication in detail:

The use of words in communication is Verbal communication. The communication which is based on signs, not on words is Non-verbal communication.
There are very fewer chances of confusion in verbal communication between the sender and receiver. Conversely, the chances of misunderstanding and confusion in non-verbal communication are very much as the use of language is not done.
In verbal communication, the interchange of the message is very fast which leads to rapid feedback. In opposition to this, the non-verbal communication is based more on understanding which takes time and hence it is comparatively slow.
In verbal communication, the presence of both the parties at the place of communication is not necessary, as it can also be done if the parties are at different locations. On the other hand, for an effective non-verbal communication, both the parties must be there, at the time of communication.
In verbal communication, the documentary evidence is maintained if the communication is formal or written. But, there is no conclusive evidence in case of non-verbal communication.
Verbal communication fulfils the most natural desire of humans – talk. In the case of Non-verbal communication, feelings, status, emotions, personality, etc are very easily communicated, through the acts done by the parties to the communication.

Video: Verbal Vs Nonverbal Communication

Verbal and Non-verbal communication are not contradictory to each other, but they are complementary as somebody has rightly said, ” Actions are louder than words.” In short, both goes side by side and helps a human being, to interact and respond to other human beings.

Verbal communication is obviously an important part of life as we use words to communicate. But have you ever thought, that a small baby cannot use language or words to speak, but he chooses signs to show his anger, happiness, and sorrow. Similarly, deaf and dumb persons also use sign language for communicating with other people. So, this is the significance of Non-verbal communication in many lives.

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Nonverbal Communication

Differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.

There are four fundamental differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. The first difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use a single channel (words) when we communicate verbally versus multiple channels when we communicate nonverbally. Try this exercise! Say your first and last name at the same time. You quickly find that this is an impossible task. Now, pat the top of your head with your right hand, wave with your left hand, smile, shrug your shoulders, and chew gum at the same time. While goofy and awkward, our ability to do this demonstrates how we use multiple nonverbal channels simultaneously to communicate.

In the previous chapter, we learned how difficult it can be to decode a sender’s single verbal message due to the arbitrary, abstract, and ambiguous nature of language. But, think how much more difficult it is to decode the even more ambiguous and multiple nonverbal signals we take in like eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, clothing, personal artifacts, and tone of voice all at the same time. Despite this difficulty, Motley found that we learn to decode nonverbal communication as babies. Hall found that women are much better than men at accurately interpreting the many nonverbal cues we send and receive (Gore). How we interpret these nonverbal signals can also be influenced by our gender as the viewer.

A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a linear way to make it easier for others to follow and understand. If you pronounce the word “cat” you begin with the letter “C” and proceed to finish with “T.” Continuous means that messages are ongoing and work in relation to other nonverbal and verbal cues. Think about the difference between analog and digital clocks. The analog clock represents nonverbal communication in that we generate meaning by considering the relationship of the different arms to each another (context). Also, the clock’s arms are in continuous motion. We notice the speed of their movement, their position in the circle and to each other, and their relationship with the environment (is it day or night?).

Nonverbal communication is similar in that we evaluate nonverbal cues in relation to one another and consider the context of the situation. Suppose you see your friend in the distance. She approaches, waves, smiles, and says “hello.” To interpret the meaning of this, you focus on the wave, smile, tone of voice, her approaching movement, and the verbal message. You might also consider the time of day, if there is a pressing need to get to class, etc.

guy leaning out a driver's side window of a car, yelling

What might this driver be trying to convey?

Now contrast this to a digital clock, which functions like verbal communication. Unlike an analog clock, a digital clock is not in constant motion. Instead, it replaces one number with another to display time (its message). A digital clock uses one distinct channel (numbers) in a linear fashion. When we use verbal communication, we do so like the digital clock. We say one word at a time, in a linear fashion, to express meaning.

A third difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use verbal communication consciously while we generally use nonverbal communication unconsciously . Conscious communication means that we think about our verbal communication before we communicate. Unconscious communication means that we do not think about every nonverbal message we communicate. If you ever heard the statement as a child, “Think before you speak” you were being told a fundamental principle of verbal communication. Realistically, it’s nearly impossible not to think before we speak. When we speak, we do so consciously and intentionally. In contrast, when something funny happens, you probably do not think, “Okay, I’m going to smile and laugh right now.” Instead, you react unconsciously, displaying your emotions through these nonverbal behaviors. Nonverbal communication can occur as unconscious reactions to situations. We are not claiming that all nonverbal communication is unconscious. At times we certainly make conscious choices to use or withhold nonverbal communication to share meaning. Angry drivers use many conscious nonverbal expressions to communicate to other drivers! In a job interview you are making conscious decisions about your wardrobe, posture, and eye contact.

Case In Point

Body language expert and author, Vanessa Van Edwards reveals some interesting facts about body language in western culture in an interview with AM Northwest Today on September 18, 2013. She explains that men are not as good at reading body language cues as women because they use different areas of their brain when decoding. She states, “women might be better at reading body language because … [they] have 14 to 16 active brain areas while evaluating others, whereas men only have 4 to 6 active.” Edwards also explains how men and women nonverbally lie differently because they tend to lie for different reasons; “Men lie to appear more powerful, interesting, and successful, … [whereas] women lie … more to protect others feelings.” To learn more about differences in female and male body language you can read the full article and watch the video .

A fourth difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that some nonverbal communication is universal (Hall, Chia, and Wang; Tracy & Robins). Verbal communication is exclusive to the users of a particular language dialect, whereas some nonverbal communication is recognized across cultures. Although cultures most certainly have particular meanings and uses for nonverbal communication, there are universal nonverbal behaviors that almost everyone recognizes. For instance, people around the world recognize and use expressions such as smiles, frowns, and the pointing of a finger at an object. Note: Not all nonverbal gestures are universal! For example, if you travel to different regions of the world, find out what is appropriate! For example, if you go to South Korea don’t offer payment with only one hand.

Let us sum up the ways in which nonverbal communication is unique:

Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels simultaneously.
Nonverbal communication is continuous.
Nonverbal communication can be both conscious and unconscious.
Certain nonverbal communication is universally understood.

Now that you have a definition of nonverbal communication, and can identify the primary differences between verbal and nonverbal communication, let’s examine what counts as nonverbal communication. In this next section, we show you eight types of nonverbal communication we use regularly: kinesics, haptics, appearance, proxemics, environment, chronemics, paralanguage, and silence.

Survey of Communication Study. Authored by : Scott T Paynton and Linda K Hahn. Provided by : Humboldt State University. Located at : https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Survey_of_Communication_Study . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
Image of Verbal Communication chart. Authored by : Spaynton. Located at : https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nvverbal.png . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
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10 Differences Between Verbal & Nonverbal Communication + Examples

Table of Contents

Verbal and nonverbal are two primary modes of communication. While both play integral roles in conveying messages, understanding the slight yet significant differences between the two is key to effective interpersonal connections. The blog distinguishes verbal and nonverbal communication with examples and similarities between both forms of communication.

Definition of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

“Verbal communication refers to the use of words in delivering the intended message. The main components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language.” – Albert Mehrabian According to David Matsumoto , a leading expert in the field of nonverbal communication, it is “the process of sending and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written”

A brief overview of the main differences between verbal and nonverbal communication

What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication with examples (detailed explanation).

1/ Verbal communication is the process of expressing information or conveying a message through the use of words, either in spoken or written form. This can be through face-to-face conversations, phone calls, emails, text messages, and other forms of written communication . Verbal communication allows for the expression of complex ideas, thoughts, and emotions, and can be used to convey specific information or instructions.

Nonverbal communication refers to the use of physical cues, such as body language, gestures, posture, tone of voice, and other nonverbal signals to convey meaning without the use of spoken or written language. It includes elements like eye contact, hand gestures, and body movements. Nonverbal communication serves as a complement to verbal communication, enhancing the message by providing additional clarity, conveying emotions, and offering contextual cues to enrich the overall communication process .

2/ Verbal communication can be easily recorded and transmitted through various mediums, such as text, email, or video conferencing. This allows for communication to occur over long distances and enables the sharing of information between people who may not be physically present in the same location.

On the other hand, Non-verbal communication is often instant and occurs in real-time, making it difficult to record or transmit accurately.

3/ Verbal communication can convey a lot of specific information, such as facts, ideas, and instructions. This is because words can be structured and organized in a precise manner, making it easier to convey complex or technical information. Verbal communication can also be used to ask questions and seek clarification, which can lead to a better understanding of the message being conveyed.

In contrast Nonverbal communication , however, is particularly powerful in conveying emotions, attitudes, and social cues that may not be expressed through words alone. Non-verbal cues can communicate feelings like happiness, anger, or sadness, and can provide insight into the speaker’s attitude or intentions.

4/ Verbal Communication can be easily edited or revised before it is delivered. Written or prepared verbal communication, such as speeches or written documents, allows for careful review, editing, and revision. This enables communicators to refine their message, ensuring clarity.

Conversely, Non-Verbal Communication is often spontaneous and immediate. Non-verbal cues are usually expressed at the moment, without the opportunity for editing or revision. They are a natural and instinctive response to the communication context, reflecting genuine emotions and reactions.

5/ Verbal Communication can be easily disrupted by external noise or distractions. Since verbal communication relies on the transmission of sound, external noise or distractions can interfere with the clarity and comprehension of the message being conveyed. Background noise, interruptions, or competing sounds can affect the effective reception of verbal communication.

Non-verbal communication has the advantage of being able to convey meaning even in situations where words cannot be heard or understood. In noisy environments or when language barriers exist, non-verbal cues such as hand gestures, facial expressions, and body language can still convey information, emotions, and intentions, allowing for some level of communication to take place.

6/ Verbal Communication can be delivered remotely through technology, such as phone or video calls. With advancements in communication technology, verbal messages can be transmitted over long distances, allowing individuals to communicate in real time without being physically present in the same location.

However, Non-Verbal Communication can be constrained by technological limitations or lack of physical presence. Some non-verbal cues heavily rely on physical proximity, touch, or fine visual cues that may be challenging to convey through remote communication channels. The absence of physical presence can limit the effectiveness of non-verbal communication in certain situations.

7/ Verbal communication can take on different levels of formality, depending on the context and relationship between the communicators. It can range from the formal language used in professional scenerio , such as in business meetings or academic presentations, to the informal language used among friends or family members in casual conversations.

On the contrary, Non-Verbal Communication can be informal, often reflecting genuine emotions and reactions. Non-verbal cues are less influenced by social norms and can provide immediate, authentic expressions of emotions and attitudes, regardless of the formal or informal nature of the communication .

