what is the difference between abstract and introduction in a research paper

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Differentiating between the abstract and the introduction of a research paper

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While writing a manuscript for the first time, you might find yourself confused about the differences between an abstract and the introduction. Both are adjacent sections of a research paper and share certain elements. However, they serve entirely different purposes. So, how does one ensure that these sections are written correctly?

Knowing the intended purpose of the abstract and the introduction is a good start!

What is an abstract?

An abstract is a very short summary of all the sections of your research paper—the introduction, objectives, materials and methods, results, and conclusion. It ends by emphasising the novelty or relevance of your study, or by posing questions for future research. The abstract should cover all important aspects of the study, so that the reader can quickly decide if the paper is of their interest or not.

In simple terms, just like a restaurant’s menu that provides an overview of all available dishes, an abstract gives the reader an idea of what the research paper has to offer. Most journals have a strict word limit for abstracts, which is usually 10% of the research paper.

What is the purpose of an abstract?

The abstract should ideally induce curiosity in the reader’s mind and contain strategic keywords. By generating curiosity and interest, an abstract can push readers to read the entire paper or buy it if it is behind a paywall. By using keywords strategically in the abstract, authors can improve the chances of their paper appearing in online searches.

What is an introduction?

The introduction is the first section in a research paper after the abstract, which describes in detail the background information that is necessary for the reader to understand the topic and aim of the study.

What is the purpose of an introduction?

The introduction points to specific gaps in knowledge and explains how the study addresses these gaps. It lists previous studies in a chronological order, complete with citations, to explain why the study was warranted.

A good introduction sets the context for your study and clearly distinguishes between the knowns and the unknowns in a research topic.

Often, the introduction mentions the materials and methods used in a study and outlines the hypotheses tested. Both the abstract and the introduction have this in common. So, what are the key differences between the two sections?

Key differences between an abstract and the introduction:

• The word limit for an abstract is usually 250 words or less. In contrast, the typical word limit for an introduction is 500 words or more.
• When writing the abstract, it is essential to use keywords to make the paper more visible to search engines. This is not a significant concern when writing the introduction.
• The abstract features a summary of the results and conclusions of your study, while the introduction does not. The abstract, unlike the introduction, may also suggest future directions for research.
• While a short review of previous research features in both the abstract and the introduction, it is more elaborate in the latter.
• All references to previous research in the introduction come with citations. The abstract does not mention specific studies, although it may briefly outline previous research.
• The abstract always comes before the introduction in a research paper.
• Every paper does not need an abstract. However, an introduction is an essential component of all research papers.

If you are still confused about how to write the abstract and the introduction of your research paper while accounting for the differences between them, head over to Elsevier Author Services . Our experts will be happy to guide you throughout your research journey, with useful advice on how to write high quality research papers and get them published in reputed journals!

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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Abstract and Introduction

On the other hand, the abstract is like a short summary of an academic article or research paper, which discusses the purpose of the study and the outcome of the research. It usually summarizes the research topic, questions, participants, methods, outcome, data collected, analysis and conclusions. The article excerpt given hereunder discusses the difference between abstract and introduction.

Content: Abstract Vs Introduction

Comparison chart.

Definition of Abstract

An abstract can be described as a concise summary, often found in research work like thesis, dissertations, research articles, review, etc. which helps the reader to have an instant idea of the main purpose of the work. It is about a paragraph long of 150 to 250 words in general.

The information contained in the abstract should be sufficient enough to help the readers judge the nature and importance of the topic, the reasonableness of the strategy used in the investigation, nature of results and conclusions.

An abstract serves a number of purposes such as it allows the readers to get the gist of your paper, so as to decide whether to go through with the rest of the work. It is usually written after the writing of the paperwork is over and that too in the past tense.

An abstract rolls all the important information of the work into a single page, such as the context, general topic, central questions, problem under study, main idea, previous research findings, reasons, research methodology, findings, results, arguments, implications, conclusion and so on. To create an abstract one should pick the main statements from the above-mentioned sections, to draft an abstract.

Types of Abstract

• Descriptive Abstract : It briefly describes the abstract and the length is usually 100-200 words. It indicates the type of information contained in the paper, discusses the purpose of writing, objectives and methods used for research.
• Informative Abstract : As the name suggests, it is a detailed abstract which summarizes all the important points of the study. It includes results and conclusions, along with the purpose, objective, and methods used.

Definition of Introduction

Introduction means to present something to the readers, i.e. by giving a brief description or background information of the document. It is the first and foremost section which expresses the purpose, scope and goals, concerning the topic under study. As an introduction gives an overview of the topic, it develops an understanding of the main text.

An introduction is a gateway to the topic, as it is something which can create interest in the readers to read the document further. It is the crux of the document, which states what is to be discussed in the main body.

Elements of Introduction

An introduction has four basic elements namely: hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.

• Hook is the preliminary sentence of the introduction which is used to fasten the attention of the readers, and so it has to be interesting, attention-grabbing, and readable of course, so as to stimulate the readers to read the complete text.
• Background Information is the main part of the introduction, which presents the background of the research topic, including the problem under study, real-world situation, research questions, and a sneak peek of what the readers can expect from the main body.
• Connect , is a simple line which is used to link or say relate the background information with the research statement, by using words ideas or phrases, so as to ensure the flow and logic of writing the text.
• Thesis statement is the central point of the argument, which is usually a single sentence, whose points of evidence are to be talked about in the following text, i.e. the main body.

Key Differences Between Abstract and Introduction

The difference between abstract and introduction are discussed in the points:

• An abstract is a concise and accurate representation which gives an overview of the main points from the entire document. On the other hand, Introduction is the first section which makes the reader aware of the subject, by giving a brief description of the work, i.e. why the research is needed or important.
• While an abstract will give you an immediate overview of the paper, the introduction is the initial exposure to the subject under study.
• An abstract reports key points of the research, as well as it states why the work is important, what was the main purpose of research, what is the motivation behind choosing the subject, what you learned from the research, what you found out during the research and what you concluded, in a summarized way. As against, an introduction presents a direction to understand what exists in the upcoming portion of the document or book.
• As an abstract has its own introduction, main body and conclusion, it is a standalone document which summarizes the result of the findings and not just the list of topics discussed. As against, the introduction is not a standalone document or piece.
• The main purpose of an abstract is to provide a succinct summary of the research. Conversely, introduction aims at convincing the reader about the need for the research.
• An abstract contains the purpose, problem, methods used, result and conclusion. On the contrary, the introduction includes a hook, background information, connect and thesis statement.
• While abstract is found in a research paper, thesis and dissertations, the introduction is found in a wide range of texts.

An abstract gives a preview of the work, outlines the main points and helps the audience in decision making, i.e. whether they want to read the complete text or not. On the other hand, an introduction is the very first section of the work, which clarifies the purpose of writing.

Without an abstract and introduction, the readers might not be able to know what the work contains and what is the reason or motivation behind the research. So, these two are like thread which goes through the writing and creates an understanding in the reader about the topic under study. While writing these two, one should ensure that they accurately reflect what you cover in the document or book.

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September 20, 2023 at 1:15 am

fantastic explanations

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Abstract Vs. Introduction — Do you know the difference?

Ross wants to publish his research. Feeling positive about his research outcomes, he begins to draft his manuscript. After completing the abstract, he proceeds to write the introduction. That’s when he pauses in confusion. Do the abstract and introduction mean the same? How is the content for both the sections different?

This is a dilemma faced by several young researchers while drafting their first manuscript. An  abstract  is similar to a summary except that it is more concise and direct. Whereas, the  introduction  section of your paper is more detailed. It states why you conducted your study, what you wanted to accomplish, and what is your hypothesis.

This blog will allow us to learn more about the difference between the abstract and the introduction.

What Is an Abstract for a Research Paper?

An abstract provides the reader with a clear description of your research study and its results without the reader having to read the entire paper. The details of a study, such as precise methods and measurements, are not necessarily mentioned in the abstract. The abstract is an important tool for researchers who must sift through hundreds of papers from their field of study.

The abstract  holds more significance  in articles without open access. Reading the abstract would give an idea of the articles, which would otherwise require monetary payment for access. In most cases, reviewers will read the abstract to decide whether to continue to review the paper, which is important for you.

Your abstract should begin with a background or objective to clearly state why the research was done, its importance to the field of study, and any previous roadblocks encountered. It should include a very concise version of your methods, results, and conclusions but no references. It must be brief while still providing enough information so that the reader need not read the full article. Most journals ask that the abstract be no more than 200–250 words long.

Format of an Abstract

There are two general   formats — structured and unstructured. A  structured abstract   helps the reader find pertinent information  very quickly. It is divided into sections clearly defined by headings as follows:

• Background : Latest information on the topic; key phrases that pique interest (e.g., “…the role of this enzyme has never been clearly understood”).
• Objective : The research goals; what the study examined and why.
• Methods : Brief description of the study (e.g., retrospective study).
• Results : Findings and observations.
• Conclusions : Were these results expected? Whether more research is needed or not?

Authors get tempted to write too much  in an abstract but it is helpful to remember that there is usually a maximum word count. The main point is to relay the important aspects of the study without sharing too many details so that the readers do not have to go through the entire manuscript text for finding more information.

The  unstructured abstract  is often used in fields of study that do not fall under the category of science. This type of abstracts does not have different sections. It summarizes the manuscript’s objectives, methods, etc., in one paragraph.

