sample questions of research methodology

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Methodology

Research Methods | Definitions, Types, Examples

Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design . When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make.

First, decide how you will collect data . Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question :

Qualitative vs. quantitative : Will your data take the form of words or numbers?
Primary vs. secondary : Will you collect original data yourself, or will you use data that has already been collected by someone else?
Descriptive vs. experimental : Will you take measurements of something as it is, or will you perform an experiment?

Second, decide how you will analyze the data .

For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis methods to test relationships between variables.
For qualitative data, you can use methods such as thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.

Methods for collecting data, examples of data collection methods, methods for analyzing data, examples of data analysis methods, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research methods.

Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question . The type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.

Qualitative vs. quantitative data

Your choice of qualitative or quantitative data collection depends on the type of knowledge you want to develop.

For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described numerically, collect qualitative data .

If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves hypothesis testing , collect quantitative data .


Qualitative		to broader populations. .
Quantitative		.

You can also take a mixed methods approach , where you use both qualitative and quantitative research methods.

Primary vs. secondary research

Primary research is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through surveys , observations and experiments ). Secondary research is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).

If you are exploring a novel research question, you’ll probably need to collect primary data . But if you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large scale, secondary data might be a better choice.


Primary	.	methods.
Secondary

Descriptive vs. experimental data

In descriptive research , you collect data about your study subject without intervening. The validity of your research will depend on your sampling method .

In experimental research , you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The validity of your research will depend on your experimental design .

To conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your independent variable , precisely measure your dependent variable, and control for confounding variables . If it’s practically and ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.


Descriptive		. .
Experimental

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Research methods for collecting data
Research method	Primary or secondary?	Qualitative or quantitative?	When to use
	Primary	Quantitative	To test cause-and-effect relationships.
	Primary	Quantitative	To understand general characteristics of a population.
Interview/focus group	Primary	Qualitative	To gain more in-depth understanding of a topic.
Observation	Primary	Either	To understand how something occurs in its natural setting.
	Secondary	Either	To situate your research in an existing body of work, or to evaluate trends within a research topic.
	Either	Either	To gain an in-depth understanding of a specific group or context, or when you don’t have the resources for a large study.

Your data analysis methods will depend on the type of data you collect and how you prepare it for analysis.

Data can often be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, survey responses could be analyzed qualitatively by studying the meanings of responses or quantitatively by studying the frequencies of responses.

Qualitative analysis methods

Qualitative analysis is used to understand words, ideas, and experiences. You can use it to interpret data that was collected:

From open-ended surveys and interviews , literature reviews , case studies , ethnographies , and other sources that use text rather than numbers.
Using non-probability sampling methods .

Qualitative analysis tends to be quite flexible and relies on the researcher’s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your choices and assumptions and be careful to avoid research bias .

Quantitative analysis methods

Quantitative analysis uses numbers and statistics to understand frequencies, averages and correlations (in descriptive studies) or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).

You can use quantitative analysis to interpret data that was collected either:

During an experiment .
Using probability sampling methods .

Because the data is collected and analyzed in a statistically valid way, the results of quantitative analysis can be easily standardized and shared among researchers.

Research methods for analyzing data
Research method	Qualitative or quantitative?	When to use
	Quantitative	To analyze data collected in a statistically valid manner (e.g. from experiments, surveys, and observations).
Meta-analysis	Quantitative	To statistically analyze the results of a large collection of studies. Can only be applied to studies that collected data in a statistically valid manner.
	Qualitative	To analyze data collected from interviews, , or textual sources. To understand general themes in the data and how they are communicated.
	Either	To analyze large volumes of textual or visual data collected from surveys, literature reviews, or other sources. Can be quantitative (i.e. frequencies of words) or qualitative (i.e. meanings of words).

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If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

Chi square test of independence
Statistical power
Descriptive statistics
Degrees of freedom
Pearson correlation
Null hypothesis
Double-blind study
Case-control study
Research ethics
Data collection
Hypothesis testing
Structured interviews

Research bias

Hawthorne effect
Unconscious bias
Recall bias
Halo effect
Self-serving bias
Information bias

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .

A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.

In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.

The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .

If you want to measure something or test a hypothesis , use quantitative methods . If you want to explore ideas, thoughts and meanings, use qualitative methods .
If you want to analyze a large amount of readily-available data, use secondary data. If you want data specific to your purposes with control over how it is generated, collect primary data.
If you want to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables , use experimental methods. If you want to understand the characteristics of a research subject, use descriptive methods.

Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.

Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).

In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .

In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.

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What Is Research Methodology? A Plain-Language Explanation & Definition (With Examples)

By Derek Jansen (MBA) and Kerryn Warren (PhD) | June 2020 (Last updated April 2023)

If you’re new to formal academic research, it’s quite likely that you’re feeling a little overwhelmed by all the technical lingo that gets thrown around. And who could blame you – “research methodology”, “research methods”, “sampling strategies”… it all seems never-ending!

In this post, we’ll demystify the landscape with plain-language explanations and loads of examples (including easy-to-follow videos), so that you can approach your dissertation, thesis or research project with confidence. Let’s get started.

Research Methodology 101

What exactly research methodology means
What qualitative , quantitative and mixed methods are
What sampling strategy is
What data collection methods are
What data analysis methods are
How to choose your research methodology
Example of a research methodology

What is research methodology?

Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of a research study. More specifically, it’s about how a researcher systematically designs a study to ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims, objectives and research questions . Specifically, how the researcher went about deciding:

What type of data to collect (e.g., qualitative or quantitative data )
Who to collect it from (i.e., the sampling strategy )
How to collect it (i.e., the data collection method )
How to analyse it (i.e., the data analysis methods )

Within any formal piece of academic research (be it a dissertation, thesis or journal article), you’ll find a research methodology chapter or section which covers the aspects mentioned above. Importantly, a good methodology chapter explains not just what methodological choices were made, but also explains why they were made. In other words, the methodology chapter should justify the design choices, by showing that the chosen methods and techniques are the best fit for the research aims, objectives and research questions.

So, it’s the same as research design?

Not quite. As we mentioned, research methodology refers to the collection of practical decisions regarding what data you’ll collect, from who, how you’ll collect it and how you’ll analyse it. Research design, on the other hand, is more about the overall strategy you’ll adopt in your study. For example, whether you’ll use an experimental design in which you manipulate one variable while controlling others. You can learn more about research design and the various design types here .

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sample questions of research methodology

What are qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods?

Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods are different types of methodological approaches, distinguished by their focus on words , numbers or both . This is a bit of an oversimplification, but its a good starting point for understanding.

Let’s take a closer look.

Qualitative research refers to research which focuses on collecting and analysing words (written or spoken) and textual or visual data, whereas quantitative research focuses on measurement and testing using numerical data . Qualitative analysis can also focus on other “softer” data points, such as body language or visual elements.

It’s quite common for a qualitative methodology to be used when the research aims and research questions are exploratory in nature. For example, a qualitative methodology might be used to understand peoples’ perceptions about an event that took place, or a political candidate running for president.

Contrasted to this, a quantitative methodology is typically used when the research aims and research questions are confirmatory in nature. For example, a quantitative methodology might be used to measure the relationship between two variables (e.g. personality type and likelihood to commit a crime) or to test a set of hypotheses .

As you’ve probably guessed, the mixed-method methodology attempts to combine the best of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to integrate perspectives and create a rich picture. If you’d like to learn more about these three methodological approaches, be sure to watch our explainer video below.

What is sampling strategy?

Simply put, sampling is about deciding who (or where) you’re going to collect your data from . Why does this matter? Well, generally it’s not possible to collect data from every single person in your group of interest (this is called the “population”), so you’ll need to engage a smaller portion of that group that’s accessible and manageable (this is called the “sample”).

How you go about selecting the sample (i.e., your sampling strategy) will have a major impact on your study. There are many different sampling methods you can choose from, but the two overarching categories are probability sampling and non-probability sampling .