8/ Verbal communication allows for interactive dialogue and questioning, enabling individuals to seek clarification, provide feedback, or engage in a back-and-forth exchange of ideas. Through verbal communication, individuals can actively participate in discussions, ask questions to gain understanding, and receive immediate responses, fostering effective communication.

On the other hand, Non-verbal communication often involves reciprocal responses and cues between communicators. For example, one person’s non-verbal cues can trigger non-verbal responses from another person, creating a continuous flow of non-verbal interaction. This can include imitating body language, nodding in agreement, or using eye contact to convey engagement.

9/ Verbal communication is typically learned through formal education, training programs, or practice. It involves acquiring language skills , vocabulary, and grammar. Formal education provides structured opportunities to enhance verbal communication skills, including writing, speaking, and listening, to ensure effective communication.

In comparison, Non-verbal communication is learned through observation, experience, and cultural exposure. From an early age, individuals observe and mimic non-verbal cues shown by others, including peers, and society. Cultural norms and practices significantly influence non-verbal communication, as different cultures may have distinct gestures, postures, or facial expressions that carry specific meanings.

10/ Verbal communication can be used to persuade, negotiate, or influence others through logical arguments. Verbal persuasion often involves the use of language, facts, reasoning, and persuasive techniques to appeal to the listener’s sense of logic and emotion. For example , a salesperson may use persuasive language to convince a potential customer to buy a product, or a copywriter may use logical arguments to persuade editors to allow a particular writing style and tone.

On the other hand, nonverbal communication can be used to build trust, establish rapport, and create emotional connections. Nonverbal signals like facial expressions, gestures, and tone of voice have the ability to communicate trustworthiness and empathy. For example , a warm smile, a friendly handshake, or a comforting touch can create a sense of connection and trust between communicators, even without the use of words.

Why is it important to understand the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication

Understanding the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is crucial because it helps us interpret and convey messages more accurately, enhancing our overall communication effectiveness. Here are a few key reasons why this understanding is important:

1/ Avoid Miscommunication : Knowing the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication helps prevent misunderstandings. It allows you to double-check cues and avoid quick judgments.

2/ Better Presentations : For public speaking and presentations, combining verbal and nonverbal cues (like body language) boosts engagement and confidence.

3/ Clear and Accurate Messages : Verbal communication conveys facts and ideas directly, while nonverbal cues add depth. Understanding both ensures clear, accurate, and meaningful communication.

4/ Improved Communication Skills : Learning the mix of verbal and nonverbal cues makes you a better communicator, both in speaking and listening.

Similarities between verbal and nonverbal communication

It is important to recognize the similarities between both forms of communication to create a more comprehensive and accurate communication experience. By considering both verbal and nonverbal cues, we can gain a deeper understanding of messages and effectively convey our intentions and emotions.

1/ Complementary Nature: Verbal and nonverbal communication frequently collaborate to deliver a message successfully. They are interconnected and can enhance each other’s meaning. For example, a person’s words expressing excitement with a smile, and enthusiastic gestures reinforce their verbal message.

2/ Expression of Emotions: Both verbal and nonverbal communication play a role in expressing emotions. Verbal communication enables us to express our emotions through language, while nonverbal cues like body movement, and hand gestures have the ability to convey emotions with greater impact

3/ Communication Skills Development: Developing effective communication skills involves improving both verbal and nonverbal abilities. This includes clarity in speech, using appropriate language, active listening, maintaining eye contact, and utilizing gestures and body language effectively. Both forms can be learned and refined to enhance overall communication skills.

4/ Adaptability: Verbal and nonverbal communication is flexible and adaptable to different situations. They can be adjusted and modified based on the needs of the communication context, the individuals involved, and the desired outcome. Adapting both verbal and nonverbal cues allows for effective communication across various settings, such as formal presentations or negotiations.

5/ Relationship Building: Both forms of communication play a crucial role in establishing and maintaining relationships. Verbal communication allows for the exchange of ideas and information, while nonverbal communication helps create connections and establish trust through elements such as eye contact, smiling, and appropriate physical proximity.

Examples of situations where one form of communication may be more appropriate than another

Examples of situations where verbal communication may be more appropriate:.

Interviewing for a job: Verbal communication is essential during a job interview. It allows the candidate to articulate their qualifications and answer questions in a clear and concise manner.
Giving detailed instructions: Verbal communication can be a better choice when providing specific instructions or conveying complex information that requires clarity. It allows for immediate clarification and questions.
Public Speaking: Verbal communication is essential during public speaking engagements. The speaker needs to use words effectively to convey their message, engage the audience, and express their ideas clearly.
Emergency Situations: In emergency situations, non-verbal communication takes preference in many cases. Clear and visible signs, symbols, or gestures can communicate warnings, directions, or instructions to individuals who may not speak the same language or be able to hear verbal messages due to noise or hearing impairments.
Demonstrating a process: When demonstrating a process, non-verbal communication can be very effective. This can include actions, body movements, and visual aids to assist the audience to understand the steps involved.
Language barriers: Verbal communication may be limited when interacting with individuals who do not share a common language. In such cases, non-verbal cues like gestures, facial expressions, and visual aids become more important in conveying messages effectively.

Examples of situations where both forms of communication may be more appropriate:

Negotiations: Both verbal and non-verbal communication are important during negotiations. Verbal communication is necessary to ask questions and discuss terms. Nonverbal signals like body orientation, eye contact, and head movements can offer further understanding of the intentions and emotions of the parties involved.
Teamwork and Collaboration: Effective teamwork relies on both verbal and non-verbal communication. Verbal communication allows team members to discuss ideas, delegate tasks, and provide feedback. Non-verbal cues like active listening, supportive body language, and cooperation enhance understanding, build trust, and foster effective collaboration.

Differences between verbal reasoning and nonverbal reasoning

Difference between verbal vs nonverbal responses.

1/ Verbal responses involve the use of language, while nonverbal responses rely on gestures and body language.

2/ Verbal responses are typically spoken or written, while nonverbal responses are conveyed through movements and expressions.

3/ Verbal responses can be more precise and explicit, while nonverbal responses can be more vague and open to interpretation.

4/ Verbal responses are often used in formal communication, such as in interviews, presentations, and written correspondence. Nonverbal responses are often used in informal communication, such as in everyday conversations, social interactions, and nonverbal cues.

5/ Verbal responses are more likely to convey explicit information, while nonverbal responses are more likely to convey emotional and contextual information.

6/ Verbal responses can be edited or revised before being shared, while nonverbal responses are often immediate and reflexive.

What is the difference between written, verbal, and nonverbal forms of communication?

Nonverbal vs visual communication, verbal vs visual communication, what are the advantages of verbal and nonverbal communication.

Advantages of verbal communication

Immediate Feedback: Verbal communication allows for immediate feedback, enabling speakers to evaluate the listener’s understanding and make adjustments as needed.
Recordability: Verbal communication can be recorded through audio or video recordings, allowing for future reference or documentation of conversations.
Convenience: Verbal communication can take place remotely or in person, providing flexibility in scheduling and convenience in communication.
Efficiency: Verbal communication allows for the transmission of information and ideas quickly and efficiently, allowing for timely decision-making and action.

Further Reading: What is verbal communication advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of Nonverbal Communication:

Expressing Emotions: Nonverbal communication allows for the expression of emotions, allowing individuals to convey feelings such as joy, sadness, anger, or surprise without relying solely on words.
Nonverbal Adaptation to Language Barriers: Nonverbal communication is especially valuable in overcoming language barriers . In cases where individuals do not speak the same language, nonverbal cues such as hand gestures, and body movement can help to establish a connection and enhance understanding.
Time and Efficiency: Nonverbal communication can save time and enhance efficiency, particularly in situations where immediate understanding is required.
Nonverbal Influence: Nonverbal communication can enhance the impact of verbal messages. Confident posture, persuasive gestures, and compelling facial expressions can increase the persuasiveness and influence of a speaker.

Further Reading: What are the advantages and disadvantages of nonverbal communication

Frequently Asked Question

Q1) what are the 5 differences between verbal and nonverbal communication .

Ans: The five differences between verbal and nonverbal communication are as follows:

Verbal communication involves the use of spoken language or written forms, while nonverbal communication relies on gestures.
Verbal communication tends to be more explicit and detailed while nonverbal communication is subjective and open to interpretation.
Verbal communication can be recorded and reviewed, whereas nonverbal communication is immediate.
Verbal communication can be influenced by language barriers, while nonverbal communication can convey meaning without relying on specific words.
The channels used in verbal communication primarily involve language, while nonverbal communication relies on physical cues for expression.

Q2) What is verbal and nonverbal communication with examples?

Ans: Verbal communication refers to the use of language , to convey a message or information. Examples of verbal communication include engaging in conversations, delivering presentations, or sending emails. In contrast, nonverbal communication relies on body language to convey meaning. Examples of nonverbal communication include raising eyebrows, posture and body language, hand gestures, eye contact, and even silence.

Q3) What is the difference between verbal and spoken communication?

Ans: Verbal communication encompasses both spoken and written words, including conversations, speeches, and written messages. Whereas, spoken communication specifically refers to the act of using spoken words to convey a message in real-time conversations or speeches, excluding written forms of communication.

Q4) What is verbal and nonverbal communication in business communication?

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Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

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Verbal vs Non-Verbal Communication: Difference and Comparison

Verbal communication involves the use of words and language to convey messages, ideas, and emotions, while non-verbal communication encompasses gestures, body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice to convey meaning.

Key Takeaways Verbal communication involves using spoken or written words to convey a message. Non-verbal communication involves using body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message. Verbal communication is more direct and explicit, while non-verbal communication is more implicit and subtle.

Verbal vs Non-Verbal Communication

Verbal communication involves using spoken or written words to convey a message. It includes elements such as tone of voice, inflection, etc. Nonverbal communication involves using body language, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and other nonverbal cues to convey a message.

Any interaction where a person uses words to converse is recognized as verbal communication. Nonverbal communication is also considered an indirect method through which people communicate with others without using words or language.

Comparison Table

What is verbal communication.

Verbal communication is the transmission of messages, ideas, and emotions through spoken or written words. It is a fundamental aspect of human interaction, facilitating the exchange of information and fostering connections between individuals. Verbal communication involves various components, each contributing to the clarity and effectiveness of the message conveyed.