Related: Create an impressive manuscript with a compelling abstract.   Check out these resources and improve your abstract writing process!

Lastly, you must check the author guidelines of the target journal. It will describe the format required and the maximum word count of your abstract.

What Is an Introduction?

Your introduction is the first section of your research paper . It is not a repetition of the abstract. It does not provide data about methods, results, or conclusions. However, it  provides more in-depth information  on the background of the subject matter. It also explains your hypothesis , what you attempted to discover, or issues that you wanted to resolve. The introduction will also explain if and why your study is new in the subject field and why it is important.

It is often a good idea to wait until the rest of the paper is completed before drafting your introduction. This will help you to stay focused on the manuscript’s important points. The introduction, unlike the abstract, should contain citations to references. The information will help guide your readers through the rest of your document. The key tips for writing an effective introduction :

• Beginning:  The importance of the study.
• Tone/Tense:  Formal, impersonal; present tense.
• Content:  Brief description of manuscript but without results and conclusions.
• Length:  Generally up to four paragraphs. May vary slightly with journal guidelines.

Once you are sure that possible doubts on the difference between the abstract and introduction are clear, review and submit your manuscript.

What struggles have you had in writing an abstract or introduction? Were you able to resolve them? Please share your thoughts with us in the comments section below.

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Abstract vs Introduction – Differences Explained

• By Dr Harry Hothi
• August 29, 2020

Any academic write up of a research study or project will require the inclusion of an abstract and introduction. If you pick up any example of a research paper for a journal, dissertation for a Masters degree or a PhD thesis, you’ll see the abstract, followed by the introduction. At first glance you’ll notice that the abstract is much shorter in length, typically a quarter or third of a page of A4. The introduction on the other hand is longer, taking up at least an entire page of writing.

Beyond the length, what are the differences in the content of the two sections? In short, the abstract is a summary of the entire study, describing the context, research aim, methods, results and key conclusions. The introduction gives more detail on the background of the subject area, the motivation for the study and states the aims and objectives.

Read on to learn more.

What is an Abstract?

The main purpose of an abstract is to succinctly give the reader an overview of why the study was needed, what the purpose of the project was, the research question, the key materials and methods that were used, the main results and what conclusions were drawn from this. Many abstracts also conclude with a sentence on the significance or impact of the research. These are sometimes also referred to as an executive summary.

The reader should have an understanding of the paper topic and what the study was about from the abstract alone. He or she can then decide if they want to read the paper or thesis in more detail.

Abstracts are particularly useful for researchers performing a literature review, which involves critically evaluating a large number of papers. Reading the abstract enables them to quickly ascertain the key points of a paper, helping them identify which ones to read in full.

Abstracts are also very important for learning more about the work performed in papers that are hidden behind academic journal paywalls (i.e. those that are not open access). Abstracts are always made freely available, allowing a researcher to understand the context and main point of the work and then decide if it’s worth paying to read the entire paper. These are sometimes referred to as the ‘de facto introduction’ to the research work as it’s usually the first section people read about your study, after the title page.

How do you Write an Abstract?

The majority of academic journals place a limit of 250 words on the length of the abstract in papers submitted to them. They do this to ensure you give a quick overview of only the most important information from your study, helping the reader decide if they want to read the whole paper too. Make sure you double check the specific requirements of your target journal before you start writing.

Universities or other academic institutions often allow up to 500 words for an abstract written for a doctoral thesis.

Abstracts can be either structured or unstructured in the way they are formatted. A structured abstract contains separate headings to guide the reader through the study. Virtually all STEM journals will require this format be used for a researcharticle. The exact names used for each heading can differ but generally there are defined as:

• Background. This is also sometimes called the Introduction. This section should give an overview of what is currently known about the research topic and what the gap in knowledge is. The reader should understand the problem your research will address; i.e. what was your study needed. Don’t include any references or citations in the abstract.
• Aim and Objective. Give a brief explanation of what the study intended to achieve and state the research question or questions that you proposed. Some authors also include the hypothesis here too.
• Materials and Methods. Use the methods section to describe what you investigated, what the study design was and how you carried it out.
• Results. Give an overview of your key findings.
• Discussion and Conclusion. Some journals may ask for these two terms to be used as separated headings. These sections explain why you may have obtained the results that you did, what this means and what the significance or impact of this might be.

An informative abstract should provide a concise summary of all the important points in your research project, including what the central question relating to the subject matter was. Make it interesting to read too; this may be the difference between your abstract being accepted or rejected if you decide to submit it to an upcoming conference. Reviewers for large conferences often have to read hundreds of abstracts so make sure yours stands out by being easy to read and follow.

It’s less common that you’ll be asked to write an unstructured abstract. If you are, however, be aware that the key difference is that an unstructured abstract does not include separate headings. The flow of the abstract text should still follow the 5 points listed above but they should all be written within one long paragraph.

What is the Introduction?

The introduction section is the first main written work presented after the abstract in your paper manuscript or thesis. In a research paper, the introduction will be followed by a section on the materials and methods. In thesis writing, the introduction will be followed by the literature review .

The main aim of introduction writing is to give the reader more detail on the background information of the study. It should include a brief description of the key current knowledge that exists based on the work presented in previous literature and where the gaps in knowledge are. The introduction should convey why your research was needed in order to add new understanding to your subject area. Make sure that you reference all the publications that you refer to.

When writing an introduction for a scientific paper you should also include the aim of your study and the research objectives/questions. If relevant, also include your hypothesis or (null hypothesis).

How do you Structure the Introduction?

The general rule of thumb for a research paper is to use size 12 Times New Roman font, double spaced. Write four separate paragraphs which together are no longer than one page in length. Structure the four paragraphs as follows:

• Set the context of the research study, giving background information about the subject area.
• Describe what is currently know from previously published work and what is poorly understood – i.e. the research gap.
• Explain how addressing this gap in knowledge is important for your research field – i.e. why this study is needed.
• Give a broad overview of the aims, objectives and hypothesis of the study.

You should not describe the research method used in this section nor any results and conclusions.

You should be clear now on what the differences between an abstract vs introduction are. The best way to improve your academic writing skills for these are to read other examples from other  research articles and start writing!

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Abstract vs. Introduction

What's the difference.

The abstract and introduction are both important sections of a research paper or academic article, but they serve different purposes. The abstract is a concise summary of the entire paper, providing an overview of the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions. It is typically written in a single paragraph and is meant to give readers a quick understanding of the study without having to read the entire paper. On the other hand, the introduction is the first section of the paper and is more detailed. It provides background information on the topic, explains the research problem or question, and outlines the objectives and significance of the study. The introduction sets the stage for the rest of the paper and helps readers understand the context and motivation behind the research.

Further Detail

Introduction.

The introduction is an essential part of any academic or research paper. It serves as the opening section that provides background information, context, and sets the stage for the reader to understand the purpose and significance of the study. The introduction typically includes a thesis statement or research question, outlines the objectives, and highlights the main points that will be discussed in the paper.

One of the primary functions of the introduction is to grab the reader's attention and create interest in the topic. It often begins with a hook or an engaging anecdote to captivate the reader's curiosity. The introduction also provides a brief overview of the existing literature and research related to the topic, highlighting the gaps or limitations that the current study aims to address.

Furthermore, the introduction serves as a roadmap for the rest of the paper, outlining the structure and organization of the subsequent sections. It helps the reader understand the logical flow of the arguments and the overall structure of the paper. The introduction is typically longer than the abstract and provides more detailed information about the research topic.

In summary, the introduction acts as a bridge between the reader and the research paper, providing necessary background information, context, and setting the stage for the study.

The abstract, on the other hand, is a concise summary of the entire research paper. It is usually placed at the beginning of the paper, before the introduction, and provides a brief overview of the study's objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. The abstract aims to give the reader a quick understanding of the research without having to read the entire paper.

Unlike the introduction, the abstract is typically limited to a specific word count or character limit, often ranging from 150 to 300 words. Due to its brevity, the abstract focuses on the most important aspects of the research, highlighting the key findings and their implications. It does not provide an extensive background or literature review like the introduction does.

The abstract is written in a concise and objective manner, using clear and precise language. It avoids unnecessary details, jargon, or technical terms that may confuse the reader. The abstract should be able to stand alone and provide a comprehensive summary of the research, enabling readers to decide whether the paper is relevant to their interests or research.

Overall, the abstract serves as a condensed version of the entire research paper, providing a snapshot of the study's purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. It is designed to give readers a quick overview of the research without delving into the specifics.

While both the abstract and introduction play crucial roles in a research paper, they differ in several key aspects. Let's explore the main differences between these two sections:

1. Length and Detail

The most apparent difference between the abstract and introduction is their length and level of detail. The introduction is typically longer and more detailed, providing a comprehensive background, literature review, and outlining the structure of the paper. It delves into the topic, providing context and setting the stage for the study. On the other hand, the abstract is much shorter and concise, summarizing the key aspects of the research without going into extensive details.

2. Placement

Another significant difference is their placement within the research paper. The introduction is usually the first section after the abstract, serving as the opening of the paper. It provides the necessary background information and context before diving into the main body of the research. In contrast, the abstract is placed at the beginning of the paper, before the introduction, to provide a quick overview of the entire study.

