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What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

A literature review is a critical analysis and synthesis of existing research on a particular topic. It provides an overview of the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and highlights key findings in the literature. 1 The purpose of a literature review is to situate your own research within the context of existing scholarship, demonstrating your understanding of the topic and showing how your work contributes to the ongoing conversation in the field. Learning how to write a literature review is a critical tool for successful research. Your ability to summarize and synthesize prior research pertaining to a certain topic demonstrates your grasp on the topic of study, and assists in the learning process. 

Table of Contents

• What is the purpose of literature review? 
• a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction: 
• b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes: 
• c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs: 
• d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts: 
• How to write a good literature review 
• Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question: 
• Decide on the Scope of Your Review: 
• Select Databases for Searches: 
• Conduct Searches and Keep Track: 
• Review the Literature: 
• Organize and Write Your Literature Review: 
• Frequently asked questions 

What is a literature review?

A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with the existing literature, establishes the context for their own research, and contributes to scholarly conversations on the topic. One of the purposes of a literature review is also to help researchers avoid duplicating previous work and ensure that their research is informed by and builds upon the existing body of knowledge.

What is the purpose of literature review?

A literature review serves several important purposes within academic and research contexts. Here are some key objectives and functions of a literature review: 2  

• Contextualizing the Research Problem: The literature review provides a background and context for the research problem under investigation. It helps to situate the study within the existing body of knowledge. 
• Identifying Gaps in Knowledge: By identifying gaps, contradictions, or areas requiring further research, the researcher can shape the research question and justify the significance of the study. This is crucial for ensuring that the new research contributes something novel to the field. 
• Understanding Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks: Literature reviews help researchers gain an understanding of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks used in previous studies. This aids in the development of a theoretical framework for the current research. 
• Providing Methodological Insights: Another purpose of literature reviews is that it allows researchers to learn about the methodologies employed in previous studies. This can help in choosing appropriate research methods for the current study and avoiding pitfalls that others may have encountered. 
• Establishing Credibility: A well-conducted literature review demonstrates the researcher’s familiarity with existing scholarship, establishing their credibility and expertise in the field. It also helps in building a solid foundation for the new research. 
• Informing Hypotheses or Research Questions: The literature review guides the formulation of hypotheses or research questions by highlighting relevant findings and areas of uncertainty in existing literature. 

Literature review example

Let’s delve deeper with a literature review example: Let’s say your literature review is about the impact of climate change on biodiversity. You might format your literature review into sections such as the effects of climate change on habitat loss and species extinction, phenological changes, and marine biodiversity. Each section would then summarize and analyze relevant studies in those areas, highlighting key findings and identifying gaps in the research. The review would conclude by emphasizing the need for further research on specific aspects of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity. The following literature review template provides a glimpse into the recommended literature review structure and content, demonstrating how research findings are organized around specific themes within a broader topic. 

Literature Review on Climate Change Impacts on Biodiversity:

Climate change is a global phenomenon with far-reaching consequences, including significant impacts on biodiversity. This literature review synthesizes key findings from various studies: 

a. Habitat Loss and Species Extinction:

Climate change-induced alterations in temperature and precipitation patterns contribute to habitat loss, affecting numerous species (Thomas et al., 2004). The review discusses how these changes increase the risk of extinction, particularly for species with specific habitat requirements. 

b. Range Shifts and Phenological Changes:

Observations of range shifts and changes in the timing of biological events (phenology) are documented in response to changing climatic conditions (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). These shifts affect ecosystems and may lead to mismatches between species and their resources. 

c. Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs:

The review explores the impact of climate change on marine biodiversity, emphasizing ocean acidification’s threat to coral reefs (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). Changes in pH levels negatively affect coral calcification, disrupting the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. 

d. Adaptive Strategies and Conservation Efforts:

Recognizing the urgency of the situation, the literature review discusses various adaptive strategies adopted by species and conservation efforts aimed at mitigating the impacts of climate change on biodiversity (Hannah et al., 2007). It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary approaches for effective conservation planning. 

How to write a good literature review

Writing a literature review involves summarizing and synthesizing existing research on a particular topic. A good literature review format should include the following elements. 

Introduction: The introduction sets the stage for your literature review, providing context and introducing the main focus of your review. 

• Opening Statement: Begin with a general statement about the broader topic and its significance in the field. 
• Scope and Purpose: Clearly define the scope of your literature review. Explain the specific research question or objective you aim to address. 
• Organizational Framework: Briefly outline the structure of your literature review, indicating how you will categorize and discuss the existing research. 
• Significance of the Study: Highlight why your literature review is important and how it contributes to the understanding of the chosen topic. 
• Thesis Statement: Conclude the introduction with a concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument or perspective you will develop in the body of the literature review. 

Body: The body of the literature review is where you provide a comprehensive analysis of existing literature, grouping studies based on themes, methodologies, or other relevant criteria. 

• Organize by Theme or Concept: Group studies that share common themes, concepts, or methodologies. Discuss each theme or concept in detail, summarizing key findings and identifying gaps or areas of disagreement. 
• Critical Analysis: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each study. Discuss the methodologies used, the quality of evidence, and the overall contribution of each work to the understanding of the topic. 
• Synthesis of Findings: Synthesize the information from different studies to highlight trends, patterns, or areas of consensus in the literature. 
• Identification of Gaps: Discuss any gaps or limitations in the existing research and explain how your review contributes to filling these gaps. 
• Transition between Sections: Provide smooth transitions between different themes or concepts to maintain the flow of your literature review. 

Conclusion: The conclusion of your literature review should summarize the main findings, highlight the contributions of the review, and suggest avenues for future research. 

• Summary of Key Findings: Recap the main findings from the literature and restate how they contribute to your research question or objective. 
• Contributions to the Field: Discuss the overall contribution of your literature review to the existing knowledge in the field. 
• Implications and Applications: Explore the practical implications of the findings and suggest how they might impact future research or practice. 
• Recommendations for Future Research: Identify areas that require further investigation and propose potential directions for future research in the field. 
• Final Thoughts: Conclude with a final reflection on the importance of your literature review and its relevance to the broader academic community. 

Conducting a literature review

Conducting a literature review is an essential step in research that involves reviewing and analyzing existing literature on a specific topic. It’s important to know how to do a literature review effectively, so here are the steps to follow: 1  

Choose a Topic and Define the Research Question:

• Select a topic that is relevant to your field of study. 
• Clearly define your research question or objective. Determine what specific aspect of the topic do you want to explore? 

Decide on the Scope of Your Review:

• Determine the timeframe for your literature review. Are you focusing on recent developments, or do you want a historical overview? 
• Consider the geographical scope. Is your review global, or are you focusing on a specific region? 
• Define the inclusion and exclusion criteria. What types of sources will you include? Are there specific types of studies or publications you will exclude? 

Select Databases for Searches:

• Identify relevant databases for your field. Examples include PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. 
• Consider searching in library catalogs, institutional repositories, and specialized databases related to your topic. 

Conduct Searches and Keep Track:

• Develop a systematic search strategy using keywords, Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT), and other search techniques. 
• Record and document your search strategy for transparency and replicability. 
• Keep track of the articles, including publication details, abstracts, and links. Use citation management tools like EndNote, Zotero, or Mendeley to organize your references. 

Review the Literature:

• Evaluate the relevance and quality of each source. Consider the methodology, sample size, and results of studies. 
• Organize the literature by themes or key concepts. Identify patterns, trends, and gaps in the existing research. 
• Summarize key findings and arguments from each source. Compare and contrast different perspectives. 
• Identify areas where there is a consensus in the literature and where there are conflicting opinions. 
• Provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature. What are the strengths and weaknesses of existing research? 

Organize and Write Your Literature Review:

• Literature review outline should be based on themes, chronological order, or methodological approaches. 
• Write a clear and coherent narrative that synthesizes the information gathered. 
• Use proper citations for each source and ensure consistency in your citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). 
• Conclude your literature review by summarizing key findings, identifying gaps, and suggesting areas for future research. 

The literature review sample and detailed advice on writing and conducting a review will help you produce a well-structured report. But remember that a literature review is an ongoing process, and it may be necessary to revisit and update it as your research progresses. 

Frequently asked questions

A literature review is a critical and comprehensive analysis of existing literature (published and unpublished works) on a specific topic or research question and provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge in a particular field. A well-conducted literature review is crucial for researchers to build upon existing knowledge, avoid duplication of efforts, and contribute to the advancement of their field. It also helps researchers situate their work within a broader context and facilitates the development of a sound theoretical and conceptual framework for their studies.

Literature review is a crucial component of research writing, providing a solid background for a research paper’s investigation. The aim is to keep professionals up to date by providing an understanding of ongoing developments within a specific field, including research methods, and experimental techniques used in that field, and present that knowledge in the form of a written report. Also, the depth and breadth of the literature review emphasizes the credibility of the scholar in his or her field.  

Before writing a literature review, it’s essential to undertake several preparatory steps to ensure that your review is well-researched, organized, and focused. This includes choosing a topic of general interest to you and doing exploratory research on that topic, writing an annotated bibliography, and noting major points, especially those that relate to the position you have taken on the topic. 

Literature reviews and academic research papers are essential components of scholarly work but serve different purposes within the academic realm. 3 A literature review aims to provide a foundation for understanding the current state of research on a particular topic, identify gaps or controversies, and lay the groundwork for future research. Therefore, it draws heavily from existing academic sources, including books, journal articles, and other scholarly publications. In contrast, an academic research paper aims to present new knowledge, contribute to the academic discourse, and advance the understanding of a specific research question. Therefore, it involves a mix of existing literature (in the introduction and literature review sections) and original data or findings obtained through research methods. 

Literature reviews are essential components of academic and research papers, and various strategies can be employed to conduct them effectively. If you want to know how to write a literature review for a research paper, here are four common approaches that are often used by researchers.  Chronological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the chronological order of publication. It helps to trace the development of a topic over time, showing how ideas, theories, and research have evolved.  Thematic Review: Thematic reviews focus on identifying and analyzing themes or topics that cut across different studies. Instead of organizing the literature chronologically, it is grouped by key themes or concepts, allowing for a comprehensive exploration of various aspects of the topic.  Methodological Review: This strategy involves organizing the literature based on the research methods employed in different studies. It helps to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies and allows the reader to evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings.  Theoretical Review: A theoretical review examines the literature based on the theoretical frameworks used in different studies. This approach helps to identify the key theories that have been applied to the topic and assess their contributions to the understanding of the subject.  It’s important to note that these strategies are not mutually exclusive, and a literature review may combine elements of more than one approach. The choice of strategy depends on the research question, the nature of the literature available, and the goals of the review. Additionally, other strategies, such as integrative reviews or systematic reviews, may be employed depending on the specific requirements of the research.