Components of Verbal Communication

Language: Language serves as the primary tool for verbal communication, encompassing vocabulary, grammar, syntax, and semantics. Different languages and dialects shape the way individuals express themselves and interpret messages.
Words and Vocabulary: The selection of appropriate words and vocabulary plays a crucial role in conveying intended meanings. Choosing the right words helps to articulate thoughts accurately and ensures that messages are understood as intended.
Tone of Voice: The tone of voice refers to the inflection, pitch, volume, and emphasis used while speaking. It adds emotional context to verbal messages, influencing how they are perceived and interpreted by the listener.
Clarity and Conciseness: Effective verbal communication involves expressing ideas clearly and concisely to minimize misunderstandings. It requires organizing thoughts logically and presenting information in a manner that is easy to follow and comprehend.
Listening: Active listening is an essential component of verbal communication, allowing individuals to understand and respond appropriately to spoken messages. It involves paying attention to both the verbal content and non-verbal cues conveyed by the speaker.
Feedback: Feedback is integral to the communication process, enabling individuals to gauge the effectiveness of their verbal messages and adjust their communication approach accordingly. Constructive feedback fosters mutual understanding and facilitates meaningful exchanges.
Context and Cultural Considerations: Verbal communication is influenced by cultural norms, societal expectations, and contextual factors. Awareness of cultural differences and sensitivity to diverse perspectives are essential for effective communication across cultural boundaries.

What is Non-Verbal Communication?

Non-verbal communication refers to the transmission of messages, feelings, and meanings through means other than words. It encompasses various cues such as body language, facial expressions, gestures, and vocal tone, which complement and reinforce verbal communication. Non-verbal communication plays a crucial role in interpersonal interactions, influencing how messages are perceived and understood.

Components of Non-Verbal Communication

Body Language: Body language encompasses the movements, postures, and gestures that individuals use to express themselves. It includes actions such as hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, posture, and body orientation. Body language can convey emotions, attitudes, and intentions, providing valuable insights into a person’s thoughts and feelings.
Facial Expressions: Facial expressions are one of the most powerful forms of non-verbal communication. Expressions such as smiles, frowns, raised eyebrows, and furrowed brows convey a wide range of emotions, including happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, and confusion. Facial expressions complement verbal communication, adding emotional context and clarity to spoken messages.
Gestures: Gestures are hand movements or body movements used to emphasize or complement verbal communication. Common gestures include nodding, waving, pointing, and shrugging. Gestures can enhance understanding, clarify meanings, and reinforce the spoken word. However, the interpretation of gestures may vary across cultures, highlighting the importance of cultural sensitivity in non-verbal communication.
Vocal Tone and Inflection: The tone of voice, pitch, volume, and intonation patterns contribute to non-verbal communication. Changes in vocal tone can convey emotions such as enthusiasm, sarcasm, or concern, influencing how messages are perceived by listeners. Vocal cues provide valuable context and nuance to verbal communication, affecting its impact and effectiveness.
Eye Contact: Eye contact is a powerful non-verbal cue that communicates attentiveness, interest, and sincerity. Maintaining appropriate eye contact signals engagement and connection during interpersonal interactions, while avoiding eye contact may convey discomfort, avoidance, or lack of interest.
Proxemics: Proxemics refers to the use of personal space and physical distance in communication. Different cultures have varying norms regarding personal space, with some cultures valuing close physical proximity during interactions, while others prefer more distance. Understanding and respecting these cultural differences are essential for effective non-verbal communication.
Touch: Touch is a non-verbal form of communication that can convey emotions such as affection, comfort, or aggression. The appropriate use of touch depends on cultural norms, the nature of the relationship, and individual preferences. While touch can strengthen social bonds and convey support, it is essential to respect boundaries and consent.

Main Differences Between Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Verbal communication involves the use of words and language.
Non-verbal communication encompasses gestures, body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.
Verbal communication can occur through spoken or written words.
Non-verbal communication is primarily conveyed through visual and auditory cues, without the use of words.
Verbal communication is more explicit and precise due to the use of language.
Non-verbal communication can be subtle and open to interpretation, as it relies on cues that may not always have clear meanings.
Verbal communication allows for the direct expression of emotions through words.
Non-verbal communication provides additional emotional context through gestures, facial expressions, and tone of voice.
Verbal communication can be influenced by language barriers and differences in vocabulary and grammar.
Non-verbal communication may have universal aspects but can also vary significantly across cultures in terms of gestures, body language, and expressions.
Verbal communication enables immediate feedback through verbal responses and clarifications.
Non-verbal communication may require additional interpretation and may not always provide immediate feedback.

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10 thoughts on “verbal vs non-verbal communication: difference and comparison”.

The comparison table effectively highlights the key differences between verbal and non-verbal communication. It’s interesting to see how each form has its unique characteristics and functions.

The article successfully emphasizes the importance of both verbal and non-verbal communication in interpersonal interactions. It serves as a valuable resource for understanding the complexities of human communication.

The breakdown of verbal communication components and modes is very helpful. I appreciate how the article emphasizes the importance of clarity and understanding in verbal interactions.

The comprehensive explanation of non-verbal communication and its role in human interaction is thought-provoking. It’s fascinating to consider the universal aspects of non-verbal cues.

While verbal communication is more direct, non-verbal communication adds depth and nuance to interpersonal interactions. Both are essential for effective communication.

The importance of verbal communication in professional success is evident. This article aptly describes how clarity and effective expression contribute to leadership and success in various fields.

The section on non-verbal communication and the significance of facial expressions and body language is very enlightening. It’s incredible how much can be conveyed without using words.

This article effectively outlines the components and modes of verbal communication, shedding light on the nuances of spoken language and its impact on social and professional interactions.

The breakdown of verbal and non-verbal communication and their respective roles provides a comprehensive overview of the dynamics of human interaction. This article is a valuable resource for those interested in communication studies.

This article provides a comprehensive and insightful comparison between verbal and non-verbal communication. It’s a great resource for anyone interested in understanding the dynamics of human interaction.

Verbal Vs Non-Verbal Communication With Examples

Smith was well prepared for the oratorical competition. He was confident that he wouldn’t miss a word or even a comma during his speech. He felt that practice would help him win the competition and so he practised well. On the day of the competition, he woke up with excitement knowing that he will be coming back home with a trophy bigger than him in size.

It was time for his speech and as he believed, he didn’t miss a word or even a comma. He knew he was going to win. The results were out and he finds out that the results were contrary to his expectation. What could’ve happened?

When he asked for feedback from his friends, he learnt that he only said the content out of his memory but he didn’t actually deliver a speech. Technically, although his speech had a lot of sound verbal content, his non-verbal information was missing altogether.

Therefore it created an impression of just pouring out well by hearted information from memory without adding any effect to it. To the judges it felt like a well-cooked chicken without seasoning. It was bland and flavorless.

What Are Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication?

Verbal communication refers to the process of communicating through the use of words, sentences and language. Non-verbal communication refers to the process of communicating information through body language , facial expressions , eye contact, intonations, artefacts etc.

During most instances, we communicate using a combination of both verbal and non-verbal communication. However during some instances, one might dominate the other or one might just be the sole medium of communication.

Which Are The Instances Where Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication Are Used Simultaneously?

As mentioned earlier, both types of communication are used together, and this happens deliberately or instinctively. However, we consciously mix the use of these two types of communication for a few reasons:

When we wish to emphasize a point, we couple our verbal content with non-verbal gestures.
To facilitate easy comprehension on the part of the listener, we use verbal and non-verbal information at once. For example, if the listener faces language barriers or if they have hearing impairment or any other psychological or physiological issues, people use hand gestures and body movements along with verbal information.
We also use both types of communication when we want the former and latter to complement each other.

Studies focusing on the similarities between verbal and non-verbal communication show that there is an intrinsic relationship existing between the two. There seems to be a strong link between lexical access (the ability to find the right words to use) and gestures when talking. They seem to help each other establish themselves.

For example, using gestures can help in lexical access and vice versa. Research also reveals that when speaking halts, so do gestures. They are interwoven with each other and complement each other efficiently.

What Are The Differences Between Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication?

The differences between verbal and non-verbal communication can be discussed based on many different criteria/parameters of communication.

Point a and b represent Verbal and Non-verbal types of communication respectively.

1. medium of communication:.

a. Verbal: Use of words and languages. Oral communication and written communication.

b. Non-Verbal: Absence of words or language. Expressed through body movements, gestures, facial expressions, silence, space, touch, smell etc.

In the earlier example of Smith, he delivered his speech only using verbal information and the lack of non-verbal cues in his speech made it sound like a mere recitation of what he had memorized earlier.

2. Consciousness Of The Message Sent:

a. Verbal: Exchange of messages occur consciously

b. Non-Verbal: Non-verbal body cues may occur alone or along with verbal communication. Normally expressed using body and hand gestures voluntarily or involuntarily motions.

In most cases, we say things only when we want to say those things. But we don’t necessarily plan on doing specific body gestures or moving our eyes towards a particular direction when communicating.

3. Direct And Indirect Messages:

a. Verbal: Since the messages are expressed in words, it is easy to decode verbal information than non-verbal information.

But sometimes even verbal messages can turn out to be indirect or vague depending on how a sentence is framed.

b. Non-Verbal: Non-verbal bodily cues alone can never bring out the direct meaning of the messages.

When Jaden proposed to Fiona, she walked away with a smile. This made him confused and made him wonder what could exactly be the meaning behind that smile. He felt that if she’d told him something in return, it would’ve saved him the agony and anxiety.

4. Decoding The Message:

a. Verbal: In the case of verbal content, it is easy to decode the meaning behind it.

b. Non-Verbal: Decoding the bodily cues is a bit difficult, since a single gesture or a minute facial expression may hold many different meanings behind it.

For e.g. When Kelly screamed “thief”, Taylor immediately turned around and pinned the thief to the ground. But if Kelly had just looked at Taylor with a shocked facial expression mixed with fear, he may not have understood the meaning behind it right away.

5. Mode Of Communication:

a. Verbal: Verbal communication occurs in a written and oral format. Writing e-mails, letters and SMS includes written messages. Whereas oral communication denotes our speech and interaction with others.

b. Non-Verbal: Non-verbal messages could be transferred through various modes such as visual, aural, spatial proximity and gestural including facial expressions, eye movements, body postures and movements, etc. Most importantly a firm handshake, a state of silence counts even.

6. Time Consumption:

a. Verbal: It is quite easy to conclude that sharing information verbally is less time-consuming. The meanings behind verbal messages are straightforward and do not need further understanding.

b. Non-Verbal: Sharing information using gestures and other non-verbal cues is more time-consuming than the former. A single non-verbal message may hold many potential interpretations and needs further knowledge of the true intention of the message conveyed. So a person must understand the mood, situation and context of the message delivered. Obviously, it’s time-consuming.

