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We Don’t See What Climate Change Is Doing to Us

We need to grapple with the many hidden, little understood, but highly damaging effects of climate change.

By R. Jisung Park

NASA Seeks ‘Hail Mary’ for Its Mars Rocks Return Mission

The agency will seek new ideas for its Mars Sample Return program, expected to be billions of dollars over budget and years behind schedule.

By Kenneth Chang

Aumentan las complicaciones derivadas del consumo de alcohol entre las mujeres

Una nueva investigación muestra que las enfermedades hepáticas y otros problemas de salud vinculados con el alcohol aumentaron incluso más de lo esperado en las mujeres de 40 a 64 años durante la pandemia.

By Dani Blum

What Makes Tiny Tardigrades Nearly Radiation Proof

New research finds that the microscopic “water bears" are remarkably good at repairing their DNA after a huge blast of radiation.

By Carl Zimmer

No ‘Hippie Ape’: Bonobos Are Often Aggressive, Study Finds

Despite their peaceful reputation, bonobos act aggressively more often than their chimpanzee cousins, a new study found.

Complications From Alcohol Use Are Rising Among Women

New research shows that alcohol-related liver disease and other health problems increased even more than expected among women ages 40 to 64 during the pandemic.

Evan Stark, 82, Dies; Broadened Understanding of Domestic Violence

He and his wife wrote pioneering studies; he used the term “coercive control” to describe psychological and physical dominance by abusers.

By Richard Sandomir

She Dreams of Pink Planets and Alien Dinosaurs

Lisa Kaltenegger, director of the Carl Sagan Institute at Cornell University, hunts for aliens in space by studying Earth across time.

By Becky Ferreira

Los anteojos mejoran los ingresos, no solo la vista

Un estudio reveló que cuando un grupo de trabajadores hipermétropes en Bangladés recibían lentes de lectura gratuitos, ganaban un 33 por ciento más que los que no contaban con ellos.

By Andrew Jacobs

Youth Gender Medications Limited in England, Part of Big Shift in Europe

Five European countries have recently restricted hormone treatments for adolescents with gender distress. They have not banned the care, unlike many U.S. states.

By Azeen Ghorayshi

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Surgeon Christoph Haller and his research team from Toronto's Hospital for Sick Children are working on technology that could someday result in an artificial womb to help extremely premature babies. Chloe Ellingson for NPR hide caption

Shots - Health News

An artificial womb could build a bridge to health for premature babies.

April 12, 2024 • Artificial wombs could someday save babies born very prematurely. Even though the experimental technology is still in animal tests, there are mounting questions about its eventual use with humans.

In the womb, a brother's hormones can shape a sister's future

April 9, 2024 • When siblings share a womb, sex hormones from a male fetus can cause lasting changes in a female littermate. This effect exists for all kinds of mammals — perhaps humans too.

The black-capped chickadee, seen here, is well known for its strong episodic memory. Dmitriy Aronov hide caption

The "barcodes" powering these tiny songbirds' memories may also help human memory

April 5, 2024 • Tiny, black-capped chickadees have big memories. They stash food in hundreds to thousands of locations in the wild – and then come back to these stashes when other food sources are low. Now, researchers at Columbia University's Zuckerman Institute think neural activity that works like a barcode may be to thank for this impressive feat — and that it might be a clue for how memories work across species.

The "barcodes" powering these tiny songbirds' memories may also help human memory

"One second doesn't sound like much, but in today's interconnected world, getting the time wrong could lead to huge problems," geophysicist Duncan Agnew says. Here, an official clock is seen at a golf tournament in Cape Town, South Africa. Johan Rynners/Getty Images hide caption

Negative leap second: Climate change delays unusual step for time standard

March 30, 2024 • We're nearing a year when a negative leap second could be needed to shave time — an unprecedented step that would have unpredictable effects, a new study says.

A researcher holds up a sandy De Winton's golden mole. Nicky Souness/Endangered Wildlife Trust hide caption

Once lost to science, these "uncharismatic" animals are having their moment

March 29, 2024 • Historic numbers of animals across the globe have become endangered or pushed to extinction. But some of these species sit in limbo — not definitively extinct yet missing from the scientific record. Rediscovering a "lost" species is not easy. It can require trips to remote areas and canvassing a large area in search of only a handful of animals. But new technology and stronger partnerships with local communities have helped these hidden, "uncharismatic" creatures come to light.

Once lost to science, these "uncharismatic" animals are having their moment

The country's two biggest reservoirs are on the Colorado River. Water levels at Lake Powell have dropped steeply during the two-decade megadrought. Justin Sullivan/Getty Images hide caption

The Colorado River rarely reaches the sea. Here's why

March 28, 2024 • More than half of the Colorado River's water is used to grow crops, primarily livestock feed, a new study finds. The river and its users are facing tough decisions as the climate warms.

A post-reproductive toothed whale mother and her son. David Ellifrit/Center for Whale Research hide caption

Most animals don't go through menopause. So why do these whales?

March 22, 2024 • Across the animal kingdom, menopause is something of an evolutionary blip. We humans are one of the few animals to experience it. But Sam Ellis , a researcher in animal behavior, argues that this isn't so surprising. "The best way to propagate your genes is to get as many offspring as possible into the next generation," says Ellis. "The best way to do that is almost always to reproduce your whole life."

A cicada perches on a picnic table in front of Nolde Mansion in Cumru Township, PA in May 2021. New research shows that these insects urinate in a surprising way. Ben Hasty / MediaNews Group/Reading Eagle via Getty Images hide caption

Scientists studied how cicadas pee. Their insights could shed light on fluid dynamics

March 20, 2024 • Cicadas, and the way they urinate, offer a 'perfect' lab for understanding fluid dynamics at very small scales, researchers say

Workers at the U.S. Embassy in Havana leave the building in September 2017. New research out of the National Institutes of Health finds no unusual pattern of damage in the brains of Havana syndrome patients. Emily Michot/Miami Herald/Tribune News Service via Getty Images hide caption

In Havana syndrome patients, NIH scientists find no physical trace of harm

March 18, 2024 • The mysterious ailments that became known as Havana syndrome left no physical evidence of injury or disease, according to two government studies.

This close-up of the Verona astrolabe shows Arabic and Hebrew markings. Federica Gigante hide caption

This medieval astrolabe has both Arabic and Hebrew markings. Here's what it means

March 16, 2024 • This discovery sheds new light on the rich history of scholarship and intellectual exchange between Muslims, Jews and Christians during a time of Muslim rule in medieval Spain.

Flares burn off methane and other hydrocarbons at an oil and gas facility in Lenorah, Texas in 2021. New research shows drillers emit about three times as much climate-warming methane as official estimates. David Goldman/AP hide caption

Oil and gas companies emit more climate-warming methane than EPA reports

March 13, 2024 • Oil and gas drillers are releasing more climate-warming methane than the government estimates, a new study shows.

