write an essay about the g20 2020 summit

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Essay on G20 Summit in English: 100, 200 and 500 Words

The G-20 consists of the finance ministers and governors of the central banks of 19 of the world's top economies, plus the European Union and African Union. The goals of the G20 are to—coordinate policies among its members to achieve sustainable growth and global economic stability; advance financial laws that lower risks and avert future financial crises; and establish a new global financial architecture. Here are a few sample essays on the G20 Summit in English.

100 Words Essay on G20 Summit

200 words essay on g20 summit, 500 words essay on g20 summit.

The G20 Summit is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 21 major Economies. The summit was established in 1999 to discuss policy issues related to international economic cooperation and development. The 21 countries in the G20 account for approximately 85% of the world's GDP and two-thirds of its population. These countries are—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, the African Union, European Union, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Russia, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, the UK and the USA. The G20 is important for India because it provides a platform for the country to engage with the world's largest economies, promote its economic interests, and address critical global issues.

Importance of G20 For India

The G20 is important for India for several reasons:

Representation: India is one of the countries represented in the G20, giving it a voice in the international forum for discussing policy issues related to the global economy. This provides India with an opportunity to share its perspectives and opinions on key economic issues and to participate in shaping global economic policies.

Economic Growth: The G20 provides a platform for India to engage with the world's largest economies and to promote its economic interests. India can leverage the G20 platform to attract investment and trade, driving its economic growth and development.

Global Issues: The G20 is an important platform for India to address global issues such as climate change, poverty, and inequality. India can work with other G20 countries to solve these issues and promote sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

Financial Stability: The G20 is also relevant for India because it plays a role in enhancing international financial stability. India can participate in discussions on financial regulation and stability, which can help ensure that the global financial system remains stable and resilient.

The G20 also provides India with an opportunity to participate in shaping international economic policies and enhance its financial stability. The 2024 G20 Summit is expected to focus on several key issues, including global economic recovery, promoting sustainable and inclusive economic growth, and addressing inequality and poverty. The leaders will also discuss ways to tackle the climate crisis, strengthen the international trade system, and enhance international financial stability.

One of the major topics of discussion at the 2024 G20 Summit will be around the ongoing climate change issues. The leaders will exchange views on the global response to world climate change. The G20 summit will help in designing some new rules and regulations to save the environment.

Another critical issue to be discussed is the global economy's recovery from the pandemic and the efforts needed to restore growth and create jobs. The leaders will focus on implementing policies that support investment and trade, promoting digital transformation, and addressing the challenges faced by small and medium-sized enterprises.

The 2024 G20 Summit will also provide an opportunity for the leaders to address the climate crisis and work towards a more sustainable and inclusive future. The summit is expected to explore ways to transition to a green economy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions while promoting economic growth and job creation.

The G20 Summit is a critical event for addressing the challenges facing the global community. The leaders will come together to discuss the issues affecting the world's economy, and the need for a sustainable and inclusive economic recovery. The summit will provide an opportunity for leaders to exchange views and work together towards a better future for all. It is a platform that can give new directions to the world.

Relevance of G20 Summit

The G20 Summit is relevant because it provides a platform for the leaders of the world's largest economies to come together and address critical global issues.

The G20 countries represent 85% of the world's GDP and two-thirds of its population, making it a significant forum for international economic cooperation and decision-making.

The G20 Summit allows leaders to exchange views, discuss policy solutions, and coordinate efforts to address major challenges facing the global community. These challenges can range from economic issues such as recession, trade, and investment, to social issues such as poverty, inequality, and climate change.

The G20 Summit is also relevant because it provides a platform for collective action. The leaders can work together to implement policies and initiatives that will have a significant impact on the global economy and society. For example, the G20 has played a crucial role in responding to the global financial crisis of 2008 and in coordinating the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

In conclusion, the G20 Summit is relevant because it brings together the leaders of the world's largest economies to address critical global issues and work towards finding solutions. Its significance lies in its ability to facilitate international cooperation and decision-making, and in its potential to drive collective action and create a better future for all.

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What Does the G20 Do?

• The G20, formed in 1999, is a group of twenty of the world’s largest economies that meets regularly to coordinate global policy on trade, health, climate, and other issues.
• Previous summits have addressed the COVID-19 pandemic, 2008 financial crisis, the Iranian nuclear program, and the Syrian civil war.
• At the 2023 summit, the group welcomed the African Union as its newest member, even as the Russian invasion of Ukraine continued to cause divisions.

Introduction

The Group of Twenty (G20), a collection of twenty of the world’s largest economies formed in 1999, was conceived as a bloc that would bring together the most important industrialized and developing economies to discuss international economic and financial stability. Its annual summit, a gathering of G20 leaders that debuted in 2008, has evolved into a major forum for discussing economics as well as other pressing global issues. Bilateral meetings on the summit’s sidelines have occasionally led to major international agreements. And while one of the group’s most impressive achievements was its robust response to the 2008 financial crisis, its cohesion has since frayed, and analysts have criticized its lackluster response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Under President Donald Trump, the United States clashed with the rest of the group on trade, climate, and migration policy. President Joe Biden promised a return to multilateral cooperation, achieving a new global agreement on corporate taxation, but tensions have continued to grow as high- and low-income countries have increasingly diverged on major issues such as climate change, economic development, and the ongoing fallout from the war in Ukraine. At the 2023 summit in New Delhi, India aimed to bolster its leadership bona fides by welcoming the African Union as the group’s newest member.

Who is in the G20?

• G20 (Group of Twenty)
• International Economics
• Diplomacy and International Institutions

The G20 is a forum comprising nineteen countries with some of the world’s largest economies, as well as the European Union (EU) and, as of 2023, the African Union (AU). The countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom (UK), and the United States. Spain is invited as a permanent guest.

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Every year, the leaders of G20 members meet to discuss mainly economic and financial matters and coordinate policy on some other issues of mutual interest. Examples include when the G20 discussed how to address a covert Iranian nuclear plant at the 2009 summit and when the forum debated how to administer a partial cease-fire in Syria at the 2017 summit. The G20 is not a permanent institution with a headquarters, offices, or staff. Instead, its leadership rotates on an annual basis among its members, its decisions are made by consensus, and implementation of its agenda depends on the political will of the individual states.

Why does the G20 matter?

Together, the nations of the G20 account for more than 85 percent of global economic output, around 75 percent of global exports, and about 80 percent of the world’s population. These figures have remained relatively stable while the corresponding rates for Group of Seven (G7) nations, a smaller group of advanced democracies, have shrunk, as larger emerging markets take up a relatively greater share of the world’s economy.

The G20 was formed in 1999, in the wake of the Asian financial crisis, to unite finance ministers and central bankers from twenty of the world’s largest established and emerging economies. A decade later, at the height of the global economic crisis, the G20 was elevated to include heads of state and government. Many experts credit the G20 with quick action; former CFR fellow Stewart Patrick said the group “ rescued a global financial system in free fall .” In 2008 and 2009, G20 nations agreed to spending measures worth $4 trillion to revive their economies, rejected trade barriers, and implemented far-reaching reforms of the financial system.

Since then, many observers say, the G20 has struggled to achieve similar success on its goals of coordinating monetary and fiscal policies, achieving higher growth, and rooting out corruption and tax evasion. Geopolitical analysts Ian Bremmer and Nouriel Roubini have argued against the G20’s utility, saying that a “G-Zero” world is emerging instead—one in which countries go it alone or form ad hoc coalitions to pursue their interests. In 2021, then CFR President Haass and senior fellow Charles A. Kupchan called for a new concert of powers , contending that “fly-in, fly-out” G20 summits are often bogged down by “haggling over detailed, but often anodyne, communiqués.”

But experts point out that the G20’s membership is still more representative of the current international balance of power than blocs of countries formed earlier, such as the G7. Several rising democracies, including Brazil, India, and Indonesia, belong to the G20, as do other influential autocratic countries, such as China, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. (Russia’s G7 membership was suspended indefinitely in 2014 following its annexation of Ukraine’s Crimea region.) For this reason, Patrick described the 2008 elevation of the G20 as a watershed moment in global governance and argued that the group was the best-suited forum for tackling the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic.

What’s been on the agenda?

The G20 initially focused largely on broad macroeconomic policy, but it has expanded its ambit. The 2016 summit in Hangzhou, China, broke new ground when U.S. President Barack Obama and Chinese President Xi Jinping formally announced their countries’ accession to the Paris Agreement on climate.

Economic and financial coordination remains the centerpiece of each summit’s agenda, but issues such as the future of work, climate change, and global health are recurring focuses as well. Broader agendas became more common in the decade following the global financial crisis, when the G20 was able to turn its attention beyond acute economic crisis management. But at recent summits, countries have struggled to reach a unified consensus—the hallmark of previous iterations of the conference—as the interests of high- and low-income economies continue to diverge.

The COVID-19 pandemic posed a major test for the group, which Patrick has criticized for largely failing to move beyond “uncoordinated national policies.” However, G20 countries did agree to suspend debt payments owed to them by some of the world’s poorest countries, providing billions of dollars in relief.

Although climate change has been a focus of recent summits, meetings have yielded few concrete commitments on the issue. At the 2021 Rome summit, countries agreed to curb emissions of methane and end public financing for most new coal power plants overseas, but they said nothing about limiting coal use domestically. (China, the world’s largest emitter, permitted more domestic coal power plants in 2022 than any year since 2015). At the 2022 gathering, Indonesia agreed to close coal power plants in exchange for $20 billion in financing from high-income countries, including the United States. But as of 2023, it is still building coal-fired plants. 

As the 2023 host, India sought to cast itself as a voice for the so-called Global South, framing the agenda around issues facing lower-income countries. These include rising debt levels, persistently high inflation, depreciating local currencies, food insecurity, and increasing severe weather events associated with climate change. In addition, New Delhi presided over the admittance of the AU, expanding representation to fifty-five countries. This allowed Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to “showcase his status as the leader of a rising India,” according to CFR’s Manjari Chatterjee Miller and Clare Harris.

What have been the main points of contention?

Geopolitical tensions, heightened by the Russian invasion of Ukraine but also spurred by strategic competition between China and the United States, have increasingly threatened cooperation. In the United States, bipartisan legislative efforts have aimed to deny Russia standing in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other international institutions. Russia’s participation in the G20 has grown contentious, with some Western countries seeking to exclude Moscow, though members including China and Brazil have opposed that idea. Neither Chinese President Xi Jinping nor Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the 2023 summit. The issue continued to split the group in New Delhi, and their joint declaration on the war failed to mention Russia by name.

G20 members also faced divisions over how to address the economic shocks disproportionately affecting emerging economies. The energy crisis resulting from the war in Ukraine has led to food scarcity and soaring energy prices, as well as inflationary pressures that have engendered a stronger U.S. dollar at the expense of depreciating currencies in emerging economies. As a result, more countries are turning to international lenders for bailouts; over one hundred countries have requested emergency assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since the beginning of the pandemic. IMF lending to distressed economies soared to a record high of $140 billion in 2022. The G20 introduced a common framework for debt treatment ahead of its 2020 summit, but only four countries—Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, and Zambia—have requested debt relief under the framework. Experts blame divisions between lender countries. 