In the previous example of Kelly and Taylor, the thief was easily fought off by Taylor because Kelly verbally informed him about a thief standing behind him. If she’d tried making gestures and facial expressions, it would’ve easily taken more time for Taylor to successfully interpret the message accurately.

7. Physical Presence:

a. Verbal: With the advancements in technology, today verbal messages could easily be transmitted across the globe within a matter of seconds. Therefore verbal communication transcends the boundaries of space and time.

b. Non-Verbal: However, non-verbal communication would require the physical presence of the person sending in the message. Although physical presence is a prerequisite for non-verbal communication, technology has bridged that gap to a certain extent as well.

Through the use of video-conferencing, people can see each other although they are seated at two opposite poles of the world. This gives room for non-verbal communication to take place.

Even in the case of texting, the novel usage of emoticons replicates non-verbal communication to a certain extent which can be used to interpret the emotions and thoughts lying behind a person’s message.

Salient Features Of Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the process of interacting using words, sentences and language through the only medium available i.e. talking.
In recent times, verbal communication can also be done through e-mails and text messages.
A good verbal communicator is highly influential as they connect themselves well with the audience.
Although words and sentences have one literal meaning all around the world, they may differ due to cultural differences. For example, the British use the phrase “I am chuffed to bits” which they mean to imply “I am very pleased”.
When verbal communication happens with others it is called “ interpersonal communication ” and when it happens with oneself it is called “intrapersonal communication”.
Verbal communication has better scope for clarity and precision in the message passed across compared to non-verbal communication.

Salient Features Of Non-Verbal Communication

When interaction takes place between individuals in the absence of language and the presence of body movements, facial expressions, gestures, eye movements etc. it is known as non-verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication happens through a wide array of behaviors, unlike verbal communication which takes place only through talking.
Non-verbal communication is continuous and impressionistic.
During conversations, non-verbal information holds more salience than verbal information.
It is not perceived discreetly but rather as a bunch of cues. For example, a person who is surprised would deliver not just one cue but many at once such as raised eyebrows, dilated pupils, open mouth, hands to the mouth, face or the chest and sometimes even a flushed face.
Non-verbal information is indirect and open to an array of interpretations.

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5.2: Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

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There are four fundamental differences between verbal and nonverbal communication. The first difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use a single channel (words) when we communicate verbally versus multiple channels when we communicate nonverbally. Try this exercise! Say your first and last name at the same time. You quickly find that this is an impossible task. Now, pat the top of your head with your right hand, wave with your left hand, smile, shrug your shoulders, and chew gum at the same time. While goofy and awkward, our ability to do this demonstrates how we use multiple nonverbal channels simultaneously to communicate.

Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)1

It can be difficult to decode a sender’s single verbal message due to the arbitrary, abstract, and ambiguous nature of language. But, think how much more difficult it is to decode the even more ambiguous and multiple nonverbal signals we take in like eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, clothing, personal artifacts, and tone of voice all at the same time. Despite this difficulty, Motley found that we learn to decode nonverbal communication as babies. Hall found that women are much better than men at accurately interpreting the many nonverbal cues we send and receive (Gore). How we interpret these nonverbal signals can also be influenced by our gender as the viewer.

A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a linear way to make it easier for others to follow and understand. If you pronounce the word “cat” you begin with the letter “C” and proceed to finish with “T.” Continuous means that messages are ongoing and work in relation to other nonverbal and verbal cues. Think about the difference between analog and digital clocks. The analog clock represents nonverbal communication in that we generate meaning by considering the relationship of the different arms to each another (context). Also, the clock’s arms are in continuous motion. We notice the speed of their movement, their position in the circle and to each other, and their relationship with the environment (is it day or night?).

Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)2

A third difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use verbal communication consciously while we generally use nonverbal communication unconsciously. Conscious communication means that we think about our verbal communication before we communicate. Unconscious communication means that we do not think about every nonverbal message we communicate. If you ever heard the statement as a child, “Think before you speak” you were being told a fundamental principle of verbal communication. Realistically, it’s nearly impossible not to think before we speak. When we speak, we do so consciously and intentionally. In contrast, when something funny happens, you probably do not think, “Okay, I’m going to smile and laugh right now.” Instead, you react unconsciously, displaying your emotions through these nonverbal behaviors. Nonverbal communication can occur as unconscious reactions to situations. We are not claiming that all nonverbal communication is unconscious. At times we certainly make conscious choices to use or withhold nonverbal communication to share meaning. Angry drivers use many conscious nonverbal expressions to communicate to other drivers! In a job interview you are making conscious decisions about your wardrobe, posture, and eye contact.

Case In Point – Body Language

A fourth difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that some nonverbal communication is universal (Hall, Chia, and Wang; Tracy & Robins). Verbal communication is exclusive to the users of a particular language dialect, whereas some nonverbal communication is recognized across cultures. Although cultures most certainly have particular meanings and uses for nonverbal communication, there are universal nonverbal behaviors that almost everyone recognizes. For instance, people around the world recognize and use expressions such as smiles, frowns, and the pointing of a finger at an object. Note: Not all nonverbal gestures are universal! For example, if you travel to different regions of the world, find out what is appropriate! For example if you go to South Korea don’t offer payment with only one hand. For more examples, visit this webpage (link: www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/galleries/Rude-hand-gestures-of-the-world/).

Let us sum up the ways in which nonverbal communication is unique:

Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels simultaneously.
Nonverbal communication is continuous.
Nonverbal communication can be both conscious and unconscious.
Certain nonverbal communication is universally understood.

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Importance of Non-Verbal Communication | Essay Example

Significance of nonverbal communication, features of nonverbal communication, forms of nonverbal communication, samples of nonverbal communication, nonverbal communication concept, nonverbal communication at the workplace, reference list.

Wondering how to write an essay about the importance of non-verbal communication and how it affects workplace relationships? We’ve got your back covered! Check the non-verbal communication essay example below and get some fresh ideas for your writing.

In communication, a reasonable percentage of understanding is derived from non-verbal communication. This kind of communication works always. However, it is not always the case that one speaks before people can derive the thoughts of that person. A lot of these thoughts can simply be derived from gestures, signals, or expressions.

This kind of communication can be very effective if one sends the appropriate signals aimed at the right target (Abramovitch 1977, p. 82). This form of communication can easily be misunderstood if the wrong signals are sent to the recipients. Hands are significant in conveying non-verbal communication as they are used for gesturing. The facial expression and body language also play a big role in this form of communication.

It is possible to know someone’s private feelings simply by looking at that person’s facial expression. For instance if a colleague is not in a good mood, one will simply need to look for the nonverbal communication that that person portrays. For communication to be effective, attention has to be given to that which is communicated non-verbally, good examples being the use of space, gestures and body language.

Non verbal communication may differ according to different cultures and this may be the main cause of misinterpretation. There are cultures that take the nodding of the head vertically as an agreement while others take it as a refusal. There are those who would perceive a minors direct look into the eye as honest while others while perceive it as disrespect.

For one to mask feelings or spontaneous reaction to information, the attention must be paid to the nonverbal behavior. It might be easy for one to control his/her voice or words yet still that person’s body language, facial expression as well as movement can expose his/her real thoughts and feelings.

No matter the position that one holds at the place of work, the ability to interpret non-verbal communication adds to the ability of that individual to share meaning with others. This is because the shared meaning is what constitutes communication (Abramovitch 1977, p. 87).

To understand nonverbal communication, one needs to recognize that different people communicate on different levels. Every gesture usually communicates something and all that is needed is to pay close attention to it. If the verbal and non-verbal communication is not in harmony, it is more likely that the communicator will be lying or is of a different idea from that being communicated. It might therefore be reasonable for the listener not to pay attention to that person’s non-verbal communication.

Non verbal communication might play a significant role during a job interview as the interviewer will be able to deduce the kind of person the candidate is, as well as his/her strengths and weaknesses. During a criminal investigation, the non-verbal signals that are relayed by the person under investigation may be even of greater importance that the verbal statements that that person gives.

It might be easier for the investigators to determine if the person being investigated is lying, is hiding some information or if the person is speaking the truth. This will only be possible if the investigator understands and rightly interprets the non-verbal signals.

When one is issuing a speech the nonverbal communication relayed by the audience might of great importance in helping the speaker know if the audience is paying attention, if the people are bored, exhausted, irritated or when it is time for another speaker to take charge. Listening to them is very important if the speaker needs to be effective. If the nonverbal communication is effectively used while delivering a message for instance through speech, that message will be effective and memorable (Abramovitch 1977, p. 90).

Non-verbal communication is complicated and it may be challenging to understand its signals. This type of communication involves the whole body, the space occupied, the time taken, what is left out and how it is left out. Non-verbal communication flows from one to another and this makes it difficult single out one element and interpret it correctly from the series of other elements. This type of communication is constantly in motion just as human beings are and it does not replicate itself in the same place.

This kind of communication unlike the spoken or written communication is irreversible. For the written communication, the communicator might be in a position to clarify, correct or retract the message that is conveyed. For the oral communication, one is able to give an explanation or restate with the intention of clarifying the point. It is therefore possible to correct oral communication, as much as the original message remains with its impact as well.

It is not possible to separate a single non-verbal action from its context correct it and take it back. In speech, this kind of communication is always occurring and it becomes difficult to tell when a single non verbal message starts or stops and to exactly determine when the next one starts. The communication is only relevant in its context and if it is singled out then it might easily be misinterpreted and misunderstood hence leading to a wrong conclusion being drawn.

One usually expresses himself or herself first through the nonverbal communication always without even consciously thinking about it. This communication portrays ones feelings and thoughts way before the person becomes aware of it.

This kind of communication usually brings out the intentional as well as unintentional messages. It is common for people to concentrate on how someone says something than what that message is really. It is surprising that human beings use more non-verbal communication than the verbal one and in some cases this type of communication may add up or even replace the verbal one (Bull 1987).

Illustrators which are nonverbal gestures are used to communicate the message in an effective way as well as reinforcing the points. This could for instance be a node which confirms acceptance. The response to this may be in the form of an emblem, which may be by using the O.K. sign to signal.

Regulators which are nonverbal messages may also be used for controlling, maintaining or discouraging interaction. One the speaker is irritating the listener could for instance hold up his/her hand and the speaker will interpret it as a request to stop (Benjamin & Craidler 1975, p. 27).Regulators may also be used by the audience listening to a speech. They may for instance look away, make drawings at the book margins or tap their feet, and all these regulators will be representing boredom or disinterest (Kelly 1982).