The content of the abstract and introduction also differs. The introduction focuses on providing a comprehensive understanding of the research topic, including the background, literature review, objectives, and main points of the study. It aims to engage the reader and create interest in the research. On the other hand, the abstract summarizes the entire research paper, highlighting the key aspects such as the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. It aims to give readers a quick understanding of the research without going into extensive details.

4. Audience

The target audience for the abstract and introduction also varies. The abstract is primarily aimed at researchers, scholars, and professionals who want to quickly assess the relevance and significance of the research. It helps them decide whether to read the full paper or not. In contrast, the introduction caters to a broader audience, including those who may not have in-depth knowledge of the subject. It provides the necessary background and context to make the research accessible to a wider range of readers.

Lastly, the abstract and introduction serve different purposes. The introduction aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research topic, establish the research gap, and present the objectives and main points of the study. It sets the stage for the reader to understand the significance and relevance of the research. On the other hand, the abstract serves as a condensed summary of the entire research paper, allowing readers to quickly grasp the main findings and conclusions without reading the full paper.

In conclusion, while the abstract and introduction are both important sections of a research paper, they serve different purposes and have distinct attributes. The introduction provides a comprehensive background, context, and structure of the research paper, engaging the reader and setting the stage for the study. On the other hand, the abstract offers a concise summary of the entire research, highlighting the key aspects and enabling readers to quickly assess the relevance and significance of the study. Understanding the differences between these sections is crucial for researchers and readers alike to navigate and comprehend research papers effectively.

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• Translation

Structuring Your Research Paper: Knowing the difference between abstract, introduction, and conclusion

By charlesworth author services.

• 18 October, 2023

Research papers serve as essential tools in the dissemination of knowledge and the advancement of academic disciplines. Academic papers follow a well-defined structure and format that assists readers in comprehending the content efficiently. They adhere to a well-defined structure and format, which is often referred to as IMRaD: Introduction, Methodology, Results, and Discussion. In addition to these core elements, there are three crucial components; the Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion, which enhance the deliverance of your research rationale and findings. Understanding the nuanced functions of these sections is crucial for researchers seeking to enhance their paper's clarity, engagement, and influence in the academic and scientific community.

These three components play distinct roles in the structure and communication of a written work, be it a research paper, a thesis, a report, or an article. To write effectively, it's essential to grasp the unique functions and structure of each.

What is an Introduction?

The introduction serves as the opening of your written work, where you set the stage for what is to come. It helps to make the first impression on your readers. Its primary purpose is to provide readers with an overview of the subject matter and the context in which your work exists. 

Furthermore, a well-written introduction outlines the research problem and introduces the main thesis or argument. Some journals may refer to this section as 'Background,' and in others, it might not have a separate heading.

Key elements of an introduction include:

1. Opening Sentence: A compelling hook or opening sentence that grabs the reader's attention and motivates them to continue reading.

2. Thesis Statement: A concise thesis statement that outlines the main argument, purpose, or objective of your work.

3. Background Information: Necessary background information or context to help readers understand the topic.

4. Scope and Significance: A brief discussion of what will be covered and why it is relevant or important.

An introduction should be clear, engaging, and give readers a sense of what to expect. While it provides some insight into the content, it does not delve into the details or findings of the work.

What is an Abstract?

The abstract is a concise summary of the entire document. Its primary purpose is to give readers a quick overview of the key points, methods, findings, and conclusions of the work. They are typically found at the beginning of research papers and articles and are often used by readers to determine whether they want to read the full text. It serves as a preview of the work and helps readers quickly gauge its relevance.

Key elements of an abstract include:

1. Objective: A clear statement of the research objective or purpose.

2. Methods: A brief description of the research methods or approach used.

3. Results: Summary of the key findings or results.

4.  Conclusions: A concise statement of the main conclusions or implications.

These elements are usually presented in a standalone paragraph or a few paragraphs, depending on the specific journal's guidelines.

The length of an abstract varies, often ranging from 150 to 250 words, though it can be longer for some longer papers or theses. Furthermore, it also depends on the style and guidelines of the publication.

Watch this FREE informative webinar to learn more about writing strong abstracts and structuring your research article for publication. 

What is a Conclusion?

The conclusion, as the name suggests, marks the end of your written work. Its primary purpose is to summarize and reiterate the main points and findings discussed in the body of the text. 

Key elements of a conclusion include:

1. Restatement of Thesis: A restatement of the main thesis or argument.

2. Summary of Findings: A brief summary of the key findings and results.

3. Implications: Discussion of the implications of the findings and their significance.

4. Closing Thoughts: A final thought or reflection on the subject matter.

The conclusion is the final part of the paper, summarizing the key findings, their implications, and the main takeaways. In some formats, this section follows the 'Discussion' and may not have a distinct heading.

The conclusion should leave the reader with a sense of closure and a clear understanding of the key takeaways. It is not the place to introduce new information or ideas but rather to reinforce the ideas presented in the body of the work.

What’s the Difference Between Abstract, Introduction, and Conclusion?

To better understand the distinctions and relationships between these three sections, here is a table comparing the features or characteristics of the abstract, introduction, and conclusion for your better understanding:

While these sections serve different functions, it's crucial to avoid repeating the same information. The abstract provides an overview, the introduction sets the stage, and the conclusion wraps up the key points. Repetition can bore readers and waste valuable space. Make each section unique and tailored to its purpose.

The abstract, introduction, and conclusion are the pillars that support the structure and impact of research papers. Understanding their differences and functions is fundamental to effective academic writing. By delving into their relevance, we can uncover their true significance, ensuring that the message of our research reaches its intended audience with clarity and impact. 

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• How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples

Published on February 28, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 18, 2023 by Eoghan Ryan.

An abstract is a short summary of a longer work (such as a thesis ,  dissertation or research paper ). The abstract concisely reports the aims and outcomes of your research, so that readers know exactly what your paper is about.

Although the structure may vary slightly depending on your discipline, your abstract should describe the purpose of your work, the methods you’ve used, and the conclusions you’ve drawn.

One common way to structure your abstract is to use the IMRaD structure. This stands for:

• Introduction

Abstracts are usually around 100–300 words, but there’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check the relevant requirements.

In a dissertation or thesis , include the abstract on a separate page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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Table of contents

Abstract example, when to write an abstract, step 1: introduction, step 2: methods, step 3: results, step 4: discussion, tips for writing an abstract, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about abstracts.

Hover over the different parts of the abstract to see how it is constructed.

This paper examines the role of silent movies as a mode of shared experience in the US during the early twentieth century. At this time, high immigration rates resulted in a significant percentage of non-English-speaking citizens. These immigrants faced numerous economic and social obstacles, including exclusion from public entertainment and modes of discourse (newspapers, theater, radio).

Incorporating evidence from reviews, personal correspondence, and diaries, this study demonstrates that silent films were an affordable and inclusive source of entertainment. It argues for the accessible economic and representational nature of early cinema. These concerns are particularly evident in the low price of admission and in the democratic nature of the actors’ exaggerated gestures, which allowed the plots and action to be easily grasped by a diverse audience despite language barriers.

Keywords: silent movies, immigration, public discourse, entertainment, early cinema, language barriers.

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You will almost always have to include an abstract when:

• Completing a thesis or dissertation
• Submitting a research paper to an academic journal
• Writing a book or research proposal
• Applying for research grants

It’s easiest to write your abstract last, right before the proofreading stage, because it’s a summary of the work you’ve already done. Your abstract should:

• Be a self-contained text, not an excerpt from your paper
• Be fully understandable on its own
• Reflect the structure of your larger work

Start by clearly defining the purpose of your research. What practical or theoretical problem does the research respond to, or what research question did you aim to answer?

You can include some brief context on the social or academic relevance of your dissertation topic , but don’t go into detailed background information. If your abstract uses specialized terms that would be unfamiliar to the average academic reader or that have various different meanings, give a concise definition.

After identifying the problem, state the objective of your research. Use verbs like “investigate,” “test,” “analyze,” or “evaluate” to describe exactly what you set out to do.

This part of the abstract can be written in the present or past simple tense  but should never refer to the future, as the research is already complete.

• This study will investigate the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.
• This study investigates the relationship between coffee consumption and productivity.

Next, indicate the research methods that you used to answer your question. This part should be a straightforward description of what you did in one or two sentences. It is usually written in the past simple tense, as it refers to completed actions.

• Structured interviews will be conducted with 25 participants.
• Structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants.

Don’t evaluate validity or obstacles here — the goal is not to give an account of the methodology’s strengths and weaknesses, but to give the reader a quick insight into the overall approach and procedures you used.

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Next, summarize the main research results . This part of the abstract can be in the present or past simple tense.

• Our analysis has shown a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis shows a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.
• Our analysis showed a strong correlation between coffee consumption and productivity.

Depending on how long and complex your research is, you may not be able to include all results here. Try to highlight only the most important findings that will allow the reader to understand your conclusions.

Finally, you should discuss the main conclusions of your research : what is your answer to the problem or question? The reader should finish with a clear understanding of the central point that your research has proved or argued. Conclusions are usually written in the present simple tense.

• We concluded that coffee consumption increases productivity.
• We conclude that coffee consumption increases productivity.

If there are important limitations to your research (for example, related to your sample size or methods), you should mention them briefly in the abstract. This allows the reader to accurately assess the credibility and generalizability of your research.

If your aim was to solve a practical problem, your discussion might include recommendations for implementation. If relevant, you can briefly make suggestions for further research.