This type of staghorn coral ( Acropora pulchra ) appeared to benefit from the presence of sea cucumbers ( Holothuria atra ), a new study finds. Terry Moore/Stocktrek Images / Science Source hide caption

This often-overlooked sea creature may be quietly protecting the planet's coral reefs

March 13, 2024 • The pickle-shaped bottom feeders may reduce the amount of microbes on the seafloor that could potentially sicken coral, scientists suggest

Millions of people are affected by long COVID, a disease that encompasses a range of symptoms — everything from brain fog to chronic fatigue — and that manifests differently across patients. The Washington Post/The Washington Post via Getty Images hide caption

What we know about long COVID — from brain fog to physical fatigue

March 13, 2024 • "Long COVID has affected every part of my life," said Virginia resident Rachel Beale said at a recent Senate hearing. "I wake up every day feeling tired, nauseous and dizzy. I immediately start planning when I can lay down again." Beale is far from alone. Many of her experiences have been echoed by others dealing with long COVID. It's a constellation of debilitating symptoms that range from brain fog and intense physical fatigue to depression and anxiety. But there's new, promising research that sheds light onto some symptoms. NPR health correspondent Will Stone talks with Short Wave host Regina G. Barber about the state of long COVID research — what we know, what we don't and when we can expect treatments or even cures for it. Have more COVID questions you want us to cover? Email us at [email protected] — we'd love to hear from you.

Maria E. Garay-Serratos holds a framed photograph of her mother, who died after suffering decades of domestic violence. Scientists are trying to understand how domestic violence damages the brain. Julio Serratos/Maria E. Garay-Serratos hide caption

Domestic violence may leave telltale damage in the brain. Scientists want to find it

March 8, 2024 • Traumatic brain injuries from intimate partner violence are common, and potentially more severe than those seen in sports.

Elephantnose Fish, Gnathonemus petersii, Congo ullstein bild hide caption

The "shocking" tactic electric fish use to collectively sense the world

March 8, 2024 • Neuroscientist Nathan Sawtell has spent a lot of time studying the electric elephantnose fish. These fish send and decipher weak electric signals, which Sawtell hopes will eventually help neuroscientists better understand how the brain filters sensory information about the outside world. As Sawtell has studied these electric critters, he's had a lingering question: why do they always seem to organize themselves in a particular orientation. At first, he couldn't figure out why, but a new study released this week in Nature may have an answer: the fish are creating an electrical network larger than any field a single fish can muster alone, and providing collective knowledge about potential dangers in the surrounding water.

The "shocking" tactic electric fish use to collectively sense the world

A digital illustration of a circle of hands extending from the edge of the image, each holding a sheet of paper. The papers overlap in the center and, like a puzzle, come together to reveal a drawing of a handgun. Oona Tempest/KFF Health News hide caption

Meet the public health researchers trying to rein in America's gun violence crisis

Kff health news.

March 6, 2024 • After the 1996 Dickey Amendment halted federal spending on gun violence research, a small group of academics pressed on, with little money or support. Now a new generation is taking up the charge.

This artist's concept shows the Voyager 1 spacecraft entering the space between stars. Interstellar space is dominated by plasma, ionized gas (illustrated here as brownish haze). NASA/JPL-Caltech hide caption

The Voyager 1 spacecraft has a big glitch. Now, NASA must figure out how to fix it

March 6, 2024 • The Voyager 1 space probe is the farthest human-made object in space. It launched in 1977 with a golden record on board that carried assorted sounds of our home planet: greetings in many different languages, dogs barking, and the sound of two people kissing, to name but a few examples. The idea with this record was that someday, Voyager 1 might be our emissary to alien life – an audible time capsule of Earth's beings. Since its launch, it also managed to complete missions to Jupiter and Saturn. In 2012, it crossed into interstellar space.

A case of bronchitis in 2014 left Sanna Stella, a therapist who lives in the Chicago area, with debilitating fatigue. Stacey Wescott/Tribune News Service via Getty Images hide caption

Clues to a better understanding of chronic fatigue syndrome emerge from a major study

February 23, 2024 • After seven years of research, the findings shed light on the long-neglected illness. Scientists say the results could lead to future trials for potential treatments.

A 3D model of a short section of the stone wall. The scale at the bottom of the image measures 50 cm. Photos by Philipp Hoy, University of Rostock; model created using Agisoft Metashape by J. Auer, LAKD M-V hide caption

Scientists scanning the seafloor discover a long-lost Stone Age 'megastructure'

February 22, 2024 • The more than half mile long wall, called the Blinkerwall, was likely used by Stone Age hunter-gatherers to herd reindeer toward a shooting blind.

The sun emits a mid-level solar flare releasing a burst of solar material. NASA hide caption

In light of the solar maximum, a look at the biggest solar storm in recorded history

February 21, 2024 • We are at the height of the Sun's activity in its eleven year cycle, known to astronomers as the solar maximum. This means that over the next several months there's going to be a lot of solar activity. It's got us thinking back to 1859. That's when astronomer Richard Carrington was studying the Sun when he witnessed the most intense geomagnetic storm recorded in history. The storm, triggered by a giant solar flare, sent brilliant auroral displays across the globe causing electrical sparking and fires in telegraph stations. This encore episode, Regina talks to solar physicist Dr. Samaiyah Farid about what's now known as the Carrington event and about what may happen the next time a massive solar storm hits Earth.

One woolly mammoth's journey at the end of the Ice Age

February 19, 2024 • Lately, paleoecologist Audrey Rowe has been a bit preoccupied with a girl named Elma. That's because Elma is ... a woolly mammoth. And 14,000 years ago, when Elma was alive, her habitat in interior Alaska was rapidly changing. The Ice Age was coming to a close and human hunters were starting early settlements. Which leads to an intriguing question: Who, or what , killed her? In the search for answers, Audrey traces Elma's life and journey through — get this — a single tusk. Today, she shares her insights on what the mammoth extinction from thousands of years ago can teach us about megafauna extinctions today with guest host Nate Rott .

Tai chi has many health benefits. It improves flexibility, reduces stress and can help lower blood pressure. Ruth Jenkinson/Getty Images/Science Photo Library hide caption

Tai chi reduces blood pressure better than aerobic exercise, study finds

February 14, 2024 • The slow-moving Chinese martial art tai chi is known to increase flexibility and balance. Now, research suggests it's more effective at reducing blood pressure than more vigorous forms of exercise.

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Science News

How a sugar acid crucial for life could have formed in interstellar clouds

Computer calculations and lab experiments have revealed a possible mechanism for the creation of glyceric acid, which has been seen in meteorites.

Protein whisperer Oluwatoyin Asojo fights neglected diseases

These are the chemicals that give teens pungent body odor.

Polar forests may have just solved a solar storm mystery

Spikes of carbon-14 in tree rings may be linked to solar flares, but evidence of the havoc-wreaking 1859 Carrington event has proven elusive until now.

​​During the awe of totality, scientists studied our planet’s reactions

Heat waves cause more illness and death in u.s. cities with fewer trees.

What can period blood reveal about a person’s health?

The FDA recently approved a menstrual blood test for diabetes, the first diagnostic of any kind based on period blood. It may be just the beginning.

Teens are using an unregulated form of THC. Here’s what we know

Immune cells’ intense reaction to the coronavirus may lead to pneumonia.

Hibernating bumblebee queens have a superpower: Surviving for days underwater

After some bumblebee queens were accidentally submerged in water and survived, researchers found them to be surprisingly tolerant of flooding.

In ‘Get the Picture,’ science helps explore the meaning of art

This newfound longhorn beetle species is unusually fluffy.

Scientists find a naturally occurring molecule that forms a fractal

The protein assembles itself into a repeating triangle pattern. The fractal seems to be an accident of evolution, scientists say.