The literature review format can vary depending on the specific publication guidelines. However, there are some common elements and structures that are often followed. Here is a general guideline for the format of a literature review:  Introduction:   Provide an overview of the topic.  Define the scope and purpose of the literature review.  State the research question or objective.  Body:   Organize the literature by themes, concepts, or chronology.  Critically analyze and evaluate each source.  Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the studies.  Highlight any methodological limitations or biases.  Identify patterns, connections, or contradictions in the existing research.  Conclusion:   Summarize the key points discussed in the literature review.  Highlight the research gap.  Address the research question or objective stated in the introduction.  Highlight the contributions of the review and suggest directions for future research.

Both annotated bibliographies and literature reviews involve the examination of scholarly sources. While annotated bibliographies focus on individual sources with brief annotations, literature reviews provide a more in-depth, integrated, and comprehensive analysis of existing literature on a specific topic. The key differences are as follows: 

References 

• Denney, A. S., & Tewksbury, R. (2013). How to write a literature review.  Journal of criminal justice education ,  24 (2), 218-234. 
• Pan, M. L. (2016).  Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Taylor & Francis. 
• Cantero, C. (2019). How to write a literature review.  San José State University Writing Center . 

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How To Write An A-Grade Literature Review

3 straightforward steps (with examples) + free template.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewed By: Dr. Eunice Rautenbach | October 2019

Quality research is about building onto the existing work of others , “standing on the shoulders of giants”, as Newton put it. The literature review chapter of your dissertation, thesis or research project is where you synthesise this prior work and lay the theoretical foundation for your own research.

Long story short, this chapter is a pretty big deal, which is why you want to make sure you get it right . In this post, I’ll show you exactly how to write a literature review in three straightforward steps, so you can conquer this vital chapter (the smart way).

Overview: The Literature Review Process

• Understanding the “ why “
• Finding the relevant literature
• Cataloguing and synthesising the information
• Outlining & writing up your literature review
• Example of a literature review

But first, the “why”…

Before we unpack how to write the literature review chapter, we’ve got to look at the why . To put it bluntly, if you don’t understand the function and purpose of the literature review process, there’s no way you can pull it off well. So, what exactly is the purpose of the literature review?

Well, there are (at least) four core functions:

• For you to gain an understanding (and demonstrate this understanding) of where the research is at currently, what the key arguments and disagreements are.
• For you to identify the gap(s) in the literature and then use this as justification for your own research topic.
• To help you build a conceptual framework for empirical testing (if applicable to your research topic).
• To inform your methodological choices and help you source tried and tested questionnaires (for interviews ) and measurement instruments (for surveys ).

Most students understand the first point but don’t give any thought to the rest. To get the most from the literature review process, you must keep all four points front of mind as you review the literature (more on this shortly), or you’ll land up with a wonky foundation.

Okay – with the why out the way, let’s move on to the how . As mentioned above, writing your literature review is a process, which I’ll break down into three steps:

• Finding the most suitable literature
• Understanding , distilling and organising the literature
• Planning and writing up your literature review chapter

Importantly, you must complete steps one and two before you start writing up your chapter. I know it’s very tempting, but don’t try to kill two birds with one stone and write as you read. You’ll invariably end up wasting huge amounts of time re-writing and re-shaping, or you’ll just land up with a disjointed, hard-to-digest mess . Instead, you need to read first and distil the information, then plan and execute the writing.

Step 1: Find the relevant literature

Naturally, the first step in the literature review journey is to hunt down the existing research that’s relevant to your topic. While you probably already have a decent base of this from your research proposal , you need to expand on this substantially in the dissertation or thesis itself.

Essentially, you need to be looking for any existing literature that potentially helps you answer your research question (or develop it, if that’s not yet pinned down). There are numerous ways to find relevant literature, but I’ll cover my top four tactics here. I’d suggest combining all four methods to ensure that nothing slips past you:

Method 1 – Google Scholar Scrubbing

Google’s academic search engine, Google Scholar , is a great starting point as it provides a good high-level view of the relevant journal articles for whatever keyword you throw at it. Most valuably, it tells you how many times each article has been cited, which gives you an idea of how credible (or at least, popular) it is. Some articles will be free to access, while others will require an account, which brings us to the next method.

Method 2 – University Database Scrounging

Generally, universities provide students with access to an online library, which provides access to many (but not all) of the major journals.

So, if you find an article using Google Scholar that requires paid access (which is quite likely), search for that article in your university’s database – if it’s listed there, you’ll have access. Note that, generally, the search engine capabilities of these databases are poor, so make sure you search for the exact article name, or you might not find it.

Method 3 – Journal Article Snowballing

At the end of every academic journal article, you’ll find a list of references. As with any academic writing, these references are the building blocks of the article, so if the article is relevant to your topic, there’s a good chance a portion of the referenced works will be too. Do a quick scan of the titles and see what seems relevant, then search for the relevant ones in your university’s database.

Method 4 – Dissertation Scavenging

Similar to Method 3 above, you can leverage other students’ dissertations. All you have to do is skim through literature review chapters of existing dissertations related to your topic and you’ll find a gold mine of potential literature. Usually, your university will provide you with access to previous students’ dissertations, but you can also find a much larger selection in the following databases:

• Open Access Theses & Dissertations
• Stanford SearchWorks

Keep in mind that dissertations and theses are not as academically sound as published, peer-reviewed journal articles (because they’re written by students, not professionals), so be sure to check the credibility of any sources you find using this method. You can do this by assessing the citation count of any given article in Google Scholar. If you need help with assessing the credibility of any article, or with finding relevant research in general, you can chat with one of our Research Specialists .

Alright – with a good base of literature firmly under your belt, it’s time to move onto the next step.

Need a helping hand?

Step 2: Log, catalogue and synthesise

Once you’ve built a little treasure trove of articles, it’s time to get reading and start digesting the information – what does it all mean?

While I present steps one and two (hunting and digesting) as sequential, in reality, it’s more of a back-and-forth tango – you’ll read a little , then have an idea, spot a new citation, or a new potential variable, and then go back to searching for articles. This is perfectly natural – through the reading process, your thoughts will develop , new avenues might crop up, and directional adjustments might arise. This is, after all, one of the main purposes of the literature review process (i.e. to familiarise yourself with the current state of research in your field).

As you’re working through your treasure chest, it’s essential that you simultaneously start organising the information. There are three aspects to this:

• Logging reference information
• Building an organised catalogue
• Distilling and synthesising the information

I’ll discuss each of these below:

2.1 – Log the reference information

As you read each article, you should add it to your reference management software. I usually recommend Mendeley for this purpose (see the Mendeley 101 video below), but you can use whichever software you’re comfortable with. Most importantly, make sure you load EVERY article you read into your reference manager, even if it doesn’t seem very relevant at the time.

2.2 – Build an organised catalogue

In the beginning, you might feel confident that you can remember who said what, where, and what their main arguments were. Trust me, you won’t. If you do a thorough review of the relevant literature (as you must!), you’re going to read many, many articles, and it’s simply impossible to remember who said what, when, and in what context . Also, without the bird’s eye view that a catalogue provides, you’ll miss connections between various articles, and have no view of how the research developed over time. Simply put, it’s essential to build your own catalogue of the literature.

I would suggest using Excel to build your catalogue, as it allows you to run filters, colour code and sort – all very useful when your list grows large (which it will). How you lay your spreadsheet out is up to you, but I’d suggest you have the following columns (at minimum):

• Author, date, title – Start with three columns containing this core information. This will make it easy for you to search for titles with certain words, order research by date, or group by author.
• Categories or keywords – You can either create multiple columns, one for each category/theme and then tick the relevant categories, or you can have one column with keywords.
• Key arguments/points – Use this column to succinctly convey the essence of the article, the key arguments and implications thereof for your research.
• Context – Note the socioeconomic context in which the research was undertaken. For example, US-based, respondents aged 25-35, lower- income, etc. This will be useful for making an argument about gaps in the research.
• Methodology – Note which methodology was used and why. Also, note any issues you feel arise due to the methodology. Again, you can use this to make an argument about gaps in the research.
• Quotations – Note down any quoteworthy lines you feel might be useful later.
• Notes – Make notes about anything not already covered. For example, linkages to or disagreements with other theories, questions raised but unanswered, shortcomings or limitations, and so forth.

If you’d like, you can try out our free catalog template here (see screenshot below).

2.3 – Digest and synthesise

Most importantly, as you work through the literature and build your catalogue, you need to synthesise all the information in your own mind – how does it all fit together? Look for links between the various articles and try to develop a bigger picture view of the state of the research. Some important questions to ask yourself are:

• What answers does the existing research provide to my own research questions ?
• Which points do the researchers agree (and disagree) on?
• How has the research developed over time?
• Where do the gaps in the current research lie?

To help you develop a big-picture view and synthesise all the information, you might find mind mapping software such as Freemind useful. Alternatively, if you’re a fan of physical note-taking, investing in a large whiteboard might work for you.

Step 3: Outline and write it up!

Once you’re satisfied that you have digested and distilled all the relevant literature in your mind, it’s time to put pen to paper (or rather, fingers to keyboard). There are two steps here – outlining and writing:

3.1 – Draw up your outline

Having spent so much time reading, it might be tempting to just start writing up without a clear structure in mind. However, it’s critically important to decide on your structure and develop a detailed outline before you write anything. Your literature review chapter needs to present a clear, logical and an easy to follow narrative – and that requires some planning. Don’t try to wing it!

Naturally, you won’t always follow the plan to the letter, but without a detailed outline, you’re more than likely going to end up with a disjointed pile of waffle , and then you’re going to spend a far greater amount of time re-writing, hacking and patching. The adage, “measure twice, cut once” is very suitable here.