Adaptors can also be used in the non-verbal communication and they help one to adapt to the environment hence ensuring that the communicator is secure and comfortable. A good example would be the hairstyle or a behavior that is self adaptive. One may also use object-adaptors to convey a message of disinterest for instance.

They may use an object for a different purpose to show disinterest. A good example may be when the audience starts chewing the backside of their pens to signify disinterest. All in all, non-verbal communications are universal. They be used differently by different people in different places or they may take a different form but they will remain to be non-verbal communications.

Nonverbal communication forms a basis for communicating emotional massages as people rarely express their emotions through the spoken word. Most of the time people express their emotions none verbally. This is contributed to by the fact that some emotions might not be expressed well or fully in the verbal form. It is very easier to deduce deception for a speaker by keenly observing the person’s non-verbal communication.

Such a person may for instance avoid eye contact, awkwardly pause during the conversation, and delay while responding to questions, changing body movement and posture frequently. They person might also smile less and reduce the rate of his/her speech. When such behaviors are noticed in the speaker, the listener(s) may be required to be a bit keener. People’s speech patterns speak a lot concerning the truthfulness in the messages being conveyed.

This type of communication is very significant in the relationship that exists between the speaker and the audience. When people meet for the first time, the first conclusions that are made about the different parties are usually derived from the non-verbal messages that are displayed (Scheflen 1964).

This is usually based on the dressing code, the physical characteristics and the posture. Nonverbal communication therefore affects the first impression made, for better or for worse. Assumed expectation is usually derived from the speaker’s maintenance of personal space, the dressing code as well as the physical characteristics right from the time the speaker meets the audience. As much as these expectations may neither be fair nor accurate, they always exist.

Controlling the verbal and nonverbal communication is important in forming a good rapport with the audience (Ekman & Friesen 1969). Maintaining eye contact with them, using space appropriately and being formal enhances this kind of relationship. Nonverbal communication is usually perceived to be part of the message and it has the capability to contribute to or lead to detraction from the overall goal.

It is believed that whatever is not said is just as significant as what is said. Words just form a section of communication. From a facial expression, it is possible to determine whether someone is happy, surprised, fearful, angered, disgusted, interested or sad. Interpreting nonverbal communication needs no special communication.

It may however require extensive training for one to be self aware of portraying nonverbal communication to others. Agreement between the two forms of communication enhances the establishment of a common understanding. A genuine and positive smile could indicate an agreement with an idea or a person.

The attire that is worn also plays a significant role in bringing out a nonverbal message. What someone puts on is what people call a ‘fashion statement.

A formal dressing code could be adapted while speaking in an official meeting. On the contrary, a casual code could be adapted if the message is targeted to people within an informal setting. Eyes have always been perceived to be windows to the soul. Maintaining an eye contact could be a show of interest or attraction, while disgust is indicated by an upward nose wrinkle and raising of the upper lip.

The element of time keeping also falls under nonverbal communication. When a speaker arrives at a meeting on time, and sticks to the stipulated time, it speaks a lot about that person.

It implies seriousness and commitment on the speaker’s side. It also says a lot about the gravity of the topic under discussion (Scheflen 1964). Culture plays a very significant role in any communication. In the case of nonverbal communication, culture determines what is and what is not allowed. Some cultures give room for lateness while others do not (Argyle & Kendon 1967).

Nonverbal communication just like the verbal one is a section of a society’s backbone. This kind of communication is necessary for helping people to coexist and build their own culture. For any communication study to be effective, one needs to grasp the basic concepts of not only the verbal but the nonverbal communication as well.

Most of the time, these two forms of communication occur together. The non verbal communication is usually composed of three major components which include; the one creating the communication, the communication itself and the recipient (Darwin 1872). There has always been a misconception that sign language falls under the nonverbal communication. This is however not the case as sign language is categorized under the visual language-based communication.

There needs to be a complementary relationship between the verbal and the verbal forms of communication. If not, then the result is confusion, disappointment and mistrust. Whatever is said must be complemented by the actions (Benjamin & Creider 1975).

Nonverbal communication is significant in the clarification and making the verbal communication to be well understood. Facial and hand gestures are used to illustrate whatever is communicated. It offers the cues that assist in ensuring that the message is understood.

This type of communication is important as it portrays one’s perceptions, beliefs and the person’s world view. They expose whatever is in a person. If one pulls back when a hug is offered it may signify that the person has an aversion to the physical touch which could be attributed to his/her past experiences (Argyle & Kendon 1967).

The non verbal communication plays a big role in affirming a message. For instance, verbal communication demonstrating how to use online purchasing tools could be affirmed by the speaker taking a computer and demonstrating the same to the audience. It helps in reinforcing the message.

At the workplace, violating ones personal space is a nonverbal communication that might be offensive. Slumping in a chair could be a sign of fatigue or an indication that the person is sad. Boredom at a meeting could be expressed through yawning while anger could be expressed by folding the hands.

Such clues can be used while encouraging someone positively respond when asked to do something. While at the workplace, it is possible to know the feelings of workers just by observing their body languages or facial expressions. This is significant I determining whether the workers are displeased or please either by the working conditions or the rules and regulations that are in place at the workplace.

Abramovitch, R., 1977. Children’s recognition of situational aspects of facial expression’, Child Development, Vol. 48. No. 4, pp. 77-98.

Argyle, M., & Kendon, A., 1967, The experimental analysis of social performance. in L. Berkowitz (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Benjamin, G.R., & Creider, C. A., 1975. Social distinctions in non-verbal behavior.

Semiotica, Vol.14, No. 3, pp. 22-46

Bull, P.E., 1987, Posture and Gesture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Darwin, C., 1872, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. London: Macmillan Publishers.

Ekman P., & Friesen, W., 1969. The repertoire of nonverbal behavior. Semiotica, Vol. 1, No. 5, pp. 66-80.

Kelly, J. A., 1982, Social Skills Training: A Practical Guide for Interventions. London: Macmillan Publisher London.

Scheflen, A. E., 1964. The significance of posture in communication systems. Psychiatry Vol.27, No. 2, pp. 200-205

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Chapter 3 Nonverbal Communication

3.3 Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Department of Communication, Indiana State University

Page Source [1]

graphic visualizing the types of communication that make up nonverbal communication

Try this exercise! Say your first and last name at the same time. You quickly find that this is an impossible task. Now, pat the top of your head with your right hand, wave with your left hand, smile, shrug your shoulders, and chew gum at the same time. While goofy and awkward, our ability to do this demonstrates how we use multiple nonverbal channels simultaneously to communicate.

Decoding a single verbal message is difficult due to the arbitrary, abstract, and ambiguous nature of language. However, think how much more difficult it is to decode the even more ambiguous and multiple nonverbal signals we take in like eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, clothing, personal artifacts, and tone of voice all at the same time. Despite this difficulty, Motley found that we learn to decode nonverbal communication as babies. Hall (1984) found that women are much better than men at accurately interpreting the many nonverbal cues we send and receive (Gore, 2009). How we interpret these nonverbal signals can also be influenced by our gender as the viewer.

The second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (identifiable start-stop) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a linear way to make it easier for others to follow and understand. If you pronounce the word “cat” you begin with the letter “C” and proceed to finish with “T.” Continuous means that messages are ongoing and work in relation to other nonverbal and verbal cues. Think about the difference between analog and digital clocks.A digital clock functions similarly to verbal communication. Unlike an analog clock, a digital clock is not in constant motion. Instead, it replaces one number with another to display time (its message). A digital clock uses one distinct channel (numbers) in a linear fashion. When we use verbal communication, we do so like the digital clock. We say one word at a time, in a linear fashion, to express meaning.

Now contrast this to an analog clock, that represents nonverbal communication in that we generate meaning by considering the relationship of the different arms to each another (context). Also, the clock’s arms are in continuous motion. We notice the speed of their movement, their position in the circle and to each other, and their relationship with the environment (is it day or night?).

The third difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that we use verbal communication consciously while we generally use nonverbal communication unconsciously. Conscious communication means that we think about our verbal communication before we communicate. Unconscious communication means that we do not think about every nonverbal message we communicate. If you ever heard the statement as a child, “Think before you speak”, you were being told a fundamental principle of verbal communication. Realistically, it’s nearly impossible not to think before we speak. When we speak, we do so consciously and intentionally. In contrast, when something funny happens, you probably do not think, “Okay, I’m going to smile and laugh right now”. Instead, you react unconsciously, displaying your emotions through these nonverbal behaviors. Nonverbal communication can occur as unconscious reactions to situations. We are not claiming that all nonverbal communication is unconscious. At times, we certainly make conscious choices to use or withhold nonverbal communication to share meaning. Angry drivers use many conscious nonverbal expressions to communicate to other drivers. Also, in a job interview, you are making conscious decisions about your wardrobe, posture, and eye contact.

Case in Point

Body language expert and author, Vanessa Van Edwards reveal some interesting facts about body language in western culture in an interview with AM Northwest Today on September 18, 2013. She explains that men are not as good at reading body language cues as women because they use different areas of their brain when decoding. She states, “women might be better at reading body language because … [they] have 14 to 16 active brain areas while evaluating others, whereas men only have 4 to 6 active.” Edwards also explains how men and women nonverbally lie differently because they tend to lie for different reasons; “Men lie to appear more powerful, interesting, and successful, … [whereas] women lie … more to protect others feelings”. To learn more about differences in female and male body language you can read the full article and watch the video .

The fourth difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that some nonverbal communication is universal (Hall, Chia, and Wang, 1996; Tracy & Robins, 2008). Verbal communication is exclusive to the users of a particular language dialect, whereas some nonverbal communication is recognized across cultures. Although cultures most certainly have particular meanings and use for nonverbal communication, there are universal nonverbal behaviors that almost everyone recognizes. For instance, people around the world recognize and use expressions such as smiles, frowns, and the pointing of a finger at an object. Note: Not all nonverbal gestures are universal! If you travel to different regions of the world, find out what is appropriate .Let us sum up the ways in which nonverbal communication is unique:

Nonverbal communication uses multiple channels simultaneously.
Nonverbal communication is continuous.
Nonverbal communication can be both conscious and unconscious.
Certain nonverbal communication is universally understood.

"4.3: Differences Between Verbal & Nonverbal Communication". Introduction to Public Communication. Department of Communication, Indiana State University. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License . ↵

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6 Ch. 6: Nonverbal Communication

Ch. 6: nonverbal communication, learning objectives.

By the end of this chapter, readers should:

Define nonverbal communication, understanding the differences between verbal and nonverbal communication.
Describe the messages that nonverbal behavior communicates.
Explain various types of nonverbal behavior using appropriate terms.
Understand and observe cultural differences in nonverbal behavior.
Understand the potential for intercultural miscommunication due to nonverbal behavior.