“No framework for coordination among official creditors can work if official creditors don’t have enough in common to work together,” CFR senior fellow Brad W. Setser wrote in March 2023. “The ‘Common Framework’ exists in name only.” International lenders are now considering ways to reform the framework.

The group’s long-standing commitment to an international order based on WTO principles of reducing tariffs and other trade barriers has in recent years collided with growing economic competition between great powers. President Trump launched a multifront trade war involving several G20 members, imposing a suite of tariffs on China that the Biden administration has largely left in place. Biden has also pursued other measures meant to “de–risk” the U.S. economy from China’s. In August 2022, he signed the CHIPS and Science Act, which encourages advanced technology manufacturing to move back to the United States. That measure was followed by strict export controls that restricted China’s ability to buy certain chips made anywhere in the world with U.S. inputs, and an outbound screening regime prohibiting some U.S. investments in Chinese sensitive technology sectors. 

There is also still friction within the group regarding climate change. China, India, Russia, and Saudi Arabia reportedly blocked an agreement on phasing out coal use and fossil fuel subsidies at a July 2021 meeting of environment ministers. And following the invasion of Ukraine, Germany and other G20 countries have reneged on previous promises to stop financing fossil fuel projects overseas. The New Delhi summit again failed to produce ambitious climate action, calling only for a “phasedown” of coal rather than the “phaseout” sought by many climate advocates.

What happens on the sidelines of the summits?

Some experts have emphasized the G20’s flexibility compared with other multilateral institutions, noting that it can help shake up a sometimes rigid geopolitical order. This flexibility extends to the summits themselves, where bilateral meetings between heads of state and government often focus on issues outside the formal agenda.

These tête-à-têtes, whether planned or impromptu, often grab headlines due to their diplomatic gravity. In Hamburg, Germany, in 2017, Trump met Putin for the first time, holding multiple meetings that lasted several hours each and sparked concerns among U.S. allies within the G20. The following year, a bilateral meeting again overshadowed the G20 summit, this time between Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping. The two leaders agreed to delay threatened tariff hikes. 

The 2022 Bali summit hosted the first in-person meeting between Biden and Xi since Biden was elected in 2020. Though the two leaders did not agree to any tangible measures, they committed to keeping diplomatic lines of communication open. In 2023, summit sidelines saw the formation of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), a rail and port deal linking India and Europe via infrastructure networks that cut through the Middle East. Some observers see IMEC as one of the most serious challenges to China’s Belt and Road Initiative to date.  

Many experts stress the substantial effects of personal relationships among leaders on the creation of foreign policy. By gathering so many leaders together, G20 summits offer rare opportunities to develop such relationships and recast bilateral ties.

Recommended Resources

For Foreign Affairs , CFR’s Richard Haass and Charles A. Kupchan make the case for a new concert of powers .

This Backgrounder explains the recent international agreement on a new framework for corporate taxation . 

This In Brief breaks down the progress countries made at the ​​twenty-seventh Conference of the Parties (COP27) climate summit.

In this blog post, CFR expert Brad W. Setser analyzes the G20 common framework and its limitations.

Experts from around the world break down the 2023 G20 summit in this Council of Councils Global memo . 

Andrew Chatzky and Megan Fahrney contributed to this report.

• What happens on the sidelines?

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Essay on G20 Summit- The G20 Summit is an annual gathering of leaders from the world’s largest economies and the European Union. It serves as a critical forum for international economic cooperation and development. Established in 1999, the G20 Summit plays a significant role in shaping the global economic landscape and addressing pressing global challenges. This essay will explore the origins and evolution of the G20, its organizational structure, the importance of the summit, India’s G20 Summit presidency in 2023, and the key discussions and outcomes of the G20 New Delhi Summit.

Origins and Evolution of the G20

The G20 was created in response to the financial crises that emerged in several emerging economies in the 1990s. It aimed to provide a platform for Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial issues. In December 1999, the first informal dialogue took place in Berlin, Germany, with representatives from advanced and emerging economies. Since then, Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors have met annually.

Organizational Structure of the G20

Unlike other international organizations, the G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff. The chairmanship of the G20 rotates annually among its members. The chair, along with the past and future chairs, forms the Troika, which manages the G20’s affairs. The preparatory process for the G20 Summit is conducted through the Sherpa and Finance tracks. The Sherpa track focuses on non-economic and financial issues, while the Finance track addresses economic and financial matters. Expert working groups support both tracks in their technical and substantive work.

Importance of the G20 Summit

The G20 Summit holds immense importance as it brings together countries that represent approximately 85% of global GDP, 80% of global trade, and two-thirds of the world’s population. It serves as a platform for leaders to exchange ideas, deliberate on policy solutions, and coordinate efforts to address global challenges. The G20 Summit has played a crucial role in responding to major crises such as the 2008 global financial crisis and coordinating the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

India’s G20 Summit Presidency 2023

India assumes the G20 Summit presidency in 2023, reflecting its growing economic prowess and global influence. As the host of the G20 Summit, India aims to advocate for its economic interests and contribute to resolving critical global challenges. India’s G20 leadership provides an opportunity to showcase its expertise in areas such as women empowerment, democracy, and digital technologies. As a country with core democratic values, India can demonstrate that conflicts can be resolved when democracy becomes a culture.

India’s foreign policy focuses on the “global common good.” Through its G20 leadership, India aims to find sustainable solutions to key global challenges, including climate change, emerging technologies, food and energy security. India’s G20 presidency also presents an opportunity to address long-standing anomalies that disadvantage developing countries, especially in the areas of agriculture and food subsidies.

G20 New Delhi Summit: Discussions and Outcomes

The G20 New Delhi Summit, held on September 9 and 10, 2023, focused on the theme “One Earth, One Family, One Future.” The summit addressed various important issues, including food security, climate and energy, development, health, and digitalization. The discussions aimed to find collaborative solutions to these challenges and promote global economic stability and sustainable growth.

In Session 1, titled “One Earth,” participants discussed the world economy, food security, climate and energy, and the environment. The importance of observing the United Nations Charter and achieving a just and lasting peace in Ukraine was emphasized, given Russia’s aggression. Prime Minister Kishida highlighted the need for cooperation among countries to address global crises and reaffirmed the significance of the G7 Hiroshima Summit’s outcomes being integrated into the G20.

In Session 2, titled “One Family,” inclusive growth, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and health were discussed. G20 members stressed the importance of reducing poverty and inequality, accelerating efforts towards achieving the SDGs, and preparing for pandemics.

In Session 3, titled “One Future,” leaders discussed multilateral reforms, digitalization, and other issues. Prime Minister Kishida reiterated Japan’s support for the African Union’s membership in the G20, acknowledging the increasing roles of African countries in the international community. He highlighted the necessity of multilateral system reforms to overcome global challenges and shape a better future.

The G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration, issued as a summary of the discussions, highlighted the commitments and actions agreed upon by the participating countries. Prime Minister Kishida engaged in brief talks with leaders from over 29 countries, fostering dialogue and strengthening international cooperation.

The G20 Summit plays a vital role in shaping the global economy and addressing pressing global challenges. As India assumes the G20 Summit presidency in 2023, it has the opportunity to advocate for its economic interests and contribute to finding sustainable solutions to key global issues. The discussions and outcomes of the G20 New Delhi Summit reflect the commitment of participating countries to collaborate and take collective action for global economic stability, inclusive growth, and the well-being of all nations. By working together, the G20 members can shape a better future for the world economy and foster international cooperation on a scale commensurate with their collective influence.

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G20 Summit and Global Economic Governance Research Paper

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Working Thesis

Potential argument, hypothesis: use of technology to cut on the costs of the g20 summit, unfulfilled promises, defenders of self interest, the financial stability board, works cited.

The Group of Twenty (G20) summit was established in 1999 following the financial crisis of the late 20th century that affected, especially, Asia (Arner and Schou-Zibell). It consists of twenty Ministers of finance and Governors of Central banks from both emerging-market countries and developed economies (Edkins and Zehfuss). Its first meeting was held in Berlin, Germany, in December 1999. One of the reasons why the G20 summit came into existence was the realization that important emerging-market countries the world over had not been given a forum to discuss economic and governance issues on the world stage. Its mandate is to promote discussion and review of policies between industrialized and emerging-market countries (Blustein).

Before the emergence of the G20 summit, there had been many other similar summits that had come up with an aim of promoting dialogue on issues of governance and economics. These summits ideally came into existence to build financial growth, development, and structure in international relations. They included the G-7, G-22, and G-33 (Dunne and Smith). The larger groups, G-22 and G-33, demonstrated that there were benefits in involving emerging-market countries in regular consultations, leading to the formation of the G20. Unlike other international organizations, the G20 does not have a permanent secretariat and it promotes the informal interchange of ideas and views on international issues (Dunne and Smith).

Each year the summit is held in a different country and in June 2010 it was Toronto’s turn to hold the three-day event. The leaders of the 20 countries would participate in the discussion regarding financial sustainability (Lagarde 078-079). The 20 countries that would be involved are the following: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Republic of Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States of America. Also in attendance at the G20 summit would be the International Monetary fund’s (IMF) managing director, the World Bank president, and chairpersons several other international committees like the development committee and the International Monetary and financial committee (Samans, Uzan, and Lopez). Their presence is due to the close cooperation between G20 and other international organizations.

Looking at all the countries listed, it is important to note that they are all economically independent and this summit does lack the participation of third world countries. This might mean that the issues afflicting the underdeveloped countries may not be given weight in the G20 summit since there is no one to push for them, except for times when some representatives from such countries are invited, but in such cases, they may not have much of bargaining power like the representatives of the member countries (Brunswick and Evenett 269).

The main purpose of the G20 summit was to have the top 20 economically independent countries come together in hopes to legitimize economic structure around the globe, but this holds to be contradictory. The Toronto G20 summit was focusing on recovery and new beginnings as its theme. In this summit, issues to do with financial reform progress and the development of stimulus measures that are sustainable were discussed. Issues of bank tax and promotion of open markets world over were also debated (Dvorak). However, the following facts should be considered when referring to the Toronto G20 summit and its overall impact on enhancing better world economy. The summit was nothing more than a media frenzy that didn’t need the amount of attention that it received. This three day event cost Canada and the tax payers a billion dollars (Msnb). It was held in one of the busiest places in Canada and therefore affected the day to day activities of many people and ventures (Dvorak). One of the most important factors this essay will study is G20, like many of the other summits before it, has yet again accomplished very little as compared to the time and money spent on the event.

The G20 summit cost Canadian taxpayers a billion dollars. What was the billion dollars spent on lingered in the minds of most Canadians. Statements by the Parliamentary office demonstrated that the summit had cost Canadians 930 million dollars in safety measures only. This security operation was the most expensive in the history of Canada. Together with other hosting costs including nearly 2 million dollars for marketing and media, the total amount comes to about 1 billion dollars. When looking at these figures and those of other G20 summit meetings, it is very astonishing to see how much of the taxpayers’ money was spent on security alone and the question whether this was necessary lingers on, bearing in mind that some people in third world countries are in need of aid (Msnb).