In terms of structure, the first decision you’ll have to make is whether you’ll lay out your review thematically (into themes) or chronologically (by date/period). The right choice depends on your topic, research objectives and research questions, which we discuss in this article .

Once that’s decided, you need to draw up an outline of your entire chapter in bullet point format. Try to get as detailed as possible, so that you know exactly what you’ll cover where, how each section will connect to the next, and how your entire argument will develop throughout the chapter. Also, at this stage, it’s a good idea to allocate rough word count limits for each section, so that you can identify word count problems before you’ve spent weeks or months writing!

PS – check out our free literature review chapter template…

3.2 – Get writing

With a detailed outline at your side, it’s time to start writing up (finally!). At this stage, it’s common to feel a bit of writer’s block and find yourself procrastinating under the pressure of finally having to put something on paper. To help with this, remember that the objective of the first draft is not perfection – it’s simply to get your thoughts out of your head and onto paper, after which you can refine them. The structure might change a little, the word count allocations might shift and shuffle, and you might add or remove a section – that’s all okay. Don’t worry about all this on your first draft – just get your thoughts down on paper.

Once you’ve got a full first draft (however rough it may be), step away from it for a day or two (longer if you can) and then come back at it with fresh eyes. Pay particular attention to the flow and narrative – does it fall fit together and flow from one section to another smoothly? Now’s the time to try to improve the linkage from each section to the next, tighten up the writing to be more concise, trim down word count and sand it down into a more digestible read.

Once you’ve done that, give your writing to a friend or colleague who is not a subject matter expert and ask them if they understand the overall discussion. The best way to assess this is to ask them to explain the chapter back to you. This technique will give you a strong indication of which points were clearly communicated and which weren’t. If you’re working with Grad Coach, this is a good time to have your Research Specialist review your chapter.

Finally, tighten it up and send it off to your supervisor for comment. Some might argue that you should be sending your work to your supervisor sooner than this (indeed your university might formally require this), but in my experience, supervisors are extremely short on time (and often patience), so, the more refined your chapter is, the less time they’ll waste on addressing basic issues (which you know about already) and the more time they’ll spend on valuable feedback that will increase your mark-earning potential.

Literature Review Example

In the video below, we unpack an actual literature review so that you can see how all the core components come together in reality.

Let’s Recap

In this post, we’ve covered how to research and write up a high-quality literature review chapter. Let’s do a quick recap of the key takeaways:

• It is essential to understand the WHY of the literature review before you read or write anything. Make sure you understand the 4 core functions of the process.
• The first step is to hunt down the relevant literature . You can do this using Google Scholar, your university database, the snowballing technique and by reviewing other dissertations and theses.
• Next, you need to log all the articles in your reference manager , build your own catalogue of literature and synthesise all the research.
• Following that, you need to develop a detailed outline of your entire chapter – the more detail the better. Don’t start writing without a clear outline (on paper, not in your head!)
• Write up your first draft in rough form – don’t aim for perfection. Remember, done beats perfect.
• Refine your second draft and get a layman’s perspective on it . Then tighten it up and submit it to your supervisor.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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38 Comments

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Writing a Literature Review

What is a literature review, purpose of a literature review, structure of a literature review, information to consider in your review: what to write about, further readings, useful tools.

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The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the work that you are carrying out. This overview identifies prominent research trends in addition to assessing the overall strengths and weaknesses of the existing research.

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• To provide background information about a research topic.
• To establish the importance of a topic.
• To demonstrate familiarity with a topic/problem.
• To “carve out a space” for further work and allow you to position yourself in a scholarly conversation.

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Your review should follow the following structure:

• Write this last
• A summary of your main thesis and the studies you examine in your review
• Introduce your topic
• Outline what you will discuss throughout the review
• Frame the paper with your thesis
• Tell your audience why it is important that you reviewed the literature in your topic area
• Can take different forms depending on your topic
• Break it up into sections if this is helpful (i.e. if you are studying three different methodologies, then you can break your body into three main sections)
• Go through all of the literature in detail, in an organized fashion
• Restate your thesis
• Wrap up your review by drawing everything together and making sure it is clear what conclusions you draw about your topic or field of study based on the research studies you read and analyzed.
• Make sure your references are formatted correctly and all present
• This paper is all about the references! Cite everything that you discuss. For tips on when and how to cite, visit the next page on the drop-down menu under "Writing in the Sciences!"

Adapted from the   UCLA Undergraduate Science Journal

When doing research for your review, here is a list of questions to consider as you read through articles to potentially include:

• What is the  thesis  or  problem being addressed  in this paper? 
• What are the  strengths and limitations  of the study? Is there a better way to answer the research question?
• How does the author approach the study - from a theoretical, experimental, interpretive, or clinical (etc.) standpoint? Did they choose the best approach?
• Is the author using an assumed theoretical framework such as, for example, psychoanalytic or developmental? How does this affect the conclusions they draw? 
• How does the author engage with other literature in the field? Is literature that both contradicts and supports his/her findings mentioned? 
• Did the researchers choose appropriate methods of experimentation and data analysis for the research question? 
• Do you think that the conclusions they draw based upon the data they present are valid and reasonable? Or are there gaps in the logic or assumptions being made?
• Does this particular research study contribute to the knowledge base of the field around which you're centering your review? Is it worth including in your discussion, and does it fit your main thesis?
• The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It Written by Dena Taylor, Health Sciences Writing Centre, University of Toronto
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How to Write a Literature Review

Learn what a literature review is, where it is used, and the structure it should follow, including how to refer to studies and establish themes. We provides tips on writing a literature review, such as stating your research question, selecting key terms, and finding relevant literature on your topic.

Updated on May 17, 2023

A literature review is an overview of the existing literature on a particular topic. It provides a concise summary and critical analysis of existing publications. This justifies why the study was conducted. It also helps the reader understand the topic and see areas for future research. It can be part of a manuscript’s introduction section or a required part of an academic thesis. It can also be a standalone paper, such as a narrative review.

This article discusses what a literature review is when it’s part of a research paper. It provides strategies, tools, and tips for writing a good review.

What is a literature review, and where is it used?

A literature review is an organized summary of existing literature on a topic or research question. It’s used to help readers understand what has been done before related to the topic you’re writing on.

It shows how your study fits into the literature, why your study is needed, and what novel insights your study will bring to the literature.

In that sense, a literature review justifies your work and its potential impact. Literature reviews are also valuable for other researchers, as they can overview a specific topic.

A literature review is used in academic documents, including manuscripts, theses and dissertations, and in standalone papers such as systematic reviews and narrative reviews.

In a manuscript or dissertation, the literature review is presented as background information in the introduction section. Here, it summarizes prior research on the key concepts the paper focuses on, identifies gaps in the literature, and provides context for why the current study is needed. It focuses on summarizing articles that provide specific evidence relating to the topic of the larger manuscript and is very narrowly focused.

In contrast, a standalone literature review is a comprehensive and critical analysis of the existing research and literature on a specific topic. It synthesizes the current state of knowledge on the topic, identifies gaps, contradictions, and future directions for research. A literature review paper is typically longer, more comprehensive, and applies a study methodology.

What structure do literature reviews follow?

Literature reviews follow a logical structure, meaning every sentence logically leads to the next. They begin with a broad overview of the topic and then narrow down to specific research carried out on that topic in a way that builds on the previous information. Supporting studies are discussed one-by-one or they’re grouped by themes. They may or may not specifically indicate the authors by name. That depends on personal style and guidelines.

Referring to studies

For example, the literature review in Howden et al. (2018), reporting on a randomized controlled trial (RCT) on fitness and heart failure, first states the overall theme: sedentary aging’s association with worsening cardiovascular health. In concise sentences, it then lists the themes along with subscript numbers of the supporting literature, e.g., “...middle age is the strongest predictor of future heart failure.5–7”. No authors are named. This may be because of the referencing style (using numbers leading to the References list, unlike, for instance, APA, which uses last names), or it may be the authors’ preference.

Tramontano et al. (2021), on remote work , lists authors’ names along with the supporting research. In some cases, the names are in parentheses (per APA style) and in other cases, (e.g., ...Gonzales Vazquez and colleagues (2019) indicated...) the names represent the study. Again, it’s a combination of referencing style and authors’ preference.

Establish themes

As the literature review progresses, you synthesize the information from the articles. Articles are grouped together by theme or evidence (i.e., supporting or contrasting), with relevant citations giving support. Typically, findings are condensed and summarized concisely (i.e., in one or a couple of sentences).

For example, if you were exploring how processed food affects heart health, articles in the literature review might be grouped into categories such as heart health in general, processed foods, and the negative effects of processed foods on general heart health. You’d then summarize the key findings for each category with relevant citations.

As such, a literature review in a manuscript is not simply a chronological list of articles and their findings. Rather, it’s a report and analysis of the existing literature. It weaves a narrative that underpins your own study.

Writing your literature review

State your research question .

The first step to writing a good literature review is stating your research question.

If you’re writing a manuscript or dissertation, you likely already know what your research question is. Be sure it’s clearly presented at the end of the introductory paragraph so the reader immediately knows what the study will be about.

Select key terms

Next, identify several key words/terms/phrases that will be used to query your search for relevant literature.

For example, if your manuscript is about the effects of processed foods on heart health, you will want to use keywords such as “cardiovascular,” “processed foods,” and “heart disease” to retrieve relevant publications.

Find relevant literature on your topic

Most researchers have a specialty or a few specialties. Reading other studies should already be part of your day-to-day practice. So it’s very unusual to start a literature review from zero. You probably already have a folder full of PDFs (or, ideally, a reference manager full of well-organized articles in digital format).

For your current research, you’ll then add further literature in more specific and specialized areas. You’ll need to update your personal library. And you may find you lack sufficient publications in a certain area of research. Your literature review will address all these issues. Methods for diving in include databases, review articles, and asking colleagues and other researchers.

Online databases

Searching with databases often requires a combination of free and paid sources.

Google Scholar is probably the most commonly known search engine for academic literature because, well, it’s Google. Type titles, keywords, authors, or other entries to find papers on your topic of interest. You don’t need to create an account, but just because a publication is listed in Scholar doesn’t mean you can access the full text. Still, its powerful search features can help you rapidly narrow your search. You can then find publications in a database for which you have a subscription.

EBSCO and ProQuest are commonly available in universities’ online libraries, and databases like PubMed are comprehensive scientific collections. Some databases are open access, while others require a subscription to fully access the articles. Hopefully, you have access through your university or institution.