How two outsiders tackled the mystery of arithmetic progressions

A predicted quasicrystal is based on the ‘einstein’ tile known as the hat.

Physicists take a major step toward making a nuclear clock

By tweaking the energy of a thorium nucleus with a laser, scientists demonstrated a key step to building clocks based on the physics of atomic nuclei.

During a total solar eclipse, some colors really pop. Here’s why

A teeny device can measure subtle shifts in earth’s gravitational field, science & society.

Journalist Bianca Bosker infiltrates the secretive art world to understand the science and psychology of why art matters to the human experience.

What  Science News  saw during the solar eclipse

50 years ago, scientists found a lunar rock nearly as old as the moon

Studies of such rocks continue to reveal secrets about the moon’s history.

This robot can tell when you’re about to smile — and smile back

Using machine learning, researchers trained Emo to make facial expressions in sync with humans.

AI learned how to sway humans by watching a cooperative cooking game

Why large language models aren’t headed toward humanlike understanding.

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1 in 5 U.S. Cancer Patients Join in Medical Research

HealthDay April 3, 2024

CDC: Tuberculosis Cases Increasing

While the U.S. has one of the lowest rates of tuberculosis in the world, researchers found that cases increased 16% from 2022 to 2023.

Cecelia Smith-Schoenwalder March 28, 2024

Researchers Find New Way to Curb Asthma Attacks

HealthDay March 26, 2024

Biden to Sign Order Expanding Health Research in Women

HealthDay March 18, 2024

Politics Hasn't Shaken Most Americans' Faith in Science: Study

HealthDay March 12, 2024

Jill Biden Announces $100 Million for Research on Women's Health

HealthDay Feb. 22, 2024

Study Links Living Alone to Depression

New research bound to influence conversations about America’s ‘loneliness epidemic’ suggests living alone could have implications for physical and mental health.

Steven Ross Johnson Feb. 15, 2024

Scientists Discover New Way to Fight Estrogen-Fueled Breast Cancer

HealthDay Feb. 14, 2024

Food Insecurity Tied to Early Death

An inability to get adequate food is shaving years off people’s lives in the U.S., a new study suggests.

Steven Ross Johnson Jan. 29, 2024

Dana Farber Cancer Center to Retract or Fix Dozens of Studies

HealthDay Jan. 23, 2024

America 2024

Health & Medicine News

Top headlines, latest headlines.

• Urine-Based Test for Head and Neck Cancer
• Inhibiting Lung Cancer Progression, Metastases
• Detection of Infectious Disease Viruses
• Plasma Irradiation Promotes Faster Bone Healing
• HIV Treatments May Aid Alzheimer's Patients
• Opioid Receptors: Causes of Different Functions
• Nasal Cells Protect Against COVID in Kids
• How Actin Filaments Are Assembled by Formins
• Quicker Diagnosis of IBD
• Health Behaviors Stabalize in Middle Adulthood

Earlier Headlines

Tuesday, april 16, 2024.

• New Insights Could Unlock Immunotherapy for Rare, Deadly Eye Cancer
• Deadly Bacteria Show Thirst for Human Blood
• Teen Stress May Raise Risk of Postpartum Depression in Adults
• Scientists Identify Cell Vulnerability 'fingerprint' Related to Parkinson's, Lewy Body Dementia

Monday, April 15, 2024

• Take It from the Rats: A Junk Food Diet Can Cause Long-Term Damage to Adolescent Brains
• Family and Media Pressure to Lose Weight in Adolescence Linked to How People Value Themselves Almost Two Decades Later
• Illuminating the Path to Hearing Recovery
• AI Enhances Physician-Patient Communication
• Microplastics Make Their Way from the Gut to Other Organs
• Epilepsy Drug Prevents Brain Tumors in Mice With NF1
• Human Muscle Map Reveals How We Try to Fight Effects of Aging
• New Study Sheds Light on the Mechanisms Underlying the Development of Malignant Pediatric Brain Tumors
• Antibiotics Aren't Effective for Most Lower Tract Respiratory Infections
• Carbon Beads Help Restore Healthy Gut Microbiome and Reduce Liver Disease Progression

Friday, April 12, 2024

• A Third of Women Experience Migraines Associated With Menstruation, Most Commonly When Premenopausal
• Study Reveals Potential to Reverse Lung Fibrosis Using the Body's Own Healing Technique
• Inherited Predisposition for Higher Muscle Strength May Protect Against Common Morbidities
• A Novel Machine Learning Model for the Characterization of Material Surfaces
• Decoding the Language of Cells: Unveiling the Proteins Behind Cellular Organelle Communication
• PFAS Exposure from High Seafood Diets May Be Underestimated
• Choosing Sugary Drinks Over Fruit Juice for Toddlers Linked to Risk of Adult Obesity
• Melanomas Resist Drugs by 'breaking' Genes
• Scientists Uncover a Missing Link Between Poor Diet and Higher Cancer Risk

Thursday, April 11, 2024

• Cells Putting on a Face
• Two Key Brain Systems Are Central to Psychosis
• Researchers Identify New Genetic Risk Factors for Persistent HPV Infections
• Scientists Use Wearable Technology to Detect Stress Levels During Sleep
• First Step to Untangle DNA: Supercoiled DNA Captures Gyrase Like a Lasso Ropes Cattle
• New Approach for Combating 'resting' Bacteria
• New Study Finds Potential Targets at Chromosome Ends for Degenerative Disease Prevention
• Novel CT Exam Reduces Need for Invasive Artery Treatment
• Why Some People With Rheumatoid Arthritis Have Pain Without Inflammation
• Study Helps Explain Why Childhood Maltreatment Continues to Impact on Mental and Physical Health Into Adulthood
• Colorless, Odorless Gas Likely Linked to Alarming Rise in Non-Smoking Lung Cancer
• New AI Method Captures Uncertainty in Medical Images
• Scientists Uncover Key Resistance Mechanism to Wnt Inhibitors in Pancreatic and Colorectal Cancers
• New Ways to Fine Tune Electrochemistry
• AI Model Can Accurately Assess PTSD in Postpartum Women
• Landmark Study Involving Babies in Ireland Supports Use of Cystic Fibrosis Drug in Infants from Four Weeks of Age
• Parkinson's Disease: New Theory on the Disease's Origins and Spread
• Synthetic Platelets Stanch Bleeding, Promote Healing in Animal Models
• Study Lays the Basis for New Knowledge on Gastrointestinal Diseases
• Chemicals Stored in Home Garages Linked to ALS Risk
• In the Drive to Deprescribe, Heartburn Drug Study Teaches Key Lessons
• This Outdated Diabetes Drug Still Has Something to Offer
• Safety of a Potential New Treatment to Manage Complications from Sickle Cell Disease
• Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Increase Risk of Cardiovascular Death After Giving Birth
• Economic Burden of Childhood Verbal Abuse by Adults Estimated at $300 Billion Globally