If your paper will be published, you might have to add a list of keywords at the end of the abstract. These keywords should reference the most important elements of the research to help potential readers find your paper during their own literature searches.

Be aware that some publication manuals, such as APA Style , have specific formatting requirements for these keywords.

It can be a real challenge to condense your whole work into just a couple of hundred words, but the abstract will be the first (and sometimes only) part that people read, so it’s important to get it right. These strategies can help you get started.

Read other abstracts

The best way to learn the conventions of writing an abstract in your discipline is to read other people’s. You probably already read lots of journal article abstracts while conducting your literature review —try using them as a framework for structure and style.

You can also find lots of dissertation abstract examples in thesis and dissertation databases .

Reverse outline

Not all abstracts will contain precisely the same elements. For longer works, you can write your abstract through a process of reverse outlining.

For each chapter or section, list keywords and draft one to two sentences that summarize the central point or argument. This will give you a framework of your abstract’s structure. Next, revise the sentences to make connections and show how the argument develops.

Write clearly and concisely

A good abstract is short but impactful, so make sure every word counts. Each sentence should clearly communicate one main point.

To keep your abstract or summary short and clear:

• Avoid passive sentences: Passive constructions are often unnecessarily long. You can easily make them shorter and clearer by using the active voice.
• Avoid long sentences: Substitute longer expressions for concise expressions or single words (e.g., “In order to” for “To”).
• Avoid obscure jargon: The abstract should be understandable to readers who are not familiar with your topic.
• Avoid repetition and filler words: Replace nouns with pronouns when possible and eliminate unnecessary words.
• Avoid detailed descriptions: An abstract is not expected to provide detailed definitions, background information, or discussions of other scholars’ work. Instead, include this information in the body of your thesis or paper.

If you’re struggling to edit down to the required length, you can get help from expert editors with Scribbr’s professional proofreading services or use the paraphrasing tool .

Check your formatting

If you are writing a thesis or dissertation or submitting to a journal, there are often specific formatting requirements for the abstract—make sure to check the guidelines and format your work correctly. For APA research papers you can follow the APA abstract format .

Checklist: Abstract

The word count is within the required length, or a maximum of one page.

The abstract appears after the title page and acknowledgements and before the table of contents .

I have clearly stated my research problem and objectives.

I have briefly described my methodology .

I have summarized the most important results .

I have stated my main conclusions .

I have mentioned any important limitations and recommendations.

The abstract can be understood by someone without prior knowledge of the topic.

You've written a great abstract! Use the other checklists to continue improving your thesis or dissertation.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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An abstract is a concise summary of an academic text (such as a journal article or dissertation ). It serves two main purposes:

• To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research.
• To communicate your key findings to those who don’t have time to read the whole paper.

Abstracts are often indexed along with keywords on academic databases, so they make your work more easily findable. Since the abstract is the first thing any reader sees, it’s important that it clearly and accurately summarizes the contents of your paper.

An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.

The abstract is the very last thing you write. You should only write it after your research is complete, so that you can accurately summarize the entirety of your thesis , dissertation or research paper .

Avoid citing sources in your abstract . There are two reasons for this:

• The abstract should focus on your original research, not on the work of others.
• The abstract should be self-contained and fully understandable without reference to other sources.

There are some circumstances where you might need to mention other sources in an abstract: for example, if your research responds directly to another study or focuses on the work of a single theorist. In general, though, don’t include citations unless absolutely necessary.

The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .

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McCombes, S. (2023, July 18). How to Write an Abstract | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/abstract/

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Abstract vs Introduction: What are the Key Differences?

Discover the key differences between abstracts and introductions in research papers, highlighting their roles, structures, and significance for compelling writing.

Jun 19, 2024

Abstract vs Introduction: What Are the Key Differences?

Writing a scientific paper involves several critical components, each serving a distinct purpose. Among these, the abstract and the introduction stand out as two of the most essential sections. Understanding the differences between these components is crucial for crafting a compelling and well-structured research paper. This article delves into the key differences between an abstract and an introduction, emphasizing their roles, structure, and significance.

Understanding Research Paper Components

A research paper is a detailed document presenting the findings of a study. It typically includes several sections: the title page, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Each section serves a unique purpose, guiding the reader through the research process and findings.

The abstract and the introduction are pivotal in setting the stage for the entire paper, drawing readers in, and providing a framework for understanding the research study.

Defining the Abstract: A Concise Summary of the Entire Paper

The abstract is a very short summary of the entire research paper , covering all sections, including the introduction, objectives, materials and methods, results, and conclusion. It should encapsulate all important aspects of the study, allowing readers to quickly determine if the paper is of interest.

Most journals impose a strict word limit for abstracts, often around 10% of the research paper’s length. This succinct summary serves as a gateway to the whole paper.

Key Elements of an Abstract

• Concise Summary: Provides a brief overview of the entire paper.
• Coverage: Includes all sections of the paper—introduction, methods, results, and conclusions.
• Word Limit: Typically constrained to a few hundred words, necessitating brevity and precision.
• Purpose: Enables readers to quickly decide whether to read the full paper.

Defining the Introduction: Setting the Stage for the Research Paper

The introduction is the first section in a research paper after the abstract. It is important to note that the introduction should not include a detailed description of the research method, which is reserved for the methods section. It describes the background information necessary for the reader to understand the topic and aim of the study.

The introduction provides more in-depth information on the background of the subject matter, explaining the hypothesis, what was attempted to discover, and issues that were resolved. This section sets the context for the entire study, explaining the significance of the research.

Key Elements of an Introduction

• Background Information: Offers context and explains the significance of the research topic.
• Research Objectives: States the aims and objectives of the study.
• Previous Research: Cites existing literature to justify the study.
• Hypothesis: Presents the research question and hypothesis.

The Role of Previous Research

Incorporating previous research effectively is crucial in both the abstract and the introduction. The introduction should include a brief description of the key current knowledge based on previous literature and where the gaps in knowledge are.

Citing previous research helps to explain why the study was warranted and provides context for the research topic. This literature review component is essential for grounding the research in existing scholarship.

Key Differences Between Abstracts and Introductions

Abstract: a standalone summary of key findings.

The abstract is a concise summary of the entire study , describing the context, research aim, methods, results, and key conclusions. Its main purpose is to give the reader an overview of the study, including the research question, methods, results, and conclusions.

It serves as a standalone summary, allowing readers to understand the essence of the research without reading the full paper. This structured abstract is critical for busy readers who need to quickly determine the relevance of a paper.

Introduction: Providing Context and Background for the Research

The introduction gives more detail on the background of the subject area, the motivation for the study, and states the aims and objectives. It conveys why the research was needed to add new understanding to the subject area. Unlike the abstract, the introduction does not summarize the entire study but sets the stage for the detailed discussion that follows.

This section is more expansive and uses past tense to describe what has been done and present tense for the research question and objectives.

Writing Effective Openers

Crafting a Compelling Abstract: Best Practices and Tips

• Identify the Abstract Type: Determine whether the abstract is descriptive or informative.
• Follow the Five-Section Structure: Include background, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.
• Adhere to Journal Guidelines: Follow word count and formatting requirements.
• Write from Scratch: Avoid redundancy and include crucial keywords.

A compelling abstract should be a succinct summary that highlights the most important aspects of the study, adhering to the abstract format required by the target journal.

Writing a Strong Introduction: Answering Key Questions and Setting the Tone

• Start with a Broad Overview: Highlight the research area and established knowledge.
• Identify Knowledge Gaps: Explain why these gaps need to be addressed.
• Present Research Objectives: State the research objectives and hypothesis clearly.
• Use Clear and Concise Language: Employ active voice and strong verbs to maintain clarity.

A good introduction sets a solid foundation for the research study, outlining the central question and providing a comprehensive background to engage the reader.

Best Practices and Common Mistakes

Using the abstract and introduction to guide the reader.

The abstract and introduction should work together to provide a clear understanding of the research study. The abstract should generate curiosity and contain strategic keywords, while the introduction provides the necessary background and context. This tandem ensures that readers are well-prepared to delve deeper into the research work.

Avoiding Common Mistakes in Abstract and Introduction Writing

• Avoid Redundancy : Do not copy text from the paper. Include only crucial keywords.
• Ensure Clarity: The abstract should be clear, comprehensive, and engaging.
• Accurate Introduction: Write the introduction after completing other sections to ensure accuracy and effectiveness.

Mastering the Abstract and Introduction for a Research Paper

Understanding the purposes, structures, and requirements of the abstract and introduction is essential for effective academic writing . The abstract provides a quick overview of the entire document, while the introduction sets the context and highlights the significance of the research study. Mastering these two sections is fundamental to engaging the audience and encouraging them to read the full paper.

By adhering to best practices and avoiding common pitfalls, researchers can craft compelling abstracts and introductions that effectively communicate their work’s significance and invite further reading.

The key difference between an abstract and an introduction lies in their function and scope: the abstract is a standalone summary, while the introduction provides detailed background information and sets the stage for the research.

Enhancing the Research Paper with a Good Abstract and Introduction

A well-written abstract and introduction are crucial for the success of a research paper. They not only capture the reader's attention but also provide a framework for understanding the entire study. These sections should be crafted with care, ensuring they are clear, concise, and informative.

More Detail on Writing Abstracts and Introductions

Abstracts: balancing brevity and comprehensiveness.