There are also publisher-managed search engines and databases like ScienceDirect or Scopus , as well as Wiley Online Library . These usually require a subscription.

Elicit is an AI-based search engine. Ask a research question and find relevant literature. It also suggests questions based on your input for better results. No account is needed.

Zendy is a search engine dedicated to open access journals. It’s accessible once you create an account.

Colleagues, fellow researchers

Asking your colleagues or fellow researchers in your field can be a great resource for finding additional studies. You can also look for highly cited papers in your field or search for articles from known experts in your field.

Other literature reviews, review articles, and reference lists

Previous review papers on your topic, introduction sections of articles (which contain their own literature reviews), are reference lists of papers are all great tools for finding additional articles. Look through the reference lists of previous prior review papers to locate other relevant articles.

With this approach, you’ll find yourself diving down one rabbit hole after another. And it can get overwhelming, so scan quickly, keep notes, and use a good reference manager (see below). After a while, you’ll start to see the same publications emerge. You’ll start to recognize the seminal pieces as well as highly specific studies on limited populations.

Software and reference managers

Apps like Connected Papers can help expand your collection and ensure you’re not missing any articles. With this tool, you can search for a work and then see it visualized through other articles it references, and that referenced it. It’s shown as a network of connected papers – fantastic for visual types.

Reference managers like EndNote and Mendeley are helpful tools for organizing your papers and adding citations to your manuscript. You can download them to your computer and easily search for the information you’ve read before, saving a lot of time in the writing process. While they both require creating an account, Mendeley is free. Paperpile is an excellent lighter-weight option.

Organize your sources

When you’ve compiled sufficient publications via your literature search, extract relevant information for your research question.

Identify themes

First, identify the most relevant papers for your research question. One good approach is to read the abstract and methods sections to understand the main findings.

Narrow down your list to articles that have a research question as similar as possible to yours. Then, group them by themes or evidence. For instance, group articles showing that processed foods lead to increased rates of heart disease in one section.

Include contradictory evidence to fully cover the scope of the topic. This will help you better organize the sections for your review later.

Define your key concepts

Every good review section begins with specific definitions of the concepts the paper will focus on. They should be defined in the abstract and introduction.

Write an outline

Write an outline with subheadings representing categories or themes your review will cover. Under each theme, enter a few references or key points that reflect what you want to convey to your reader in that section.

Organize the subheadings logically so that one idea flows into the next. Don’t jump back and forth between concepts. For example, if you’re establishing a common, evidence-supported definition of heart disease, focus only on that. Bringing in other diseases will confuse the reader. If you need to compare with other diseases, that’s probably cause for another subsection.

Review previous articles on your topic and check how the authors structured their introduction section to get ideas for your outline.

For longer reviews, you can use tables to present the literature and key themes more clearly for the reader. Tables are especially useful in dedicated review papers like narrative reviews.

Write your literature review

Following your outline, expand on your notes with sentences and paragraphs, including relevant citations (see the section above for examples of how these are typically written). Use clear and concise language. Make sure all your paragraphs have a dedicated topic sentence that reflects what the rest of the paragraph is about.

Start your review broadly, then use your prior research to narrow down to why your research question is needed. For example, define what heart disease is broadly, then narrow down to how specific processed foods can impact it and what still needs to be investigated (i.e., with your study).

Review your work

After finishing your first draft, revise and refine your work. Here are some key steps.

Refine your literature review

As you write, you may need to expand sections or include more evidence. Read over your review several times and determine if it’s conveying the information you want to get across clearly and adjust accordingly.

Omit unnecessary information

In scientific communication, less is more, so avoid making your review too long. Remove unnecessary information and avoid being too wordy. As a general rule, aim for just one idea per sentence and no more than around 15–20 words per sentence.

A credible citation (or citations) should support every assertion. But it can also get tempting to follow irrelevant paths that aren’t immediately relevant to the study you’re doing now.

Professional editing can also help you refine wordiness.

Check the logical structure

Check that each section in your review relates to the main research question. Check that every paragraph transitions smoothly to the next and that the ideas flow logically from one argument to the next. Ask yourself, “Does this idea directly relate to my next idea?” (and vice versa).

Also, check for consistency and completeness. Be sure you used the same wording for key concepts throughout your review and that you included all relevant evidence for your arguments.

Check for and remove/correct plagiarism

There are many ways to plagiarize , and some authors don’t even know when they’re doing it. It can be a critical mistake.

Journals use tools such as i Thenticate to detect plagiarism. And being caught plagiarizing can be a cause for a rapid rejection . Avoid plagiarizing by ensuring you cite the original source and don’t copy/paste text unless you use quotation marks. You can check for plagiarism using apps like Grammarly or Trinka , which can also help you improve your writing style and correct grammar mistakes.

Get outside perspectives

Ask a senior researcher or colleague to read your work and provide feedback or criticism. Ask junior researchers as well. Put your ego on the line for the good of rigorous science. Often, those with less experience may be able to see the more basic gaps in logic and clarity, as they bring a less honed and specialized perspective.

Check that you’ve included all references in the format required by the journal (e.g., APA, Vancouver, AMA). Use tools like Mendeley and EndNote to automatically generate a bibliography section based on the references you enter in your document. But do double-check what the software generates. It may be relying on incorrect metadata.

Good example of a literature review in a published article

Good literature reviews should be clear, concise, and informative. They should present enough information on the topic that you can understand the importance of the topic, the relevance of the literature included for the broader field, and what’s still missing from the literature (i.e., where further research is needed).

Here’s a good example:

Heart issues, sedentary lifestyle, exercise (from Howden et al. 2018)

Readable and well-structured, this review quickly highlights the negative relationship between a sedentary lifestyle and heart issues. It concisely reviews previous literature showing the relationship between exercise and heart health, so the reader understands why the study is needed.

Bonus: What’s the difference between a literature review and an annotated bibliography?

An annotated bibliography is a list of references with a brief summary of the results of that reference. It can also include your personal notes on the study and why it’s relevant to your study.

Especially for students, a literature review can be confused with an annotated bibliography. Both these devices detail existing studies. However, they perform quite different functions.

Annotated bibliographies are powerful when you’re writing a dissertation or any longer research piece, as they help you keep track of everything you’ve read and why it’s relevant. You may not publish it, but you can definitely use it when you write your literature review.

So, the key differences between an annotated bibliography are:

• An annotated bibliography is a list of references with no connection established among them, while a literature review is a narrative of all the studies.
• Annotated bibliographies are organized alphabetically by reference, whereas literature reviews are organized by themes or supporting or contrasting evidence. 
• Annotated bibliographies summarize (in a few sentences) each reference, while literature reviews place the publication in context along with other publications.

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Write a literature review.

• Examples and Further Information

1. Introduction

Not to be confused with a book review, a literature review surveys scholarly articles, books and other sources (e.g. dissertations, conference proceedings) relevant to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, providing a description, summary, and critical evaluation of each work. The purpose is to offer an overview of significant literature published on a topic.

2. Components

Similar to primary research, development of the literature review requires four stages:

• Problem formulation—which topic or field is being examined and what are its component issues?
• Literature search—finding materials relevant to the subject being explored
• Data evaluation—determining which literature makes a significant contribution to the understanding of the topic
• Analysis and interpretation—discussing the findings and conclusions of pertinent literature

Literature reviews should comprise the following elements:

• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
• Division of works under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
• Explanation of how each work is similar to and how it varies from the others
• Conclusions as to which pieces are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research

In assessing each piece, consideration should be given to:

• Provenance—What are the author's credentials? Are the author's arguments supported by evidence (e.g. primary historical material, case studies, narratives, statistics, recent scientific findings)?
• Objectivity—Is the author's perspective even-handed or prejudicial? Is contrary data considered or is certain pertinent information ignored to prove the author's point?
• Persuasiveness—Which of the author's theses are most/least convincing?
• Value—Are the author's arguments and conclusions convincing? Does the work ultimately contribute in any significant way to an understanding of the subject?

3. Definition and Use/Purpose

A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:

• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Point the way forward for further research
• Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature

The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.

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What is a literature review?

A literature review is an integrated analysis -- not just a summary-- of scholarly writings and other relevant evidence related directly to your research question.  That is, it represents a synthesis of the evidence that provides background information on your topic and shows a association between the evidence and your research question.

A literature review may be a stand alone work or the introduction to a larger research paper, depending on the assignment.  Rely heavily on the guidelines your instructor has given you.

Why is it important?

A literature review is important because it:

• Explains the background of research on a topic.
• Demonstrates why a topic is significant to a subject area.
• Discovers relationships between research studies/ideas.
• Identifies major themes, concepts, and researchers on a topic.
• Identifies critical gaps and points of disagreement.
• Discusses further research questions that logically come out of the previous studies.

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1. Choose a topic. Define your research question.

Your literature review should be guided by your central research question.  The literature represents background and research developments related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a synthesized way.

• Make sure your research question is not too broad or too narrow.  Is it manageable?
• Begin writing down terms that are related to your question. These will be useful for searches later.
• If you have the opportunity, discuss your topic with your professor and your class mates.

2. Decide on the scope of your review

How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive should it be? How many years should it cover? 

• This may depend on your assignment.  How many sources does the assignment require?

3. Select the databases you will use to conduct your searches.

Make a list of the databases you will search. 

Where to find databases:

• use the tabs on this guide
• Find other databases in the Nursing Information Resources web page
• More on the Medical Library web page
• ... and more on the Yale University Library web page

4. Conduct your searches to find the evidence. Keep track of your searches.

• Use the key words in your question, as well as synonyms for those words, as terms in your search. Use the database tutorials for help.
• Save the searches in the databases. This saves time when you want to redo, or modify, the searches. It is also helpful to use as a guide is the searches are not finding any useful results.
• Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This will save you time.
• Use the bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate others.
• Check with your professor, or a subject expert in the field, if you are missing any key works in the field.
• Ask your librarian for help at any time.
• Use a citation manager, such as EndNote as the repository for your citations. See the EndNote tutorials for help.

Review the literature

Some questions to help you analyze the research:

• What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were the authors trying to discover?
• Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings?
• What were the research methodologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used, the results, and the conclusions.
• Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been conducted more soundly? What further questions does it raise?
• If there are conflicting studies, why do you think that is?
• How are the authors viewed in the field? Has this study been cited? If so, how has it been analyzed?