Probability sampling involves using a completely random sample from the group of people you’re interested in. This is comparable to throwing the names all potential participants into a hat, shaking it up, and picking out the “winners”. By using a completely random sample, you’ll minimise the risk of selection bias and the results of your study will be more generalisable to the entire population.

Non-probability sampling , on the other hand, doesn’t use a random sample . For example, it might involve using a convenience sample, which means you’d only interview or survey people that you have access to (perhaps your friends, family or work colleagues), rather than a truly random sample. With non-probability sampling, the results are typically not generalisable .

To learn more about sampling methods, be sure to check out the video below.

What are data collection methods?

As the name suggests, data collection methods simply refers to the way in which you go about collecting the data for your study. Some of the most common data collection methods include:

Interviews (which can be unstructured, semi-structured or structured)
Focus groups and group interviews
Surveys (online or physical surveys)
Observations (watching and recording activities)
Biophysical measurements (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, etc.)
Documents and records (e.g., financial reports, court records, etc.)

The choice of which data collection method to use depends on your overall research aims and research questions , as well as practicalities and resource constraints. For example, if your research is exploratory in nature, qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups would likely be a good fit. Conversely, if your research aims to measure specific variables or test hypotheses, large-scale surveys that produce large volumes of numerical data would likely be a better fit.

What are data analysis methods?

Data analysis methods refer to the methods and techniques that you’ll use to make sense of your data. These can be grouped according to whether the research is qualitative (words-based) or quantitative (numbers-based).

Popular data analysis methods in qualitative research include:

Qualitative content analysis
Thematic analysis
Discourse analysis
Narrative analysis
Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
Visual analysis (of photographs, videos, art, etc.)

Qualitative data analysis all begins with data coding , after which an analysis method is applied. In some cases, more than one analysis method is used, depending on the research aims and research questions . In the video below, we explore some common qualitative analysis methods, along with practical examples.

Moving on to the quantitative side of things, popular data analysis methods in this type of research include:

Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, medians, modes )
Inferential statistics (e.g. correlation, regression, structural equation modelling)

Again, the choice of which data collection method to use depends on your overall research aims and objectives , as well as practicalities and resource constraints. In the video below, we explain some core concepts central to quantitative analysis.

How do I choose a research methodology?

As you’ve probably picked up by now, your research aims and objectives have a major influence on the research methodology . So, the starting point for developing your research methodology is to take a step back and look at the big picture of your research, before you make methodology decisions. The first question you need to ask yourself is whether your research is exploratory or confirmatory in nature.

If your research aims and objectives are primarily exploratory in nature, your research will likely be qualitative and therefore you might consider qualitative data collection methods (e.g. interviews) and analysis methods (e.g. qualitative content analysis).

Conversely, if your research aims and objective are looking to measure or test something (i.e. they’re confirmatory), then your research will quite likely be quantitative in nature, and you might consider quantitative data collection methods (e.g. surveys) and analyses (e.g. statistical analysis).

Designing your research and working out your methodology is a large topic, which we cover extensively on the blog . For now, however, the key takeaway is that you should always start with your research aims, objectives and research questions (the golden thread). Every methodological choice you make needs align with those three components.

Example of a research methodology chapter

In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of a research methodology from an actual dissertation, as well as an overview of our free methodology template .

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

199 Comments

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Thanks for your comment.

We can’t write your methodology for you. If you’re looking for samples, you should be able to find some sample methodologies on Google. Alternatively, you can download some previous dissertations from a dissertation directory and have a look at the methodology chapters therein.

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how do i reference this?

MLA Jansen, Derek, and Kerryn Warren. “What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology?” Grad Coach, June 2021, gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/.

APA Jansen, D., & Warren, K. (2021, June). What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology? Grad Coach. https://gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/

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100 Questions (and Answers) About Research Methods

Neil J. Salkind
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"How do I know when my literature review is finished?"

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Home » Research Questions – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Questions – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

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Research Questions

Definition:

Research questions are the specific questions that guide a research study or inquiry. These questions help to define the scope of the research and provide a clear focus for the study. Research questions are usually developed at the beginning of a research project and are designed to address a particular research problem or objective.

Types of Research Questions

Types of Research Questions are as follows:

Descriptive Research Questions

These aim to describe a particular phenomenon, group, or situation. For example:

What are the characteristics of the target population?
What is the prevalence of a particular disease in a specific region?

Exploratory Research Questions

These aim to explore a new area of research or generate new ideas or hypotheses. For example:

What are the potential causes of a particular phenomenon?
What are the possible outcomes of a specific intervention?

Explanatory Research Questions

These aim to understand the relationship between two or more variables or to explain why a particular phenomenon occurs. For example:

What is the effect of a specific drug on the symptoms of a particular disease?
What are the factors that contribute to employee turnover in a particular industry?

Predictive Research Questions

These aim to predict a future outcome or trend based on existing data or trends. For example :

What will be the future demand for a particular product or service?
What will be the future prevalence of a particular disease?

Evaluative Research Questions

These aim to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular intervention or program. For example:

What is the impact of a specific educational program on student learning outcomes?
What is the effectiveness of a particular policy or program in achieving its intended goals?

How to Choose Research Questions

Choosing research questions is an essential part of the research process and involves careful consideration of the research problem, objectives, and design. Here are some steps to consider when choosing research questions:

Identify the research problem: Start by identifying the problem or issue that you want to study. This could be a gap in the literature, a social or economic issue, or a practical problem that needs to be addressed.
Conduct a literature review: Conducting a literature review can help you identify existing research in your area of interest and can help you formulate research questions that address gaps or limitations in the existing literature.
Define the research objectives : Clearly define the objectives of your research. What do you want to achieve with your study? What specific questions do you want to answer?
Consider the research design : Consider the research design that you plan to use. This will help you determine the appropriate types of research questions to ask. For example, if you plan to use a qualitative approach, you may want to focus on exploratory or descriptive research questions.
Ensure that the research questions are clear and answerable: Your research questions should be clear and specific, and should be answerable with the data that you plan to collect. Avoid asking questions that are too broad or vague.
Get feedback : Get feedback from your supervisor, colleagues, or peers to ensure that your research questions are relevant, feasible, and meaningful.

How to Write Research Questions

Guide for Writing Research Questions:

Start with a clear statement of the research problem: Begin by stating the problem or issue that your research aims to address. This will help you to formulate focused research questions.
Use clear language : Write your research questions in clear and concise language that is easy to understand. Avoid using jargon or technical terms that may be unfamiliar to your readers.
Be specific: Your research questions should be specific and focused. Avoid broad questions that are difficult to answer. For example, instead of asking “What is the impact of climate change on the environment?” ask “What are the effects of rising sea levels on coastal ecosystems?”
Use appropriate question types: Choose the appropriate question types based on the research design and objectives. For example, if you are conducting a qualitative study, you may want to use open-ended questions that allow participants to provide detailed responses.
Consider the feasibility of your questions : Ensure that your research questions are feasible and can be answered with the resources available. Consider the data sources and methods of data collection when writing your questions.
Seek feedback: Get feedback from your supervisor, colleagues, or peers to ensure that your research questions are relevant, appropriate, and meaningful.

Examples of Research Questions

Some Examples of Research Questions with Research Titles:

Research Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health

Research Question : What is the relationship between social media use and mental health, and how does this impact individuals’ well-being?

Research Title: Factors Influencing Academic Success in High School

Research Question: What are the primary factors that influence academic success in high school, and how do they contribute to student achievement?

Research Title: The Effects of Exercise on Physical and Mental Health

Research Question: What is the relationship between exercise and physical and mental health, and how can exercise be used as a tool to improve overall well-being?

Research Title: Understanding the Factors that Influence Consumer Purchasing Decisions

Research Question : What are the key factors that influence consumer purchasing decisions, and how do these factors vary across different demographics and products?