The abstract must balance brevity and comprehensiveness, providing a snapshot of the entire study without overwhelming the reader with details. It should highlight the main point and results expected, using a structured format to ensure all critical elements are covered. Whether it is a structured or unstructured abstract, the goal remains the same: to provide a quick overview of the research.

Introductions: Building a Strong Foundation

The introduction section should build a strong foundation for the paper, starting with a broad overview of the research topic and gradually narrowing down to the specific research question. It should include a brief description of previous studies and highlight the research problem. This section is typically written in the present tense, except when referring to past research.

Practical Tips for Writing Abstracts and Introductions

• Abstracts: Use the executive summary approach , ensuring all critical points are covered within the word limit.
• Introductions: Provide more detail on the background knowledge and context, ensuring the reader understands the importance of the research.
• Avoid Long Paragraphs: Keep paragraphs short and focused to maintain clarity and engagement.
• Adhere to Guidelines: Follow the specific requirements of the target journal or academic institution .

The Impact of a Well-Written Abstract and Introduction

A well-written abstract and introduction can significantly impact the reception of a research paper. They help to clearly communicate the research objectives, methods, and findings, making it easier for readers to quickly determine the relevance and importance of the study. These sections are critical for thesis writing, where the introduction sets the stage for the research, and the abstract provides a succinct summary.

Summary: Abstract vs Introduction in Research Papers

In summary, the key differences between an abstract and an introduction in a research paper are rooted in their purpose and scope.

The abstract is a very short summary that provides a quick overview of the entire study, while the introduction sets the stage by providing background information, stating the research objectives, and citing previous research. Both sections are essential for guiding the reader through the research paper and ensuring a clear understanding of the study’s significance.

By mastering the art of writing compelling abstracts and introductions, researchers can enhance the clarity and impact of their work, making it more accessible and engaging for a broad audience.

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What is the difference between an abstract and an introduction? This is a question that plagues many academic writers. In order to understand the difference, one should first understand the purpose each element plays in academic writing.

Abstracts in academic writing are intended for publication. Once the work has been published, the abstract acts as a summary for the reader so that the reader can determine if they want to take the time to read more of the work. When choosing a fiction novel, readers skim the back cover. When selecting research, they skim the abstract. When readers access the abstract, they are primarily thinking, “What can I learn from this study? Does it relate to my work?" Therefore, the reader is looking for a ​clear and concise summary of the document. When writing an abstract, common topics may include background, objective, methods, results, or conclusions.

Keep in mind that for student papers, APA 7th edition formatting does not actually require an abstract (see S​ection 2.9 of the APA Manual) since the overall purpose is designed for publication. However, it is not uncommon for instructors to require their students to include an abstract in their assignments. Oftentimes, this is because the instructor is preparing their students for writing their dissertation or thesis. Check your assignment or course syllabus to ensure you are meeting the requirements of your instructor.

Introductions

​​An introduction, on the other hand, is not a complete summary of document. Its primary purpose is to get the reader's attention by providing more details on the background of the topic and promote its relevance and significance. Here, the author also provides a  brief  overview of the content.

Additional Resources

• Abstract vs. Introduction: Do You Know the Difference?
• How to Write and Effective Research Abstract
• Abstract & Keywords Guide
• << Previous: Defining & Avoiding Plagiarism
• Next: Knowing When to Cite >>
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Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Home » Blog » Abstract vs. Introduction: Key Elements for Successful Research Papers

Understanding the Purpose: Abstract and Introduction

When you’re diving into the world of scientific manuscripts, it’s like stepping into a whole new universe, right? Especially when it comes to crafting the perfect research paper. Now, let’s talk about two crucial parts of your paper – the Abstract and Introduction. They may seem similar at a glance, but trust me, they’re as different as apples and oranges.

First off, let’s clear the air about what each part is meant to do. The Abstract, in simple terms, is your research paper in a nutshell. It’s like a movie trailer – giving the audience (in this case, the readers) a quick preview of what’s in store. The goal? To lure them in and make them want to read the whole thing.

The Introduction, on the other hand, is more like the opening scene of the movie. It sets the stage, introduces the main characters (or key concepts), and starts to build up the story (your research). It’s your chance to grab the reader’s attention and give them a reason to stay.

So, why is understanding the difference between these two so crucial? Well, it’s simple. If you nail your Abstract, your paper is more likely to get picked up and read. Get your Introduction right, and your readers will stick around till the end.

In the next sections, we’re going to dissect each part, giving you the lowdown on how to make both your Abstract and Introduction stand out. We’ll be discussing how to structure them, what to include (and what not to), and some insider tips to make your research paper as compelling as possible.

The Abstract: A Snapshot of Your Research

Picture this: you’re at a busy conference, surrounded by countless research papers. What makes you pick one up? The Abstract. Think of the Abstract as your research’s elevator pitch. It’s short, sweet, and packs a punch. In a few concise sentences, it needs to summarize your entire study – the problem, methods, results, and conclusion. Phew, sounds like a tall order, right?

But fear not! Here’s how you can make your Abstract stand out:

• Be Concise : Usually, you have about 150-250 words to play with. Every word counts, so make them meaningful.
• Clarity is Key : Use plain language that can be easily understood by a broad audience. You’re not trying to impress with jargon; you’re trying to communicate effectively.
• Highlight the Big Stuff : Focus on the main aspects of your research. What was the problem? How did you approach it? What did you discover? And why does it matter?
• No Spoilers : While you need to include results, avoid the temptation to delve into detailed discussions or conclusions. Leave that for the main body of your paper.

Remember, a well-written Abstract can be the difference between someone reading your full paper or passing it by. It’s your first impression – make it count!

Crafting a Compelling Introduction

The Introduction is where the magic starts. It’s your opportunity to hook your readers and give them a glimpse of the exciting journey they’re about to embark on. Unlike the abstract, which is a bird’s-eye view of your study, the introduction is where you start zooming in.

Here’s how to craft an introduction that not only informs but also engages:

• Start with a Bang : Begin with a statement or a fact that grabs attention. It could be a startling statistic, a provocative question, or an intriguing quote. You want your reader to think, “Wow, I need to know more about this!”
• Set the Scene : Provide some background. Why is this research important? What’s the broader context? Think of it as setting the stage for your main act – your research.
• State the Problem : Clearly articulate the problem your research addresses. This helps readers understand the purpose and significance of your study.
• Outline Your Approach : Briefly mention how you’ve tackled the problem. This is a teaser, not the full story – you’ll get into the nitty-gritty in the methodology section.
• Establish the Thesis : What’s the main argument or hypothesis of your paper? The introduction is where this star should shine.
• Map It Out : Lastly, give your readers a roadmap of what to expect in the paper. It’s like showing them the menu before they enjoy the meal.

A compelling introduction sets the tone for the rest of your paper. It should be engaging, clear, and informative, leading your reader smoothly into the heart of your research.

Key Differences Between the Abstract and Introduction

Understanding the distinction between the abstract and introduction is crucial for any researcher. While they both serve important roles in your paper, they are fundamentally different in purpose and structure. Here’s a breakdown to help you differentiate the two:

• Purpose and Content : The abstract is a mini-version of your paper. It summarizes the entire research, including your findings and conclusions. The introduction, however, is more about setting up the research. It introduces the problem, provides background, and outlines the approach without revealing the conclusions.
• Length and Detail : Abstracts are typically much shorter, often limited to 250 words or less. They’re a quick read. The introduction, however, can be several pages long and provides a detailed background and rationale for the study.
• Audience Expectations : Readers often use the abstract to decide whether to read the full paper. It’s like a trailer to a movie. The introduction, on the other hand, is for those who’ve decided to watch the movie. It starts to tell the story in a more detailed and nuanced way.
• Writing Style : In an abstract, every word must count due to the word limit. It’s more factual and to the point. The introduction allows for a more narrative style, setting the scene and building a connection with the reader.
• Placement and Function : The abstract acts as a standalone summary, often read independently of the full paper. The introduction, however, is the beginning of the paper itself, leading the reader into the main text.

By clearly understanding these differences, you can ensure that both your abstract and introduction are effectively tailored to their respective purposes, providing a clear and engaging entry point into your research.

Structuring Your Abstract for Maximum Impact

The abstract is your research paper’s frontman – it’s the first thing people read, and it can make or break their interest in the rest of your work. So, how do you structure it to make sure it hits all the right notes? Here are some key elements to include for an impactful abstract:

• Background : Set the stage. Provide a brief context for your research. Why did you start this study? What gap in knowledge are you trying to fill?
• Objective : What was the aim of your research? This part should be crystal clear – readers want to know what you were trying to achieve.
• Methodology : Give a quick overview of how you conducted your research. Did you do experiments, surveys, or analysis? Keep it brief but informative.
• Results : What did you find? This is often what readers are most interested in. Highlight your key findings without getting bogged down in details.
• Conclusions : What do your results mean? Summarize the implications of your findings and their importance to the field.
• Keywords : Don’t forget to include keywords that will help others find your paper in searches.

Remember, while your abstract needs to be concise, it also needs to be complete. Readers should get a full picture of your research – from the why to the so what – in a nutshell.