The meeting was held in downtown Toronto, one of the busiest areas, and this affected residence, business, employees, pedestrians, transit riders, cyclists, motorists, students, those leaving town, the homeless, and lastly the tourist (Dvorak). One of the biggest tourist attractions, The CN tower, was closed for the summit. Although this attraction was only closed for a 3 days, it would negatively impact on Canada’s economy as it is a daily income generating site (Gothamist). The summit was rocked by widespread protests which stated several days prior to the summit. These protests were part of the reason for the expenses incurred on security measures. They also served to worsen an already bad situation for day to day activities for residents and business ventures as more than 900 people were arrested within a week, some streets were closed down and some buildings attacked. This further heightened the economic burden that came with hosting the G20 summit (Dvorak).

What comes out of this summit? Twenty large economies came together, for a three day affair, but one must essentially wonder what changes were made in previous summits and this past G20 summit. The G20 summit held in Toronto came to the conclusion that these represented economies should keep more financial capital in their banks in case of economic upsets in the future. The developed nations’ leaders also agreed on debt-to-GDP ratio reduction by the year 2016 as well as taxing financial institutions. The need for the capital reserve was to have restrictions on many of the countries that did not have them in place already, which resulted in the recession of 2009. The United States, which did not hold any restrictions on their banks, resulted in many banks as well as economy to go downhill (Lagande, 078-079).

Although it is apparent that this meeting was needed, one may ask: was the cost worth it? The 20 countries that did participate in the summit are already economically independent, which is one of the reasons protesters feel that the G20 summit is a waste of time and money (Brusick and Evenett 269). The issues that the third world countries are mostly concerned with, namely food security and climate change did not get a significant resolution during this summit. It is due to this that Protestors believe that the summit is only helping the economically successful countries gain more success instead of helping the third world countries that need the help (Brusick and Evenett 269). The results were the enduring cycle of the wealthy getting wealthier as well as the underprivileged getting more pitiable. At the end of the meeting, joblessness remains a challenge to those in underdeveloped countries and due to this they continue to suffer in poverty (Coats, Hutton and razarelli).

It is tradition to do these summits in person as seen in the G20 summit and many of the previous summits, but with the changing economy and technology it would be more efficient to have such summits in another manner which would cut cost especially in security, infrastructure, travel and accommodation. This would also make sure that the day to day activities of hosting countries, including businesses and other income generating ventures like tourism are not interfered with (Dvorak). The media has a large part in the amount of security that is needed in such political events. If the summit had been done in other technological means without attracting the attention of protestors little or no security would be needed. The destructive effects of protests, both to the economy and security of the country, would be avoided (Gothamist). With society changing and technology advancing 20 people don’t have to be in the same place at the same time to discuss world matters. This would also protect against excessive media coverage of a highly political event. The net effect would be a significant cut in the cost of holding the G20 summit. The saved finances would then be focused on other issues like provision of basic needs to those who lack them.

Since the summit was held in Toronto, there have been 94 protectionist measures implemented by the G20 member governments, with just 44 of similar measures being implemented by the rest of the world (Evenett 22). The world over, there has been 100 neutral measures formulated and implemented since June 2010, with G20 member countries implementing only 29% of these (Evenett 22). This shows a serious mismatch between what the G20 summit concludes and the action taken by the member countries. If this is the trend, is there a need to spend so much money on G20 summit to make resolutions that will not be followed by those making them? This question needs to be answered for the need for and the importance of the G20 summit to be ascertained.

It is clear that governments which are not members of the G20 summit are better at keeping markets open than those who made the resolution to do so in Toronto. There is a great mismatch between word and action of the developed countries. The same governments that spoke of their desire to promote development by encouraging trade between them and the third world countries are instead harming these poor countries through their protectionist measures (Evenett 22). The G20 members are ranked top among countries that have caused economic harm to their lesser trading partners (Evenett 23).

The following table shows the biggest targets of discriminatory measures at different times before and after the summit (Evenett 25).

Table 1: Highest targets of discriminatory measures

The table below shows by rank the countries that have inflicted the most harm to others. It shows that the economically stable countries of the G20 are in the forefront of inflicting harm to their trading partners (Evenett 26).

Table 2: Rank of countries inflicting the most harm

As seen in the G20 meetings in Washington and London, the member countries showed that they can act together on serious issues affecting them, like the financial recession. The nations demonstrated their willingness to engage in any actions necessary in a bid to stabilize their financial systems (Blustein and Prasad). Such actions included nationalization of banks and creation of insurance schemes that would help clear toxic debts as well as availing bail-outs. There was also reduction of interest rates as a policy measure to boost the economic recovery process. These economic heavy weights encouraged support of their development agenda by the World Bank through its new infrastructure as well as trade finance facilities (Lagande 078-079). They also resolved to strengthen regulatory regimes as they did for financial markets in a bid to prevent further economic crises. During the Washington G20 meeting, the member countries stressed the importance of assisting the poorest countries in the world to develop. Emerging economies would also be helped to get finances through the IMF and development banks. The intent to help the poor countries seems noble and would momentarily bring an illusion of relief to these countries, but the developed countries just stressed the importance of helping them with no commitment or plans of doing so being drawn (Brusick and Evenett).

From these summits, it is clear that the developed countries can act in haste when matters affecting them directly arise and they defend their interests with whatever action that is necessary. It cannot be expected that they react with the same zest when there are issues affecting the poor countries, but at least including the in the membership of the G20 would give them a forum to push for consideration of those problems afflicting them (Brusick and Evenett).

The financial stability board (FSB) came up as a result of re-establishment of what was formerly known as the Financial Stability Forum (FSF) during the G20 meeting in London. It was mandated with the task of promoting financial stability among the G20 member countries, but its coverage extends to cover the European commission and Spain. The FSB monitors and advises the member countries on issues to do with market development, highlighting the possible effects on regulatory policy. It undertakes strategic reviews of the work on policy development done by standard setting institutions in an effort to ensure timely and coordinated focus on priorities that cover financial gaps (Samans, Uzan and Lopez). It also comes up with guidelines and support for supervisory colleges’ establishment and operation by identifying the most important and systemically appropriate cross-border firms. It then coordinates planning to manage cross-border crisis with reference to the identified important cross-border firms. In conjunction with the IMF, the FSB identifies early warning signs of financial risks and recommends actions that can be used to deal with the threat.

The FSB is therefore concerned about the financial welfare of the G20 member countries which, as earlier indicated, comprise of the world’s greatest economies and upcoming promising economies. This further proves the theory earlier generated that the process adopted by the G20 seeks to safeguard the rich and make them richer while the poor remain in poverty. The developing countries could benefit significantly from the services of the FSB in helping them from their financial difficulties through strategic planning (Brusick and Evenett).

From the text presented in this paper, it can be concluded that the G20 summit is necessary for handling the economic and governance issues of the member countries. The summit provides a forum in which matters of global importance are discussed and solutions formulated. It also works hand in hand with other global organizations like the World Bank and the IMF to facilitate solutions to various challenges. Through the FSB, it helps identify economic warnings early enough for preventive measures to be put in place. Therefore, the importance of the G20 summit cannot be underestimated (Blustein and Prasad).

However, the G20 summit has its blemish on different areas. First, its organization and operation of meetings is too expensive, as seen in the 2010 Toronto summit in which approximately 1 billion dollars was used, most of it going to security. This leaves the desire for a way to change how these summits are done in a bid to cut the costs and direct the funds to other areas which are more critical, like helping poor countries develop (Brusick and Evenett).

It is apparent that the G20 summit does not concentrate on issues that do not affect the member countries directly as much as they concentrate on those issues directly affecting them. Since the membership of the G20 does not include poor third world countries, this means that issues affecting them are not given weight for them to be attended to well and solutions found (Brusick and Evenett).

The G20 summit continues to use a lot of money on issues like organising meetings while the poor countries of the world suffer in poverty. Though the G20 is necessary, something should be done on its membership to involve third world countries and cut down the cost of running it (Blustein and Prasad).

Arner, Douglas, and Lotte Schou-Zibell. Asian regulatory responses to the Global Financial Crisis: Global journal of emerging market economies , 3, 1 (2011): 135- 169.

Blustein, Paul, and Eswar Prasad. Recovery or relapse: the role of the G20 in the global economy. Washington D.C: global economy and development at Brookings, 2010.

Brusick, Philippe, and Simon J. Evenett. “Should the developing countries worry about abuse of dominant power?” Wisconsin law review , 2 (2008): 269.

Coats, David, Will Hutton, and Matteo Razzanell. Tackling the global jobs crisis: Why the G20 summit matters . London: The Work Foundation, 2009.

Dunne, Timothy, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith. International relations theories. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Dvorak, Phred. “Toronto Locks Down for G-20 Summit”. The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones and Company Inc. 2011.

Edkins, John. and Zehfuss, Michael. Global politics. London : Routledge, 2009.

Evenett , Slyst. Broken promises: a G20 summit report by global trade alert. London: centre for Economic Policy research, 2009.

Msnb . G-20 Summit: ‘$1 Billion Boondoggle?’ 2011. WEB.

Gothamist LLC . How will the G-20 affect everyone, From Cyclists and Tourists . 2011.

Lagande, Charles. “How the G20 must unite to stave off further global financial crises.” business week- New York, 4149 ( 2009): 078-079.

Samans, Richard, Marc Uzan, and Augusto López-Claros.. The international monetary system, the IMF, and the G20: a great transformation in the making? Basing stoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.

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G20 and It’s Importance in Today’s World

Introduction

A common saying has it that when China sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold. However, with China’s economic rise, this phrase has gained momentum.

In the face of a new virus (COVID-19), world economies are reportedly shutting down production lines, consumption around the world is weakening and growth forecasts are being revised downwards. As a result, experts around the world are now rushing to understand the true impact of the spread of COVID-19 in this globalised world.

Globalisation and interconnectedness are interchangeable terms. Due to globalisation, the world has become one global village. Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the side-lines of Extraordinary Virtual G20 Leaders’ Summit 2020 has made a call to conceptualise this globalized world with humanity at the centre. Furthermore, PM gave a call to move ahead from the anachronistic agenda of finance and economics to humanity, climate change and terrorism.

In June 1999 the Finance Ministers at the G7 summit in Cologne recommended founding the G20 in order to strengthen the international financial architecture. The G20 was subsequently established in December 1999 as a regular forum for finance ministers and central bank governors. The G20 was further valorised when the heads of state and government met for the first time at the G20 summit in Washington in November 2008 to deal with the global economic and financial crisis. It thus became the key forum for the most important industrial and emerging countries to discuss major issues of international currency and financial policy.

Since then, The Group of Twenty, or G20, is the premier forum for international cooperation on the most important aspects of the international economic and financial agenda. It brings together the world’s major advanced and emerging economies. Moreover, The G20 Countries together represent around 85 percent of global GDP, 80 percent of global trade, and 60 percent of the world’s population. The objectives of G20 is to coordinate policy between its members, sustainable growth, risk reduction and creating a financial architecture. The G20’s work is organized around the Finance and Sherpa Tracks, while civil society assembles through Engagement Groups.​​ However, it has been argued that G20 is not a legally binding institution and needs to be given more teeth.