Tips: 

• Review the abstracts carefully.  
• Keep careful notes so that you may track your thought processes during the research process.
• Create a matrix of the studies for easy analysis, and synthesis, across all of the studies.
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What is a Literature Review?

A literature or narrative review is a comprehensive review and analysis of the published literature on a specific topic or research question. The literature that is reviewed contains: books, articles, academic articles, conference proceedings, association papers, and dissertations. It contains the most pertinent studies and points to important past and current research and practices. It provides background and context, and shows how your research will contribute to the field. 

A literature review should: 

• Provide a comprehensive and updated review of the literature;
• Explain why this review has taken place;
• Articulate a position or hypothesis;
• Acknowledge and account for conflicting and corroborating points of view

From  S age Research Methods

Purpose of a Literature Review

A literature review can be written as an introduction to a study to:

• Demonstrate how a study fills a gap in research
• Compare a study with other research that's been done

Or it can be a separate work (a research article on its own) which:

• Organizes or describes a topic
• Describes variables within a particular issue/problem

Limitations of a Literature Review

Some of the limitations of a literature review are:

• It's a snapshot in time. Unlike other reviews, this one has beginning, a middle and an end. There may be future developments that could make your work less relevant.
• It may be too focused. Some niche studies may miss the bigger picture.
• It can be difficult to be comprehensive. There is no way to make sure all the literature on a topic was considered.
• It is easy to be biased if you stick to top tier journals. There may be other places where people are publishing exemplary research. Look to open access publications and conferences to reflect a more inclusive collection. Also, make sure to include opposing views (and not just supporting evidence).

Source: Grant, Maria J., and Andrew Booth. “A Typology of Reviews: An Analysis of 14 Review Types and Associated Methodologies.” Health Information & Libraries Journal, vol. 26, no. 2, June 2009, pp. 91–108. Wiley Online Library, doi:10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x.

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Periodically, UT Libraries runs a workshop covering the basics and library support for literature reviews. While we try to offer these once per academic year, we find providing the recording to be helpful to community members who have missed the session. Following is the most recent recording of the workshop, Conducting a Literature Review. To view the recording, a UT login is required.

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How to write a literature review introduction (+ examples)

The introduction to a literature review serves as your reader’s guide through your academic work and thought process. Explore the significance of literature review introductions in review papers, academic papers, essays, theses, and dissertations. We delve into the purpose and necessity of these introductions, explore the essential components of literature review introductions, and provide step-by-step guidance on how to craft your own, along with examples.

Why you need an introduction for a literature review

When you need an introduction for a literature review, what to include in a literature review introduction, examples of literature review introductions, steps to write your own literature review introduction.

A literature review is a comprehensive examination of the international academic literature concerning a particular topic. It involves summarizing published works, theories, and concepts while also highlighting gaps and offering critical reflections.

In academic writing , the introduction for a literature review is an indispensable component. Effective academic writing requires proper paragraph structuring to guide your reader through your argumentation. This includes providing an introduction to your literature review.

It is imperative to remember that you should never start sharing your findings abruptly. Even if there isn’t a dedicated introduction section .

Instead, you should always offer some form of introduction to orient the reader and clarify what they can expect.

There are three main scenarios in which you need an introduction for a literature review:

• Academic literature review papers: When your literature review constitutes the entirety of an academic review paper, a more substantial introduction is necessary. This introduction should resemble the standard introduction found in regular academic papers.
• Literature review section in an academic paper or essay: While this section tends to be brief, it’s important to precede the detailed literature review with a few introductory sentences. This helps orient the reader before delving into the literature itself.
• Literature review chapter or section in your thesis/dissertation: Every thesis and dissertation includes a literature review component, which also requires a concise introduction to set the stage for the subsequent review.

You may also like: How to write a fantastic thesis introduction (+15 examples)

It is crucial to customize the content and depth of your literature review introduction according to the specific format of your academic work.

In practical terms, this implies, for instance, that the introduction in an academic literature review paper, especially one derived from a systematic literature review , is quite comprehensive. Particularly compared to the rather brief one or two introductory sentences that are often found at the beginning of a literature review section in a standard academic paper. The introduction to the literature review chapter in a thesis or dissertation again adheres to different standards.

Here’s a structured breakdown based on length and the necessary information:

Academic literature review paper

The introduction of an academic literature review paper, which does not rely on empirical data, often necessitates a more extensive introduction than the brief literature review introductions typically found in empirical papers. It should encompass:

• The research problem: Clearly articulate the problem or question that your literature review aims to address.
• The research gap: Highlight the existing gaps, limitations, or unresolved aspects within the current body of literature related to the research problem.
• The research relevance: Explain why the chosen research problem and its subsequent investigation through a literature review are significant and relevant in your academic field.
• The literature review method: If applicable, describe the methodology employed in your literature review, especially if it is a systematic review or follows a specific research framework.
• The main findings or insights of the literature review: Summarize the key discoveries, insights, or trends that have emerged from your comprehensive review of the literature.
• The main argument of the literature review: Conclude the introduction by outlining the primary argument or statement that your literature review will substantiate, linking it to the research problem and relevance you’ve established.
• Preview of the literature review’s structure: Offer a glimpse into the organization of the literature review paper, acting as a guide for the reader. This overview outlines the subsequent sections of the paper and provides an understanding of what to anticipate.

By addressing these elements, your introduction will provide a clear and structured overview of what readers can expect in your literature review paper.

Regular literature review section in an academic article or essay

Most academic articles or essays incorporate regular literature review sections, often placed after the introduction. These sections serve to establish a scholarly basis for the research or discussion within the paper.

In a standard 8000-word journal article, the literature review section typically spans between 750 and 1250 words. The first few sentences or the first paragraph within this section often serve as an introduction. It should encompass:

• An introduction to the topic: When delving into the academic literature on a specific topic, it’s important to provide a smooth transition that aids the reader in comprehending why certain aspects will be discussed within your literature review.
• The core argument: While literature review sections primarily synthesize the work of other scholars, they should consistently connect to your central argument. This central argument serves as the crux of your message or the key takeaway you want your readers to retain. By positioning it at the outset of the literature review section and systematically substantiating it with evidence, you not only enhance reader comprehension but also elevate overall readability. This primary argument can typically be distilled into 1-2 succinct sentences.

In some cases, you might include:

• Methodology: Details about the methodology used, but only if your literature review employed a specialized method. If your approach involved a broader overview without a systematic methodology, you can omit this section, thereby conserving word count.

By addressing these elements, your introduction will effectively integrate your literature review into the broader context of your academic paper or essay. This will, in turn, assist your reader in seamlessly following your overarching line of argumentation.

Introduction to a literature review chapter in thesis or dissertation

The literature review typically constitutes a distinct chapter within a thesis or dissertation. Often, it is Chapter 2 of a thesis or dissertation.

Some students choose to incorporate a brief introductory section at the beginning of each chapter, including the literature review chapter. Alternatively, others opt to seamlessly integrate the introduction into the initial sentences of the literature review itself. Both approaches are acceptable, provided that you incorporate the following elements:

• Purpose of the literature review and its relevance to the thesis/dissertation research: Explain the broader objectives of the literature review within the context of your research and how it contributes to your thesis or dissertation. Essentially, you’re telling the reader why this literature review is important and how it fits into the larger scope of your academic work.
• Primary argument: Succinctly communicate what you aim to prove, explain, or explore through the review of existing literature. This statement helps guide the reader’s understanding of the review’s purpose and what to expect from it.
• Preview of the literature review’s content: Provide a brief overview of the topics or themes that your literature review will cover. It’s like a roadmap for the reader, outlining the main areas of focus within the review. This preview can help the reader anticipate the structure and organization of your literature review.
• Methodology: If your literature review involved a specific research method, such as a systematic review or meta-analysis, you should briefly describe that methodology. However, this is not always necessary, especially if your literature review is more of a narrative synthesis without a distinct research method.

By addressing these elements, your introduction will empower your literature review to play a pivotal role in your thesis or dissertation research. It will accomplish this by integrating your research into the broader academic literature and providing a solid theoretical foundation for your work.

Comprehending the art of crafting your own literature review introduction becomes significantly more accessible when you have concrete examples to examine. Here, you will find several examples that meet, or in most cases, adhere to the criteria described earlier.

Example 1: An effective introduction for an academic literature review paper

To begin, let’s delve into the introduction of an academic literature review paper. We will examine the paper “How does culture influence innovation? A systematic literature review”, which was published in 2018 in the journal Management Decision.

The entire introduction spans 611 words and is divided into five paragraphs. In this introduction, the authors accomplish the following:

• In the first paragraph, the authors introduce the broader topic of the literature review, which focuses on innovation and its significance in the context of economic competition. They underscore the importance of this topic, highlighting its relevance for both researchers and policymakers.
• In the second paragraph, the authors narrow down their focus to emphasize the specific role of culture in relation to innovation.
• In the third paragraph, the authors identify research gaps, noting that existing studies are often fragmented and disconnected. They then emphasize the value of conducting a systematic literature review to enhance our understanding of the topic.
• In the fourth paragraph, the authors introduce their specific objectives and explain how their insights can benefit other researchers and business practitioners.
• In the fifth and final paragraph, the authors provide an overview of the paper’s organization and structure.

In summary, this introduction stands as a solid example. While the authors deviate from previewing their key findings (which is a common practice at least in the social sciences), they do effectively cover all the other previously mentioned points.

Example 2: An effective introduction to a literature review section in an academic paper

The second example represents a typical academic paper, encompassing not only a literature review section but also empirical data, a case study, and other elements. We will closely examine the introduction to the literature review section in the paper “The environmentalism of the subalterns: a case study of environmental activism in Eastern Kurdistan/Rojhelat”, which was published in 2021 in the journal Local Environment.