Wednesday, April 10, 2024

• New Way to Generate Human Cartilage
• More Than Half a Million Global Stroke Deaths May Be Tied to Climate Change
• Mixed Diets Balance Nutrition and Carbon Footprint
• AI Powered 'digital Twin' Models the Infant Microbiome
• Size of Salty Snack Influences Eating Behavior That Determines Amount Consumed
• New Drug Prevents Flu-Related Inflammation and Lung Damage
• Researchers Identify Protein That Controls CAR T Cell Longevity
• The Genesis of Our Cellular Skeleton, Image by Image
• Mechanism of Action of the Hepatitis B and D Virus Cell Entry Inhibitor Bulevirtide Deciphered
• New Insight Into Combating Drug-Resistant Prostate Cancer
• A Promising Target for New RNA Therapeutics Now Accessible
• Obese and Overweight Children at Risk of Iron Deficiency
• AI Makes Retinal Imaging 100 Times Faster, Compared to Manual Method
• Impact of Aldehydes on DNA Damage and Aging
• Scientists Identify Pro-Aging 'sugar Signature' In the Blood of People Living With HIV
• Revascularization Enhances Quality of Life for Patients With Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia
• A New Screening Protocol Can Detect Aggressive Prostate Cancers More Selectively
• Research Uncovers Differences Between Men and Women in Sleep, Circadian Rhythms and Metabolism
• Brain Stimulation Treatment May Improve Depression, Anxiety in Older Adults
• Respiratory Allergies: Newly Discovered Molecule Plays a Major Role in Triggering Inflammation
• AI-Assisted Breast-Cancer Screening May Reduce Unnecessary Testing
• Connecting Lab-Grown Brain Cells Provides Insight Into How Our Own Brains Work
• Does the Time of Day You Move Your Body Make a Difference to Your Health?

Tuesday, April 9, 2024

• The Genomic Architecture of Inherited DNA Variants
• Beating Back Bitter Taste in Medicine
• Nasal Spray Safely Treats Recurrent Abnormal Heart Rhythms, Clinical Trial Suggests
• Targeting RAS Proteins May Prevent Relapse in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
• Machine Learning Method Reveals Chromosome Locations in Individual Cell Nucleus
• New Consensus Statement Aims to Improve Endometriosis Evaluation
• Blood Protein Could Help Detect Delayed Concussion Recovery in Children
• A Smarter City Skyline for Flood Safety
• Bacteria in Cancer Unmasked
• Periostin Shows Promise to Help Fight a Common Form of Esophageal Cancer
• Research Could Unlock More Precise Prognoses and Targeted Treatments for Children With Cancer
• New Guidelines to Help Kids Build Tolerance to Food Allergens
• Cardiology Team Performs Novel Heart Artery Repair With Newly Approved Device

Monday, April 8, 2024

• Are Lab-Grown Brain Tissues Ethical? There Is No No-Brainer Answer
• Heart Disease, Depression Linked by Inflammation
• The Surprising Connection Between Male Infertility and Family Cancer Risk
• Tiny Brain Bubbles Carry Complete Codes
• Preventive Angioplasty Does Not Improve Prognosis
• A Pulse of Innovation: AI at the Service of Heart Research
• Targeting Vulnerability in B-Cell Development Leads to Novel Drug Combination for Leukemia
• Pregnancy Accelerates Biological Aging in a Healthy, Young Adult Population
• Scientists Grow 'mini Kidneys,' Revealing New Insights Into Metabolic Defects and Potential Therapy for Polycystic Kidney Disease
• Bringing Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens to Their Knees
• Researchers Developed New Method for Detecting Heart Failure With a Smartphone
• Prioritizing Your Phone Over Your Partner Affects Creativity in the Workplace for Women
• Low Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth Is Associated With Decreased Work Ability Throughout Adulthood
• Disparities in Sleep Health and Insomnia May Begin at a Young Age
• How Mosquito Larva Guts Could Help Create Highly Specific Insecticides
• Opening a New Front Against Pancreatic Cancer
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Articles on Quick reads

Displaying 1 - 20 of 1000 articles.

‘The former guy’ versus ‘Sleepy Joe’ – why Biden and Trump are loathe to utter each other’s name

Roger J. Kreuz , University of Memphis

Deepfake detection improves when using algorithms that are more aware of demographic diversity

Siwei Lyu , University at Buffalo and Yan Ju , University at Buffalo

Human brains and fruit fly brains are built similarly – visualizing how helps researchers better understand how both work

Kristin Scaplen , Bryant University

How to battle boredom at work

Casher Belinda , University of Notre Dame

Tiny crystals capture millions of years of mountain range history – a geologist excavates the Himalayas with a microscope

Matthew J. Kohn , Boise State University

Loneliness can kill, and new research shows middle-aged Americans are particularly vulnerable

Frank J. Infurna , Arizona State University

Rural students’ access to Wi-Fi is in jeopardy as pandemic-era resources recede

Gabriel E. Hales , Michigan State University and Keith N. Hampton , Michigan State University

In 1877, a stained-glass window depicted Jesus as Black for the first time − a scholar of visual images unpacks its history and significance

Virginia Raguin , College of the Holy Cross

Could sharing a bedroom with your pets be keeping you from getting a good night’s sleep?

Brian N. Chin , Trinity College

Affordable stroke-risk screening could save the lives of many children in sub-Saharan Africa with sickle cell disease

Paul (Seung Yup) Lee , Kennesaw State University

‘Fake news’ legislation risks doing more harm than good amid a record number of elections in 2024

Samuel Jens , Stony Brook University (The State University of New York)

What is Volt Typhoon? A cybersecurity expert explains the Chinese hackers targeting US critical infrastructure

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Article Types: What's the Difference Between Newspapers, Magazines, and Journals?

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Article : Much shorter than a book, an article can be as short as a paragraph or two or as long as several dozen pages. Articles can address any topic that the author decides to explore and can reflect opinion, news, research, reviews, instruction, nearly any focus. Articles appear in newspapers, magazines, trade publication, journals, and even in books. Because of their relative brevity, articles typically are used to provide up-to-date information on a wide variety of topics.

Book Review : A usually brief article that provides an evaluation and appreciation of a book. A review might assess the importance of a book's contributions to a particular field of study or might make recommendations to potential readers of the book. Reviews of fiction will usually comment on originality, style, and readability. While an important tool for helping a researcher assess the value of a book to his or her research topic, a book review, by itself, is usually not sufficient for use as a source in a research project.

Issue : A single, regular publication of a journal, magazine, newspaper, newsletter, or trade publication. A magazine or journal that publishes monthly will have twelve issues in a year. News magazines like Time and Newsweek publish weekly and will have 52 issues in a year. Newspapers might publish daily or weekly. A daily will have 365 issues in a year. Issues are usually numbered, so a journal that publishes twelve issues in a year starting with January will number each issue sequentially (issue 1, January; issue 2, February; issue 3, March; etc.).

Journal : A regularly published collection of articles that focus on topics specific to a particular academic discipline or profession. Journals might be published monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or even annually. Probably the most common publication frequency is monthly and quarterly. Journal articles are typically of substantial length (often more than 10 pages) and usually reflect research, whether it be surveys of existing research or discussions of original research. Most journal articles will be prefaced with an abstract and will include extensive documentation within the article or at the end of the article. Most research begins with a survey of existing literature on a topic and proceeds with the development of new ideas or new research into a topic. Articles are usually written by experts in their fields, although journals might also publish letters from their readership commenting on articles that have been published in previous issues. Journals might also include opinion articles or editorials. Examples of journals include Journal of the American Medical Association, American Sociological Review, Psychological Reports, Publications of the Modern Language Association, Educational Research Quarterly, and Evolutionary Biology.