Fir. 1 G20 population in millions  

Roles and Responsibilities

G20 is a platform where the Leaders’ committed to work with developing countries, particularly low-income countries to support them in implementing their nationally driven policies and priorities which are needed to fulfil internationally agreed development goals, particularly the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and reaffirmed their standstill commitment.

G20 provides policy coherence, analysis and practical tools to support growth and development. This helps G20 members to better target their cooperation with developing countries and can help amplify development efforts on the international agenda. It promotes inclusive societies and opportunities for all. Co-ordinated work associated with G20 on human resources has helped many job-seekers with employment opportunities. The G20 members have and will continue to have, important implications for growth and development in Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs).

G20 plays a critical role in creating an enabling environment for inclusive global growth and development. Its work on ensuring financial stability, promoting growth and avoiding and managing crises is critical in supporting the opportunities. In turn, the increasing integration of developing countries into the global economy contributes to the G20’s objective of strong, sustainable, balanced and inclusive global growth. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development also sets an ambitious, transformative and universal agenda for sustainable development efforts. The G20 is well placed to contribute to its implementation and can maximize its collective impact.

Role in Fighting COVID-19

Today, when the global pandemic COVID-19 is making its way into the annals of the world, G20 needs a more humane touch. British installations during the Second World War were plastered with posters which said Careless talks costs lives. It also has to be noted that 90 percent of the COVID-19 cases and 88 percent of deaths were in G20 countries. Therefore, proactive talks with a collective approach will bring to halt this crisis of pandemic. Realising the dream of a virus-free world will take extra effort from every G20 nation. A “reformed multilateralism” is required for making the systems more effective to meet present-day challenges as well as making them more inclusive.

Theoretically, the School of Structural Realism says it’s the structure of the world which is anarchical in nature and there is no global governance. States behave in a way where there is a goal for self-survival and self-help. A humanitarian call by Indian PM for the empathy to nurture within states is an endeavour in the right direction.

In the Seoul Summit in 2010, the theme ‘Shared Growth Beyond Crisis’ was central. This vividly explains the core agenda of the grouping but undermines the humanitarian issues which need urgent attention. The role of G20 will become more active if the leaders will put the parlance into practice by bringing COVID-19 impact and humanitarian agenda into centrality.

Therefore, as a larger chunk of G20 integrates a larger population, the role of G20 has become more and more fierce and integral. A comprehensive and collective endeavour is a need for an hour for the institution to live.

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The G20 summit shows a world divided in its attitudes toward globalisation

Senior Lecturer in International Business and Economic Geography, University of Liverpool

Disclosure statement

Jennifer Johns does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

University of Liverpool provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation UK.

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The theme of this year’s G20 summit in Hamburg, Germany, is “ Shaping an Interconnected World ”. The gathering of 20 world leaders is set to focus on building resilient economies, improving sustainability and assuming responsibility for the prosperity of all countries. But discussions take place in a much more uncertain and potentially divisive environment than previous years.

In particular, they are divided over their attitudes toward globalisation. It is globalisation that has significantly increased the degree of interconnection between the world’s economies. And it is this interconnection that drives the need for international discussion and cooperation – via events such as the G20.

But this last year has seen as a loud backlash against globalisation. There was the Brexit vote in the UK and the election of Donald Trump in the US on a protectionist ticket. This is ironic given that they are two of the world’s biggest economies (at least for the time being). Both have been major drivers of globalisation and have benefited enormously from it.

But now both countries are calling the future of globalisation into question. Two sides have emerged in the debate over whether or not globalisation is a good thing and whether or not nation states should be more protective and inward-looking.

On the one hand, some G20 countries emphasise the benefits of ongoing and increased levels of cooperation between countries and regional trading blocs. These countries, such as Germany and Canada, seek to tackle the issues caused by globalisation at the global scale. This is not a homogeneous group, but there is a broad consensus that the high degree of interconnection between the world’s economies is not easily unpicked, nor is it desirable to try to do so.

On the other hand, some G20 countries feel that economic integration – as a consequence of globalisation – has gone too far. National governments therefore adopt increasingly isolationist and protectionist policies. This involves disengaging from global trade agreements (such as the EU single market or the Trans-Pacific Partnership ) and shifting towards bilateral agreements. For them, globalisation is understood as something that needs to be protected against. Trade relationships are reduced to simplified notions of importing and exporting as opposed to acknowledging that the global economy has shifted significantly towards highly complex and integrated supply chains which deliver our everyday consumer goods .

The US and UK have taken a protectionist turn. In the case of the US, globalisation is seen as a convenient tool to be used to gain advantages for domestic firms in international markets. But the impact of globalisation on the domestic US economy is the focus of debate. In reality, it is difficult to separate “domestic” and “international” economic activities. And there is little meaningful discussion of how these policies will affect the US’s dominance of the world’s largest multinational firms .

Several countries have a legacy of resisting many aspects of globalisation. For example, France’s resistance to global pressures to change its labour market laws and attempt to protect its language from outside influence. China has shifted its policy from global agreements to a new emphasis on reciprocity . It is still the world’s largest exporter and receives the highest levels of foreign direct investment .

But neither country is willing to reject globalisation as a whole. Similarly, many of the G20’s emerging economies, such as South Africa, Brazil and Mexico, are realistic about the potential downsides of globalisation – but these nations view international cooperation as a mechanism for positive change.

Increased uncertainty

Arguably, it is the inability of leading economies to recognise, and respond to, the perils of globalisation that has led to increased uncertainty in the contemporary global economy. The US (and many others) did not heed the warnings given by economists like Joseph Stiglitz about capitalism and globalisation. Nor did the UK heed warnings about regional inequalities and income disparities . The UK government’s failure to address post-industrial changes in the poorest regions of the UK have led to the rejection of the status quo by many – as illustrated by the Brexit vote.

These countries have failed to safeguard against the negative impacts of globalisation. Rather than acknowledge this, their policies have swung to a protectionist stance in which other countries’ activities are often blamed for the ills within.

So there is a clear divide in the ways in which members of the G20 are now discussing globalisation. These two sides of the debate are not new and there has always been intense discussion around its positives and negatives. What is new is the shift by those countries who have traditionally gained most from globalisation (such as the US and UK) away from economic integration. The sides of the debate are moving in opposite directions.

It is frustrating that those countries most forcefully imposing isolationist and protectionist policies seem to lack a full awareness of the consequences of their actions. Breakdowns in international cooperation increase friction and the chances of conflict between countries – a far cry from the ideals of an “interconnected world”. All should heed Angela Merkel’s warning in this year’s G20 summit objectives that “the experiences of the crises of the 1930s were a lesson to us that we must not forget”.

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What the G20 Summit success means for India and the world

The summit's declaration will have implications for bilateral ties, india's global influence, and efforts to revive multilateralism..

New Delhi As the Indian Presidency of G20 begins wrapping up, after a weekend which brought the world to Delhi for an extraordinarily successful leaders’ summit, New Delhi can breathe a sigh of relief that all went well. And it can take justifiable pride in its achievements.

The summit and its declaration , as well as the bilateral and plurilateral meetings on the sidelines, reflected Indian foreign policy priorities and the nature of its relationships with key actors. The declaration will also have implications for bilateral ties, particularly with the US, Russia and China , India’s quest to be the voice of the Global South, and efforts to revive reformed multilateralism at a particularly bleak time in the international system.

Also Read: G20 will use a mix of renewable energy, low carbon, and clean tech to achieve carbon neutrality

In his book, The India Way , external affairs minister S Jaishankar wrote: “This is a time for us to engage America, manage China, cultivate Europe, reassure Russia, bring Japan into play, draw neighbours in, extend the neighbourhood, and expand traditional constituencies of support.” On each of these fronts, India succeeded in meeting its objective.

Engaging America

If Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s state visit to the US in June represented a Great Leap Forward, President Joe Biden’s visit to India represented consolidation and deepening of trust. Think of the two visits as a blistering opener setting the stage for a big score, to be followed by a solid middle-order knock to consolidate the innings. This was reflected in cooperation at the global, regional, and bilateral levels.

Also Read: G20 has stood up for Ukraine’s territorial integrity and sovereignty: Blinken

India owes the US a debt for Washington’s flexibility on the text of the Delhi declaration. There is little doubt that Biden, who has arguably been the most committed Democratic president to the India relationship in history, signed off on dropping a specific reference to Russia’s aggression, in the context of UN resolutions, and allowed for a more generic and broader formulation. The Europeans then followed suit, for despite all their bravado, it is the US that has rescued Ukraine from Russian aggression so far. American flexibility also gave India the room to mobilise the Global South and bring collective pressure on Moscow on board. But even beyond Ukraine, the Delhi-DC synergy on multilateral development banks (MDBs) or DC’s acceptance of India’s digital public infrastructure (DPI) as a possible global template or collaboration in the Global Biofuels Alliance shows how India and US want to shape the world together.

On the regional front, the significance of the India-Middle East-Europe corridor announcement cannot be overstated. Yes, the project will take decades to complete. But rarely have such a diverse set of actors, across four regions (North America, the European continent, West Asia and South Asia) collaborated on a project of this scale for common good. Not only can this present a concrete alternative to the predatory model of Chinese infrastructure financing, it can open up tremendous commercial opportunities for India.

And bilaterally, Biden and Modi reviewed the speedy implementation of a range of their agreements signed last June and made a set of new announcements. The GE jet engine and MQ-9B deals are moving along smoothly. Under the initiative on critical and emerging technology (iCET), the space, semiconductor, defence innovation, education, quantum, biotech and telecom collaboration has seen tangible action. All trade disputes between India and the US at WTO now stand resolved. And there are real financial partnerships emerging in the domain of climate.

Put it all together. The summit shows that Delhi and DC are closely engaged. Their friendship is deepening. The collaboration is both public and private. And they are talking about issues way beyond the traditional box of the bilateral relationship.

Reassuring Russia

The weekend also illustrated the complexities that mark the India-Russia relationship, where the public and private, short-term and medium-term, and past and future have to viewed differently.

In terms of the public projection of the relationship, the summit showcased that the old bonds of friendship between Delhi and Moscow persist in the short-term. It is unlikely that any other country would have been able to create a context which offered Russia a face-saver on the international stage, at a time when Moscow has invaded another country.

India, however, ensured that the declaration dropped the specific reference to Russian aggression in the text to accommodate Vladimir Putin’s demand. But in doing so, it won over the space to insert a set of paragraphs that are clear criticisms of Moscow’s positions and actions, from its threat of using nuclear weapons to halting the implementation of the Black Sea Grain deal, from attacking civilians and infrastructure to the second-order consequences of its actions in terms of destabilising the global economic environment, from the violation of territorial integrity and sovereignty of another state to embarking on a war in an era which is not one of war.

But this mix of accommodation and criticism isn’t the story. The story, as Russian foreign minister Sergei Lavrov’s praise for the Indian presidency on Sunday showed, is that Moscow feels good about what happened in Delhi. If the aim was to reassure Russia of India’s commitment to the relationship, and that Delhi retains its autonomy despite getting closer to the west, India has done that yet again.