The paper begins with a general introduction and then proceeds to the literature review, designated by the authors as their conceptual framework. Of particular interest is the first paragraph of this conceptual framework, comprising 142 words across five sentences:

“ A peripheral and marginalised nationality within a multinational though-Persian dominated Iranian society, the Kurdish people of Iranian Kurdistan (a region referred by the Kurds as Rojhelat/Eastern Kurdi-stan) have since the early twentieth century been subject to multifaceted and systematic discriminatory and exclusionary state policy in Iran. This condition has left a population of 12–15 million Kurds in Iran suffering from structural inequalities, disenfranchisement and deprivation. Mismanagement of Kurdistan’s natural resources and the degradation of its natural environmental are among examples of this disenfranchisement. As asserted by Julian Agyeman (2005), structural inequalities that sustain the domination of political and economic elites often simultaneously result in environmental degradation, injustice and discrimination against subaltern communities. This study argues that the environmental struggle in Eastern Kurdistan can be asserted as a (sub)element of the Kurdish liberation movement in Iran. Conceptually this research is inspired by and has been conducted through the lens of ‘subalternity’ ” ( Hassaniyan, 2021, p. 931 ).

In this first paragraph, the author is doing the following:

• The author contextualises the research
• The author links the research focus to the international literature on structural inequalities
• The author clearly presents the argument of the research
• The author clarifies how the research is inspired by and uses the concept of ‘subalternity’.

Thus, the author successfully introduces the literature review, from which point onward it dives into the main concept (‘subalternity’) of the research, and reviews the literature on socio-economic justice and environmental degradation.

While introductions to a literature review section aren’t always required to offer the same level of study context detail as demonstrated here, this introduction serves as a commendable model for orienting the reader within the literature review. It effectively underscores the literature review’s significance within the context of the study being conducted.

Examples 3-5: Effective introductions to literature review chapters

The introduction to a literature review chapter can vary in length, depending largely on the overall length of the literature review chapter itself. For example, a master’s thesis typically features a more concise literature review, thus necessitating a shorter introduction. In contrast, a Ph.D. thesis, with its more extensive literature review, often includes a more detailed introduction.

Numerous universities offer online repositories where you can access theses and dissertations from previous years, serving as valuable sources of reference. Many of these repositories, however, may require you to log in through your university account. Nevertheless, a few open-access repositories are accessible to anyone, such as the one by the University of Manchester . It’s important to note though that copyright restrictions apply to these resources, just as they would with published papers.

Master’s thesis literature review introduction

The first example is “Benchmarking Asymmetrical Heating Models of Spider Pulsar Companions” by P. Sun, a master’s thesis completed at the University of Manchester on January 9, 2024. The author, P. Sun, introduces the literature review chapter very briefly but effectively:

PhD thesis literature review chapter introduction

The second example is Deep Learning on Semi-Structured Data and its Applications to Video-Game AI, Woof, W. (Author). 31 Dec 2020, a PhD thesis completed at the University of Manchester . In Chapter 2, the author offers a comprehensive introduction to the topic in four paragraphs, with the final paragraph serving as an overview of the chapter’s structure:

PhD thesis literature review introduction

The last example is the doctoral thesis Metacognitive strategies and beliefs: Child correlates and early experiences Chan, K. Y. M. (Author). 31 Dec 2020 . The author clearly conducted a systematic literature review, commencing the review section with a discussion of the methodology and approach employed in locating and analyzing the selected records.

Having absorbed all of this information, let’s recap the essential steps and offer a succinct guide on how to proceed with creating your literature review introduction:

• Contextualize your review : Begin by clearly identifying the academic context in which your literature review resides and determining the necessary information to include.
• Outline your structure : Develop a structured outline for your literature review, highlighting the essential information you plan to incorporate in your introduction.
• Literature review process : Conduct a rigorous literature review, reviewing and analyzing relevant sources.
• Summarize and abstract : After completing the review, synthesize the findings and abstract key insights, trends, and knowledge gaps from the literature.
• Craft the introduction : Write your literature review introduction with meticulous attention to the seamless integration of your review into the larger context of your work. Ensure that your introduction effectively elucidates your rationale for the chosen review topics and the underlying reasons guiding your selection.

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What is a literature review? [with examples]

What is a literature review?

The purpose of a literature review, how to write a literature review, the format of a literature review, general formatting rules, the length of a literature review, literature review examples, frequently asked questions about literature reviews, related articles.

A literature review is an assessment of the sources in a chosen topic of research.

In a literature review, you’re expected to report on the existing scholarly conversation, without adding new contributions.

If you are currently writing one, you've come to the right place. In the following paragraphs, we will explain:

• the objective of a literature review
• how to write a literature review
• the basic format of a literature review

Tip: It’s not always mandatory to add a literature review in a paper. Theses and dissertations often include them, whereas research papers may not. Make sure to consult with your instructor for exact requirements.

The four main objectives of a literature review are:

• Studying the references of your research area
• Summarizing the main arguments
• Identifying current gaps, stances, and issues
• Presenting all of the above in a text

Ultimately, the main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

The format of a literature review is fairly standard. It includes an:

• introduction that briefly introduces the main topic
• body that includes the main discussion of the key arguments
• conclusion that highlights the gaps and issues of the literature

➡️ Take a look at our guide on how to write a literature review to learn more about how to structure a literature review.

First of all, a literature review should have its own labeled section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature can be found, and you should label this section as “Literature Review.”

➡️ For more information on writing a thesis, visit our guide on how to structure a thesis .

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, it will be short.

Take a look at these three theses featuring great literature reviews:

• School-Based Speech-Language Pathologist's Perceptions of Sensory Food Aversions in Children [ PDF , see page 20]
• Who's Writing What We Read: Authorship in Criminological Research [ PDF , see page 4]
• A Phenomenological Study of the Lived Experience of Online Instructors of Theological Reflection at Christian Institutions Accredited by the Association of Theological Schools [ PDF , see page 56]

Literature reviews are most commonly found in theses and dissertations. However, you find them in research papers as well.

There is no set amount of words for a literature review, so the length depends on the research. If you are working with a large amount of sources, then it will be long. If your paper does not depend entirely on references, then it will be short.

No. A literature review should have its own independent section. You should indicate clearly in the table of contents where the literature review can be found, and label this section as “Literature Review.”

The main goal of a literature review is to provide the researcher with sufficient knowledge about the topic in question so that they can eventually make an intervention.

• Essay Editor

How to Write a Literature review guide

What exactly encompasses a literature review? This segment is a meticulous examination of academic resources concerning a distinct subject. It unfolds the panorama of the prevailing expertise, enabling the recognition of pertinent theories, methodologies, and existing research voids which you can subsequently integrate into your paper, thesis, or dissertation subject matter.

Outlined below are five pivotal strides towards penning a literature review:

• Undertake a Search for Pertinent Literature
• Assess the Validity of Sources
• Pinpoint Themes, Disputes, and Research Gaps
• Blueprint the Structural Layout
• Execute the Writing of Your Literature Review

An efficacious literature review transcends mere summarization of sources—it embarks on analysis, amalgamation, and discerning evaluation to furnish a lucid depiction of the knowledge status pertaining to the topic.

The Objective Behind Crafting a Literature Review

Embarking on writing a thesis, dissertation, or research paper likely necessitates conducting a literature review to anchor your research within the extant knowledge. Engaging in a literature review allows you to:

• Illustrate your acquaintance with the topic and scholarly landscape
• Formulate a theoretical scaffold and research methodology
• Locate your research in juxtaposition to other scholars and theorists
• Highlight how your research fills a void or adds to an ongoing discussion
• Critique the present state of research and showcase your cognizance of scholarly dialogues concerning your topic.

Mastering the art of composing literature reviews is paramount, especially if you seek to enroll in graduate school or forge a career in research. Below is a systematic guide that you can utilize for reference.

Examples of literature reviews

Composing literature reviews may present notable difficulties! Initiating your journey by examining several examples can be advantageous, especially in aligning with the kind of literature review you aspire to create.

Example 1: Review on Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Life

Overview: This literature review might explore diverse research studies focusing on how climate change affects marine life. The focus would likely be on various aspects like ocean acidification, rising water temperatures, and their impact on marine species.

Analysis: The review might synthesize data from various studies, offering insights into the most affected species, the magnitude of the impact, and potentially highlighting regions that are more profoundly impacted than others. It may explore differing methodologies of the covered studies and the implications of their findings, all while providing a coherent narrative about the cumulative knowledge regarding climate change and marine life.

Example 2: Review on Mental Health Implications of Remote Work

Overview: A review exploring the mental health implications of remote work could delve into studies that explore factors like work-life balance, professional isolation, and their effects on mental health.

Analysis: It may analyze various studies’ methodologies, sample sizes, and findings, weaving them into a narrative that gives a clear picture of the current understanding of the subject. The review could point out consistent findings, contradictory results, and gaps in the existing research, suggesting areas for future exploration.

Example 3: Review on Blockchain Technology in Financial Services

Overview: This literature review could explore how blockchain technology has been adopted and utilized in the financial services sector, focusing on its impact, challenges, and future implications.

Analysis: The review might amalgamate findings from varied studies and reports, providing a narrative that not only reflects the current application and challenges of blockchain technology in financial services but also illuminates areas that might benefit from further research.

Example 4: Review on Treatment Strategies for Malaria

Overview: This review could amalgamate research on various treatment strategies for malaria, focusing on their efficacy, accessibility, and sustainability.

Analysis: It might discuss different strategies, from pharmaceutical interventions to preventive measures, weaving together findings from various studies to create a comprehensive picture of the existing knowledge, ongoing debates, and gaps regarding malaria treatment.

Example 5: Review on Distance Learning in Higher Education

Overview: This literature review might explore the dynamics, effectiveness, and challenges of distance learning in higher education, leveraging various research studies and reports.

Analysis: The review could synthesize varied findings concerning student performance, engagement, and satisfaction in distance learning contexts. It might also explore technological and accessibility challenges, highlighting areas where additional research might be beneficial to optimize distance learning in higher education.

Each of these examples illustrates how literature reviews not only summarize existing research but also analyze and synthesize findings to provide a clear, comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on a particular topic, helping to guide future research endeavors.

Embarking on the Quest for Pertinent Literature

The pursuit of relevant literature forms the cornerstone of any literature review, providing the foundation upon which your analysis and synthesis of existing research will be built. It involves a systematic exploration of databases, libraries, and potentially online platforms to uncover scholarly articles, books, reports, and other academic publications that pertain to the topic at hand.

· Identify Key Terms: Begin by determining the key terms related to your research topic, which will be used to search through various databases and repositories.