Literature Review : An important part of nearly any research project, a literature review consists of a survey of previously published or non-published materials that focus on a particular subject under investigation. For example, a researcher looking into whether there is a relationship between musical aptitude and academic achievement in elementary age students would begin by looking for articles, books, and other materials that reflected previous research into this topic. The function of the review is to identify what is already known about the topic and to provide a knowledge foundation for the current study.

Magazine : A regularly published collection of articles that might focus on any topic in general or on topics of interest to a specific group, such as sports fans or music fans or home decorators. Magazines might be published weekly, monthly, semi-monthly or only several times a year. More commonly, magazines are published weekly or monthly. Articles in magazines are typically written for the general reading public and don't reflect in-depth research (an exception might be an investigative report written in a news magazine that involved weeks or months of research and interviews to complete). Most magazine articles do not list references and are written by the magazine's own staff writers. In general, magazine articles are easy to read, are fairly brief in length, and may include illustrations or photographs. Magazines also rely heavily on advertisements targeted to consumers as a source of revenue. Examples of magazines include Time, Newsweek, Rolling Stone, Popular Mechanics, Car and Driver, Interview, Good Housekeeping, Elle, GQ, and Sports Illustrated.

Newsletter : A regularly published collection of brief news articles of interest to members of a particular community. Professional associations might issue newsletters to keep their membership up to date. Businesses and schools might issue newsletters to keep their constituents up to date. Nearly any type of organization or society might have its own newsletter. Articles in newsletters are typically brief, and the entire newsletter itself might be only half a dozen pages in length. These are usually internal publications that have interest mainly to people who participate in the activities of the issuing body. They are frequently used to inform members of an organization of upcoming events. Examples of newsletters include 401(k) Advisor, Adult Day Services Letter, Black History News & Notes, Credit Card Weekly, Education Business Weekly, Music Critics Association Newsletter, and Student Aid News.

Newspaper : A regularly published collection of fairly brief articles that provide updates on current events and interests. Newspapers are generally published daily, weekly, and bi-weekly, although they may have less regular publication schedules. Most major newspapers publish daily, with expanded coverage on the weekends. Newspapers can be national or international in focus or might be targeted strictly to a particular community or locality. Newspaper articles are written largely by newspaper staff and editors and often do not provide authors' names. Many of the articles appearing in national, international, and regional papers are written by various wire service writers and are nationally or internationally syndicated. Examples of wire services are Reuters and the Associated Press. Newspapers rely on advertising for a part of their income and might also include photographs and even full color illustrations of photos. A common feature of most newspapers is its editorial page, where the editors express opinions on timely topics and invite their readers to submit their opinions. Examples of newspapers include New York Times, Times of London, Florida Times-Union, Tampa Tribune, Denver Post, Guardian, and USA Today.

Peer Reviewed/Refereed Journal : Most academic/scholarly journals use subject experts or "peers" to review articles being considered for publication. Reviewers will carefully examine articles to ensure that they meet journal criteria for subject matter and style. The process ensures that articles are appropriate to a particular journal and that they are of the highest quality.

Trade Journal : A regularly published collection of articles that address topics of interest to members of a particular profession, such as law enforcement or advertising or banking. Articles tend to be brief and often report on developments and news within a field and might summarize current research being done in a particular area. Trade journals might also include editorials, letters to the editor, photo essays, and advertisements that target members of the profession. While trade journal articles might include references, the reference lists tend to be brief and don't reflect thorough reviews of the literature. Articles are usually written with the particular profession in mind, but are generally pretty accessible so that a person wishing to learn more about the profession would still be able to understand the articles. Examples of trade journals include Police Chief, Education Digest, Energy Weekly News, Aviation Week and Space Technology, Engineering News Record, Design News, and Traffic World.

Volume : Most journals and many magazines, newsletters, newspapers, and trade publications assign volume numbers to a year's worth or half a year's worth of issues. For example, a journal that publishes four times a year (quarterly) might assign each yearly collection of four issues a volume number to help identify which issues of the journal were published during a particular year. Publications that publish more frequently than monthly might also assign volume numbers, but they might change volume numbers mid year, so that there may be two volumes in any one publishing year.

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Computer simulation predicts Australia's COVID-19 vaccine campaign prevented thousands of deaths before Omicron spread

COVID-19 vaccinations may have prevented almost 18,000 deaths among older Australians in NSW during the early Omicron era, new research has suggested.

A computer simulation carried out by researchers found the death rate "in the absence of a vaccination campaign" would have been approximately six times the actual total.

The research team, based out of universities in Melbourne and Tel Aviv, said in their report the campaign prevented 17,760 deaths among over-50s between August 2021 and July 2022.

"The Australian vaccination campaign was successful in reducing mortality over 2022," the report said.

The team attributed the success to "high levels of engagement" by Australians with the vaccination campaign and the achievement of high levels of vaccination just before the 2022 Omicron outbreak.

Their research used modelling of state and federal health department data to show the effect on over-50s in NSW in three scenarios: 

• How many deaths could have been averted if complete vaccination had been achieved by July 28, 2021; 
• How many deaths were averted by the booster vaccine rollout; and
• How many deaths would have occurred in the absence of vaccination 

"Australia was relatively late in mass vaccinating its population … beginning its program on 22 February 2021," the report said.

"Four months later, less than five per cent of the population were fully vaccinated with two doses, making it the second-lowest vaccination coverage of any OECD nation at the time.

"Yet a few months later at the end of 2021, Australia had achieved one of the highest vaccination rates in the world, with more than 85 per cent of its eligible population fully vaccinated with at least two doses.

"Due to the rapid pace of the Australian roll-out [and] the very high public engagement with the program, vaccination coverage was at high levels when Omicron arrived."

The report predicted 440 deaths would have been prevented with earlier vaccination, while 1,860 deaths were prevented by the booster campaign. 

In mid-2022, cross-checking of death certificates in NSW revealed the state's COVID-19 death toll was 2,433 as of April of the same year. 

"In the [no vaccination campaign] scenario the entire population remains unvaccinated," the report said. 

"In the complete absence of vaccination, the model predicts an almost immediate major outbreak of Delta, followed by an even more extreme outbreak in the Omicron period in January 2022. 

"The predicted but hypothetical Delta outbreak would have reached a maximum of 15,000 cases and maximum of 500 deaths per week in the NSW 50+ population. 

"The real Delta outbreak on the other hand had approximately 75 deaths per week."

Data at the time showed 82 per cent of deaths, around 270 people, occurred after January 2022 — when the Omicron wave was reaching its peak. 

University of Melbourne epidemiologist Professor Tony Blakely said the rapid rush of vaccination before the Omicron variant began to spread was "good luck" for Australians. 

"Australia was further lucky that when we opened up, Omicron was the circulating virus that was less lethal than [for example] Delta," he said.

"But this paper makes the important point that even Omicron, in an unvaccinated population, would have had a massive death toll.

"The estimated deaths averted in this paper are probably underestimates, as higher vaccination rates would have had positive spill over effects of reducing transmission.

"In future pandemics, we hope that vaccines will be good at both stopping you dying and stopping you transmitting the virus – as this would reduce the health loss even more."

Deakin University's Associate Professor in Epidemiology Hassan Vally said the study formed part of an "important" assessment of the roll-out. 

"Whilst it can't be ignored that there were missteps, and there are things that could have been done better, it was a significant achievement that in Australia we were able to achieve one of the highest vaccination coverages globally," he said. 