Key Vocabulary

Nonverbal messages, mixed messages, nonverbal communication codes, facial expressions, illustrators, conversation distance, intimate space, social space, personal space, public space, contact vs. noncontact, monochronic cultures, polychronic cultures, halo vs. horn effect, cultural space, environment.

You might have studied a second language for many years, and considered yourself fluent, but still find it difficult to communicate with others when you travel to a country where that second language is spoken. Most of us have to live within a culture before we learn the nonverbal communication aspects of culture. Learning nonverbal communication is important and challenging. It’s important because much communication meaning is conveyed nonverbally, and challenging because nonverbal communication is often multi-channeled and culture-specific.

Human beings all have the capacity to make the same gestures and expressions, but not all of those gestures and expressions have the same meaning across cultural boundaries. Types of nonverbal communication vary considerably based on culture and country of origin. Every culture interprets posture, gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, vocal noises, use of space, degree of territory, and time differently.

Principles of Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication is those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve verbal communication, but which may include nonverbal aspects of speech itself such as accent, tone of voice, and speed of speaking (Dictionary.com 3/3/19). In other words, nonverbal communication is communication through means other than language. A famous study by Albert Mehrabian (1971) found that 93% of communication meaning comes from nonverbal communication. Mehrabian posited that 7% came from the words, 38% through vocal elements, and 55% from through other elements such as facial expressions, posture, gestures, etc. More recent studies have indicated that determining the impact of nonverbal elements on communication meaning is extremely difficult, and results can vary from 60-93%.

In the bigger picture, the exact results don’t matter as much as the fact that nonverbal communication can contribute to well-over half of the emotional or relational meaning of any given message. However you look at it, nonverbal elements are crucial to the study of communication. When comparing verbal and nonverbal communication, it’s important to remember that both are symbolic, and both communicate meaning, but other aspects differ greatly.

Two athletes who speak different languages communicate with hand gestures at a world championship.

Nonverbal Communication Uses Multiple Channels

When we use verbal communication, we use words, and we transmit through one channel at a time. We can speak words, read words, type words, or listen to words, but the channel is words. Nonverbally, when I talk to a friend, I listen to my friend’s tone of voice, I watch my friend’s facial expressions, use of eye contact, and gestures, and possibly touch them (multiple channels) all while trying to make sense of the words (one channel). Or to impress a possible romantic partner, I dress up in my most flattering clothes, put on cologne or perfume, fix my hair, and laugh at their jokes to indicate my interest in them.

Nonverbal Communication is More Ambiguous

Unlike most verbal communication, nonverbal communication and its meanings are primarily learned unconsciously. A smile can express friendliness, comfort, nervousness, and sarcasm, just as catching someone’s eye can convey intimacy, humor, or a challenge, depending on the situation. This ambiguity can pose difficulties for the interpretation of messages—especially across cultural boundaries. Chances are you have had many experiences where words were misunderstood, or where the meaning of words was unclear. When it comes to nonverbal communication, meaning is even harder to discern. We can sometimes tell what people are communicating through their nonverbal communication, but there is no foolproof “dictionary” of how to interpret nonverbal messages.

Some nonverbal behaviors are learned as part of being socialized into a culture. In the United States, we often shake hands when meeting someone new in a formal situation. Words such as “hi, I’m Karen” along with a firm handshake are general expectations in business settings. Or, “it was so nice to meet you” and another firm handshake at parting.

Nonverbal Communication Has Fewer Rules

One reason that nonverbal communication is more ambiguous than verbal communication is because it is governed by fewer rules—and most of those will be informal norms. Verbal communication has literally thousands of rules governing grammar, spelling, pronunciation, usage, meaning, and more. Yes, your parents might tell you to “it’s not polite to stare at people,” but most of these declarations are considered models of good behavior and not something that dictates the meaning of a communication act.

Popular culture is filled with references to “body language” and promises that you can read your boss/lover/parent/friend like a book by the end of the article/tweet/video. Because nonverbal communication is ambiguous, has fewer rules, and co-creates meaning with verbal communication, it would be impossible to teach a universal shorthand for interpreting how individuals express attitudes and emotions through their bodies. There is not a universal code used that could be considered as a “language of the body” with conventionalized meanings which equate to the components that constitute spoken language (Haller & Peeters, retrieved 2/13/19).

Nonverbal Messages Communicate Emotions and Meaning

When we interact with others, we monitor many channels besides their words to determine meaning. Where does a wink start and a nod end? Nonverbal communication involves the entire body, the space it occupies and dominates, the time it interacts, and not only what is not said, but how it is not said. Nonverbal action flows almost seamlessly from one to the next, creating an intention of meaning in the mind of the receiver.

Nonverbal communication often gives our thoughts and feelings away before we are even aware of what we are thinking or how we feel. People may see and hear more than you ever anticipated. Your nonverbal communication includes both intentional and unintentional messages, but since it all happens so fast, the unintentional ones can contradict what you know you are supposed to say or how you are supposed to react.

Our reliance on nonverbal communication becomes even more intense when people display mixed messages or verbal and nonverbal behaviors that convey contradictory meanings (Burgoon & Hoobler, 2002). In such cases, we almost always trust the nonverbal message over the verbal one as nonverbal behavior is believed to operate at the unconscious level. Still, we often assign intentional motives to nonverbal communication when in fact their meaning is unintentional, and hard to interpret.

Nonverbal behavior also communicates status and power. Touch, posture, gestures, use of space and territory, are good indicators of how power is distributed in the relationship, and the perks that status brings. And although research indicates that deceptive behaviors are idiosyncratic to particular individual people, the interplay between verbal and nonverbal can help receivers determine deception.

Nonverbal Communication is Influenced by Culture

The close bond between culture and nonverbal communication makes true intercultural communication difficult to master. Yes, some cues can be learned, but because nonverbal is ambiguous and has fewer rules, it takes most people many years of immersion within a culture before they can fully understand the subtle meanings encompassed within that culture’s nonverbal communication (Chen & Starosta, 2005).

In a 2009 meeting with the emperor of Japan, then president Barak Obama, bowed rather deeply in greeting. US conservative commentators called the bow ‘treasonous’ while former vice-president, Dick Cheney, believed that “there was no reason for an American president to bow to anyone” (Slate, retrieved 3/8/19). The Japanese press, on the other hand, acknowledged the bow as a sign of respect, but believed the 45 degree bend or ‘seikeirei’ bow to be much more exaggerated than it needed to be.

Nonverbal and Verbal Communication Work Together to Create Communication

Despite the differences between verbal and nonverbal forms of communication, and the importance of nonverbal noted by Mehrabian and others, both forms are essential. They both work together to create meaning (Jones & LeBaron, 2002). As communicators, we do not experience or express them separately, but rather jointly to create meaning (Birdwhistell, 1973). We need both to communicate competently. Nonverbal communication can reinforce, substitute for, and contradict verbal communication, but it can never be the words—and we need the words as that tip of the iceberg to have a focus for the meaning and feelings that are being displayed.

Types of Nonverbal Behaviors or Codes

One reason that nonverbal communication is so rich with information is that humans use so many different aspects of behavior, appearance, and environment to convey meaning. Scholars call the different means used for transmitting information nonverbal communication codes (Burgoon & Hoobler, 2002). The seven general codes for nonverbal communication are: kinesics, vocalics, proxemics, haptics, chronemics, physical appearance, artifacts, and environment.

The cultural patterns embedded in nonverbal codes should be used not as stereotypes for all members of particular cultures, but rather as tentative guidelines or examples to help you understand the great variation of nonverbal behavior in humans. Bodenhausen, Todd & Richeson (2009) remind us that prejudice is often based on certain aspects of nonverbal behavior such as appearance. Reread chapter XXX for a reminder how prejudice can hinder the communication process.

Kinesics is thought by some to be the richest nonverbal code in terms of its power to communicate meaning, kinesics includes most of the behaviors we usually associate with nonverbal communication. The word kinesics comes from the Greek word, kinesis , meaning “movement,” and includes facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and posture.
Facial Expressions communicate an endless stream of emotions, and we make judgements about what others are feeling by assessing their faces . Our use of emoticons to communicate attitudes and emotions in electronic media testifies to the importance of this type of kinesics. In fact, some scholars argue that facial expressions rank first among all forms of communication (Knapp & Hall, 2002). Cultural rules often regulate facial expressions . You might have been taught that smiles are universal, but that simply is not true. Most human beings can smile, but cultures value and interpret smiles in different ways. In other words, the meaning behind a smile is not universal. For example, in Russian, people do not smile because it implies that you are foolish, or possibly sneaky and manipulative. Even family photos, adults often appear with flat or scowling faces. Many Hispanic cultures prefer a proud and elegant facial appearance, which does not include smiling. In Japan, smiling is a way to show respect or to hide what you are actually feeling. In the United States, we smile to show a pleasant face to the people around us, to express happiness, gratitude, and even when we are nervous. We often tend to smile for the purposes of getting along with others (Solomon, 2017).
Eye contact , or Oculesics , serves many purposes. We use our eyes to express emotions, regulate a conversation, indicate listening behavior, show interest in others, respect, status, hostility, and aggression (Burgoon, Buller & Woodall, 1996). Patterns of eye contact vary significantly by culture. Generally, eye contact is considered a good thing in the United States. It can mean that you are interested, confident, and bold (a good thing), but people often avoid eye contact in crowded, impersonal situations such as walking down a busy street or riding a crowded bus. In France, however, someone may feel free to watch someone interesting on the street and consciously make eye contact to indicate interest. In the Middle East, direct eye contact is less common and generally less appropriate, whereas lack of eye contact in Asia is often a sign of respect and considered polite.
Gestures are arm and hand movements used for communication . There are at least four different kinds of gestures that we should consider: emblems , illustrators , regulators , and adaptors . The type of gesture known as emblems represent a specific verbal meaning and can replace or reinforce words (Ekman, 1976). If you are driving down a busy highway in the United States, and another driver quickly changes lanes in front of your car, making you hit the brakes, you can flip them off to easily convey meaning without using any words at all. With emblems, gestures and its verbal meaning are interchangeable, but they are also very culturally specific. If the person who changed lanes abruptly is from another culture, they may have no idea what your emblem means.
Illustrators, or emblematic nonverbal communications, are a nonverbal gesture used to communicate our message effectively and reinforce our point. Your grandfather may describe the fish he just caught and hold up his two hands 36 inches apart to illustrate exactly how big the fish was.
Regulators are nonverbal messages which control, maintain or discourage interaction. (McLean, 2003). For example, if someone is telling you a message that is confusing or upsetting, you may hold up your hand, a commonly recognized regulator that asks the speaker to stop talking.
Adaptors help us feel comfortable or indicate emotions or moods. An adaptor could involve you meeting your need for security, by playing with your hair for example, or hugging yourself for warmth.
Posture is t he last item in our list of kinesics . Humans can stand up straight or slouch, lean forward or backward, round or slump our shoulders, and tilt our heads. Mehrabian (1972) believed that posture communicates immediacy and power . Immediacy is the degree to which you find someone interesting and attractive. Typically, when someone from the United States finds someone attractive, they face the person when talking, hold their head up, and lean in. Whereas a reaction to someone they don’t like might have them look away and lean back. Power is the ability to influence people or events. In the United States, high-status communicators typically use relaxed postures (Burgoon et al., 1996), but in Japan, the opposite is true. Japanese display power through erect posture with feel planted firmly on the floor.