Research Title: The Impact of Technology on Communication

Research Question : How has technology impacted communication patterns, and what are the effects of these changes on interpersonal relationships and society as a whole?

Research Title: Investigating the Relationship between Parenting Styles and Child Development

Research Question: What is the relationship between different parenting styles and child development outcomes, and how do these outcomes vary across different ages and developmental stages?

Research Title: The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Treating Anxiety Disorders

Research Question: How effective is cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating anxiety disorders, and what factors contribute to its success or failure in different patients?

Research Title: The Impact of Climate Change on Biodiversity

Research Question : How is climate change affecting global biodiversity, and what can be done to mitigate the negative effects on natural ecosystems?

Research Title: Exploring the Relationship between Cultural Diversity and Workplace Productivity

Research Question : How does cultural diversity impact workplace productivity, and what strategies can be employed to maximize the benefits of a diverse workforce?

Research Title: The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Research Question: How can artificial intelligence be leveraged to improve healthcare outcomes, and what are the potential risks and ethical concerns associated with its use?

Applications of Research Questions

Here are some of the key applications of research questions:

Defining the scope of the study : Research questions help researchers to narrow down the scope of their study and identify the specific issues they want to investigate.
Developing hypotheses: Research questions often lead to the development of hypotheses, which are testable predictions about the relationship between variables. Hypotheses provide a clear and focused direction for the study.
Designing the study : Research questions guide the design of the study, including the selection of participants, the collection of data, and the analysis of results.
Collecting data : Research questions inform the selection of appropriate methods for collecting data, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments.
Analyzing data : Research questions guide the analysis of data, including the selection of appropriate statistical tests and the interpretation of results.
Communicating results : Research questions help researchers to communicate the results of their study in a clear and concise manner. The research questions provide a framework for discussing the findings and drawing conclusions.

Characteristics of Research Questions

Characteristics of Research Questions are as follows:

Clear and Specific : A good research question should be clear and specific. It should clearly state what the research is trying to investigate and what kind of data is required.
Relevant : The research question should be relevant to the study and should address a current issue or problem in the field of research.
Testable : The research question should be testable through empirical evidence. It should be possible to collect data to answer the research question.
Concise : The research question should be concise and focused. It should not be too broad or too narrow.
Feasible : The research question should be feasible to answer within the constraints of the research design, time frame, and available resources.
Original : The research question should be original and should contribute to the existing knowledge in the field of research.
Significant : The research question should have significance and importance to the field of research. It should have the potential to provide new insights and knowledge to the field.
Ethical : The research question should be ethical and should not cause harm to any individuals or groups involved in the study.

Purpose of Research Questions

Research questions are the foundation of any research study as they guide the research process and provide a clear direction to the researcher. The purpose of research questions is to identify the scope and boundaries of the study, and to establish the goals and objectives of the research.

The main purpose of research questions is to help the researcher to focus on the specific area or problem that needs to be investigated. They enable the researcher to develop a research design, select the appropriate methods and tools for data collection and analysis, and to organize the results in a meaningful way.

Research questions also help to establish the relevance and significance of the study. They define the research problem, and determine the research methodology that will be used to address the problem. Research questions also help to determine the type of data that will be collected, and how it will be analyzed and interpreted.

Finally, research questions provide a framework for evaluating the results of the research. They help to establish the validity and reliability of the data, and provide a basis for drawing conclusions and making recommendations based on the findings of the study.

Advantages of Research Questions

There are several advantages of research questions in the research process, including:

Focus : Research questions help to focus the research by providing a clear direction for the study. They define the specific area of investigation and provide a framework for the research design.
Clarity : Research questions help to clarify the purpose and objectives of the study, which can make it easier for the researcher to communicate the research aims to others.
Relevance : Research questions help to ensure that the study is relevant and meaningful. By asking relevant and important questions, the researcher can ensure that the study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge and address important issues.
Consistency : Research questions help to ensure consistency in the research process by providing a framework for the development of the research design, data collection, and analysis.
Measurability : Research questions help to ensure that the study is measurable by defining the specific variables and outcomes that will be measured.
Replication : Research questions help to ensure that the study can be replicated by providing a clear and detailed description of the research aims, methods, and outcomes. This makes it easier for other researchers to replicate the study and verify the results.

Limitations of Research Questions

Limitations of Research Questions are as follows:

Subjectivity : Research questions are often subjective and can be influenced by personal biases and perspectives of the researcher. This can lead to a limited understanding of the research problem and may affect the validity and reliability of the study.
Inadequate scope : Research questions that are too narrow in scope may limit the breadth of the study, while questions that are too broad may make it difficult to focus on specific research objectives.
Unanswerable questions : Some research questions may not be answerable due to the lack of available data or limitations in research methods. In such cases, the research question may need to be rephrased or modified to make it more answerable.
Lack of clarity : Research questions that are poorly worded or ambiguous can lead to confusion and misinterpretation. This can result in incomplete or inaccurate data, which may compromise the validity of the study.
Difficulty in measuring variables : Some research questions may involve variables that are difficult to measure or quantify, making it challenging to draw meaningful conclusions from the data.
Lack of generalizability: Research questions that are too specific or limited in scope may not be generalizable to other contexts or populations. This can limit the applicability of the study’s findings and restrict its broader implications.

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Research Method Quizzes, Questions & Answers

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Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology

Student resources, multiple choice questions.

Revise your knowledge with these multiple choice quiz questions.

Chapter 2: Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals

Chapter 3: Research Methods

Chapter 4: Experimental Design

Chapter 5: Survey Design

Chapter 6: Descriptive Statistics

Chapter 7: Some Principles of Statistical Inference

Chapter 8: Examining Differences between Means: The t -test

Chapter 9: Examining Relationships between Variables: Correlation

Chapter 10: Comparing Two or More Means by Analysing Variances: ANOVA

Chapter 11: Analysing Other Forms of Data: Chi-square and Distribution-free Tests

Chapter 12: Classical Qualitative Methods

Chapter 13: Contextual Qualitative Methods

Chapter 14: Research Ethics

Chapter 15: Conclusion: Managing Uncertainty in Psychological Research

Research Methodology

Introduction to Research Methodology
Research Approaches
Concepts of Theory and Empiricism
Characteristics of scientific method
Understanding the Language of Research
11 Steps in Research Process
Research Design
Different Research Designs
Compare and Contrast the Main Types of Research Designs
Cross-sectional research design
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Descriptive Research VS Qualitative Research
Experimental Research VS Quantitative Research
Sampling Design
Probability VS Non-Probability Sampling

40 MCQ on Research Methodology

MCQ on research Process
MCQ on Research Design
18 MCQ on Quantitative Research
30 MCQ on Qualitative Research
45 MCQ on Sampling Methods
20 MCQ on Principles And Planning For Research

Q1. Which of the following statement is correct? (A) Reliability ensures the validity (B) Validity ensures reliability (C) Reliability and validity are independent of each other (D) Reliability does not depend on objectivity

Answer: (C)

Q2. Which of the following statements is correct? (A) Objectives of research are stated in first chapter of the thesis (B) Researcher must possess analytical ability (C) Variability is the source of problem (D) All the above

Answer: (D)

Q3. The first step of research is: (A) Selecting a problem (B) Searching a problem (C) Finding a problem (D) Identifying a problem

Q4. Research can be conducted by a person who: (A) holds a postgraduate degree (B) has studied research methodology (C) possesses thinking and reasoning ability (D) is a hard worker

Answer: (B)

Q5. Research can be classified as: (A) Basic, Applied and Action Research (B) Philosophical, Historical, Survey and Experimental Research (C) Quantitative and Qualitative Research (D) All the above

Q6. To test null hypothesis, a researcher uses: (A) t test (B) ANOVA (C) X 2 (D) factorial analysis

Answer: (B)

Q7. Bibliography given in a research report: (A) shows vast knowledge of the researcher (B) helps those interested in further research (C) has no relevance to research (D) all the above