"Importantly, the study authors have been fully transparent about the various limitations of this study and highlight that further work needs to be done when better data becomes available." 

The team noted their results "may be under-estimated and conservative" because actual death rates among unvaccinated Australians could have been impacted by herd immunity. 

It also said the effects could have been affected by "potentially confounding factors [such] as age and comorbidity" in the over-50s age group. 

Professor Paul Griffin, director of Infectious Diseases at Mater Health Services and a professor of medicine at the University of Queensland, said it was important to consider these limitations. 

"While a really useful study in my opinion to show just how much benefit was likely obtained from the vaccination rollout in this country ... [it] used data from one state only, NSW," he said.

"It would be great to see a similar study from across the country as the experience with COVID-19 was not the same in all states.

"However there is not a single source of data that makes a larger study easy to do and NSW is the largest state. 

"Modelling studies do not necessarily predict perfectly what would have actually happened.

"There are additional confounders that are difficult to take into account and the outcome from modelling is only as strong as the data that is put into the model, however in this case the data and methods seem robust." 

The study has been published in peer-reviewed scientific journal PLOS ONE this week. 

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Two key brain systems are central to psychosis, Stanford Medicine-led study finds

When the brain has trouble filtering incoming information and predicting what’s likely to happen, psychosis can result, Stanford Medicine-led research shows.

April 11, 2024 - By Erin Digitale

People with psychosis have trouble filtering relevant information (mesh funnel) and predicting rewarding events (broken crystal ball), creating a complex inner world. Emily Moskal

Inside the brains of people with psychosis, two key systems are malfunctioning: a “filter” that directs attention toward important external events and internal thoughts, and a “predictor” composed of pathways that anticipate rewards.

Dysfunction of these systems makes it difficult to know what’s real, manifesting as hallucinations and delusions. 

The findings come from a Stanford Medicine-led study , published April 11 in  Molecular Psychiatry , that used brain scan data from children, teens and young adults with psychosis. The results confirm an existing theory of how breaks with reality occur.

“This work provides a good model for understanding the development and progression of schizophrenia, which is a challenging problem,” said lead author  Kaustubh Supekar , PhD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences.

The findings, observed in individuals with a rare genetic disease called 22q11.2 deletion syndrome who experience psychosis as well as in those with psychosis of unknown origin, advance scientists’ understanding of the underlying brain mechanisms and theoretical frameworks related to psychosis.

During psychosis, patients experience hallucinations, such as hearing voices, and hold delusional beliefs, such as thinking that people who are not real exist. Psychosis can occur on its own and isa hallmark of certain serious mental illnesses, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is also characterized by social withdrawal, disorganized thinking and speech, and a reduction in energy and motivation.

It is challenging to study how schizophrenia begins in the brain. The condition usually emerges in teens or young adults, most of whom soon begin taking antipsychotic medications to ease their symptoms. When researchers analyze brain scans from people with established schizophrenia, they cannot distinguish the effects of the disease from the effects of the medications. They also do not know how schizophrenia changes the brain as the disease progresses. 

To get an early view of the disease process, the Stanford Medicine team studied young people aged 6 to 39 with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a genetic condition with a 30% risk for psychosis, schizophrenia or both. 

Kaustubh Supekar

Brain function in 22q11.2 patients who have psychosis is similar to that in people with psychosis of unknown origin, they found. And these brain patterns matched what the researchers had previously theorized was generating psychosis symptoms.

“The brain patterns we identified support our theoretical models of how cognitive control systems malfunction in psychosis,” said senior study author  Vinod Menon , PhD, the Rachael L. and Walter F. Nichols, MD, Professor; a professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences; and director of the  Stanford Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Laboratory .

Thoughts that are not linked to reality can capture the brain’s cognitive control networks, he said. “This process derails the normal functioning of cognitive control, allowing intrusive thoughts to dominate, culminating in symptoms we recognize as psychosis.”

Cerebral sorting  

Normally, the brain’s cognitive filtering system — aka the salience network — works behind the scenes to selectively direct our attention to important internal thoughts and external events. With its help, we can dismiss irrational thoughts and unimportant events and focus on what’s real and meaningful to us, such as paying attention to traffic so we avoid a collision.

The ventral striatum, a small brain region, and associated brain pathways driven by dopamine, play an important role in predicting what will be rewarding or important. 

For the study, the researchers assembled as much functional MRI brain-scan data as possible from young people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, totaling 101 individuals scanned at three different universities. (The study also included brain scans from several comparison groups without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: 120 people with early idiopathic psychosis, 101 people with autism, 123 with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 411 healthy controls.) 

The genetic condition, characterized by deletion of part of the 22nd chromosome, affects 1 in every 2,000 to 4,000 people. In addition to the 30% risk of schizophrenia or psychosis, people with the syndrome can also have autism or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which is why these conditions were included in the comparison groups.

The researchers used a type of machine learning algorithm called a spatiotemporal deep neural network to characterize patterns of brain function in all patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome compared with healthy subjects. With a cohort of patients whose brains were scanned at the University of California, Los Angeles, they developed an algorithmic model that distinguished brain scans from people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome versus those without it. The model predicted the syndrome with greater than 94% accuracy. They validated the model in additional groups of people with or without the genetic syndrome who had received brain scans at UC Davis and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, showing that in these independent groups, the model sorted brain scans with 84% to 90% accuracy.

The researchers then used the model to investigate which brain features play the biggest role in psychosis. Prior studies of psychosis had not given consistent results, likely because their sample sizes were too small. 

Vinod Menon

Comparing brain scans from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome patients who had and did not have psychosis, the researchers showed that the brain areas contributing most to psychosis are the anterior insula (a key part of the salience network or “filter”) and the ventral striatum (the “reward predictor”); this was true for different cohorts of patients.

In comparing the brain features of people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and psychosis against people with psychosis of unknown origin, the model found significant overlap, indicating that these brain features are characteristic of psychosis in general.

A second mathematical model, trained to distinguish all subjects with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and psychosis from those who have the genetic syndrome but without psychosis, selected brain scans from people with idiopathic psychosis with 77.5% accuracy, again supporting the idea that the brain’s filtering and predicting centers are key to psychosis.

Furthermore, this model was specific to psychosis: It could not classify people with idiopathic autism or ADHD.

“It was quite exciting to trace our steps back to our initial question — ‘What are the dysfunctional brain systems in schizophrenia?’ — and to discover similar patterns in this context,” Menon said. “At the neural level, the characteristics differentiating individuals with psychosis in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome are mirroring the pathways we’ve pinpointed in schizophrenia. This parallel reinforces our understanding of psychosis as a condition with identifiable and consistent brain signatures.” However, these brain signatures were not seen in people with the genetic syndrome but no psychosis, holding clues to future directions for research, he added.

Applications for treatment or prevention

In addition to supporting the scientists’ theory about how psychosis occurs, the findings have implications for understanding the condition — and possibly preventing it.

“One of my goals is to prevent or delay development of schizophrenia,” Supekar said. The fact that the new findings are consistent with the team’s prior research on which brain centers contribute most to schizophrenia in adults suggests there may be a way to prevent it, he said. “In schizophrenia, by the time of diagnosis, a lot of damage has already occurred in the brain, and it can be very difficult to change the course of the disease.”