Setting the Stage: Elements of a Strong Introduction

The introduction is more than just a starting point of your paper – it’s where you draw your readers in and build the framework for your research story. A well-crafted introduction should include several key elements:

• Hook : Start with something intriguing – a startling statistic, a compelling question, or an interesting anecdote. Your goal is to grab the reader’s attention and pique their curiosity.
• Background Information : Provide enough context to understand the research. What is the broader field of study? What are the key concepts or theories?
• Research Gap : Highlight the current knowledge gap that your research aims to fill. Why is this gap significant? What hasn’t been explored or solved yet?
• Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly state the research question or hypothesis you’re investigating. This gives the reader a clear idea of what you’re aiming to uncover or prove.
• Objective and Scope : Define the objective of your research and its scope. What are you aiming to achieve and within what bounds?
• Significance : Explain why your research is important. What value does it add to the field? Why should the reader care?
• Outline of the Paper : Briefly outline how your paper is structured. What can the reader expect in the subsequent sections?

Remember, your introduction is your chance to set the tone for your entire paper. It should be engaging, informative, and clearly lay out what the reader can expect.

Abstract Writing Do’s and Don’ts

Crafting the perfect abstract for your research paper can be a bit of a tightrope walk. You want to include enough information to be informative but not so much that it becomes overwhelming. Here are some key do’s and don’ts to keep in mind:

Do’s:

• Be Clear and Concise : Use simple language and get straight to the point. An abstract is a summary, not a detailed explanation.
• Follow the Structure : Stick to the classic structure – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Include Key Findings : Make sure your main results and their significance are clearly stated.
• Use Keywords : Include keywords relevant to your topic to make your paper searchable.
• Reflect Your Paper : Ensure your abstract accurately represents what is in your paper. No false advertising!

Don’ts:

• Avoid Over-Complexity : Don’t use jargon or overly complex language. Keep it accessible.
• Don’t Exceed Word Limits : Abstracts are typically 250 words or less. Stick to the limit.
• Avoid Adding New Information : Only include information that is present in the paper.
• Don’t Get Too Detailed : Leave the in-depth explanations and discussions for the main body of your paper.
• Don’t Forget to Proofread : Typos and grammatical errors can undermine the credibility of your work.

By following these guidelines, you can create an abstract that effectively summarizes your research and encourages readers to delve deeper into your paper.

Introduction: Laying the Foundation for Your Research Paper

The introduction of your research paper is where you lay the groundwork and build the framework for your entire study. It’s not just about starting your paper; it’s about setting the tone, providing context, and preparing the reader for what’s to come. Here’s how to make your introduction a solid foundation:

• Start with a Clear, Engaging Hook : Your opening sentences should capture the reader’s interest. Whether it’s a surprising fact, a pertinent question, or an interesting anecdote, your hook should be relevant and thought-provoking.
• Provide Background Information : Before diving into your research, give your readers a backdrop. What is the broader context of your study? How does it fit into the existing body of knowledge?
• Identify the Research Gap : What’s missing in the current literature or field of study? Clearly articulate the gap your research intends to fill. This not only shows the relevance of your work but also positions it within the larger conversation.
• State Your Research Question or Hypothesis : Clearly and concisely present the question your research seeks to answer or the hypothesis you intend to test. This is the guiding star of your entire paper.

Objectives and Significance

• Outline Your Research’s Objectives : What are you aiming to achieve with your study? Be clear about your objectives, as they will direct your methodology and analysis.
• Highlight the Significance of Your Study : Why is your research important? Whether it’s a practical application or a contribution to academic knowledge, make sure your readers understand the value of your work.
• Preview the Structure of the Paper : Give a brief overview of what each section of your paper will cover. This roadmap helps readers navigate your research journey.

By carefully crafting your introduction, you’re not just starting your paper; you’re inviting your readers on an intellectual journey. A well-structured introduction sets the stage for a compelling and insightful research paper.

Tips for Synthesizing Information in Your Abstract

Creating an abstract that succinctly synthesizes the essence of your research paper is a skill. It’s about distilling complex ideas and extensive research into a digestible, brief summary. Here are some tips to help you do just that:

• Focus on Key Elements : Remember, your abstract should include the core aspects of your research – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. Stick to these elements and avoid extraneous details.
• Be Selective with Your Information : Choose the most significant findings and the primary objectives of your research to include in your abstract. You don’t need to mention every minor detail or secondary result.
• Use Active Voice and Strong Verbs : Active voice makes your writing more direct and dynamic. Strong verbs help you convey a lot of information in fewer words.
• Write for Accessibility : Your abstract should be understandable even to those outside your specific field of study. Avoid jargon and technical terms that might not be familiar to all readers.
• Make Every Word Count : With a limited word count, every word in your abstract needs to serve a purpose. Be concise and clear, and avoid unnecessary adjectives and adverbs.
• Ensure Coherence and Flow : Your abstract should read smoothly. Use transitional phrases where necessary and ensure that your sentences flow logically from one to the next.
• Reflect the Paper Accurately : The abstract should be a true reflection of what’s in your paper. Avoid including information in the abstract that isn’t present in the main text.
• Revise and Edit : Don’t underestimate the power of revision. Read over your abstract multiple times, refine it, and make sure it clearly and effectively summarizes your research paper.

By following these tips, you can craft an abstract that serves as a compelling and accurate snapshot of your research, enticing readers to delve into the full details of your paper.

Hooking Your Reader: Introduction Strategies

The introduction of your research paper is more than just a formal start; it’s your first chance to engage and captivate your audience. To make sure you grab and hold your reader’s attention, consider these strategies:

• Start with a Compelling Hook : Open with a surprising fact, a thought-provoking question, or a brief story related to your research. This can pique the reader’s interest and draw them into the subject matter.
• Use Relevant Quotes or Anecdotes : A well-chosen quote or a brief anecdote that illustrates your research topic can be very effective. It adds a human element and can make complex topics more relatable.
• Pose a Provocative Question : Asking a question can be a powerful way to start. It engages the reader by prompting them to think about the answer and anticipate what your research might reveal.
• Present a Startling Statistic : Starting with a statistic that highlights the significance of your research topic can be a strong opener. It immediately shows the relevance and importance of your study.
• Create a Vivid Image : Use descriptive language to create a vivid picture in the reader’s mind. This can be particularly effective for topics related to natural sciences, social studies, or humanities.
• Challenge Common Assumptions : If your research challenges commonly held beliefs or existing theories, stating this upfront can be a compelling start. It sets the stage for presenting your new insights or findings.
• Bridge the Gap Between Known and Unknown : Start by summarizing what is already known about your topic, then transition into what your research will add to this knowledge. This highlights the contribution of your work.
• Keep It Brief and Engaging : Remember, the introduction should be concise and to the point. While being engaging, it should not stray into unnecessary details or background information.

By employing these strategies, you can create an introduction that not only informs but also excites and intrigues your readers, encouraging them to continue reading your paper with keen interest.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Abstract and Introduction

Writing the abstract and introduction for your research paper can be a bit tricky. It’s easy to fall into some common traps. Being aware of these can help you create more compelling and effective sections. Here are some mistakes to watch out for:

In the Abstract:

• Being Too Vague : Your abstract should be clear and specific, providing a concise overview of your research. Avoid being too broad or general.
• Including Too Much Detail : Remember, the abstract is a summary. Avoid the temptation to include every detail of your study. Stick to the main points.
• Using Technical Jargon : While your paper might be aimed at a specialized audience, the abstract should be accessible to a broader readership. Minimize technical language.
• Forgetting Key Components : Ensure that your abstract covers all the essential elements – background, objective, methods, results, and conclusion.
• Writing the Abstract First : It’s often easier to write an effective abstract after you have completed the main body of the paper.

In the Introduction:

• Starting Too Slowly : You need to grab your reader’s attention right away. Avoid long-winded and overly general openings.
• Lacking a Clear Thesis Statement : Your introduction should clearly state the purpose and main argument of your paper. Don’t leave readers guessing.
• Overloading with Background Information : While some context is necessary, too much can overwhelm the reader. Stick to information that’s directly relevant to your research.
• Repeating the Abstract : The introduction should not be a repeat of the abstract. It should provide new, more detailed context and setup for your paper.
• Neglecting the Research Gap : Make sure to clearly articulate the gap in the existing research that your paper addresses. This highlights the importance of your study.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can ensure that your abstract and introduction effectively set the stage for your research paper, engaging your audience from the very beginning.

Perfecting Your Research Paper: Bringing It All Together

Writing a research paper is like putting together a complex puzzle. Each piece must fit perfectly to present a clear, comprehensive picture of your research and findings. Here’s how you can bring it all together:

• Ensure Consistency Across Sections : Your paper should flow logically from the abstract and introduction through to the body and conclusion. Each section should seamlessly lead to the next, maintaining a consistent tone and style.
• Revisit Your Thesis or Hypothesis Regularly : Throughout your paper, continuously refer back to your thesis or hypothesis to ensure that your arguments and findings stay aligned with your initial premise.
• Integrate Your Results with the Discussion : Your results shouldn’t just be a list of data points. Integrate them with your discussion, interpreting what they mean in the context of your research question.
• Tie Back to the Introduction : In your conclusion, refer back to the points you raised in your introduction. This creates a full circle, reinforcing the relevance and impact of your research.
• Highlight the Significance and Implications : Clearly articulate the significance of your findings. How do they contribute to the field? What are the broader implications? This is your chance to showcase the importance of your work.
• Identify Limitations and Future Research Directions : No study is without limitations. Acknowledging these not only adds credibility to your work but also provides a launchpad for future research.
• End with a Strong Conclusion : Your conclusion is your final word. Make it count by summarizing your key findings and their implications in a compelling way.
• Proofread and Revise : The final step in perfecting your paper is thorough proofreading and revision. Ensure clarity, coherence, and correctness in every part of your paper.