Q8. A research problem is feasible only when: (A) it has utility and relevance (B) it is researchable (C) it is new and adds something to knowledge (D) all the above

Q9. The study in which the investigators attempt to trace an effect is known as: (A) Survey Research (B) Summative Research (C) Historical Research (D) ‘Ex-post Facto’ Research

Answer: (D)

Q10. Generalized conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as: (A) Data analysis and interpretation (B) Parameter inference (C) Statistical inference (D) All of the above

Answer: (A)

Q11. Fundamental research reflects the ability to: (A) Synthesize new ideals (B) Expound new principles (C) Evaluate the existing material concerning research (D) Study the existing literature regarding various topics

Q12. The main characteristic of scientific research is: (A) empirical (B) theoretical (C) experimental (D) all of the above

Q13. Authenticity of a research finding is its: (A) Originality (B) Validity (C) Objectivity (D) All of the above

Q14. Which technique is generally followed when the population is finite? (A) Area Sampling Technique (B) Purposive Sampling Technique (C) Systematic Sampling Technique (D) None of the above

Q15. Research problem is selected from the stand point of: (A) Researcher’s interest (B) Financial support (C) Social relevance (D) Availability of relevant literature

Q16. The research is always – (A) verifying the old knowledge (B) exploring new knowledge (C) filling the gap between knowledge (D) all of these

Q17. Research is (A) Searching again and again (B) Finding a solution to any problem (C) Working in a scientific way to search for the truth of any problem (D) None of the above

Q20. A common test in research demands much priority on (A) Reliability (B) Useability (C) Objectivity (D) All of the above

Q21. Which of the following is the first step in starting the research process? (A) Searching sources of information to locate the problem. (B) Survey of related literature (C) Identification of the problem (D) Searching for solutions to the problem

Answer: (C)

Q22. Which correlation coefficient best explains the relationship between creativity and intelligence? (A) 1.00 (B) 0.6 (C) 0.5 (D) 0.3

Q23. Manipulation is always a part of (A) Historical research (B) Fundamental research (C) Descriptive research (D) Experimental research

Explanation: In experimental research, researchers deliberately manipulate one or more independent variables to observe their effects on dependent variables. The goal is to establish cause-and-effect relationships and test hypotheses. This type of research often involves control groups and random assignment to ensure the validity of the findings. Manipulation is an essential aspect of experimental research to assess the impact of specific variables and draw conclusions about their influence on the outcome.

Q24. The research which is exploring new facts through the study of the past is called (A) Philosophical research (B) Historical research (C) Mythological research (D) Content analysis

Q25. A null hypothesis is (A) when there is no difference between the variables (B) the same as research hypothesis (C) subjective in nature (D) when there is difference between the variables

Q26. We use Factorial Analysis: (A) To know the relationship between two variables (B) To test the Hypothesis (C) To know the difference between two variables (D) To know the difference among the many variables

Explanation: Factorial analysis, specifically factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA), is used to investigate the effects of two or more independent variables on a dependent variable. It helps to determine whether there are significant differences or interactions among the independent variables and their combined effects on the dependent variable.

Q27. Which of the following is classified in the category of the developmental research? (A) Philosophical research (B) Action research (C) Descriptive research (D) All the above

Q28. Action-research is: (A) An applied research (B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems (C) A longitudinal research (D) All the above

Explanation: Action research is an approach to research that encompasses all the options mentioned. It is an applied research method where researchers work collaboratively with practitioners or stakeholders to address immediate problems or issues in a real-world context. It is often conducted over a period of time, making it a longitudinal research approach. So, all the options (A) An applied research, (B) A research carried out to solve immediate problems, and (C) A longitudinal research are correct when describing action research.

Q29. The basis on which assumptions are formulated: (A) Cultural background of the country (B) Universities (C) Specific characteristics of the castes (D) All of these

Q30. How can the objectivity of the research be enhanced? (A) Through its impartiality (B) Through its reliability (C) Through its validity (D) All of these

Q31. A research problem is not feasible only when: (A) it is researchable (B) it is new and adds something to the knowledge (C) it consists of independent and dependent var i ables (D) it has utility and relevance

Explanation: A research problem is considered feasible when it can be studied and investigated using appropriate research methods and resources. The presence of independent and dependent variables is not a factor that determines the feasibility of a research problem. Instead, it is an essential component of a well-defined research problem that helps in formulating research questions or hypotheses. Feasibility depends on whether the research problem can be addressed and answered within the constraints of available time, resources, and methods. Options (A), (B), and (D) are more relevant to the feasibility of a research problem.

Q32. The process not needed in experimental research is: (A) Observation (B) Manipulation and replication (C) Controlling (D) Reference collection

In experimental research, reference collection is not a part of the process.

Q33. When a research problem is related to heterogeneous population, the most suitable sampling method is: (A) Cluster Sampling (B) Stratified Sampling (C) Convenient Sampling (D) Lottery Method

Explanation: When a research problem involves a heterogeneous population, stratified sampling is the most suitable sampling method. Stratified sampling involves dividing the population into subgroups or strata based on certain characteristics or variables. Each stratum represents a relatively homogeneous subset of the population. Then, a random sample is taken from each stratum in proportion to its size or importance in the population. This method ensures that the sample is representative of the diversity present in the population and allows for more precise estimates of population parameters for each subgroup.

Q34. Generalised conclusion on the basis of a sample is technically known as: (A) Data analysis and interpretation (B) Parameter inference (C) Statistical inference (D) All of the above

Explanation: Generalized conclusions based on a sample are achieved through statistical inference. It involves using sample data to make inferences or predictions about a larger population. Statistical inference helps researchers draw conclusions, estimate parameters, and test hypotheses about the population from which the sample was taken. It is a fundamental concept in statistics and plays a crucial role in various fields, including research, data analysis, and decision-making.

Q35. The experimental study is based on

(A) The manipulation of variables (B) Conceptual parameters (C) Replication of research (D) Survey of literature

Q36. Which one is called non-probability sampling? (A) Cluster sampling (B) Quota sampling (C) Systematic sampling (D) Stratified random sampling

Q37. Formulation of hypothesis may NOT be required in: (A) Survey method (B) Historical studies (C) Experimental studies (D) Normative studies

Q38. Field-work-based research is classified as: (A) Empirical (B) Historical (C) Experimental (D) Biographical

Q39. Which of the following sampling method is appropriate to study the prevalence of AIDS amongst male and female in India in 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2006? (A) Cluster sampling (B) Systematic sampling (C) Quota sampling (D) Stratified random sampling

Q40. The research that applies the laws at the time of field study to draw more and more clear ideas about the problem is: (A) Applied research (B) Action research (C) Experimental research (D) None of these

Answer: (A)

Definitions

Verbal Ability

Interview Q

1) Who was the author of the book named "Methods in Social Research"?

c) Goode and Halt

The book named "Methods in Social Research" was authored by Goode and Hatt on Dec 01, 1952, which was specifically aimed to improve student's knowledge as well as response skills.

a) Association among variables

Mainly the correlational analysis focus on finding the association between one or more quantitative independent variables and one or more quantitative dependent variables.

d) Research design

A conceptual framework can be understood as a Research design that you require before research.

d) To help an applicant in becoming a renowned educationalist

Educational research can be defined as an assurance for reviewing and improving educational practice, which will result in becoming a renowned educationalist.

c) Collecting data with bottom-up empirical evidence.

In qualitative research, we use an inductive methodology that starts from particular to general. In other words, we study society from the bottom, then move upward to make the theories.

d) All of the above

In random sampling, for each element of the set, there exist a possibility to get selected.

c) Ex-post facto method

Mainly in the ex-post facto method, the existing groups with qualities are compared on some dependent variable. It is also known as quasi-experimental for the fact that instead of randomly assigning the subjects, they are grouped on the basis of a particular characteristic or trait.

d) All of the above

Tippit table was first published by L.H.C Tippett in 1927.

b) Formulating a research question

Before starting with research, it is necessary to have a research question or a topic because once the problem is identified, then we can decide the research design.

c) A research dissertation

The format of thesis writing is similar to that of a research dissertation, or we can simply say that dissertation is another word for a thesis.

d) Its sole purpose is the production of knowledge

Participatory action research is a kind of research that stresses participation and action.

b) It is only the null hypothesis that can be tested.