“What we saw is that, early on, functional interactions among brain regions within the same brain systems are abnormal,” he added. “The abnormalities do not start when you are in your 20s; they are evident even when you are 7 or 8.”

Our discoveries underscore the importance of approaching people with psychosis with compassion.

The researchers plan to use existing treatments, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation or focused ultrasound, targeted at these brain centers in young people at risk of psychosis, such as those with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome or with two parents who have schizophrenia, to see if they prevent or delay the onset of the condition or lessen symptoms once they appear. 

The results also suggest that using functional MRI to monitor brain activity at the key centers could help scientists investigate how existing antipsychotic medications are working. 

Although it’s still puzzling why someone becomes untethered from reality — given how risky it seems for one’s well-being — the “how” is now understandable, Supekar said. “From a mechanistic point of view, it makes sense,” he said.

“Our discoveries underscore the importance of approaching people with psychosis with compassion,” Menon said, adding that his team hopes their work not only advances scientific understanding but also inspires a cultural shift toward empathy and support for those experiencing psychosis. 

“I recently had the privilege of engaging with individuals from our department’s early psychosis treatment group,” he said. “Their message was a clear and powerful: ‘We share more similarities than differences. Like anyone, we experience our own highs and lows.’ Their words were a heartfelt appeal for greater empathy and understanding toward those living with this condition. It was a call to view psychosis through a lens of empathy and solidarity.”

Researchers contributed to the study from UCLA, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, the University of Oxford and UC Davis.

The study was funded by the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute’s Uytengsu-Hamilton 22q11 Neuropsychiatry Research Program, FONDEYCT (the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development of the government of Chile), ANID-Chile (the Chilean National Agency for Research and Development) and the U.S. National Institutes of Health (grants AG072114, MH121069, MH085953 and MH101779).

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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Memories of fishers reach beyond the data

Catch recollection of Brazilian fishers provide accurate reconstructions of fisheries counts in remote regions.

• David Fleming

16 Apr 2024

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On the coast of Brazil, generations of fishers have set out every day to fish for food that will provide a livelihood for their families and communities. Now, with increased fishing and declining fisheries stocks raising concerns about future access, there is a critical need to understand historical harvest totals in rural regions to gain a better picture of what a robust ecosystem would look like.

A research team led by College of Natural Resources and Environment Associate Professor Leandro Castello is turning to an unusual source to accomplish this goal: the memories of fishers who have made their livings harvesting the world’s oceans and rivers. A new paper published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment suggests that local knowledge of past harvests can provide an accurate – and affordable – depiction of historical fish stocks. Additionally, having community fishers participate in developing stock quota histories has the potential to increase participation in future conservation practices and approaches.

This research aligns with Virginia Tech’s pledge to address global challenges through extensive, diverse partnerships and interdisciplinary collaborations, a hallmark of the  Virginia Tech Global Distinction  commitment to elevate the university’s international efforts to act as a force for positive change.

Collecting data face-to-face

Funded by the Pew Charitable Trust, the first step of Castello’s research team was selecting regions in Brazil where there was robust scientific data on fishing hauls. With that data on hand, researchers conducted interviews with area fishers to see if their memories aligned with the available data.

“All in all, we were able to compile data from nearly 400 fishers from 24 coastal fisheries in Brazil,” said Castello, who teaches in the Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation . “These are communities where they are harvesting sardines, mahi-mahi, and other fish species.

“On average, we found that the fishers were about 95 percent accurate,” said Castello, an affiliated faculty member of the Fralin Life Sciences Institute , the Global Change Center , and the Center for Coastal Studies . “What this research does is get at the concept of the wisdom of the crowd. We’re able to demonstrate that you can produce information that is useful in reconstructing the historical record at a fraction of the cost of trying to rely on large-scale fisheries data.”

This knowledge fills a crucial gap for researchers attempting to determine fisheries declines in regions where broadscale data currently is not being collected. While individual accounts of fish catch are invariable scattered, when a large enough sample is aggregated, the result is data that can accurately depict the extent of fisheries harvest declines going back nearly 50 years.

Local knowledge as a tool for change

This project was not the first time Castello utilized local knowledge to conduct fisheries research: He has an extensive research portfolio studying arapaima, a species of air-breathing river fish that is a critical resource for communities along the Amazon. He also has conducted catch assessment research on Congo River fisheries where there is little collected fisheries data.

“My research on arapaima in the Amazon and in the Congo shows that fishers can produce useful fish data just as well as the best scientific methods with two differences: The fishers are 200 times cheaper and they are much, much faster at providing data,” said Castello.

And there is a third benefit: Involving fishers directly in the process gives them a stake in trying to conserve declining fishing stocks.

“With this paper, we’re able to go back to these communities and show them the graphs,” said Castello. “In another context, one could even point out each of their names as data points. In our work in the Democratic Republic of Congo, we recently shared our findings and said, ‘This is the information you gave us and this is the statistical method we used. Do you question these results?’ When they said no, we asked if there was anything they wanted to do about these declines.”

The fishers – not merely the subject of research but participants and experts – expressed a greater willingness to consider conservation approaches that would protect fish stocks for future seasons and generations. For Castello, getting such buy-in is critical to promoting real change, because it aligns local communities with the global challenges of conserving fishing stocks in the world.

“Having cheaper access to data is important, but the more vital part of this research is giving rural communities the tools and the responsibilities to manage their resources,” Castello said. “The key difference with this approach is that we’re relying on the skills and knowledge of the fishers and not just coming in with fancy scientific information and results that have nothing to do with their lives.”

Castello recently presented on this research to policymakers in Brazil’s federally protected areas, who are considering pilot programs to incorporate fishers’ memories in strategies to improve fisheries management in the country.

Castello’s collaborators within Virginia Tech include Michael Sorice of the Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation and Eric Smith of the Department of Statistics . External collaborators include the University of Northern British Columbia, Federal University of Pará in Brazil, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, and other institutions. 

Krista Timney

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Interoperability is Key to Effective Emergency Communications

During National Public Safety Telecommunicators Week, we’re sharing updates on S&T efforts focused on getting first responders the information they need quickly.

When it comes to communicating emergency information to and among first responders, interoperability is a problem. In some cases, emergency responders cannot talk to some parts of their own agencies—let alone communicate with agencies in neighboring cities, counties, or states. And when time is of the essence, the results can be catastrophic. But there are other factors that can impede response, and we are keenly focused on addressing each of these with technological solutions.

The 9/11 Commission Report speaks at great length about the issues the lack of interoperability caused. As a result of the Commission Report, there was a significant reorganization of response capabilities, which included the creation of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and, soon after, the Science and Technology Directorate (S&T). We've been on the case ever since, working for and with responders to better understand and deliver on their technology needs.

While all these organizations are working to find a solution, we have multiple efforts underway to support new technologies to help correct for these gaps. For instance, our First Responder Capability portfolio and Technology Centers work with responders across the country on communications solutions. But the challenges are formidable, as jurisdictions manage their own technology across 6,000 911 call centers nationwide.

Wireless: The Wave of the Future

Let’s face it. The future of communications is going to be wireless, and that extends to emergency communications, too.