By paying attention to these aspects, you can create a research paper that is well-structured, coherent, and impactful, effectively communicating the value and significance of your work.

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The difference between an abstract and an introduction.

Introductions and abstracts are two things that seem very similar, but are actually quite different. However, once you know the difference, they are easy to keep separate from each other.

An abstract is, at its most basic level, a summary. It outlines all of the important parts of your paper to the reader, so they can figure out if your paper is worth reading. This is why abstracts are important in the scientific field. They are a fast way for someone to analyze what is going to be said, and if that information is going to be beneficial for them.

An introduction provides the reader with detailed background information about a topic. This helps the reader make sense of what is going to be said later in the paper. If they do not understand the most basic parts of your topic, then they are not going to understand what you are trying to convey.

Now that you know the difference between the two, here is some advice for writing them:

The abstract is easiest to write last. By that point, you will have already written everything else, and you should know the important takeaways of your work. In the abstract, you should introduce your topic, discuss why you choose this topic, state your hypothesis, and reveal the results of your study. Remember, the abstract is like a summary. You should not go into a lot of detail here. Provide the reader with enough information that they can digest what you are saying. You will explain everything else in detail later in your paper. 

The introduction is one of the most important parts of your paper. However, introductions vary based on the genre of paper. For this blog post, introductions for scientific papers are going to be discussed because abstracts are a staple of scientific reports. An introduction for a scientific paper should explain the reasoning behind why you choose this experiment, provide background information about the topic, reference other studies done on similar topics, and state your hypothesis. You want to make sure your reader can understand what is going to be said later in the paper. 

Here are a few websites that have some more information about the two:

https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/different-genres/writing-an-abstract

https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/graduate_writing/graduate_writing_genres/graduate_writing_genres_abstracts_new.html

Introduction:

https://guides.lib.uci.edu/c.php?g=334338&p=2249903

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548565/

https://dept.writing.wisc.edu/wac/writing-an-introduction-for-a-scientific-paper/

https://abrilliantmind.blog/how-to-write-the-introduction-of-scientific-article/

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Differences between Abstracts and Introductions in APA

Understanding Abstracts

When submitting to a scholarly journal, you’ll definitely want to prepare an abstract. If the work’s end goal is assignment completion for a course, your professor’s requirement of including an abstract serves as a fantastic opportunity to develop the writing skills needed for publication. Abstracts are challenging to write and require practice because they’re so brief (under 250 words) and critical—they’re the hooks or “elevator speeches,” if you will, that are designed to draw readers to your research when source material is being perused. Abstract paragraphs should be rich in search terms that align with the main points of the overall work—this will also help guide traffic to your research if the published work is archived online.

Understanding Introductions

In an introduction, you establish the problem being studied and describe the context of your research. Unlike an abstract, a complete introduction may take a few pages, depending on the complexity of your work. There are several critical questions that need to be answered in an intro: What similar research does this work align with? How is this research furthering the conversation? What is the purpose of this study, and are there relevant theories that need to be introduced?

Here are some basics to become familiar with when developing abstracts and introductions…

• Choose active voice instead of passive
• Use present tense to discuss results and conclusions that are currently applicable
• Use past tense to discuss measured outcomes
• Stick to between 150 to 250 words (each journal will have its own limit)
• Avoid evaluating the paper’s contents

Introductions

• Move from the general to the specific, ending with a thesis
• Describe relevant research, in brief, and provide appropriate citations
• Explain the importance of the problem and need for research
• Write for a wide professional audience, not just specialists
• Avoid bias (especially when discussing controversy or conflicts)

Visually, the two sections will look very different on the page due to formatting requirements and varying lengths. It can be helpful to have a snapshot of how these sections look in a final document—check out pages 2 and 3 of the Purdue OWL’s APA sample paper . And, as always, if you have any questions as you draft your own abstracts and introductions, drop us a line: [email protected].

If you would like additional details straight from the source, consult The Publication Manual of the APA, 6 th edition , sections 2.04 (abstracts) and 2.05 (introductions).

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An Abstract or an Introduction — What’s the Difference?

Are you working on a paper or scholarly article? Need to know the difference between an abstract and an introduction? Here’s what you need to know. 

An abstract and an introduction are two different sections of a research paper, thesis, or dissertation. An abstract is a short summary of the entire piece, and it comes before the table of contents. An introduction is a full-length chapter, and often includes a layout of the rest of the piece.

Abstract vs. Introduction — Key Takeaways

An abstract.

• Can be very short — a basic abstract only needs four sentences.
• A summary of the entire work. 
• Used in scholarly, academic, or scientific papers and articles.
• Comes before the table of contents. The page is not numbered.

An Introduction

• Is a full-length chapter.
• Often includes a map or layout of the piece to come. 
• Found in papers, articles, books, essays, compendiums, and more.
• After the table of contents. Considered a part of the work itself.

An abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper, that provides a concise overview of the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. According to the Chicago Manual of Style, an abstract may be “as many as a few hundred words but often much shorter.” 

It should be able to stand alone as a summary of the paper, allowing readers to quickly determine whether the paper is relevant to their interests.

An Example Abstract Format

For those in the sciences, the American Medical Association says, “Abstracts should summarize the main point(s) of an article and include the objective, methods, results, and conclusions of a study.”

In the arts and humanities — my field — a basic abstract format includes four statements:

• They say/I say

Methodology

What do these all mean? Let’s dive in.

They Say/I say

This is where you position your research within the broader field of scholarship. For example: 

Many scholars believe that vampires don’t like sunshine (they say), but most aren’t considering all the vampires who do like sunshine (I say). Tweet

This is where you discuss the kind of research you did. For example:

Over the course of one year, I trekked across Transylvania looking at ancient records and interviewing contemporary vampires.

This is where you summarize the main argument (thesis) that your paper asserts. For example:

This paper reveals that 77% of vampires do in fact tolerate or even enjoy sunshine.

The takeaway answers the question, So what? This is where you make a case for the broader implications of your claim. For example:

By understanding the diurnal (daytime) nature of most vampires, we can renovate our understanding of their culture and begin to break down barriers between vampires and non-vampires.

Introductions

As opposed to an abstract, which comes before a paper, the introduction is the first section of the paper , which introduces the research question, provides background information on the topic, and outlines the purpose and objectives of the study. The introduction sets the stage for the research and helps readers understand why the research was conducted and what it hopes to achieve. I had a professor who used to say that the introduction “sets the table for the meal of the paper to come.”

Information from the abstract may appear in the introduction, but it will be expanded upon and more detailed. 

The Format of an Introduction

An introduction, unlike most abstracts, will contain multiple paragraphs. While the abstract comes before the table of contents, the introduction comes after, and, according to the Oxford Style guide and common academic practice, begins on page #1. 

An introduction will often include the following information:

• Opening Gambit — An anecdote, joke, personal narrative, etc. to ‘hook’ the reader.
• They Say/I say — Position your work in the broader field of study. This will be more fleshed out than in the abstract. 
• Thesis Statement — Your main argument.
• Methodology — An overview of the kind of research you conducted. (Note that the methodology comes after the thesis statement in an introduction, unlike in the abstract.)
• Map of the Paper — This is where you tell your reader what to expect from each section of the paper. “In chapter 1, I look at…” etc.
• Restate the Thesis — Restate your main argument.

As to the “map of the paper,” I should note that not everyone agrees on this — the Chicago Manual of Style advises against it. And yet, it is a common academic practice. When in doubt, always check with your teacher or publisher.

Abstracts and Introductions

The main difference between an abstract and an introduction is that an abstract is a brief summary of the entire paper which appears before the table of contents, while an introduction provides a more in-depth view of the research question, background information, and the purpose of the study. Unlike abstracts, many introductions include a map of the paper that follows.

Need Help with Abstracts, Introductions, and More?

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What is the difference between an abstract and the introduction? This is a question that plagues many academic writers. In order to understand the difference, one should first understand the purpose each element plays in academic writing.

​​Abstracts

Abstracts in academic writing are intended for publication. Once the work has been published, the abstract acts as a summary for the reader so that the reader can determine if they want to take the time to read more of the work. When choosing a fiction novel, readers skim the back cover. When selecting research, they skim the abstract. When readers access the abstract, they are primarily thinking, “What can I learn from this study? Does it relate to my work?" Therefore, the reader is looking for a ​clear and concise summary of the document. When writing an abstract, common topics may include background, objective, methods, results, or conclusions.

Keep in mind that for student papers, APA 7th edition formatting does not actually require an abstract (see S​ection 2.9 of the APA Manual) since the overall purpose is designed for publication. However, it is not uncommon for instructors to require their students to include an abstract in their assignments. Oftentimes, this is because the instructor is preparing their students for writing their dissertation or thesis. Check your assignment or course syllabus to ensure you are meeting the requirements of your instructor.

​Introductions​

​​An introduction, on the other hand, is not a complete summary of document. Its primary purpose is to get the reader's attention by providing more details on the background of the topic and promote its relevance and significance. Here, the author also provides a brief overview of the content.