Hypotheses testing evaluates its plausibility by using sample data.

b) The null hypotheses get rejected even if it is true

The Type-I Error can be defined as the first kind of error.

d) All of the above.

No explanation.

a) Long-term research

In general, the longitudinal approach is long-term research in which the researchers keep on examining similar individuals to detect if any change has occurred over a while.

b) Following an aim

No explanation.

a) How well are we doing?

Instead of focusing on the process, the evaluation research measures the consequences of the process, for example, if the objectives are met or not.

d) Research is not a process

Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the researchers to intensify expertise.

d) All of the above

Research is an inspired and systematic work that is undertaken by the researchers to intensify expertise.

b) To bring out the holistic approach to research

Particularly in interdisciplinary research, it combines two or more hypothetical disciplines into one activity.

d) Eliminate spurious relations

Scientific research aims to build knowledge by hypothesizing new theories and discovering laws.

c) Questionnaire

Since it is an urban area, so there is a probability of literacy amongst a greater number of people. Also, there would be numerous questions over the ruling period of a political party, which cannot be simply answered by rating. The rating can only be considered if any political party has done some work, which is why the Questionnaire is used.

b) Historical Research

One cannot generalize historical research in the USA, which has been done in India.

c) By research objectives

Research objectives concisely demonstrate what we are trying to achieve through the research.

c) Has studied research methodology

Anyone who has studied the research methodology can undergo the research.

c) Observation

Mainly the research method comprises strategies, processes or techniques that are being utilized to collect the data or evidence so as to reveal new information or create a better understanding of a topic.

d) All of the above

A research problem can be defined as a statement about the area of interest, a condition that is required to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eradicated, or any disquieting question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice that points to be solved.

d) How are various parts related to the whole?

A circle graph helps in visualizing information as well as the data.

b) Objectivity

No explanation.

a) Quota sampling

In non-probability sampling, all the members do not get an equal opportunity to participate in the study.

a) Reducing punctuations as well as grammatical errors to minimalist
b) Correct reference citations
c) Consistency in the way of thesis writing
d) Well defined abstract

Select the answers from the codes given below:

B. a), b), c) and d)

All of the above.

a) Research refers to a series of systematic activity or activities undertaken to find out the solution to a problem.
b) It is a systematic, logical and unbiased process wherein verification of hypotheses, data analysis, interpretation and formation of principles can be done.
c) It is an intellectual inquiry or quest towards truth,
d) It enhances knowledge.

Select the correct answer from the codes given below:

A. a), b), c) and d)

All of the above.

b) Fundamental Research

Jean Piaget, in his cognitive-developmental theory, proposed the idea that children can actively construct knowledge simply by exploring and manipulating the world around them.

d) Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions

The core elements of the dissertation are as follows:

Introduction; Literature Review; Research Methodology; Results; Discussions and Conclusions

d) A sampling of people, newspapers, television programs etc.

In general, sampling in case study research involves decisions made by the researchers regarding the strategies of sampling, the number of case studies, and the definition of the unit of analysis.

a) Systematic Sampling Technique

Systematic sampling can be understood as a probability sampling method in which the members of the population are selected by the researchers at a regular interval.

a) Social relevance

No explanation.

c) Can be one-tailed as well as two-tailed depending on the hypotheses

An F-test corresponds to a statistical test in which the test statistic has an F-distribution under the null hypothesis.

a) Census

Census is an official survey that keeps track of the population data.

b) Observation

No explanation.

d) It contains dependent and independent variables

A research problem can be defined as a statement about the concerned area, a condition needed to be improved, a difficulty that has to be eliminated, or a troubling question existing in scholarly literature, in theory, or in practice pointing towards the need of delivering a deliberate investigation.

d) All of the above

The research objectives must be concisely described before starting the research as it illustrates what we are going to achieve as an end result after the accomplishment.

c) A kind of research being carried out to solve a specific problem

In general, action research is termed as a philosophy or a research methodology, which is implemented in social sciences.

a) The cultural background of the country

An assumption can be identified as an unexamined belief, which we contemplate without even comprehending it. Also, the conclusions that we draw are often based on assumptions.

d) All of the above

No explanation.

b) To understand the difference between two variables

Factor analysis can be understood as a statistical method that defines the variability between two variables in terms of factors, which are nothing but unobserved variables.

a) Manipulation

In an experimental research design, whenever the independent variables (i.e., treatment variables or factors) decisively get altered by researchers, then that process is termed as an experimental manipulation.

d) Professional Attitude

A professional attitude is an ability that inclines you to manage your time, portray a leadership quality, make you self-determined and persistent.

b) Human Relations

The term sociogram can be defined as a graphical representation of human relation that portrays the social links formed by one particular person.

c) Objective Observation

The research process comprises classifying, locating, evaluating, and investigating the data, which is required to support your research question, followed by developing and expressing your ideas.

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430+ Research Methodology (RM) Solved MCQs

1.
A.	Wilkinson
B.	CR Kothari
C.	Kerlinger
D.	Goode and Halt
Answer» D. Goode and Halt

2.
A.	Marshall
B.	P.V. Young
C.	Emory
D.	Kerlinger
Answer» C. Emory

3.
A.	Young
B.	Kerlinger
C.	Kothari
D.	Emory
Answer» A. Young

4.
A.	Experiment
B.	Observation
C.	Deduction
D.	Scientific method
Answer» D. Scientific method

5.
A.	Deduction
B.	Scientific method
C.	Observation
D.	experience
Answer» B. Scientific method

6.
A.	Objectivity
B.	Ethics
C.	Proposition
D.	Neutrality
Answer» A. Objectivity

7.
A.	Induction
B.	Deduction
C.	Research
D.	Experiment
Answer» A. Induction

8.
A.	Belief
B.	Value
C.	Objectivity
D.	Subjectivity
Answer» C. Objectivity

9.
A.	Induction
B.	deduction
C.	Observation
D.	experience
Answer» B. deduction

10.
A.	Caroline
B.	P.V.Young
C.	Dewey John
D.	Emory
Answer» B. P.V.Young

11.
A.	Facts
B.	Values
C.	Theory
D.	Generalization
Answer» C. Theory

12.
A.	Jack Gibbs
B.	PV Young
C.	Black
D.	Rose Arnold
Answer» B. PV Young

13.
A.	Black James and Champion
B.	P.V. Young
C.	Emory
D.	Gibbes
Answer» A. Black James and Champion

14.
A.	Theory
B.	Value
C.	Fact
D.	Statement
Answer» C. Fact

15.
A.	Good and Hatt
B.	Emory
C.	P.V. Young
D.	Claver
Answer» A. Good and Hatt

16.
A.	Concept
B.	Variable
C.	Model
D.	Facts
Answer» C. Model

17.
A.	Objects
B.	Human beings
C.	Living things
D.	Non living things
Answer» B. Human beings

18.
A.	Natural and Social
B.	Natural and Physical
C.	Physical and Mental
D.	Social and Physical
Answer» A. Natural and Social