S&T has been sponsoring research across a number of areas, based on findings in the S&T “Study on Mobile Device Security” Report, which concluded that targeted research and development (R&D) could inform standards to improve security and resilience of critical mobile communications networks. As a result, S&T’s Mobile Security R&D Program established the Secure and Resilient Mobile Network Infrastructure (SRMNI) project and has efforts underway to establish standards for secure voice and video capability for communications across the 3G, 4G, and 5G networks.

Last year, interagency discussions were held that included S&T, Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency, and the U.S. Department of Defense, among others, to identify lab testing requirements for 5G Emergency Communications interoperability. Then, in early spring of 2024, S&T and MITRE demoed new features in the new 5G ecosystem critical to DHS components and first responder use cases and continued to conduct engineering analysis and lab-based research to identify potential gaps. Research will be ongoing.

So, we are trending forward but are still working on helping aid improvements across traditional networks.

Connectivity is Key

As it stands, CAD-to-CAD (computer-aided dispatch) communications are the key to interoperability and resilience between government agencies responding to emergencies. Once the 911 call or text is answered, the information is sent to CAD, which is used to send the right resource to the right location. Public safety agencies have different CAD systems that don’t always efficiently share information. The result is ineffective and costly interoperable issues across communications systems.

In 2021, S&T funded a successful CAD-to-CAD interoperability pilot project run by the Integrated Justice Information Systems (IJIS) Institute to apply a single standard across municipalities to achieve interoperability. This pilot was successful in testing this theory by applying specifications across three localities – two in New Hampshire and one in Vermont, all three reliant on an InfoCAD™ environment hosted in the Amazon GovCloud. Through testing of two use cases – a three- or four-alarm fire and a medical emergency – IJIS demonstrated a viable solution in a live environment.  

Our Office of Mission and Capability Support will be conducting market research within the next few months on CAD-to-CAD Interoperability Compliance / Conformance testing. This upcoming effort is part of a five-year research & development portfolio under S&T’s Critical Infrastructure Security & Resilience Research (CISRR) Program, which is funded by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) of 2021. The objective is to build upon the previous work done by the SRMNI project to establish interoperability functional specifications and develop a model for wide-scale implementation of these standards.

Location, Location, Location

Out-of-date Voice-over-IP (VoIP) phone numbers, connected to the Internet by design, are another issue that can create emergence response delays. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requires VoIP telephone service providers to maintain a subscriber’s verified street address as a dispatchable location to the 911 community. If a call is placed for emergency services and there is a lack of cellular coverage, the VoIP address should serve as backup. But these addresses aren’t being updated when moves are made.

The result is first responders routed to the wrong place during emergencies. Our Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program released a solicitation in 2023 calling for a solution to help identify whether a call to 911 is coming from a different location than the registered location. We will have more information available on this later this spring, but the aim is to better enable VoIP service providers to provide a valid, dispatchable address.

By helping to advance CAD-to-CAD interoperability testing, seeking a solution to assist with address accuracy through VoIP, and planning for mobile interoperability solutions of the future, we at S&T are hopeful that we can help support first responders and the telecommunicators that assist them get services to the people that need them more efficiently.

Learn more about other S&T efforts to help provide technology solutions to improve emergency response communications .

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The bull market in stocks won't be derailed by Fed jitters or Middle East tensions, 4 Wall Street pros say

• The bull market in stocks is alive even as investors fret over numerous headwinds. 
• Stocks dropped last week over Fed rate cut concerns and rising tensions in the Middle East.
• But there are signs stock's long-term bull market is intact, Wall Street experts say.

Investors have grown jittery over the trajectory of stocks in recent weeks, but the bull market hasn't been derailed, Wall Street veterans say. 

US stocks have skidded lower over the past week as investors digested escalating Middle Eastern conflict and monetary policy concerns. Major indexes dropped last week after inflation came in hotter-than-expected in March , causing investors to dial back their expectations for rate cuts in 2024. Stocks took another hit after Iran attacked Israel over the weekend, with investors flocking to safe havens like US Treasurys. 

But the latest concerns may be minor blips in the face of a booming US economy and the potential uplift from artificial intelligence, meaning the bull market in stocks is still far from over, some veteran investors say.

Here's why four Wall Street pros say investors shouldn't sweat over the latest pullback in stocks:

Tom Lee, Fundstrat Head of Research

Investors should buy the dip in stocks , as the March inflation report wasn't as bad as it seems,  according to Fundstrat's Tom Lee.

In a recent video update, Lee noted that more components of the consumer price index saw year-over-year price increases of less than 3%. That's a promising sign that inflation is on track to fall to the Federal Reserve's 2% price target, even if prices overall for the economy came in hotter-than-expected last month.

Headline inflation was mainly driven by a surge in auto insurance, he added. That suggests a June rate cut is still possible, he said, though markets have mostly taken that possibility off the table, according to the CME FedWatch tool.

"Believe it or not, this was actually a very good CPI report," Lee said. "It just tells you that this is a timing issue, it's not structural. In other words, nothing else is causing hotter CPI."

James Demmert, Main Street Research CIO

Stocks are still in the midst of a longer-term bull market, and the recent correction represents the latest buy-the-dip moment for investors, Demmert said.

"A stock market correction is unfolding right now triggered by Middle East tensions, rising bond yields, and worries about delayed Fed rate cuts. Stocks have been due for a pullback for quite some time as it has been 6-months since we've seen a pullback of 8-10%," Demmert said in a note on Tuesday.

The size of the pullback will depend on whether Middle East tensions continue to escalate, but even rising tensions can't derail the bull market, he suggested.

"We are buyers of this stock market correction because while the headlines are scary right now, we believe we have entered a new bull market led by the power of artificial intelligence," Demmert said. "This new bull market can last for another 7-9 years, as AI is expected to drive significant productivity gains for companies across the board, which will strengthen corporate earnings." 

Dan Ives, Wedbush Securities analyst

Tech stocks will keep soaring despite recent headwinds, as corporate earnings are poised to come in strong over the first quarter, Ives said.

According to surveys conducted by Wedbush, consumer spending and digital advertising growth trends look "strong" among internet companies over the first quarter. That could be bullish for tech titans, including companies like Alphabet, Amazon, and Meta, Ives said.

Wedbush is also expecting a huge wave of AI spending to boost stocks. The firm anticipates $1 trillion of AI investment over the next decade, with the second, third, and fourth wave of spending poised to hit the sector in the coming years.

"We believe the recent risk-off environment and tech sell-off represent a clear buying opportunity into this upcoming tech earnings season," Ives and other analysts said in a note on Sunday. "While a hot CPI, weak bank earnings, and geopolitical worries has put pressure on stocks, now the Broadway stage and bright lights are focused on a key tech earnings season ahead which we believe will be strong across the board."

John Flood, Goldman Sachs' head of Americas equities sales trading

Stocks still look poised to move higher by the end of the year, Flood said this week . He pointed to a handful of positive catalysts that lay ahead of the market, including a historical post-tax season surge, rising corporate stock buybacks, and strong confidence indicated by inflows to money market funds. 

"There 's still plenty of dry powder out there," Flood said, pointing to the $1.6 trillion inflow to money market funds since 2023.

Stock sentiment also isn't at extreme bullish levels yet, a promising sign that a major pullback isn't imminent, he said. 

Stocks could surge another 15% this year , Goldman strategists said in a previous note. That's due to "exceptionalism" in mega-cap tech stocks, which they predicted could push the S&P 500 to 6,000 by the end of the year.

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