Addit​​iona​​l Resources

• Webpage: ​ Abstract vs. Introduction: Do You Know the Difference?  (Enago Academy, 2022)
• Webpage:  How to Write an Effective Research Abstract  (Enago Academy, 2021)

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Abstract vs. Introduction—What’s the Difference?

• 3-minute read
• 21st February 2022

If you’re a student who’s new to research papers or you’re preparing to write your dissertation , you might be wondering what the difference is between an abstract and an introduction.

Both serve important purposes in a research paper or journal article , but they shouldn’t be confused with each other. We’ve put together this guide to help you tell them apart.

What’s an Introduction?

In an academic context, an introduction is the first section of an essay or research paper. It should provide detailed background information about the study and its significance, as well as the researcher’s hypotheses and aims.

But the introduction shouldn’t discuss the study’s methods or results. There are separate sections for this later in the paper.

An introduction must correctly cite all sources used and should be about four paragraphs long, although the exact length depends on the topic and the style guide used.

What’s an Abstract?

While the introduction is the first section of a research paper, the abstract is a short summary of the entire paper. It should contain enough basic information to allow you to understand the content of the study without having to read the entire paper.

The abstract is especially important if the paper isn’t open access because it allows researchers to sift through many different studies before deciding which one to pay for.

Since the abstract contains only the essentials, it’s usually much shorter than an introduction and normally has a maximum word count of 200–300 words. It also doesn’t contain citations.

The exact layout of an abstract depends on whether it’s structured or unstructured. Unstructured abstracts are usually used in non-scientific disciplines, such as the arts and humanities, and usually consist of a single paragraph.

Structured abstracts, meanwhile, are the most common form of abstract used in scientific papers. They’re divided into different sections, each with its own heading. We’ll take a closer look at structured abstracts below.

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Structuring an Abstract

A structured abstract contains concise information in a clear format with the following headings:

●  Background: Here you’ll find some relevant information about the topic being studied, such as why the study was necessary.

●  Objectives: This section is about the goals the researcher has for the study.

●  Methods: Here you’ll find a summary of how the study was conducted.

●  Results: Under this heading, the results of the study are presented.

●  Conclusions: The abstract ends with the researcher’s conclusions and how the study can inform future research.

Each of these sections, however, should contain less detail than the introduction or other sections of the main paper.

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Abstract vs Introduction: What Are The Differences?

by  Antony W

June 26, 2024

Writing a research paper can be challenging because you have to consider so many factors before you start to put words on the paper. You have to choose a research topic, go through the entire research process , create an outline, write your first draft, and proofread your work for coherence, factualness, and clarity.

One area many students don’t seem to get right is on the outline of the paper. Often, they struggle to see a visible difference between an abstract and an introduction, so much so that they confuse the two to mean the same thing. 

Before we go any further, it’s important to understand that an introduction and an abstract for a research paper are not synonymous. They’re different in length, context, writing approach, and the intended purpose.

In this guide, you’ll learn about abstract vs introduction to understand the differences between these two parts of a research paper . In the end, you should find it easy to write a more comprehensive research paper that your instructor will love to read.

Without further ado, let’s get to it.

What is an Abstract in a Research Paper?

An abstract is a section of a research project that gives a reader a condensed version of a research project. Written in past tense, the abstract shows why the study was necessary, the overall purpose of the project, the research question , the materials and methods used, and the drawn conclusions and results. In some cases, an abstract might include an executive summary, which is a conclusive sentence that demonstrates the significance of the research.

The overall goal of an abstract in a research paper is to give a reader the complete summary of the entire project. In fact, by reading this section alone, one should get a clear understanding of the topic and understand the significance of the study.

Abstract are particularly useful because they help with decision-making. After reading the abstract of your research paper, a reader can decide if they want to read the rest of the document for more insights.

What is an Introduction in a Research Paper?

An introduction is the first main section in a research paper. Written immediately after the abstract and before the literature review , the introduction is the part of the project that gives a reader more information on the topic under investigation.

By reading the introduction, a reader should easily understand the knowledge that already exists on the subject and clearly see why your research is necessary for the topic in question. Given that you’re trying to add new understanding to the subject, the aim of your study and research objectives should be very clear.

Where possible, and if indeed necessary, the introduction of the research paper should include a hypothesis . 

Abstract vs Introduction: How Do They Compare?

The comparison table below shows the side-by-side comparison between an abstract and an introduction in a research paper.

Explaining the Differences between an Abstract and an Introduction

There are at least three significant differences between an abstract and an introduction, and it’s important to learn about them before you start writing a research paper.

Abstract vs Introduction: Purpose

The purpose of an abstract is to give your reader a clear, concise summary of the study you conducted on a particular subject. Written in past tense, the abstract is the section that demonstrates whether the paper fits the needs of the reader enough to get them to read other section of the paper. So to grab their attention, pique their interest, and get them to want to continue reading, you should write the abstract in such a manner that it conveys what the paper is about and why it’s important.

An introduction, on the other hand, prepares your reader to discover what you did in your study. It’s in the introduction that you explain:

• Why your study on the subject is important
• Exactly what the study examines
• The studies already conducted in the field

The introduction should also give a summary of what you did in the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Structure

An abstract doesn’t require the use of subheadings and it’s mostly one block of text. Still, you can structure the abstract such that the information you present flows in a given sequence. You may want to organize your information in the following order:

• The significance of your study
• The basics of your subject
• Questions you’re trying to answer
• How you arrived at your answer and
• The answer to the question

By including this information in their right sequence, you’ll not only be able to give a clear overview of the whole research paper but also give your readers the reasons to keep reading. 

The introduction, on the other hand, may have subheadings to better prepare your reader to understand the study. So you might want to have the following structure overall:

• The importance of the study
• Background information that provides readers with a clear roadmap for the study
• A touch on the previous research that have an impact on the study
• Reasons to investigate the topic even further
• What you intend to do in the study

Structuring your introduction in this manner makes it easy for your readers to care about the study.

Abstract vs Introduction: Length

Many journals require that an abstract be between 200 and 600 words long. For your research paper, you’ll have to make yours at most 350 words, which means you have to write a lot in a small space.

An introduction tends to be longer, often up to 2 pages double-spaced for a normal research article. 

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

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Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction

• Categorized under Language | Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction

The last time you wrote a paper for high school or college, you were told to make sure that the beginning of the paper gave the reader sufficient warning as to the contents therein. Depending on what level you were writing, you probably heard that warning referred to as either an introduction or an abstract. Today, when you are reading papers and books, you may still notice that every well-written paper gives the reader advanced notice about what to expect. Depending on the purpose of the work, this will either be an abstract or an introduction (in fact, you are reading an introduction right now!).

Definition of Abstract and Introduction Abstract ‘“ is a short summary that is written at the beginning of a scholarly article or thesis that states the purpose of the paper and its main conclusion. Introduction ‘“ is found at the beginning of any piece of writing that whet the reader’s appetite to read further and give a taste as to what will be in the rest of the pages. In a novel an introduction is naturally more creative than in an academic paper.

Where You Will Find Abstracts and Introductions Abstract ‘“ if you are attending a conference, you will get abstracts of all the lectures being presented. A masters and PhD thesis will begin with an abstract, as will any scholarly article that you find in a journal from sociology to medicine. Introduction ‘“ is literally the beginning of any body of writing. Non-fiction books have introductions, as do novels. Even newspaper and magazine articles start with an introduction to draw you in. High school and undergraduate research papers have introductions that act as an abstract, but are included in the body of the work.

Main Purposes of Abstracts and Introductions Abstracts ‘“ are there in many ways to save the time of their readers. The people who read academic journals generally do a lot of specialized reading and therefore want to make the most of their time. Reading a one page abstract will tell them if it is worth their while to continue to read the rest of the sixty page paper. Introductions ‘“ are meant to excite a general reader and entice him to read on. They may be anecdotal in nature or contain a captivating quote. They can also be factual, but should be presented in such a way that the reader will want to know what happens next. Often they will combine all three elements.

Summary: 1.Both abstracts and introductions are found at the beginning of a piece of written work. 2.Abstracts and introductions want to prepare the reader for reading further. 3.Abstracts accomplish point 2 by stating the purpose of the paper, whereas introductions accomplish it by drawing the reader’s interest. 4.Abstracts are generally at the beginning of scholarly work, while you will find introductions at the beginning of any kind of written work. With this in mind, an abstract is a de facto introduction.

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Cite APA 7 Kumar, M. (2009, October 27). Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-an-abstract-and-an-introduction/. MLA 8 Kumar, Manisha. "Difference Between an Abstract and an Introduction." Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, 27 October, 2009, http://www.differencebetween.net/language/difference-between-an-abstract-and-an-introduction/.

I am a senior in high school and I have a paper for my Psychology night class due on the 6th. I just wrote my abstract and now I am not sure how to write my introduction without repeating what I said in the introduction.

Please email me if you would like to see my abstract and could offer me any advice.

Thanks so much!

here you go

what is about preface?

I am actually doing my research paper right now at AAB College, and I found this very helpful

can we write both abstract and introduction while writing for a research proposal? Is this make any sense? please help me out of this

Thanks for the differences between abstract and introduction

Thanks a lot, I find this helpful….

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Written by : Manisha Kumar. and updated on 2009, October 27 Articles on DifferenceBetween.net are general information, and are not intended to substitute for professional advice. The information is "AS IS", "WITH ALL FAULTS". User assumes all risk of use, damage, or injury. You agree that we have no liability for any damages.

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