19.
A.	Causal Connection
B.	reason
C.	Interaction
D.	Objectives
Answer» A. Causal Connection

20.
A.	Explain
B.	diagnosis
C.	Recommend
D.	Formulate
Answer» B. diagnosis

21.
A.	Integration
B.	Social Harmony
C.	National Integration
D.	Social Equality
Answer» A. Integration

22.
A.	Unit
B.	design
C.	Random
D.	Census
Answer» B. design

23.
A.	Objectivity
B.	Specificity
C.	Values
D.	Facts
Answer» A. Objectivity

24.
A.	Purpose
B.	Intent
C.	Methodology
D.	Techniques
Answer» B. Intent

25.
A.	Pure Research
B.	Action Research
C.	Pilot study
D.	Survey
Answer» A. Pure Research

26.
A.	Pure Research
B.	Survey
C.	Action Research
D.	Long term Research
Answer» B. Survey

27.
A.	Survey
B.	Action research
C.	Analytical research
D.	Pilot study
Answer» C. Analytical research

28.
A.	Fundamental Research
B.	Analytical Research
C.	Survey
D.	Action Research
Answer» D. Action Research

29.
A.	Action Research
B.	Survey
C.	Pilot study
D.	Pure Research
Answer» D. Pure Research

30.
A.	Quantitative
B.	Qualitative
C.	Pure
D.	applied
Answer» B. Qualitative

31.
A.	Empirical research
B.	Conceptual Research
C.	Quantitative research
D.	Qualitative research
Answer» B. Conceptual Research

32.
A.	Clinical or diagnostic
B.	Causal
C.	Analytical
D.	Qualitative
Answer» A. Clinical or diagnostic

33.
A.	Field study
B.	Survey
C.	Laboratory Research
D.	Empirical Research
Answer» C. Laboratory Research

34.
A.	Clinical Research
B.	Experimental Research
C.	Laboratory Research
D.	Empirical Research
Answer» D. Empirical Research

35.
A.	Survey
B.	Empirical
C.	Clinical
D.	Diagnostic
Answer» A. Survey

36.
A.	Ostle
B.	Richard
C.	Karl Pearson
D.	Kerlinger
Answer» C. Karl Pearson

37.
A.	Redmen and Mory
B.	P.V.Young
C.	Robert C meir
D.	Harold Dazier
Answer» A. Redmen and Mory

38.
A.	Technique
B.	Operations
C.	Research methodology
D.	Research Process
Answer» C. Research methodology

39.
A.	Slow
B.	Fast
C.	Narrow
D.	Systematic
Answer» D. Systematic

40.
A.	Logical
B.	Non logical
C.	Narrow
D.	Systematic
Answer» A. Logical

41.
A.	Delta Kappan
B.	James Harold Fox
C.	P.V.Young
D.	Karl Popper
Answer» B. James Harold Fox

42.
A.	Problem
B.	Experiment
C.	Research Techniques
D.	Research methodology
Answer» D. Research methodology

43.
A.	Field Study
B.	diagnosis tic study
C.	Action study
D.	Pilot study
Answer» B. diagnosis tic study

44.
A.	Social Science Research
B.	Experience Survey
C.	Problem formulation
D.	diagnostic study
Answer» A. Social Science Research

45.
A.	P.V. Young
B.	Kerlinger
C.	Emory
D.	Clover Vernon
Answer» B. Kerlinger

46.
A.	Black James and Champions
B.	P.V. Young
C.	Mortan Kaplan
D.	William Emory
Answer» A. Black James and Champions

47.
A.	Best John
B.	Emory
C.	Clover
D.	P.V. Young
Answer» D. P.V. Young

48.
A.	Belief
B.	Value
C.	Confidence
D.	Overconfidence
Answer» D. Overconfidence

49.
A.	Velocity
B.	Momentum
C.	Frequency
D.	gravity
Answer» C. Frequency

50.
A.	Research degree
B.	Research Academy
C.	Research Labs
D.	Research Problems
Answer» A. Research degree

51.
A.	Book
B.	Journal
C.	News Paper
D.	Census Report
Answer» D. Census Report

52.
A.	Lack of sufficient number of Universities
B.	Lack of sufficient research guides
C.	Lack of sufficient Fund
D.	Lack of scientific training in research
Answer» D. Lack of scientific training in research

53.
A.	Indian Council for Survey and Research
B.	Indian Council for strategic Research
C.	Indian Council for Social Science Research
D.	Inter National Council for Social Science Research
Answer» C. Indian Council for Social Science Research

54.
A.	University Grants Commission
B.	Union Government Commission
C.	University Governance Council
D.	Union government Council
Answer» A. University Grants Commission

55.
A.	Junior Research Functions
B.	Junior Research Fellowship
C.	Junior Fellowship
D.	None of the above
Answer» B. Junior Research Fellowship

56.
A.	Formulation of a problem
B.	Collection of Data
C.	Editing and Coding
D.	Selection of a problem
Answer» D. Selection of a problem

57.
A.	Fully solved
B.	Not solved
C.	Cannot be solved
D.	half- solved
Answer» D. half- solved

58.
A.	Schools and Colleges
B.	Class Room Lectures
C.	Play grounds
D.	Infra structures
Answer» B. Class Room Lectures

59.
A.	Observation
B.	Problem
C.	Data
D.	Experiment
Answer» B. Problem

60.
A.	Solution
B.	Examination
C.	Problem formulation
D.	Problem Solving
Answer» C. Problem formulation

61.
A.	Very Common
B.	Overdone
C.	Easy one
D.	rare
Answer» B. Overdone

62.
A.	Statement of the problem
B.	Gathering of Data
C.	Measurement
D.	Survey
Answer» A. Statement of the problem

63.
A.	Professor
B.	Tutor
C.	HOD
D.	Guide
Answer» D. Guide

64.
A.	Statement of the problem
B.	Understanding the nature of the problem
C.	Survey
D.	Discussions
Answer» B. Understanding the nature of the problem

65.
A.	Statement of the problem
B.	Understanding the nature of the problem
C.	Survey the available literature
D.	Discussion
Answer» C. Survey the available literature

66.
A.	Survey
B.	Discussion
C.	Literature survey
D.	Re Phrasing the Research problem
Answer» D. Re Phrasing the Research problem

67.
A.	Title
B.	Index
C.	Bibliography
D.	Concepts
Answer» A. Title

68.
A.	Questions to be answered
B.	methods
C.	Techniques
D.	methodology
Answer» A. Questions to be answered

69.
A.	Speed
B.	Facts
C.	Values
D.	Novelty
Answer» D. Novelty

70.
A.	Originality
B.	Values
C.	Coherence
D.	Facts
Answer» A. Originality

71.
A.	Academic and Non academic
B.	Cultivation
C.	Academic
D.	Utilitarian
Answer» B. Cultivation

72.
A.	Information
B.	firsthand knowledge
C.	Knowledge and information
D.	models
Answer» C. Knowledge and information

73.
A.	Alienation
B.	Cohesion
C.	mobility
D.	Integration
Answer» B. Cohesion

74.
A.	Scientific temper
B.	Age
C.	Money
D.	time
Answer» A. Scientific temper

75.
A.	Secular
B.	Totalitarian
C.	democratic
D.	welfare
Answer» D. welfare

76.
A.	Hypothesis
B.	Variable
C.	Concept
D.	facts
Answer» C. Concept

77.
A.	Abstract and Coherent
B.	Concrete and Coherent
C.	Abstract and concrete
D.	None of the above
Answer» C. Abstract and concrete

78.
A.	4
B.	6
C.	10
D.	2
Answer» D. 2

79.
A.	Observation
B.	formulation
C.	Theory
D.	Postulation
Answer» D. Postulation

80.
A.	Formulation
B.	Postulation
C.	Intuition
D.	Observation
Answer» C. Intuition

81.
A.	guide
B.	tools
C.	methods
D.	Variables
Answer» B. tools

82.
A.	Metaphor
B.	Simile
C.	Symbols
D.	Models
Answer» C. Symbols

83.
A.	Formulation
B.	Calculation
C.	Abstraction
D.	Specification
Answer» C. Abstraction

84.
A.	Verbal
B.	Oral
C.	Hypothetical
D.	Operational
Answer» C. Hypothetical

85.
A.	Kerlinger
B.	P.V. Young
C.	Aurthur
D.	Kaplan
Answer» B. P.V. Young

86.
A.	Same and different
B.	Same
C.	different
D.	None of the above
Answer» C. different

87.
A.	Greek
B.	English
C.	Latin
D.	Many languages
Answer» D. Many languages

88.
A.	Variable
B.	Hypothesis
C.	Data
D.	Concept
Answer» B. Hypothesis

89.
A.	Data
B.	Concept
C.	Research
D.	Hypothesis
Answer» D. Hypothesis

90.
A.	Lund berg
B.	Emory
C.	Johnson
D.	Good and Hatt
Answer» D. Good and Hatt

91.
A.	Good and Hatt
B.	Lund berg
C.	Emory
D.	Orwell
Answer» B. Lund berg

92.
A.	Descriptive
B.	Imaginative
C.	Relational
D.	Variable
Answer» A. Descriptive

93.
A.	Null Hypothesis
B.	Working Hypothesis
C.	Relational Hypothesis
D.	Descriptive Hypothesis
Answer» B. Working Hypothesis