This reassurance is needed in the first place because privately, Indian policymakers know that the future of the strategic partnership isn’t as bright and, for its own national security, Delhi has no choice but to diversify its relationship and dependencies. India may or may not say it, but it knows that Moscow was wrong in attacking Kyiv. It knows that Moscow today is weaker, in terms of comprehensive national power, than it was before February 2022. It knows that Moscow’s dependence on Beijing has complicated how India thinks of its foremost security challenge, China. It knows that the Indian military is struggling to meet its requirements because of the dilution in the Russian military-industrial base. And it knows that deeper ties with the rest of Europe are essential.

And if India knows all of this and is acting accordingly, Moscow knows that Delhi knows it. Which is why the actions with medium-term implications have to be distinguished from the posture in the short term. The weekend highlighted both this disconnect but also India’s ability to pursue both tracks simultaneously.

Managing China

The G20 weekend showed the incredible challenge India faces in managing the China relationship and how this will persist. Take three specific forms in which this played out.

The first was Chinese president Xi Jinping’s decision to skip the summit, the first time he was absent from a G20 gathering since taking over. For the Indian political leadership, in terms of domestic optics, this was probably a good thing, for a Modi-Xi handshake or a Modi-Xi bilateral meeting may well have invited criticism from the Opposition, which would have alleged this was a sign of India’s weakness given the situation at the border. But in terms of strategic signals, it was yet another sign that China’s political leadership wanted to steer clear of seeming to endorse India’s success on the global high table or even, it appeared before the summit, block it. It is also a possible warning that things aren’t going to get better and may even get worse at the border.

The second was the Chinese stance during the negotiations on the text. While backing Russia on Ukraine, it did support the other elements of the outcomes at the ministerials. But it stepped up its obstructionism in recent weeks on a range of other items, in a clear attempt to unsettle the Indian side. Delhi figured that the only way to get Beijing on board was by creating a situation where China would either have to be the last one standing resisting a common text or come on board due to the risk of being seen as isolated and as a spoiler. Through adroit diplomacy, including by convincing Moscow and mobilising the Global South in its favour, Delhi did that. Beijing shed its resistance.

The third form this took was in specific geopolitical actions which weren’t directly related to China but will impact the Delhi-Beijing bilateral axis. In the past, Indian policymakers have been cautious in being seen as moving too close to the West for the fear of China interpreting it as an aggressive move directed at it. But Beijing helped resolve that dilemma for Delhi with its aggression. India is now clear that it will do what is in its interest with the US, irrespective of how Beijing may interpret it. Both Quad, for which Biden may visit India again next January, and intensified engagement with the US in West Asia through the infrastructure corridor, are instances of this approach.

Put it together, and the big takeaway from the episode is that India-China ties are fragile and will remain so. But given the asymmetries of power, India needs time to strengthen its capabilities. It also needed China to play ball on a set of multilateral issues. And therefore it managed China, without any illusion that this management is anything close to a resolution of the structural issues that haunt the relationship.

Traditional constituencies

Finally, this weekend illustrated how India is bringing its neighbours in (think of how Bangladesh was a guest country at G20 and got an unprecedented networking opportunity with the world’s political elite); working in the extended neighbourhood (the infra corridor with the UAE and Saudi Arabia reflects this); and expanding its transitional constituencies of support (think of the entire discourse around the Global South).

Of these dimensions, the return of the Global South was the most prominent takeaway from the weekend. There is a view which sees this as a return to the old anti-West, third-worldism rhetoric that dominated Indian foreign policy for long. But India’s current approach is different because it is based on using New Delhi’s unique position in the global hierarchy to bridge the divide between West/North and the South. And this took four specific forms over the weekend.

The first was the inclusion of African Union (AU) in G20. Think about it. The world’s premier forum for international economic cooperation had a single African member: South Africa. Few data points illustrate the inequities in the global power structure better than this shocking lack of representation of an entire continent. While there had been discussions of bringing in AU, the fact that this happened under the Indian Presidency will now be etched in history books. And the western bloc fully supported the initiative.

The second was the inclusion of the most pressing concerns of the Global South in the text. Think of food security and there is a demand to implement the Black Sea Grain Initiative which has been so critical to meeting requirements in Africa. Think of climate and there is a clear recognition that the crisis is here, the world is failing to meet temperature goals, but that it is according to common but differentiated responsibilities that the crisis needs to be managed. The declaration even has a figure in terms of financing requirements for the developing world to meet emission targets. Think of sustainable development goals and the setbacks in recent years in meeting these goals, and there is talk of a new road map with adequate financing needed to achieve them. Think of the acceptance of the idea of DPI and financial inclusion, which will help the poorest citizens in the poorest parts of the world. Every section of the declaration is imbued with a spirit of inclusion of the most marginalised voices in the international order.

And finally, the idea of reform of multilateral development banks (MDBs) has to be seen in the context of India prioritising the Global South. It used its presidency to make clear to the West that the expansion in the mandate of the World Bank to include battling the climate crisis cannot happen at the cost of the aims of ending extreme poverty. It pushed for newer ways to mobilise finances to enable MDBs to meet these expanded goals.

Put all this together, and it’s clear that India is now not just at the high table, but actually shaping conversations on the concerns of the Global South and finding ways to address them in specific ways, not in opposition to the West but in conjunction with the West. No picture illustrated this better than the one that had the leaders of India, South Africa, Brazil , US and World Bank together. There was of course a strategic subtext to this. China’s hopes of becoming the champion of the Global South will not go uncontested — and India will compete on its own terms and with its own partners, but while listening carefully to what its partners want.

From the bilateral to the global, India had its best foreign policy weekend ever in Delhi. But in geopolitics, there is no full stop. What has happened will inaugurate a new chapter as India navigates the next set of challenges in the global order. The experience, however, must have made policymakers both more confident in their skills – and acutely conscious of the challenges that lie ahead.

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G20 and Opportunities of Better Global Governance

• 04 Aug 2023
• 12 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• Global Groupings
• Important International Institutions
• Groupings & Agreements Involving India and/or Affecting India's Interests

This editorial is based on The trajectory of progress must change which was published in The Hindu on 03/08/2023. It talks about the global governance systems and issues related to it.

For Prelims: SDGs, G20 , GDP , G-7 , Mission LiFE , COVID-19 Pandemic , Financial Stability Board , Paris Agreement

For Mains : Significance of Local Governance in Global Governance

The world is facing multiple crises of climate change, socio-economic inequality, poverty, and conflict. The current model of economic growth is not equitable. Mere economic growth will not solve the world’s problems; it needs to be sustainable and equitable too.

The G20, which represents 80% of the world’s GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and 2/3rd of the global population , is one of the most influential forum for global governance. However, it is at an impasse because the US wants its members to shut out Russia and China who it sees as obstacles in its personal gains. . India, as the chair of the G20, is not easily swayed by pressure from the G-7 and wants the G20 to concentrate on the agenda of 90% of humanity outside the G-7.

India, as chair of the G20, has offered a vision of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam (One Earth, One Family, One Future) to bring all citizens of the world together and make the world better for everyone. India has also proposed an approach of LiFE (lifestyles for sustainable development) to the G20. It requires “coherent actions amongst stakeholders at all levels rooted in collective actions across society”. It also recognizes and amplifies the role of local communities, local and regional governments and traditional knowledge in supporting sustainable lifestyles.

What is the G20's Role in Shaping Global Governance?

• Economic issues transcend national borders, necessitating coordinated efforts.
• The G20 acts as a platform for major economies to discuss and align their economic policies, promoting global stability and growth.
• The G20 accounts for more than 80% of world GDP, 75% of global trade.
• The G20 emerged as a response to the 2008 financial crisis. Since then, it has played a critical role in crisis management by convening leaders to address immediate challenges and formulate strategies for recovery.
• In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, G20 leaders held an Extraordinary Virtual Leaders' Summit to coordinate global efforts. They committed to supporting research, ensuring access to medical supplies, and sharing best practices.
• The G20 aims to enhance the resilience and stability of the global financial system. It has pushed for reforms to financial institutions, regulations, and oversight mechanisms to prevent future crises.
• The G20's commitment to financial regulation led to the establishment of the Financial Stability Board (FSB), which monitors and makes recommendations about the global financial system.
• While not its primary mandate, the G20 addresses environmental issues and sustainable development. The group's decisions impact resource allocation, energy policies, and international climate commitments.
• The G20 can set agendas and influence priorities on a global scale. Its discussions often drive international discourse and guide policies adopted by other international organizations.

What are the Challenges of Global Governance?

• Countries have varied and often conflicting interests and priorities. Balancing these diverse perspectives while seeking common solutions can be immensely challenging.
• Disagreements over climate change commitments in international agreements like the Paris Agreement showcase how countries' diverse interests hinder reaching common solutions.
• Global governance requires coordinated action among numerous stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and the private sector.
• Unequal distribution of resources, both financial and technological, creates disparities in addressing global challenges.
• Limited access to Covid-19 vaccines in low-income countries highlighted resource disparities and challenges in providing equitable global public goods.
• Many global challenges are multifaceted, spanning economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions.
• Addressing these issues requires comprehensive and integrated approaches that can be difficult to develop and implement.
• Power imbalances among countries can lead to unequal influence in global governance processes.
• Unequal representation in global decision-making bodies like the UN Security Council can lead to skewed priorities and resolutions.
• Environmental issues, including climate change, require global cooperation to mitigate their impact. Disagreements over responsibility, mitigation strategies, and resource allocation hinder effective global responses.
• The lack of consensus on climate finance commitments and emission reduction targets reflects the difficulty of achieving global cooperation on environmental issues.
• Short political cycles and domestic pressures within individual countries may lead to decision-making that prioritizes immediate gains over long-term global benefits.
• This short-term focus can hinder efforts to address complex, gradual challenges.
• The G20 has a limited membership that excludes many countries and regions, which may undermine its legitimacy and representation.
• Feud among member countries, some even major economies, also hinders better coordination at global level

How Strengthening Local Governance can Strengthen Global Governance?

• Example: In rural areas, engaging local farmers in adopting climate-smart agriculture practices tailored to their environment boosts agricultural productivity and environmental conservation.
• Example: Constructing water purification units in remote villages enhances health and hygiene, addressing clean water and health-related SDGs.
• Promoting transparent decision-making processes involving local citizens, civic organizations, and elected representatives ensures that policies align with community needs, building trust and accountability.
• Establishing platforms for local and international collaboration, knowledge exchange, and resource-sharing enables communities to collectively address challenges like climate change, poverty, and inequality.

How India is Changing the Trajectory of Progress?

• Promoting a vision of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam that respects diversity and fosters solidarity among nations and peoples.
• Inspiring other countries to follow its example and learn from its successes and failures.
• Besides these steps, the Government of India shall empower local communities and local governments to find and implement solutions to their own problems using their own resources and knowledge.

How G20 Can Strengthen Global Governance ?