Vocal characteristics we use to communicate nonverbal messages are called vocalics or paralanguage (with-language) . Vocalics involves verbal and nonverbal aspects of speech that influence meaning, including rate, pitch, tone, volume, intensity, pausing, and even silence. As previously discussed, silence or vocal pauses can communicate hesitation, indicate the need to gather thought, or serve as a sign of respect. Sometimes we learn just as much, or even more, from what a person does not say as what they do say.

Coming from the Latin proximus, meaning “near,” proxemics refers to communication through the use of physical distance or space. When we discuss space in a nonverbal context, we mean the space between objects and people. Space is often associated with social rank and is an important part of communication. Who gets the corner office? Who sits at the head of the table and why?

People from diverse cultures may have different normative space expectations. If you are from a large urban area, having people stand close to you may be normal. If you are from a culture where people expect more space, someone may be standing “too close” for comfort and not know it.

Edward T. Hall, serving in the European and South Pacific Regions in the Corps of Engineers during World War II, traveled around the globe. As he moved from one place to another, he noticed that people in different countries kept different distances from each other. In France, they stood closer to each other than they did in England. Hall (1963) wondered why that was and came up with a theory on spatial relations and boundaries.

The first aspect, Hall called “ territory ” and it is related to control. As a way of establishing control over your own room, maybe you painted it your favorite color, or put up posters that represent your interests or things you consider unique about yourself. Territory means the space you claim as your own, are responsible for, or are willing to defend.

The second aspect Hall highlights is conversation distance , or the “bubble” of space surrounding each individual. We recognize the basic need for personal space, but the normative expectations for space vary greatly by culture. In the United States, intimate space ranges from 0-18 inches. Personal space is the distance we occupy during encounters with friends and ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet. Many people use social space in social situations or with strangers, and ranges from 4 to 12 feet. In public space , the distance ranges from 12 feet and beyond. North American use of space tends to be much larger than most other cultures, especially people from Latin America and the Middle East where such vast use of personal space will make you seem aloof or distant.

Touch in communication interaction is called haptics , from the ancient Greek word “ haptien.” Touch can vary based on its duration, the part of the body being touched, and the strength of the contact (Floyd, 1999).

Cultural norms have a strong impact on how people use and perceive touch. For example, Hispanic cultures tend to hug more than do Europeans. Researchers in a study at outdoor cafes in London, England and San Juan, Puerto Rico found that Puerto Ricans touched each other an average of 180 times per hour whereas the British average was zero (EPA, 2002).

Hall (1963) suggests that the use of proxemics and haptics merge within a culture to create what researchers now call contact and noncontact cultures. In contact cultures , people stand closer together while talking, make more direct eye contact, touch more frequently, and speak in louder voices. Some examples of contact cultures would be South America, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe with the Middle East being the highest contact.

In noncontact cultures , people stand farther apart while talking, maintain less eye contact, and touch less. Some examples of noncontact cultures would be Great Britain, the United States, and Japan.

Chronemics is the study of how we refer to and perceive time. Cultures vary widely in their time orientation , although context can also play a major role as well. “Time is money” is a common saying across cultures that display a high value for time. In social contexts, time often reveals social status and power. Who are you willing to wait for? A doctor for an office visit when you are sick? A potential employer for a job interview? Your significant other or children?

Some Mexican American friends may invite you to a barbecue at 8 p.m., but when you arrive you are the first guest, because it is understood that the gathering actually doesn’t start until after 9 p.m. Similarly in France, an 8 p.m. party invitation would be understood to indicate you should arrive around 8:30, but in Sweden 8 p.m. means 8 p.m., and latecomers may not be welcome.

In the United States, we perceive time as linear, flowing along in a straight line. We did one task, we’re doing another task now, and we are planning on doing something else later. In monochronic time orientation, time is a commodity. Being punctual, completing tasks, and keeping schedules is valued, and may be more important than building or maintaining personal relationships.

In polychronic time orientation, time is more holistic and circular. It is expected that many events happen at once, and things get done because of personal relationships, not in spite of personal relationships. The Euro Railways trains in Germany are famous for departing and arriving according to the schedule no matter what. In contrast, if you take the train in Argentina, you’ll find that the schedule is more of an approximation of when the train will leave or arrive. Engineers, conductors, and even passengers influence the schedule, not a clock.

Physical Appearance

Visible attributes such as hair, clothing, body type, personal grooming, jewelry, glasses, backpacks, briefcases, and purses profoundly influence our communication encounters. In other words, how you look conveys as much about you as what you say. Across cultures, people credit individuals they find physically attractive with higher levels of intelligence, persuasiveness, poise, sociability, warmth, power, and employment success than they credit to unattractive individuals (Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986). Communication researchers call this tendency to make a blanket judgement of a person based on one trait the halo (positive) or horns (negative) effect. As physical attractiveness is variable across cultures, and constantly being redefined, beauty is in the eye of the beholder.

Artifacts are the things we possess that influence how we see ourselves and that we use to express our identity to others. They can include rings and tattoos, but may also include brand names and logos. From clothes to cars, watches, briefcases, purses, and even eyeglasses, what we choose to surround ourselves with communicates something about our sense of self. They may project gender, role or position, class or status, personality, and group membership or affiliation.

Environment

A final way in which we communicate nonverbally is through our environment . The environment involves the physical aspects of our surroundings. More than the tables and chairs in an office, environment is an important part of the dynamic communication process. The perception of one’s environment influences one’s reaction to it. For example, Google is famous for its work environment, with spaces created for physical activity and even in-house food service around the clock. The expense is no doubt considerable, but Google’s actions speak volumes. The results produced in the environment, designed to facilitate creativity, interaction, and collaboration, are worth the effort.

Cultural Space

Although, the idea of cultural space doesn’t fit neatly into the category of nonverbal behaviors, many intercultural communication researchers find significance in the idea as it merges culture, environment and identity. The seed originates in the writings of French philosopher and social theorist, Michel Foucault (1970). The argument is that culture is dynamic and redefines itself from one generation to the next so many scholars are now referring to this broad area of research by the metaphor of cultural space. Cultural space is the social and cultural contexts in which our identities are formed.

One of the earliest cultural spaces that humans experience is home. Home can be a tremendous source of identification. It often communicates social class and norms, as well as safety and security. Home is not the same as the physical location it occupies, but rather the feelings invoked. Home can be a specific address, cities, states, regions, and even nations.

A neighborhood is an area defined by its own cultural identity. This area can revolve around race and ethnicity, and certain cultural groups can define who gets to live where by dictating the rules by which other groups must live. Historical forces and power relations have led to different settlement patterns of cultural groups in the United States and around the world.

Many people identify strongly with particular regions. Regionalism is loyalty to an area that holds cultural meaning. This loyalty can be expressed symbolically by flying regional flags, wearing special clothing, celebrating regional holidays, and participating in other cultural activities. This loyalty can also be expressed through protests or armed conflict.

Social media has added a new dimension to cultural spaces by pushing definitions and boundaries. This notion of fluid cultural space is in contrast with previous notions of space which were rooted in landownership & occupation, along with borders, colonies, and territories. We will explore this idea more in our social media and popular culture chapter.

Cultural space influences how we think about ourselves and others therefore, changing cultural space is not easy to do. Travel raises important issues related to changing how we interact and communicate with others and is often associated with transformation of the traveler. Migration involves a more permanent kind of change than traveling, and is also an impetus of cultural space change.

Wrapping Up

People may not understand your words, but they will certainly interpret your nonverbal communication according to their accepted norms. Notice the word their . It is their perceptions that will count when you are trying to communicate, and it’s important to understand that those perceptions will be based on the teachings and experiences of their culture—not yours.

The ideas and theories presented in the previous sections note how we look at the structures of cultures, values, and communication. They also provide a framework for talking about and comparing cultures, but it’s always important to remember that cultures are heterogeneous, and constantly changing. One size does not fit all and nonverbal communication is ambiguous even in the best of times.

References:

Intercultural Communication for the Community College Copyright © 2019 by Karen Krumrey-Fulks is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Difference Between Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication With Examples

Communication is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs, symbols and semiotic rules. Every communication involves at least one sender, a message and a recipient. Communication is fundamental to the existence and survival of humans as well as organizations.

There are two predominant types of communication:

Verbal communication
Non-verbal communication

While most of us are aware of and use verbal communication on a regular basis, nonverbal communication is most commonly not intentional and can offer considerable information about both people and situations. Verbal communication helps us inform, persuade and entertain others whereas nonverbal signals can increase trust, clarity and add interest in communication when yielded properly.

What Is Verbal Communication?

Verbal communication is any communication that uses words to share information with others. Many people mistakenly assume that verbal communication refers only to spoken communication. However, verbal communication is about language, both written and spoken. This includes spoken words, written messages and sign language, as well as all coded information that refers to a particular language system. Parties involved in verbal communication give their feelings, thoughts, ideas and opinions and express them in the form of speeches, discussions, presentations and conversations.

The effectiveness of verbal communication depends on the tone of the speaker, clarity of voice, speed of utterance, body language and choice of words. In verbal communication, the exchange of the message is very fast which leads to rapid feedback, since there is simultaneous transmission and receipt of the message by the sender and receiver respectively.

The success of the verbal communication depends not only on the speaking ability of an individual but also on the listening skills. How effectively an individual listens to the subject matter decides the effectiveness of communication. The verbal communication is applicable in both the formal and informal kind of situations.

The domain of verbal communication can be divided into several component areas:

Semantics (vocabulary)
Pragmatic (social uses of language)
Syntax (grammar)

Types of Verbal Communication

Intrapersonal communication (This communication is extremely private and is restricted to ourselves. It includes the silent conversations we have with ourselves).
Interpersonal communication (Take place between two individuals and is thus a one-on-one conversation.
Small group communication (Takes place when more than two people are involved).
Public communication (takes place when one individual addresses a large gathering of people).