94.
A.	Relational Hypothesis
B.	Situational Hypothesis
C.	Null Hypothesis
D.	Casual Hypothesis
Answer» C. Null Hypothesis

95.
A.	Abstract
B.	Dependent
C.	Independent
D.	Separate
Answer» C. Independent

96.
A.	Independent
B.	Dependent
C.	Separate
D.	Abstract
Answer» B. Dependent

97.
A.	Causal
B.	Relational
C.	Descriptive
D.	Tentative
Answer» B. Relational

98.
A.	One
B.	Many
C.	Zero
D.	None of these
Answer» C. Zero

99.
A.	Statistical Hypothesis
B.	Complex Hypothesis
C.	Common sense Hypothesis
D.	Analytical Hypothesis
Answer» C. Common sense Hypothesis

100.
A.	Null Hypothesis
B.	Casual Hypothesis
C.	Barren Hypothesis
D.	Analytical Hypothesis
Answer» D. Analytical Hypothesis

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Question and answers in Research Methodology (RM),
Research Methodology (RM) multiple choice questions and answers,
Research Methodology (RM) Important MCQs,
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How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)

Table of Contents

Before conducting a study, a research proposal should be created that outlines researchers’ plans and methodology and is submitted to the concerned evaluating organization or person. Creating a research proposal is an important step to ensure that researchers are on track and are moving forward as intended. A research proposal can be defined as a detailed plan or blueprint for the proposed research that you intend to undertake. It provides readers with a snapshot of your project by describing what you will investigate, why it is needed, and how you will conduct the research.

Your research proposal should aim to explain to the readers why your research is relevant and original, that you understand the context and current scenario in the field, have the appropriate resources to conduct the research, and that the research is feasible given the usual constraints.

This article will describe in detail the purpose and typical structure of a research proposal , along with examples and templates to help you ace this step in your research journey.

What is a Research Proposal ?

A research proposal¹ ,² can be defined as a formal report that describes your proposed research, its objectives, methodology, implications, and other important details. Research proposals are the framework of your research and are used to obtain approvals or grants to conduct the study from various committees or organizations. Consequently, research proposals should convince readers of your study’s credibility, accuracy, achievability, practicality, and reproducibility.

With research proposals , researchers usually aim to persuade the readers, funding agencies, educational institutions, and supervisors to approve the proposal. To achieve this, the report should be well structured with the objectives written in clear, understandable language devoid of jargon. A well-organized research proposal conveys to the readers or evaluators that the writer has thought out the research plan meticulously and has the resources to ensure timely completion.

Purpose of Research Proposals

A research proposal is a sales pitch and therefore should be detailed enough to convince your readers, who could be supervisors, ethics committees, universities, etc., that what you’re proposing has merit and is feasible . Research proposals can help students discuss their dissertation with their faculty or fulfill course requirements and also help researchers obtain funding. A well-structured proposal instills confidence among readers about your ability to conduct and complete the study as proposed.

Research proposals can be written for several reasons:³

To describe the importance of research in the specific topic
Address any potential challenges you may encounter
Showcase knowledge in the field and your ability to conduct a study
Apply for a role at a research institute
Convince a research supervisor or university that your research can satisfy the requirements of a degree program
Highlight the importance of your research to organizations that may sponsor your project
Identify implications of your project and how it can benefit the audience

What Goes in a Research Proposal?

Research proposals should aim to answer the three basic questions—what, why, and how.

The What question should be answered by describing the specific subject being researched. It should typically include the objectives, the cohort details, and the location or setting.

The Why question should be answered by describing the existing scenario of the subject, listing unanswered questions, identifying gaps in the existing research, and describing how your study can address these gaps, along with the implications and significance.

The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology.

Research Proposal Example

Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all research proposals are essentially the same although different terminology and other specific sections may be used depending on the subject.

Structure of a Research Proposal

If you want to know how to make a research proposal impactful, include the following components:¹

1. Introduction

This section provides a background of the study, including the research topic, what is already known about it and the gaps, and the significance of the proposed research.

2. Literature review

This section contains descriptions of all the previous relevant studies pertaining to the research topic. Every study cited should be described in a few sentences, starting with the general studies to the more specific ones. This section builds on the understanding gained by readers in the Introduction section and supports it by citing relevant prior literature, indicating to readers that you have thoroughly researched your subject.

3. Objectives

Once the background and gaps in the research topic have been established, authors must now state the aims of the research clearly. Hypotheses should be mentioned here. This section further helps readers understand what your study’s specific goals are.

4. Research design and methodology

Here, authors should clearly describe the methods they intend to use to achieve their proposed objectives. Important components of this section include the population and sample size, data collection and analysis methods and duration, statistical analysis software, measures to avoid bias (randomization, blinding), etc.

5. Ethical considerations

This refers to the protection of participants’ rights, such as the right to privacy, right to confidentiality, etc. Researchers need to obtain informed consent and institutional review approval by the required authorities and mention this clearly for transparency.

6. Budget/funding

Researchers should prepare their budget and include all expected expenditures. An additional allowance for contingencies such as delays should also be factored in.

7. Appendices

This section typically includes information that supports the research proposal and may include informed consent forms, questionnaires, participant information, measurement tools, etc.

8. Citations

Important Tips for Writing a Research Proposal

Writing a research proposal begins much before the actual task of writing. Planning the research proposal structure and content is an important stage, which if done efficiently, can help you seamlessly transition into the writing stage. 3,5

The Planning Stage

Manage your time efficiently. Plan to have the draft version ready at least two weeks before your deadline and the final version at least two to three days before the deadline.
What is the primary objective of your research?
Will your research address any existing gap?
What is the impact of your proposed research?
Do people outside your field find your research applicable in other areas?
If your research is unsuccessful, would there still be other useful research outcomes?

The Writing Stage

Create an outline with main section headings that are typically used.
Focus only on writing and getting your points across without worrying about the format of the research proposal , grammar, punctuation, etc. These can be fixed during the subsequent passes. Add details to each section heading you created in the beginning.
Ensure your sentences are concise and use plain language. A research proposal usually contains about 2,000 to 4,000 words or four to seven pages.
Don’t use too many technical terms and abbreviations assuming that the readers would know them. Define the abbreviations and technical terms.
Ensure that the entire content is readable. Avoid using long paragraphs because they affect the continuity in reading. Break them into shorter paragraphs and introduce some white space for readability.
Focus on only the major research issues and cite sources accordingly. Don’t include generic information or their sources in the literature review.
Proofread your final document to ensure there are no grammatical errors so readers can enjoy a seamless, uninterrupted read.
Use academic, scholarly language because it brings formality into a document.
Ensure that your title is created using the keywords in the document and is neither too long and specific nor too short and general.
Cite all sources appropriately to avoid plagiarism.
Make sure that you follow guidelines, if provided. This includes rules as simple as using a specific font or a hyphen or en dash between numerical ranges.
Ensure that you’ve answered all questions requested by the evaluating authority.