• The G20 should prioritize collaborative leadership, focusing on setting agendas that reflect the diverse interests of its member nations while also promoting sustainable development, equitable resource distribution, and global stability.
• Regular dialogues and consultations can ensure that decisions made are inclusive and holistic.
• This could involve incentivizing green investments , supporting renewable energy adoption , and encouraging circular economy models.
• Member nations could also collectively commit to carbon neutrality targets and align their energy policies with the Paris Agreement.
• Building upon its role in crisis management, the G20 should establish a framework for rapid response to global emergencies, whether financial, health-related, or environmental.
• This framework could involve preemptive planning, information sharing, and coordinated resource allocation to ensure a swift and effective response to crises.
• Investment in education, healthcare, and infrastructure can empower these countries to actively participate in global governance and contribute to sustainable solutions.
• The G20 should encourage member nations to empower local communities by devolving decision-making powers and resources.
• Support for participatory governance, capacity development at the local level, and mechanisms for sharing best practices can enhance the effectiveness of local initiatives in addressing global challenges.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year’s Question (PYQs)

Q. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (2020)

(a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey (b) Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand (c) Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam (d) Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea

The New Delhi G20 Summit: Reflections from India

An 83-paragraph G20 New Delhi Declaration was adopted by consensus at the opening session of the Summit on 9 September 2023, to the surprise of many observers of multilateral relations. The Declaration reflected a new multipolar response to global challenges that have derailed Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development. This prioritized responding to the assessment of the United Nations that ‘progress on most of the SDGs is either moving much too slowly or has regressed below the 2015 baseline.’  UN Political Declaration for SDG Summit September 2023, paragraph 8. 1 See more here https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/PD%2030%20Aug.pdf?_gl=1*2xf087*_ga*ODQzMjQ2MDg4LjE2NzM0NzUxNjk.*_ga_TK9BQL5X7Z*MTY5NDQ2MTkxMy41NS4wLjE2OTQ0NjE5MTMuMC4wLjA .

Back to the core G20 mandate: Economic cooperation

The Declaration reiterated the G20’s designation as the ‘premier forum for global international economic cooperation,’ despite the massive Western media analysis on how the G20 would address the war in Ukraine. 2 See more G20 New Delhi Declaration, 9 September 2023, para 5.  https://www.diplomacy.edu/resource/g20-new-delhi-declaration/#For_the_Planet_People_Peace_and_Prosperity This reiteration was necessary to restore the focus of both the G20 members and the wider international community on the role of the G20 to coordinate global economic policy responses to global challenges. As the host of the G20 Summit, India deployed its considerable diplomatic resources to engage with other G20 members bilaterally and collectively to provide a forward-looking, human-centric outcome that would make the G20 relevant to determining ‘the course the world takes’.

India’s objective of ensuring a consensus outcome was deliberately pursued to signal that the G20 had adapted to ‘pursue development models that implement sustainable, inclusive and just transitions globally, while leaving no one behind’. The strategy for achieving this outcome rested on two processes. One was to broaden and deepen participation, including by civil society and youth, to give a new energy to implementing issues already on the G20’s agenda. The other process was to ensure that any references in the Declaration to the war in Ukraine would be based on consensus in the outcome document, reflecting the solidarity and relevance of the G20 itself in a changing international environment. 

Walk the Talk: Stronger voices from the Global South

The G20’s commitment on overcoming challenges to implement Agenda 2030 and its SDGs was evident in the outcomes reported to the Summit from the 200 sectoral G20 meetings hosted by India in 68 cities with the participation of over 100,000 G20 delegates. This resulted in generating huge public awareness within India and abroad of the important issues confronting multilateralism today. 

India had publicly declared six priorities at the beginning of its Presidential term on 1 December 2022. These were increasing the effective participation of developing countries of the Global South in G20; prioritizing inclusive growth as the basis for reviving the derailed implementation of Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development; identifying additional areas for climate action; introducing a focus on using technology to accelerate development through a human-centric approach; making women’s empowerment more effective; and reforming multilateralism.

At the opening session of the Summit, the G20 agreed to admit by consensus the African Union (AU) as a permanent and equal member of the grouping. With this single decision, 55 developing countries of the Global South, with a combined population of 1.3 billion people from Africa, were brought into the G20, effectively enhancing the voice of the Global South in the grouping. The diplomatic groundwork for this outcome had been laid early in India’s Presidency. On 12-13 January 2023 India hosted a virtual Voice of the Global South Summit, in which 125 developing countries participated, including 47 from Africa, 31 from Asia, 29 from Latin America and the Caribbean, 11 from Oceania, and 7 from Europe. The first opportunity for an expanded G20 to play its role in supporting the UN on development issues will come at the UN’s SDG Summit to be held in New York in September 2023. 

Future focus: Development of digital public infrastructure

The G20 consensus on prioritizing the implementation of Agenda 2030 is reflected throughout the New Delhi Declaration. India’s advocacy of using digital technologies as a means for accelerating implementation of Agenda 2030 on Sustainable Development was welcomed by the G20, which noted the role of digital technology in ‘bridging the existing digital divides’ and accelerating ‘progress for inclusive and sustainable development’. Of particular significance was the recognition of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) model by the G20 as a template. The G20 agreed to formulate a framework with principles for DPI, while India offered to share its DPI, which uses shared digital systems built and leveraged by both the public and private sectors, using opensource software, with other G20 and Global South partner states to enable delivery of services at a societal scale. As India’s Prime Minister commented, this reflected the ‘democratization of technology’. 3 PM Narendra Modi Interview to Press Trust of India. https://www.narendramodi.in/prime-minister-narednra-modi-s-interview-to-pti-573501

Governance reform: Inclusive multilateralism

Prime Minister Narendra Modi highlighted India’s contribution to the G20 on issues such as climate change and global institutional reform. India’s activist role in proposing international climate change cooperation, already visible in the establishment of the inter-governmental International Solar Alliance (ISA) with more than 125 member-states, and a Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure with a secretariat funded by India, continued during its G20 Presidency. The Declaration adopted the G20 Principles on Lifestyles for Sustainable Development (LiFE) initiated by India to adjust lifestyle and consumption patterns in society for sustainable development. It noted India’s offer to establish a Green Hydrogen Innovation Centre to be steered by the ISA.

On global governance issues, the thrust for ‘reformed multilateralism’ advocated by India received a boost with the inclusion of the AU in the G20. This enlargement opened the door for the G20 to focus on implementing SDG 16.8 of Agenda 2030, which seeks to ‘broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.’ The G20 Declaration stated that ‘a more inclusive and reinvigorated multilateralism and reform aimed at implementing the 2030 Agenda is essential’. The enhanced participation of the Global South provides a new urgency to the reference in the Declaration to ‘continue the process of IMF governance reform.’  

The assertion in para 14 of the G20 Declaration that ‘today’s era must not be of war’, initially mentioned in the context of the war in Ukraine, logically turns the G20’s attention to the reform of the UN Security Council (UNSC), because the UNSC is the only international body mandated by international law with the ‘primary responsibility’ to ‘maintain international peace and security’. As Prime Minster Narendra Modi elaborated prior to the Summit, ‘there are many different conflicts across various regions. All of them need to be resolved through dialogue and diplomacy.’ He emphasized that the G20 must support faster movement ‘towards a more representative and inclusive order where every voice is heard’.  4 Consult UN Charter, Article 24.1. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter

Ahead of us: IBSA 5 IBSA stands for India, Brazil and South Africa G20 momentum continues

The forthcoming G20 Presidencies during 2024 and 2025 of Brazil and South Africa create a window for the G20 to align itself with the UN General Assembly’s unanimous mandate from September 2005 for reforming the UNSC ‘to make it more broadly representative, efficient and transparent and thus to further enhance its effectiveness and the legitimacy and implementation of its decisions.’ 6 Read more UN General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/1 dated 16 September 2005, para 153. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf Additional permanent seats for Global South G20 members would be the logical outcome of such a reform after the New Delhi G20 Summit, whose theme was ‘One Earth, One Family, One Future’.

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Essay on G20

Students are often asked to write an essay on G20 in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on G20

Introduction.

G20, short for Group of Twenty, is an international forum for governments and central bank governors. It consists of 19 countries and the European Union.

Members of G20

The member countries are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Importance of G20

The G20 was formed to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.

Also check:

250 Words Essay on G20

Introduction to g20.

The Group of Twenty (G20) is an international forum for the governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union. Established in 1999, the G20 aims to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability.

Member Countries and Influence

The G20 members include a mix of the world’s largest advanced and emerging economies, representing about two-thirds of the world’s population, 85% of global gross domestic product, and over 75% of global trade. The influence of the G20 extends beyond its core members due to its economic and political weight.

Role and Function

The primary role of the G20 is to prevent future international financial crises. It seeks to shape the global economic agenda, by fostering dialogue amongst key countries within the global economic system. The G20 has no permanent staff or headquarters, making it a flexible and informal forum.

Significance and Criticism

The G20’s significance lies in its capacity to facilitate international economic cooperation. However, it has been criticized for its lack of transparency, accountability, and representation of smaller or less developed countries.

Despite its criticisms, the G20 remains an important platform for dialogue and decision-making at the highest levels of government and central banking. Its ability to adapt and respond to global economic challenges will continue to shape its relevance in the years to come.

500 Words Essay on G20

The Group of Twenty, popularly known as G20, is an international forum for governments and central bank governors from 19 countries and the European Union. Established in 1999, the G20 aims to discuss policy issues pertaining to the promotion of international financial stability. It seeks to address issues that go beyond the responsibilities of any one organization.

Member Nations and Structure

The G20 comprises 19 countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union. These economies represent around 85% of the gross world product (GWP), 80% of world trade, two-thirds of the world population, and approximately half of the world’s land area. The G20 operates without a permanent secretariat or staff, and its chairmanship rotates annually among its members.

Role and Importance

The G20 plays a pivotal role in global economic governance. Amidst the global financial crisis of 2008, the G20 was instrumental in preventing the global economy from slipping into a depression. It did so by coordinating national fiscal stimulus packages, enhancing the resources of international financial institutions, and initiating a financial sector reform agenda.

Challenges and Criticisms

Despite its significant role, the G20 has been criticized for its lack of representation and transparency. Critics argue that many countries, especially those from Africa, are underrepresented. Furthermore, decisions are often made behind closed doors, with little input from non-member countries. The G20’s effectiveness has also been questioned given the persisting global economic imbalances and the lack of enforceability of its decisions.

Future of G20

The future of the G20 hinges on its ability to adapt and respond to global challenges. Climate change, income inequality, and digital transformation are just a few issues that require a coordinated international response. The G20’s capacity to effectively address these issues will determine its relevance in the coming years.

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G20 Contribution to the 2030 Agenda

October 11, 2019.

As the world's premier forum for international economic co-operation, the G20 plays a critical role in helping to achieve the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Based on robust evidence and available data, this report examines how the G20's contributions to the global goals across key sectors are already making a difference, while also suggesting where it could go further in leading by example to support the global goals.

Collectively, G20 members account for around 85% of global gross domestic product, 75% of world trade and 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions – to name just a few areas of the G20's influence. This report, commissioned by the Government of Japan in support of its 2019 G20 Presidency, takes stock of the G20's progress to date against its Action Plan on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

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The Importance of India’s G20 Presidency

By harsh vardhan shringla.

The G20 Presidency is the most significant international event that India has hosted.  Given the strong geopolitical polarizations that cut across the North-South and the East-West divide, the challenges and expectations from India’s Presidency are onerous and exceptional. But despite these daunting challenges, what makes this moment unique is that the world is more confident than ever of India’s capacity and skills to bridge these divides and successfully steer what Prime Minister Modi has called “a presidency of healing, hope and harmony.”