· Select Databases: Choose academic databases that are most likely to contain relevant research pertaining to your topic. These might include PubMed, JSTOR, Google Scholar, and others.

· Develop Search Strings: Combine your key terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to formulate search strings that will help uncover the most relevant literature.

· Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Establish criteria to determine which studies to include or exclude based on aspects like publication date, methodology, and relevance to your research question.

· Document Findings: Keep a detailed record of the sources you find, including citation information, key findings, and any initial observations that may inform your review.

The process of searching for relevant literature requires a strategic and systematic approach, ensuring that you gather a comprehensive, representative sample of the existing research related to your topic, thereby laying a solid foundation for your literature review.

Evaluating and Choosing Relevant Sources

The process of evaluating and selecting sources is pivotal in assembling a robust literature review, ensuring the reliability, credibility, and relevance of the included studies.

· Assess Credibility:

• Verify the author's credentials and the publication outlet (e.g., peer-reviewed journals).
• Check the publication date to ensure the material is current and relevant.

· Examine Methodology:

• Scrutinize the research methods and ensure they adhere to scholarly rigor and are appropriate for the study.
• Confirm that the study sample, design, and analysis are robust and reliable.

· Explore Relevance:

• Ensure that each source has direct relevance to your research question or topic.
• Consider how each source will contribute to your understanding of the topic.

· Consider Objectivity:

• Investigate potential biases in the study, such as funding sources or conflicts of interest that might impact the findings.

· Analyze Findings:

• Look at the results and conclusions to see if they are supported by the data.
• Examine whether the findings align or conflict with other studies in the field.

· Check Citations:

• Examine how often the study has been cited by others to gauge its influence and credibility in the field.

· Evaluate Accessibility:

• Ensure that the full text of the sources can be accessed or obtained for thorough evaluation and use in your review.

Once you have performed a thorough evaluation of potential sources, select those that provide diverse, robust, and credible insights into your research topic to include in your literature review. This curated collection of sources will facilitate a well-rounded, critical, and insightful analysis of the existing literature, enabling you to illuminate the current state of research on your topic.

Identifying Themes, Debates, and Gaps

Once a comprehensive collection of relevant literature is assembled, the subsequent step in crafting a literature review involves the discernment of predominant themes, existing debates, and noticeable gaps within the researched domain.

· Spotting Themes:

• Synthesize Findings: Combine and correlate the findings from various sources to carve out broad themes or patterns emerging within the collected research.
• Establish Relevance: Ensure each identified theme is significantly tied back to your research question or topic, serving a purpose within your literature review.

· Exploring Debates:

• Identify Contradictions: Seek out and highlight disagreements or differing viewpoints among researchers in your field.
• Understand Perspectives: Make an effort to grasp and accurately represent the various viewpoints present within the identified debates, without bias.

· Highlighting Gaps:

• Unveil Uncharted Territories: Discover areas within the literature where questions remain unanswered or minimally explored, indicating gaps in knowledge.
• Spotlight Lack of Consensus: Identify instances where scholars disagree or where findings are inconsistent, which might indicate a need for further research.

· Mapping the Research Landscape:

• Create a Visual Representation: Employ tools like mind maps or concept maps to visually represent the relationships between different themes and gaps.
• Catalogue Effectively: Ensure an organized documentation of the identified themes, debates, and gaps to facilitate smooth incorporation into your literature review.

· Align with Objectives:

• Relate to Your Study: Ensure that the themes, debates, and gaps are articulated in a manner that seamlessly ties back to the objectives of your own research.
• Fuel Further Inquiry: Utilize the identified themes and gaps to shape your argument and possibly influence the direction of your research.

Ensuring a meticulous identification and articulation of themes, debates, and gaps will not only enrich your literature review but also position your own research within a broader scholarly dialogue, showcasing its relevance and potentially highlighting its contribution to the field. This structured approach aids in crafting a literature review that is both insightful and strategically aligned with your research endeavors.

Structuring Your Literature Review

Crafting a meticulous structure for your literature review is crucial for conveying clear and cohesive analyses of the relevant literature. Depending on your approach and the overarching themes identified, several structural strategies can be utilized. Each method offers a unique pathway through which the literature can be synthesized and presented:

1. Chronological Structure:

• Development Over Time: Explore the evolution of the research topic through time, charting pivotal moments, influential studies, and shifts in perspectives.
• In-Depth Analysis: Beyond listing studies in order, delve into the patterns, key turning points, and significant debates that have steered the field in particular directions.

2. Thematic Structure:

• Organize by Key Themes: Group literature based on identified core themes or patterns that emerge from the existing research.
• In-depth Examination: Explore each theme meticulously, providing insights into various aspects, studies, and standpoints within that theme.
• Varied Aspects: Address distinct aspects within each theme, such as different populations, geographical locations, or varied applications of a concept.

3. Methodological Structure:

• Differing Research Methods: Differentiate and categorize literature based on the employed research methodologies, such as qualitative versus quantitative, empirical versus theoretical, etc.
• Comparative Analysis: Contrast findings and perspectives derived from varied methodological approaches, offering a multifaceted view of the topic.

4. Theoretical Structure:

• Laying Theoretical Foundations: Utilize the literature to construct a foundational basis for various theories, models, and conceptual definitions relevant to your topic.
• Relevance of Theories: Advocate for the applicability and relevance of particular theoretical frameworks and how they can be operationalized within your research.

Combining Structural Approaches:

• Multifaceted Approach: Depending on your literature review’s scope and depth, intertwining various structural approaches can provide a rich, comprehensive overview.
• Integrated Themes: For instance, within a thematic structure, a chronological recounting of literature can be incorporated to provide historical context.
• Layered Analysis: When discussing methodologies, themes might emerge that could be explored in-depth, offering layers of analysis and insight.

Tips for Structuring:

• Coherence: Ensure that there is a logical flow between sections and that each segment intuitively builds upon the preceding one.
• Transitions: Implement smooth transitions between themes or sections to enhance readability and maintain a cohesive narrative.
• Alignment: Confirm that the chosen structural approach aligns with your research objectives and adequately supports your forthcoming research.

Crafting a well-structured literature review, through meticulous organization and clear categorization, facilitates an in-depth exploration of the existing literature. It also serves as a robust springboard from which your research can leap, firmly rooted in the rich soil of preceding scholarly endeavors.

Crafting Your Literature Review

Embarking on the writing journey of your literature review entails a methodical exploration and synthesis of existing literature, mapped out through a coherent structure from introduction to conclusion.

Introduction:

• Purpose and Focus: Explicitly define the primary objective and focus of your literature review, guiding your readers through the lens through which the literature was examined.
• Context: Provide a succinct overview of the broader context, highlighting the relevance and significance of the topic within the field.
• Scope: Define the boundaries of your review, including the time frame, the type of literature, and geographical or demographic focus.
• Thesis Statement: Illuminate the central argument or insight around which the review will revolve, providing readers with a glimpse into your interpretative lens.

· Organized Exploration: Your structural strategy (whether thematic, chronological, methodological, or theoretical) guides the unfolding exploration of the literature.

· Critical Synthesis: Move beyond summarization, intertwining analysis and synthesis to extract novel insights, disparities, or patterns from the reviewed literature.

· Linking to Research Question: Ensure that discussions are tied back to your research question or problem statement, demonstrating relevance and purpose in exploration.

• If thematic: Each theme may be explored in distinct sections, providing a focused discussion and synthesis of the literature within each identified theme.
• If chronological: Navigate through the timeline of research, exploring shifts, developments, and evolving perspectives within the field.
• If methodological: Compare and contrast findings from varied methodological approaches, exploring their implications and applications.
• If theoretical: Investigate and critique existing theories, models, and conceptual frameworks, exploring their development, application, and impact.

Conclusion:

• Summarization: Concisely summarize the key findings, insights, and patterns distilled from the reviewed literature.
• Gap Identification: Illuminate any gaps, inconsistencies, or areas of contention within the existing literature, providing a rationale for further research.
• Relevance: Reconnect your findings to your initial research question or problem statement, underlining the relevance and significance of your synthesized insights.
• Implications: Discuss the potential implications of your findings, providing a bridge between existing knowledge and future research endeavors.

Additional Tips:

• Be Concise: Ensure clarity and conciseness in your writing, providing targeted insights while avoiding unnecessary jargon or overly complex language.
• Maintain Objectivity: While synthesis involves interpretation, ensure to maintain a level of objectivity and avoid unwarranted bias.
• Use Citations Appropriately: Ensure that all discussed literature is appropriately cited, adhering to the designated citation style.

Crafting a literature review is an intricate dance of exploration, synthesis, and critical analysis. Your journey through the existing literature is not merely an act of regurgitation but a nuanced extraction of insights, critiques, and patterns, which will fortify the foundation upon which your research is built.

Frequently Asked Questions

• Why is a literature review important in research A literature review is crucial as it establishes the context for your research, offering a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge on a topic. It helps identify gaps in the current state of knowledge, establishes a theoretical framework, and avoids unnecessary duplication of previous studies, thus justifying your research question and methodology.
• How long should a literature review be? The length of a literature review can vary significantly depending on the overall length of the thesis or research paper. Generally, it should be proportionate to the rest of your work. In a thesis or dissertation, a literature review might occupy a single, comprehensive chapter. In an article or research paper, it might span a few pages or be contained within the introduction.
• What sources should be included in a literature review? The literature review should include scholarly articles, books, conference papers, and other academic publications that are pertinent to the research question. Ensure that sources are relevant, credible, and current, prioritizing peer-reviewed articles and academic books. Remember to explore various dimensions of the topic, including different geographical regions, populations, and contexts.
• How do I organize my literature review? The organization of a literature review can be thematic, chronological, methodological, or theoretical, depending on your research question and methodology. A clear structure, logical progression of ideas, and coherent themes or topics will enhance the readability and impact of the review. Be sure to integrate synthesis and analysis within each theme or time period, providing critical insights, comparisons, and contrasts.
• Can a literature review include opposing viewpoints or conflicting research findings? Yes, absolutely. A thorough literature review should present a balanced view of the existing literature, which includes addressing any opposing viewpoints or conflicting research findings. This demonstrates a comprehensive and critical engagement with the topic, allowing you to acknowledge the complexity and multi-faceted nature of the subject. These questions provide a brief exploration into the nuanced process of crafting a literature review, however, embarking on the writing journey might unveil more specific, nuanced inquiries that pertain to your unique research endeavors.