Key Takeaways

Here’s a summary of the main points about research proposals discussed in the previous sections:

A research proposal is a document that outlines the details of a proposed study and is created by researchers to submit to evaluators who could be research institutions, universities, faculty, etc.
Research proposals are usually about 2,000-4,000 words long, but this depends on the evaluating authority’s guidelines.
A good research proposal ensures that you’ve done your background research and assessed the feasibility of the research.
Research proposals have the following main sections—introduction, literature review, objectives, methodology, ethical considerations, and budget.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. How is a research proposal evaluated?

A1. In general, most evaluators, including universities, broadly use the following criteria to evaluate research proposals . 6

Significance —Does the research address any important subject or issue, which may or may not be specific to the evaluator or university?
Content and design —Is the proposed methodology appropriate to answer the research question? Are the objectives clear and well aligned with the proposed methodology?
Sample size and selection —Is the target population or cohort size clearly mentioned? Is the sampling process used to select participants randomized, appropriate, and free of bias?
Timing —Are the proposed data collection dates mentioned clearly? Is the project feasible given the specified resources and timeline?
Data management and dissemination —Who will have access to the data? What is the plan for data analysis?

Q2. What is the difference between the Introduction and Literature Review sections in a research proposal ?

A2. The Introduction or Background section in a research proposal sets the context of the study by describing the current scenario of the subject and identifying the gaps and need for the research. A Literature Review, on the other hand, provides references to all prior relevant literature to help corroborate the gaps identified and the research need.

Q3. How long should a research proposal be?

A3. Research proposal lengths vary with the evaluating authority like universities or committees and also the subject. Here’s a table that lists the typical research proposal lengths for a few universities.


	Arts programs	1,000-1,500
University of Birmingham	Law School programs	2,500
	PhD	2,500
		2,000
	Research degrees	2,000-3,500

Q4. What are the common mistakes to avoid in a research proposal ?

A4. Here are a few common mistakes that you must avoid while writing a research proposal . 7

No clear objectives: Objectives should be clear, specific, and measurable for the easy understanding among readers.
Incomplete or unconvincing background research: Background research usually includes a review of the current scenario of the particular industry and also a review of the previous literature on the subject. This helps readers understand your reasons for undertaking this research because you identified gaps in the existing research.
Overlooking project feasibility: The project scope and estimates should be realistic considering the resources and time available.
Neglecting the impact and significance of the study: In a research proposal , readers and evaluators look for the implications or significance of your research and how it contributes to the existing research. This information should always be included.
Unstructured format of a research proposal : A well-structured document gives confidence to evaluators that you have read the guidelines carefully and are well organized in your approach, consequently affirming that you will be able to undertake the research as mentioned in your proposal.
Ineffective writing style: The language used should be formal and grammatically correct. If required, editors could be consulted, including AI-based tools such as Paperpal , to refine the research proposal structure and language.

Thus, a research proposal is an essential document that can help you promote your research and secure funds and grants for conducting your research. Consequently, it should be well written in clear language and include all essential details to convince the evaluators of your ability to conduct the research as proposed.

This article has described all the important components of a research proposal and has also provided tips to improve your writing style. We hope all these tips will help you write a well-structured research proposal to ensure receipt of grants or any other purpose.

References

Sudheesh K, Duggappa DR, Nethra SS. How to write a research proposal? Indian J Anaesth. 2016;60(9):631-634. Accessed July 15, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/
Writing research proposals. Harvard College Office of Undergraduate Research and Fellowships. Harvard University. Accessed July 14, 2024. https://uraf.harvard.edu/apply-opportunities/app-components/essays/research-proposals
What is a research proposal? Plus how to write one. Indeed website. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/research-proposal
Research proposal template. University of Rochester Medical Center. Accessed July 16, 2024. https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/MediaLibraries/URMCMedia/pediatrics/research/documents/Research-proposal-Template.pdf
Tips for successful proposal writing. Johns Hopkins University. Accessed July 17, 2024. https://research.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Tips-for-Successful-Proposal-Writing.pdf
Formal review of research proposals. Cornell University. Accessed July 18, 2024. https://irp.dpb.cornell.edu/surveys/survey-assessment-review-group/research-proposals
7 Mistakes you must avoid in your research proposal. Aveksana (via LinkedIn). Accessed July 17, 2024. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/7-mistakes-you-must-avoid-your-research-proposal-aveksana-cmtwf/

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APA format: Basic Guide for Researchers

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Designing the study: Research questions guide the design of the study, including the selection of participants, the collection of data, and the analysis of results. Collecting data: Research questions inform the selection of appropriate methods for collecting data, such as surveys, interviews, or experiments. Analyzing data: Research questions ...
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Research Method Quizzes, Questions & Answers Research methods are the backbone of any scientific investigation, enabling researchers to gather reliable data and draw valid conclusions. If you're interested in honing your research skills or seeking to understand the methodologies behind successful studies, our Research Method Quizzes provide a comprehensive platform to enhance your knowledge ...
Multiple Choice Questions
Revise your knowledge with these multiple choice quiz questions. Chapter 2: Research in Psychology: Objectives and Ideals. Chapter 3: Research Methods. Chapter 4: Experimental Design. Chapter 5: Survey Design. Chapter 6: Descriptive Statistics. Chapter 7: Some Principles of Statistical Inference.
PDF MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Subject Research Methodology Unit I
Unit II 1. A formal document that presents the research objectives, design of achieving these objectives, and the expected outcomes/deliverables of the study is called
40 MCQ on Research Methodology
40 MCQ on Research Methodology. Boost your research methodology knowledge with this comprehensive set of 40 multiple-choice questions (MCQs). Test your understanding of key concepts, study designs, data analysis, and ethical considerations in research. Perfect for students, researchers, and professionals seeking to enhance their research skills. Find answers and explanations to sharpen your ...
Research methodology MCQ [Free PDF]
Get Research methodology Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ Quiz) with answers and detailed solutions. Download these Free Research methodology MCQ Quiz Pdf and prepare for your upcoming exams Like Banking, SSC, Railway, UPSC, State PSC.
Research Methodology MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions)
Research Methodology MCQ (Multiple Choice Questions) with Multiple Choice Questions, Questions and Answers, Java MCQ, C++ MCQ, Python MCQ, C MCQ, GK MCQ, MCQ Preparation, General Science MCQ, etc.
430+ Research Methodology (RM) Solved MCQs
Solved MCQs for Research Methodology (RM), with PDF download and FREE Mock test
How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)
The How question should be answered by describing the proposed research methodology, data analysis tools expected to be used, and other details to describe your proposed methodology. Research Proposal Example Here is a research proposal sample template (with examples) from the University of Rochester Medical Center. 4 The sections in all ...
Between‐session homework and processes of change.
Presents a brief introduction of the articles featured in this issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology. The authors summarized some of the strongest research support for adopting between‐session homework (BSH) into clinical work with clients in psychotherapy, and argued that it may be considered a common or transtheoretical method that is highly relevant for clinical training and practice ...

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Research Methods | Definitions, Types, Examples

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Qualitative vs. quantitative data

Primary vs. secondary research

Descriptive vs. experimental data

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Qualitative analysis methods

Quantitative analysis methods

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What Is Research Methodology? A Plain-Language Explanation & Definition (With Examples)

Research Methodology 101

What is research methodology?

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100 Questions (and Answers) About Research Methods

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Research Questions – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Questions

Types of Research Questions

Descriptive Research Questions

Exploratory Research Questions

Explanatory Research Questions

Predictive Research Questions

Evaluative Research Questions

How to Choose Research Questions

How to Write Research Questions

Examples of Research Questions

Applications of Research Questions

Characteristics of Research Questions

Purpose of Research Questions

Advantages of Research Questions

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Research Method Quizzes, Questions & Answers

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430+ Research Methodology (RM) Solved MCQs

How to Write a Research Proposal: (with Examples & Templates)

What is a Research Proposal ?

Purpose of Research Proposals

What Goes in a Research Proposal?

Research Proposal Example

Structure of a Research Proposal

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