India has taken over the G20 presidency at a very challenging and conflicted time in international order. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, exacerbated by the Ukraine conflict, has evoked the threat of global recession, high inflation, and an energy and food crisis. The collateral has been the slowing down of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate actions. Moreover, the world is polarised more than ever before.

It’s, therefore, reassuring to see that India is increasingly seen as a problem-solver and agenda-setter. The changing perception of India was evident at the first sherpa meeting held under India’s presidency in the beautiful lake city of Udaipur in the first week of December. Sherpas not only got a taste of India’s rich culture, but the country’s digital and technological prowess.

India’s G20 presidency has coincided with its month-long stint as president of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for December 2022, and presidency the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). These three signal diplomatic events has put spotlight on India’s global leadership role.

In the last few years, India’s global positioning has allowed it to secure a meaningful engagement with leading international partners, regional interlocutors and the developing world. India has been a regular invitee at the G7, consisting of major developed nations; it is a member of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), consisting of the major emerging economies; Quad, with the United States (US), Japan and Australia; and the SCO, which includes Russia, China and the Central Asian nations. In addition, India has effectively engaged regional partners, as evident from recent summit-level meetings it has held with the European Union, the African Union, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the Central Asian States.

Why G20 Matters

In these trying times, the international community will look for serious and credible measures to address uncertainties at the geopolitical and macroeconomic levels. The G20 uniquely offers a platform that has on board the world’s major developed and emerging economies.

Both the G7 and the UN Security Council are reminders of the world order which prevailed immediately after the World War II. The G20, on the other hand, brings the G7 together with other major economies as equal partners. It also brings together the P5 with other major countries. This makes the G20 a relevant and influential grouping in the world. Moreover, the regular participation of international and regional organisations such as the African Union, NEPAD and ASEAN as invitees in the G20 process makes it both inclusive and representative.

In the past, this group has delivered outcomes on issues of global importance. Its recent decisions to agree on a debt-suspension initiative for developing countries hit hard by Covid-19 and an equitable tax regime for multinationals have been well received.

However, the success of its broader composition can also contain the seeds of division. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has drawn a sharp focus on these traditional fault lines.

Resilient India

The stresses and uncertainties the world faces call for visionary leadership and great qualities of statesmanship. Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s New India has steered our country through the storm of Covid-19 and has turned India into one of the bright spots on the global landscape. It is a resilient India that has bounced back to become one of the fastest-growing economies. It is also an India that did not hesitate, in the most difficult of times, to share its resources and capacities for the greater global good.

Under the PM’s vision, India’s foreign policy has been inspired to work for the global common good in keeping with our ancient philosophy of Vasudeva Kutumbakkam, the world is one family with a shared future. At the G20 Summit convened by Saudi Arabia in March 2020 to respond to the pandemic, PM Modi called for a “people-centric globalisation”.

In keeping with this larger vision, India’s effort has been to leverage its domestic strengths and achievements to contribute globally. From Vaccine Maitri to Operation Sanjeevani and Co-WIN as an open-source digital platform for Covid-19 vaccination to the Oxygen Express, India has offered assistance to countries during the pandemic. Its stellar achievements in developing renewable energy and disaster-resilient capacities have been extended globally through international bodies such as the International Solar Alliance and the Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure. As a first responder and net-security provider, Indian assistance to its extended neighbourhood during natural calamities and other emergencies has reached from Aceh in Indonesia to Mozambique on the eastern littoral of Africa.

New Tech Order

India’s vision for the global development agenda is shaped by the rapid transformation of its economy and society launched by the Prime Minister, particularly green and digital transformations. For India, technology has always been a great equalizer, where citizens from all walks of life have used a veritable toolkit of digital public goods to access public services, make payments, and even address their collective grievances. In a world splintered by polarization and technological balkanization, India will strive to ensure that the world in the coming years is a just, equitable place with prosperous, inclusive societies at its core.

India is today a nation on the move. It is the fastest growing large economy with sound macroeconomic fundamentals, robust public finances and strong manufacturing and exports growth. It is a top FDI destination. It is the largest, smart phone data consumer and Global fintech adopter demonstrating its strengths in the digital space as a source of innovation.  It is a leader in climate action.

India has one of the world’s best digital public infrastructure models that includes such transformative structures as the Jam Trinity, UPI, Co-WIN, Ayushman Bharat, FASTag. Citizens from all walks of life have used a veritable toolkit of digital public goods to access public services, make payments, and even address their collective grievances.

India is today the fastest growing large economy, smartphone data consumer and global fintech adopter. At the Summit in Bali, the Prime Minister pointed out that over 40% of the world’s real-time payment transactions took place through UPI last year. India’s digital transformation, he said, has developed digital public goods whose basic architecture has in-built democratic principles, but sadly, citizens of most developing countries do not have any kind of “digital identity”. India’s experience in the past few years has shown that if digital architecture is made widely accessible, it can bring about socio-economic transformation. The proper use of digital technologies can become a force multiplier in the decades-long global fight against poverty.”

Under our presidency, we would make efforts with other G20 partners to create mechanisms that strengthen the capacity of developing countries to tackle health crises like the Covid19 pandemic. India’s G20 presidency will take forward efforts to create holistic, global health architecture that can respond better to future health crises like the pandemic.

At the G20, this model could be internationalized. Digital India must go global. A new tech order must combine cross-border flows of technology and investment with development and growth aspirations.

India in UNSC

India’s term as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) will end in 2022. It has, however, already made its mark in this exclusive UN body. Under India’s presidency in July 2021, the UNSC adopted a consensus-based presidential statement on maritime security for the first time. This was the first time in our history that an Indian PM presided over a UNSC summit. In its two-year term at the UNSC, India has effectively engaged on various issues, from the international community’s approach to the Taliban regime in Afghanistan to peacekeeping and counter-terrorism. When it exits the UNSC, it will undoubtedly leave a distinctive mark of the contribution that will vindicate and reinforce the case for it to become a permanent member.

Imparting a new momentum to counter-terror cooperation, India hosted for the first time the United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee in New Delhi in October this year. This special meeting of the Counter Terrorism Committee focused on “countering the use of new and emerging technologies for terrorist purposes”. Hosting this meeting in Delhi and Mumbai was a milestone as the CTC usually meets in New York. The “Delhi Declaration” that was adopted then is a landmark document that will prevent extremists, radicals, and terrorists from exploiting new-age technologies for terror attacks. Looking ahead, the international community must combat  the scourge of terrorism collectively, as External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said at a  UNSC briefing on “Global Counter-Terrorism Approach.”

Prime Minister Modi’s imprint on the international consciousness has been profound. His intellectual outreach through concepts such as SAGAR – Security and Growth for All in the Region; One Earth, One Health; LiFE – Lifestyle for Environment; P3 or Pro-Planet People; International Day of Yoga; Panchamrit for climate commitment; One Sun One World One Grid on interconnected green grids; have created a global resonance on issues of the most significant importance to people not only in India but across the world, and have been institutionalised in the activities of the UN and other international organisations and bodies.

Batting for Developing Countries

India’s engagement has not been confined to the rich and influential. India enjoys the strong support of the developing world. As external affairs minister S Jaishankar pointed out, “India is widely being perceived as the voice of the global south”. As India prepares to take on the G20 presidency, it will represent the hopes and aspirations of the developing world while at the same time comfortably positioned to engage the developed world and the large emerging economies.

India’s wide acceptability in the international community, strong developing country credentials, independence in thought and action, and resilient scientific and economic base have uniquely positioned it to provide global leadership at a critical time in international affairs. We must use our presidency of the G20 to work with our key partners to replicate at a global level our recent achievements and experiences in digital transformations for socio-economic development, innovation for growth and the development of alternative energy capacities for climate actions, among others.

As we enter the period of Amrit Kaal in the run-up to India@100, we are poised to shift trajectory to a path of high growth and inclusive development, fulfilling our collective aspirations to become a developed economy by 2047. Our inherent strengths place us in a unique position to provide constructive global leadership. India can provide solutions to the many global challenges that beset the world today, in leading us to a better tomorrow.

Going forward, India’s G20 Presidency would be a watershed moment in her history as it seeks to play an important role by finding pragmatic global solutions for the well-being of all. And in doing so, manifest the true spirit of One Earth, One Family, One Future and ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,’ the anthem of India’s G20 presidency. Indians have a unique opportunity in the presidency of G20 and a profound responsibility to showcase our rich cultural heritage and diversity, tourism potential and development prowess so that the world drives values from its interactions with us.

(Harsh Vardhan Shringla is the Chief Coordinator of India’s G20 Presidency. Prior to this, he was Foreign Secretary of India. In a four-decade long Indian Foreign Service career, he has been Ambassador to the United States of America, Bangladesh and Thailand. He was also Consul General of India in Durban, South Africa and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. He is also an experienced multilateral diplomat, having worked on two UN Security Council tenures, served in the Indian Mission to the UN in New York and as Permanent Representative to UNESCAP.)

This article has been published in the Special Edition of India and the World magazine-journal on India’s G20 presidency. This special publication includes big-picture articles by eminent diplomats, economists, and experts on the major priorities of India’s G20 presidency.  To purchase this edition or subscribe, write to [email protected] , [email protected] Call/what’s app: +91-9654980376, + 91-7428256082

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G20 - India' Presidency

India assumed the presidency of the G20 grouping from Indonesia, on December 1, 2022, and held the post for a year. This gave India a unique opportunity to contribute to the global agenda on pressing issues of international importance. India’s presidency of the G20 ended in Dec 2023. Brazil took over the presidency from India and will hold the 2024 G20 summit at Rio de Janeiro in December.

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Recently G20 summits started focusing not only on macro economy and trade; but also on a wide range of global issues which have an immense impact on the global economy since globalization started progressing and various issues became more intricately intertwined. Those issues included overall development, climate change and energy, health, counter-terrorism, as well as migration and refugees.

The G20 has sought to realize an inclusive and sustainable world through its contributions towards resolving these global issues.

This is an important topic for the UPSC 2024 exam .

G20 India Presidency

India’s G20 logo juxtaposes planet Earth with the lotus, India’s national flower and the theme is ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’ or ‘One Earth-One Family-One Future’

• The G20 Logo draws inspiration from the vibrant colours of India’s national flag – saffron, white and green, and blue.
• The Earth reflects India’s pro-planet approach to life, one in perfect harmony with nature.
• The theme also spotlights LiFE ( Lifestyle for Environment ), with its associated, environmentally sustainable and responsible choices, both at the level of individual lifestyles as well as national development, leading to globally transformative actions resulting in a cleaner, greener and bluer future.
• For India, the G20 Presidency also marks the beginning of “Amrit Kaal”, the 25-year period beginning from the 75th anniversary of its independence on 15 August 2022, leading up to the centenary of its independence, towards a futuristic, prosperous, inclusive and developed society, distinguished by a human-centric approach at its core.