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Write a Literature Review

1. narrow your topic and select papers accordingly, 2. search for literature, 3. read the selected articles thoroughly and evaluate them, 4. organize the selected papers by looking for patterns and by developing subtopics, 5. develop a thesis or purpose statement, 6. write the paper, 7. review your work.

• Resources for Gathering and Reading the Literature
• Resources for Writing and Revising
• Other Useful Resources

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Consider your specific area of study. Think about what interests you and what interests other researchers in your field.

Talk to your professor, brainstorm, and read lecture notes and recent issues of periodicals in the field.

Limit your scope to a smaller topic area (ie. focusing on France's role in WWII instead of focusing on WWII in general).

• Four Steps to Narrow Your Research Topic (Video) This 3-minute video provides instructions on how to narrow the focus of your research topic.
• Developing a Research Question + Worksheet Use this worksheet to develop, assess, and refine your research questions. There is also a downloadable PDF version.

Define your source selection criteria (ie. articles published between a specific date range, focusing on a specific geographic region, or using a specific methodology).

Using keywords, search a library database.

Reference lists of recent articles and reviews can lead to other useful papers.

Include any studies contrary to your point of view.

Evaluate and synthesize the studies' findings and conclusions.

Note the following:

• Assumptions some or most researchers seem to make
• Methodologies, testing procedures, subjects, material tested researchers use
• Experts in the field: names/labs that are frequently referenced
• Conflicting theories, results, methodologies
• Popularity of theories and how this has/has not changed over time
• Findings that are common/contested
• Important trends in the research
• The most influential theories

Tip: If your literature review is extensive, find a large table surface, and on it place post-it notes or filing cards to organize all your findings into categories.

• Move them around if you decide that (a) they fit better under different headings, or (b) you need to establish new topic headings.
• Develop headings/subheadings that reflect the major themes and patterns you detected

Write a one or two sentence statement summarizing the conclusion you have reached about the major trends and developments you see in the research that has been conducted on your subject.

• Templates for Writing Thesis Statements This template provides a two-step guide for writing thesis statements. There is also a downloadable PDF version.
• 5 Types of Thesis Statements Learn about five different types of thesis statements to help you choose the best type for your research. There is also a downloadable PDF version.
• 5 Questions to Strengthen Your Thesis Statement Follow these five steps to strengthen your thesis statements. There is also a downloadable PDF version.

Follow the organizational structure you developed above, including the headings and subheadings you constructed.

Make certain that each section links logically to the one before and after.

Structure your sections by themes or subtopics, not by individual theorists or researchers.

• Tip: If you find that each paragraph begins with a researcher's name, it might indicate that, instead of evaluating and comparing the research literature from an analytical point of view, you have simply described what research has been done.

Prioritize analysis over description.

• For example, look at the following two passages and note that Student A merely describes the literature, whereas Student B takes a more analytical and evaluative approach by comparing and contrasting. You can also see that this evaluative approach is well signaled by linguistic markers indicating logical connections (words such as "however," "moreover") and phrases such as "substantiates the claim that," which indicate supporting evidence and Student B's ability to synthesize knowledge.

Student A: Smith (2000) concludes that personal privacy in their living quarters is the most important factor in nursing home residents' perception of their autonomy. He suggests that the physical environment in the more public spaces of the building did not have much impact on their perceptions. Neither the layout of the building nor the activities available seem to make much difference. Jones and Johnstone make the claim that the need to control one's environment is a fundamental need of life (2001), and suggest that the approach of most institutions, which is to provide total care, may be as bad as no care at all. If people have no choices or think that they have none, they become depressed.

Student B: After studying residents and staff from two intermediate care facilities in Calgary, Alberta, Smith (2000) came to the conclusion that except for the amount of personal privacy available to residents, the physical environment of these institutions had minimal if any effect on their perceptions of control (autonomy). However, French (1998) and Haroon (2000) found that availability of private areas is not the only aspect of the physical environment that determines residents' autonomy. Haroon interviewed 115 residents from 32 different nursing homes known to have different levels of autonomy (2000). It was found that physical structures, such as standardized furniture, heating that could not be individually regulated, and no possession of a house key for residents limited their feelings of independence. Moreover, Hope (2002), who interviewed 225 residents from various nursing homes, substantiates the claim that characteristics of the institutional environment such as the extent of resources in the facility, as well as its location, are features which residents have indicated as being of great importance to their independence.

• How to Integrate Critical Voice into Your Literature Review (Video)
• Look at the topic sentences of each paragraph. If you were to read only these sentences, would you find that your paper presented a clear position, logically developed, from beginning to end? The topic sentences of each paragraph should indicate the main points of your literature review.
• Make an outline of each section of the paper and decide whether you need to add information, to delete irrelevant information, or to re-structure sections.
• Read your work out loud. That way you will be better able to identify where you need punctuation marks to signal pauses or divisions within sentences, where you have made grammatical errors, or where your sentences are unclear.
• Since the purpose of a literature review is to demonstrate that the writer is familiar with the important professional literature on the chosen subject, check to make certain that you have covered all of the important, up-to-date, and pertinent texts. In the sciences and some of the social sciences it is important that your literature be quite recent; this is not so important in the humanities.
• Make certain that all of the citations and references are correct and that you are referencing in the appropriate style for your discipline. If you are uncertain which style to use, ask your professor.
• Check to make sure that you have not plagiarized either by failing to cite a source of information, or by using words quoted directly from a source. (Usually if you take three or more words directly from another source, you should put those words within quotation marks, and cite the page.)
• Text should be written in a clear and concise academic style; it should not be descriptive in nature or use the language of everyday speech.
• There should be no grammatical or spelling errors.
• Sentences should flow smoothly and logically.
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What is a Literature Review?

Description.

A literature review, also called a review article or review of literature, surveys the existing research on a topic. The term "literature" in this context refers to published research or scholarship in a particular discipline, rather than "fiction" (like American Literature) or an individual work of literature. In general, literature reviews are most common in the sciences and social sciences.

Literature reviews may be written as standalone works, or as part of a scholarly article or research paper. In either case, the purpose of the review is to summarize and synthesize the key scholarly work that has already been done on the topic at hand. The literature review may also include some analysis and interpretation. A literature review is  not  a summary of every piece of scholarly research on a topic.

Why are literature reviews useful?

Literature reviews can be very helpful for newer researchers or those unfamiliar with a field by synthesizing the existing research on a given topic, providing the reader with connections and relationships among previous scholarship. Reviews can also be useful to veteran researchers by identifying potentials gaps in the research or steering future research questions toward unexplored areas. If a literature review is part of a scholarly article, it should include an explanation of how the current article adds to the conversation. (From: https://researchguides.drake.edu/englit/criticism)

How is a literature review different from a research article?

Research articles: "are empirical articles that describe one or several related studies on a specific, quantitative, testable research question....they are typically organized into four text sections: Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion." Source: https://psych.uw.edu/storage/writing_center/litrev.pdf)

Steps for Writing a Literature Review

1. Identify and define the topic that you will be reviewing.

The topic, which is commonly a research question (or problem) of some kind, needs to be identified and defined as clearly as possible.  You need to have an idea of what you will be reviewing in order to effectively search for references and to write a coherent summary of the research on it.  At this stage it can be helpful to write down a description of the research question, area, or topic that you will be reviewing, as well as to identify any keywords that you will be using to search for relevant research.

2. Conduct a Literature Search

Use a range of keywords to search databases such as PsycINFO and any others that may contain relevant articles.  You should focus on peer-reviewed, scholarly articles . In SuperSearch and most databases, you may find it helpful to select the Advanced Search mode and include "literature review" or "review of the literature" in addition to your other search terms.  Published books may also be helpful, but keep in mind that peer-reviewed articles are widely considered to be the “gold standard” of scientific research.  Read through titles and abstracts, select and obtain articles (that is, download, copy, or print them out), and save your searches as needed. Most of the databases you will need are linked to from the Cowles Library Psychology Research guide .

3. Read through the research that you have found and take notes.

Absorb as much information as you can.  Read through the articles and books that you have found, and as you do, take notes.  The notes should include anything that will be helpful in advancing your own thinking about the topic and in helping you write the literature review (such as key points, ideas, or even page numbers that index key information).  Some references may turn out to be more helpful than others; you may notice patterns or striking contrasts between different sources; and some sources may refer to yet other sources of potential interest.  This is often the most time-consuming part of the review process.  However, it is also where you get to learn about the topic in great detail. You may want to use a Citation Manager to help you keep track of the citations you have found. 

4. Organize your notes and thoughts; create an outline.

At this stage, you are close to writing the review itself.  However, it is often helpful to first reflect on all the reading that you have done.  What patterns stand out?  Do the different sources converge on a consensus?  Or not?  What unresolved questions still remain?  You should look over your notes (it may also be helpful to reorganize them), and as you do, to think about how you will present this research in your literature review.  Are you going to summarize or critically evaluate?  Are you going to use a chronological or other type of organizational structure?  It can also be helpful to create an outline of how your literature review will be structured.

5. Write the literature review itself and edit and revise as needed.

The final stage involves writing.  When writing, keep in mind that literature reviews are generally characterized by a  summary style  in which prior research is described sufficiently to explain critical findings but does not include a high level of detail (if readers want to learn about all the specific details of a study, then they can look up the references that you cite and read the original articles themselves).  However, the degree of emphasis that is given to individual studies may vary (more or less detail may be warranted depending on how critical or unique a given study was).   After you have written a first draft, you should read it carefully and then edit and revise as needed.  You may need to repeat this process more than once.  It may be helpful to have another person read through your draft(s) and provide feedback.

6. Incorporate the literature review into your research paper draft. (note: this step is only if you are using the literature review to write a research paper. Many times the literature review is an end unto itself).

After the literature review is complete, you should incorporate it into your research paper (if you are writing the review as one component of a larger paper).  Depending on the stage at which your paper is at, this may involve merging your literature review into a partially complete Introduction section, writing the rest of the paper around the literature review, or other processes.

These steps were taken from: https://psychology.ucsd.edu/undergraduate-program/undergraduate-resources/academic-writing-resources/writing-research-papers/writing-lit-review.html#6.-Incorporate-the-literature-r

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