What You Need To Know Verbal Communication

Verbal communication is the use of proper words and language to convey a message.
Verbal communication is distinct in nature. Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and the end, and are expressed in a linear fashion.
Verbal communication is used consciously. Conscious communication means that we think about our verbal communication before we communicate.
Verbal communication is exclusive to users of a particular language dialect.
In verbal communication, the message is easily conveyed and understood by the recipient.
In Verbal communication, the physical presence of the sender and receiver is not necessary.
In Verbal communication, the exchange of the message is very fast which leads to rapid feedback.
Verbal communication uses a single channel of communication, the human voice, which speaks a single word at a time.
Verbal communication is a structured communication as it has grammar rules.
The major use of verbal communication is to inform, impart knowledge or can be used as a tool of persuasion.
Verbal stimuli are interpreted by the left hemisphere of the brain which helps in analyzing and reasoning.

What Is Non-Verbal Communication?

Non-verbal communication is the use of body language to convey information about their emotions, needs, intentions, attitudes and thoughts. Non-verbal communication occurs without using any oral or written word. Instead of written or oral words, it relies on various non-verbal cues like physical movements, tasks, colors, signs, symbols, signals chart etc to express feelings, attitudes or information. Although no word is used in non-verbal communication, it can effectively communicate many human feelings more accurately than verbal methods of communication.

Nonverbal human communication involves many different parts of the body and can be either conscious or subconscious on the part of the communicator. Some forms of nonverbal communication, like a handshake or head nod are conscious actions meant to communicate something deliberate. Some forms of nonverbal communication like a nervous hand twitch or a quiver in the voice subconsciously reveal emotional states that the communicator might not want shared.

Nonverbal communication plays a significant role in our lives, as it can improve a person’s ability to relate, engage and establish meaningful interactions in everyday life. A better understanding of this type of communication may lead people to develop stronger relationships with others. Often referred to as body language, nonverbal communication can take many forms and may be interpreted in multiple ways by different people, especially across cultures. Even a lack of such nonverbal cues can be meaningful and in itself, a form of nonverbal communication.

Types of Nonverbal Communication

Eye contact
Facial expressions
Posture and body orientation
Body movement
Body Language
Space and Distance
Para-linguistic
Personal appearance
Visual communication

What You Need To Know About Non-Verbal communication

Non-verbal communication is the use of body language to convey a message.
Non-verbal communication is continuous i.e constant motion and relate to context.
Non-verbal communication is used subconsciously. Subconscious communication means that we do not think about every nonverbal message we communicate.
Non-verbal communication is universal and recognized across cultures. For example people around the word recognize and use expressions such as smiles, frowns and pointing of a finger at an object.
In Non-verbal communication, recipient can easily miss either some part or the whole message.
In Non-verbal communication, physical presence of the communicating parties is necessary.
The non-verbal communication is based more on understanding which takes time and hence it is slow when compared to verbal communication.
Non-verbal communication uses multiple channels of communication including entire body, facial expressions and tone of voice.
Non-verbal communication is not structured; it does not have specific patterns.
Non-verbal communication like touch and eye contact express closeness and emotions.
Non-verbal communications are interpreted by the right hemisphere of the brain. These interpretations involve spatial, pictorial and gestalt activities in the brain, and elicit responses.

Also Read: Difference Between Passive And Active Listening

Difference Between Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication In Tabular Form

Also Read: Difference Between Active And Passive Voice

Advantages Of Verbal Communication

It save time in communication
It is quick in obtaining feedback
It is flexible and more reliable method of communication
It is a powerful means of persuasion and control.
It is a cheaper way of communication.
There are less chances of ambiguity or misrepresentation of information.
It helps create better relationship between parties involved.

Disadvantages Of Verbal Communication

This form of communication is not suitable for length messages.
Fixing mistakes becomes a problem while doing verbal communication.
There are high chances that verbal communication misunderstood in cases of language barrier.
A lot of irrelevant information creeps in during a conversation leading to wastage of time.
It is not convenient in as far as conveying long messages is concern. The receiver may forget the previously spoken important points leading to a chance of ineffective communication.
Distortion of meaning is also common with verbal communication.
It does not provide permanent record unless it is recorded with modern means of storage.

Advantages Of Non-verbal Communication

Nonverbal communication helps us to express our feelings and convey our messages without using words.
Nonverbal cues complement a verbal message by adding to its meaning.
It is very helpful to illiterate people.
It can be very attractive as it is based on visual, picture, graph, sign etc.
Nonverbal communication is universal; it is used all around the world.
All nonverbal cues have almost instant effect as the receivers perceive them quickly.
Gestures and facial expressions may be used to restate or emphasize a particular point.

Disadvantages Of Non-verbal Communication

There is greater possibility of distortion of message because nonverbal symbols and cues differ in meanings from culture to culture, from country to country and from region to region.
Nonverbal communication is not effective when communicating parties are close or near each other.
Nonverbal communication is quite vague and imprecise.
Long conversations and necessary explanations are not possible.
Difficult to understand and requires a lot of repetitions.
Nonverbal communication is not a preference of many people. Many people do not prefer to communicate through non-verbal communication with others.
Nonverbal communication does not follow any rules, formality or structure like other communication.

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Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication
While verbal and nonverbal communications involve transferring and receiving information and are not connected to the brain, they are significantly different in such features as structure, miscommunication, continuousness, and distance and time. We will write a custom essay on your topic tailored to your instructions!
Difference Between Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
Tabular Difference Between Verbal and Non-verbal communication. More universal, transcending language barriers. Often unconscious and spontaneous. Can be ambiguous and open to interpretation. Facial expressions and body language convey emotions. Non-verbal cues can be challenging to recall accurately.
Difference Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
There are lots of differences between verbal and nonverbal communication, the major ones are presented here in tabular form and in points. The first difference between the two is that in verbal communication the interchange of message is very fast which leads to rapid feedback. In opposition to this, the non-verbal communication is based more on understanding which takes time and hence it is ...
Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a ...
Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication Explained
See why leading organizations rely on MasterClass for learning & development. There are many ways to facilitate effective communication. How you use your words, body language, tone of voice, and visual cues determine how you are understood. Verbal and nonverbal communication skills work in tandem to deliver an understandable message.
10 Differences Between Verbal & Nonverbal Communication + Examples
What is the difference between verbal and nonverbal communication with examples (Detailed explanation) 1/ Verbal communication is the process of expressing information or conveying a message through the use of words, either in spoken or written form. This can be through face-to-face conversations, phone calls, emails, text messages, and other forms of written communication.
Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication
The definition of verbal communication is the transmission of information from one person to another orally through words and sounds. The definition of nonverbal communication is how a person ...
Verbal And Nonverbal Communication: [Essay Example], 1463 words
Amy Lucas (2017), has also emphasised that both verbal and nonverbal are essential in developing relationships and strengthening positive forms of communication. In the video, several forms of nonverbal cues were displayed. However, four distinct nonverbal cues that will be discussed are attentiveness, eye contact, voice and gesture.
Verbal vs Non-Verbal Communication: Difference and Comparison
Key Takeaways. Verbal communication involves using spoken or written words to convey a message. Non-verbal communication involves using body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message. Verbal communication is more direct and explicit, while non-verbal communication is more implicit and subtle.
Verbal Vs Non-Verbal Communication With Examples
The differences between verbal and non-verbal communication can be discussed based on many different criteria/parameters of communication. Point a and b represent Verbal and Non-verbal types of communication respectively. 1. Medium Of Communication: a. Verbal: Use of words and languages. Oral communication and written communication. b. Non ...
Difference Between Verbal And Nonverbal Communication
Verbal communication is linear and voluntary. You set out to say something, gather your thoughts, form your sentences, and then start delivering your message. It is a well-thought-out process in which the speaker focuses on communicating their message effectively. Nonverbal communication is a continuous process.
A guide to verbal vs nonverbal communication (With examples)
Verbal communication is the exchange of information between two or more people using words (either spoken or written), while nonverbal communication involves using physical cues or gestures to relay information to another person without using speech or words. It is natural to use verbal and nonverbal communication skills at work to interact ...
3.3: Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a ...
Verbal and Non Verbal Communication
For example my communication is high context. For this reason we value and emphasize on non verbal communication unlike Americans who prefer verbal communication. Secondly, one should be aware of social differences as well as non- verbal differences. Socially, one has to know how to behave while communicating. In addition, one should be able to ...
5.2: Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
A second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (linear) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion. We begin and end words and sentences in a ...
Importance of Non-verbal Communication
A good example may be when the audience starts chewing the backside of their pens to signify disinterest. All in all, non-verbal communications are universal. They be used differently by different people in different places or they may take a different form but they will remain to be non-verbal communications.
3.3 Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
CC-BY-SA. The second difference between verbal and nonverbal communication is that verbal communication is distinct (identifiable start-stop) while nonverbal communication is continuous (in constant motion and relative to context). Distinct means that messages have a clear beginning and end, and are expressed in a linear fashion.
Ch. 6: Nonverbal Communication
Principles of Nonverbal Communication. Nonverbal communication is those aspects of communication, such as gestures and facial expressions, that do not involve verbal communication, but which may include nonverbal aspects of speech itself such as accent, tone of voice, and speed of speaking (Dictionary.com 3/3/19).
The Difference Between Verbal And Nonverbal Communication
To me interpersonal communication describes the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two different people. Joseph DeVito states that "interpersonal communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable" due to these things effective communication is a necessary skill for us to function in our day to day lives (p. 20).
Difference Between Verbal And Non Verbal Communication
Basis for difference. Verbal Communication. Non-Verbal Communication. Meaning. Involves exchanging information or expressing emotions using speech, words, or aural language. Involves the use of facial gestures, eye or body movements, kinesics, and many more to communicate without using words. Expression. Spoken or written words.
Crafting Connections: Language Dynamics and Practical Application
In conclusion, verbal and nonverbal communication form the bedrock of human interaction. The principles governing these modes of communication encapsulate linguistic diversity, the significance of all languages, variations across beliefs, the subjectivity of vocabulary, and the importance of effective verbal communication for positive impressions.
Difference Between Verbal And Non-Verbal Communication With Examples
The non-verbal communication is based more on understanding which takes time and hence it is slow when compared to verbal communication. Non-verbal communication uses multiple channels of communication including entire body, facial expressions and tone of voice. Non-verbal communication is not structured; it does not have specific patterns.