Image Source: pmindia.gov

Significance of India’s G20 Presidency : 

• G20 is the premier forum for international economic cooperation representing around 85% of the global GDP, over 75% of the global trade, and about two-thirds of the world population.
• The G20 Leaders’ Summit at the level of Heads of State/Government is scheduled to be held on September 9 and 10, 2023 in New Delhi.
• According to Prime Minister Modi, this term can be an opportunity for India to share its expertise with the world in areas of women empowerment, democracy and digital technologies.
• As a country with core democratic values, India can show the world that the scope of conflict can come to an end when democracy becomes a culture. This gains significance amidst the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict .
• India’s foreign policy is focusing on the ‘global common good’. Through its G20 leadership, India hopes to extend this principle towards finding sustainable solutions to some of the key global challenges emerging out of the interconnectedness of the world, such as climate change, new and emerging technologies, food and energy security, etc.
• This would be the first time when the Troika would consist of three developing countries and emerging economies.
• It is hoped that as a result there would be a shift in the balance of power within the G20 favouring emerging economies to have a greater share in decision-making at this grouping.
• The G-20 Presidency presents a great opportunity for India to correct the long-standing anomalies that go against developing countries, especially in the domain of agriculture and food subsidies.

Read more on India’s G20 Presidency in the Sansad TV Perspective discussion .

G20 Summit 2022 – Indonesian Presidency

The G20 summit, the group’s first post-pandemic summit, recently took place in Bali, Indonesia , in the backdrop of the Russia-Ukraine crisis and a missile attack on Poland. The article gives a brief overview of the G20, highlights of the Bali summit and the significance of India’s G20 presidency.

Key Takeaways From G20 Summit 2022

• Leaders also reaffirmed their ongoing commitment to fostering a robust and long-lasting recovery that advances and maintains universal health care.
• They hailed the World Bank’s creation of the “Pandemic Fund,” a new financial intermediary fund for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response.
• The World Health Organization (WHO), with assistance from other international organisations, has reaffirmed the commitment of world leaders to strengthen global health governance.
• Digital Transformation & Digital Literacy
• Leaders have acknowledged the significance of digital transformation in achieving sustainable development goals.
• They pushed for further global cooperation to boost digital literacy and skills in order to maximise the benefits of the digital transformation, particularly for women, girls and those who are vulnerable.
• Climate Change: G20 leaders decided to continue their efforts to keep the rise in global temperature to 1.5 degrees Celsius, reaffirming their commitment to the temperature goal in Paris 2015 agreement on climate change.
• Food Security: The leaders praised the Black Sea grains project and pledged to take coordinated action to solve problems concerning food security.
• Focus on the Global Economy: In a departure from last year’s focus on healing the wounds left by the Covid-19 outbreak, the G20 economies agreed in their declaration to pace interest rate rises cautiously to avoid spillovers and warned of “increasing volatility” in currency fluctuations.
• Member nations issued a statement condemning Russia’s aggression in Ukraine “in the strongest terms” and calling for an immediate and complete withdrawal. 
• They also acknowledged that although the majority of members had expressed their opposition to the war in Ukraine, “there were different opinions and differing assessments of the situation and sanctions.”
• A summit of this size will be held for the first time in the nation in New Delhi on September 9 and 10, 2023.
• According to the Indian Prime Minister, India’s G20 chairmanship theme of “One Earth, One Family, One Future” will be reflected in its inclusive, ambitious, definite, and action-oriented presidency.

Challenges For G20 Countries

• Rising Geopolitical Rifts: The global economy is having trouble coping with rising geopolitical rifts like the conflict between the world’s two largest economies, the US and China, or the drop in trade between the UK and the euro area following the Brexit vote.
• Slow Down Of Major Economies: China, one of the main drivers of global economy, is currently experiencing a severe slowdown as a result of its ongoing real estate crisis.
• Expected Recession: While some of the world’s largest economies, including the US and the UK, are expected to experience a recession, others, like countries in the euro area, are more likely to experience a slowdown or even a standstill.
• Persistent High Inflation: Consistently rising inflation, which is reaching historic highs in a number of countries, has reduced purchasing power globally, slowing down economic growth.
• Impact of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine: In addition to greatly increasing geopolitical ambiguity, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has also significantly increased worldwide inflation. The associated Western sanctions have made the situation worse. Read in detail about the Russia-Ukraine Conflict in the linked article.
• Impact of Rising Inflation: Central banks around the world have hiked interest rates in response to the high inflation, which has further slowed down economic activity .

Indian Presidency in 2023

The G20 Presidency for 2023 will pass to India. India will take over the G20 Presidency on December 1st, 2022. 

• India will host nearly 200 meetings in 32 different sectors at various places all over the nation while it holds the G20 presidency. 
• G20 Theme : “Vasudhaiva Kutumba-Kam,” or “One Earth, One Family, One Future,” is the focus of India’s G20 Presidency.
• India will work to ensure that there is “just one world,” not a “first world or third world.”
• The G20 Theme embodies India’s efforts to realise its vision of uniting the entire world in pursuit of a common goal and a better future.

The importance of India holding the 2023 Summit is given below:

• India’s G20 Presidency is a special opportunity for India to contribute to the global agenda on urgent issues of global significance.
• The first step toward a new world order for the post-Covid age was to build an international agreement on reforming multilateral organisations like the UN.
• It is an opportunity to take on the role of Global South leader.
• The increasing importance of G20 in a world where issues like global warming, the COVID-19 pandemic and the conflict in Ukraine are pressing issues.

The purpose of establishing G20 is to create an atmosphere that supports equitable global growth and development. They bring together the most powerful economies in the world, both developed and emerging, to talk about global financial and economic stability. However, the way forward to tackle the present situation is:

• Governments must find measures to assist the vulnerable without necessarily increasing debt levels. The need to closely monitor external risks would be a major issue in this regard.
• The G20 leaders must advocate for “more open, stable, and transparent rules-based commerce” in order to alleviate the world’s supply shortages.
• Increasing the global value chains’ resilience would assist safeguard against upcoming shocks.
• Keeping the blazing inflation under control is the G-20’s top priority.
• A strong, sustained, balanced, and inclusive recovery necessitates G-20 cooperation, and this cooperation necessitates not only maintaining peace in Ukraine but also “helping prevent future division”.

The topic has a very high chance of being asked as a UPSC Prelims International Relations Question or as a Current Affairs Question as it has been in the news recently.

G20 Summit 2021 – Italian Presidency

The Italian Presidency – Italy held the Presidency of the G20 Summit 2021 since December 1st 2020. The Summit was held in Rome on October 30th and 31st 2021. 

The last G20 Summit was held on 21 and 22 November 2020 virtually (due to COVID -19 pandemic) under the presidency of Saudi Arabia. India in the g20 summit called for a ‘New Global Index’ that will be based on the following our pillars; Technology, Talent, Transparency, and Trusteeship towards the planet.

The agenda of the Italian Presidency (G20 Summit 2021) rests upon three main pillars: People, Planet, Prosperity. 

• Eradicating poverty, as mandated by the first Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations . Read more on Sustainable Development Goals on the linked page.
• Tackling inequality, which has been rising over the past decades and even more during COVID times.
• Building a more inclusive global society that means protecting the most vulnerable such as young people, precarious workers, small and medium enterprises; promoting women’s empowerment; ensuring universal access to education; redistributing opportunities within countries, and decreasing disparities between regions.

Aspirants can go through the following links for detailed information –

• A firm commitment to address key issues such as climate change, land degradation, biodiversity loss and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals enshrined in Agenda 2030.
• A transition towards renewable energies and a green recovery, with a focus on modern, “smart” cities, is essential and is among the main priorities promoted by the Italian Presidency.
• The G20 will also pave the way towards the 26th Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP26), a key milestone in the global fight against climate change, which will be co-hosted by Italy and the United Kingdom. Read in detail on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – UNFCCC on the linked page.

Check out the following links for further details –

• reducing the digital divide, promoting infrastructural developments able to guarantee universal internet access, and achieving adequate and widespread digital literacy. Read about the Digital Divide in India on the linked page.
• exploiting the full potential of the technological revolution to concretely improve the living conditions of citizens all over the world
• making health services more effective; facilitate data sharing to strengthen global pandemic preparedness and response, enhance the reach of educational activities, agile and flexible working models, a better work-life balance for both men and women; improve the efficiency of energy distribution networks, etc.

Read the information provided on the following links to prepare even better –

History of G20

When the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-1998 ended, it was acknowledged that the participation of major emerging market countries was necessary for a discussion on the international financial system. Hence, the G7 Finance ministers agree to establish the G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors meeting in 1999.

The meeting of G20 Finance ministers and the Central Bank Governors was centred on major economic and monetary policy issues amongst major countries in the global financial system. Their aim was to promote cooperation towards achieving stable and sustainable global economic growth for the benefit of all countries.

They upgraded to the head of the state level, as a forum for leaders from major developed and emerging market countries. In September 2009, the third summit was held in Pittsburgh where the leaders designated the G20 as the “premier forum for international economic cooperation.” The summit meetings were, henceforth held semiannually until 2010 and annually from 2011 onwards.

What is G20+?

The G20 developing nations, also called G21/G23/G20+ is a bloc of developing nations which was established on August 20, 2003. It is distinct from the G20 major economies.

• The G20+ originated in September 2003 at the 5th ministerial conference of the WTO held at Cancun, Mexico.
• Its origins can be traced to the Brasilia Declaration signed by the foreign ministers of India, Brazil and South Africa on 6th June 2003.
• The declaration stated that the major economies were still practising protectionist policies especially in sectors they were less competitive in and that it was important to see to it that the trade negotiations that took place provided for the reversal of those policies.
• The G20+ is responsible for 60% of the world population, 26% of the world’s agricultural exports and 70% of its farmers.

What did India do in the G20 2019 Summit?

Upcoming G20 summits

Also, Read| India’s relations with France and its significance for UPSC Exam

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Dig at Meloni’s Height Could Cost Reporter in Italy 5,000 Euros

A lawsuit that Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni won is one of several she has filed against critics. Press-freedom groups say it is a concerning practice.

By Elisabetta Povoledo

Reporting from Rome

A judge in Milan has found an Italian journalist guilty of defaming Italy’s prime minister, Giorgia Meloni, and ordered her to pay damages of 5,000 euros, or about $5,500, as well as court costs, the defendant’s lawyer said.

In Wednesday’s ruling, the journalist, Giulia Cortese, was also given a suspended fine of 1,200 euros ($1,300) for two posts on Twitter, now known as X, in October 2021, when Ms. Meloni was a lawmaker. In one tweet, she described Ms. Meloni using “not nice words,” Ms. Cortese’s lawyer, David Olivetti, said. In another she took aim at Ms. Meloni’s height, suggesting Ms. Meloni was 1.2 meters, or about 4 feet, tall.

The prosecutor trying Ms. Cortese had called it an example of body shaming. (At a campaign rally in 2022, Ms. Meloni told supporters she was 1.58 meters tall, or 5 feet 2 inches).

Ms. Cortese said Thursday that the past three years had been “quite stressful.” Her social media accounts were targeted by supporters of the prime minister, “who sent me insults and threats.” It was “very unpleasant,” she said, adding, “Above all, it seems absurd to clog up Italian courts, which have to deal with far more serious things, with such nonsense.”

Mr. Olivetti, who defended Ms. Cortese, said he would read the ruling before deciding whether to appeal.

Italy defines defamation as “damage to the reputation of a person through communication with several persons.” It does not distinguish between public figures and ordinary people.

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