paraphrasing citation quotes

APA Citation Guide (7th edition): Quotes vs Paraphrases

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Quotes vs Paraphrases
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What's the Difference?

Quoting vs paraphrasing: what's the difference.

There are two ways to integrate sources into your assignment: quoting directly or paraphrasing.

Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly as it was originally written. When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation.

Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there. Make sure to also include an in-text citation.

Quoting Example

There are two basic formats that can be used:

Parenthetical Style:

Narrative Style:

Quoting Tips

Long Quotes
Changing Quotes

What Is a Long Quotation?

A quotation of more than 40 words.

Rules for Long Quotations

There are 4 rules that apply to long quotations that are different from regular quotations:

The line before your long quotation, when you're introducing the quote, usually ends with a colon.
The long quotation is indented half an inch from the rest of the text, so it looks like a block of text.
There are no quotation marks around the quotation.
The period at the end of the quotation comes before your in-text citation as opposed to after, as it does with regular quotations.

Example of a Long Quotation

At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour:

The tears began to flow and sobs shook him. He gave himself up to them now for the first time on the island; great, shuddering spasms of grief that seemed to wrench his whole body. His voice rose under the black smoke before the burning wreckage of the island; and infected by that emotion, the other little boys began to shake and sob too. (Golding, 1960, p.186)

Changing Quotations

Sometimes you may want to make some modifications to the quote to fit your writing. Here are some APA rules when changing quotes:

Incorrect spelling, grammar, and punctuation

Add the word [sic] after the error in the quotation to let your reader know the error was in the original source and is not your error.

Omitting parts of a quotation

If you would like to exclude some words from a quotation, replace the words you are not including with an ellipsis - ...

Adding words to a quote

If you are adding words that are not part of the original quote, enclose the additional words in square brackets - [XYZ]

Secondary Source Quotes

What is a secondary source.

In scholarly work, a primary source reports original content; a secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.

Cite secondary sources sparingly—for instance, when the original work is out of print, unavailable, or available only in a language that you do not understand.
If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the primary source, read it, and cite it directly rather than citing a secondary source.

Rules for Secondary Source Citations

In the reference list, provide an entry only for the secondary source that you used.
In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.
If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include it in the in-text citation.

Example of a Secondary Source Use

Quote & In-Text Citation

Reference List Entry

Paraphrases

Paraphrasing example.

When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:

If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:

NOTE : Although not required, APA encourages including the page number when paraphrasing if it will help the reader locate the information in a long text and distinguish between the information that is coming from you and the source.

Paraphrasing Tips

Long Paraphrases

Original Source

Homeless individuals commonly come from families who are riddled with problems and marital disharmony, and are alienated from their parents. They have often been physically and even sexually abused, have relocated frequently, and many of them may be asked to leave home or are actually thrown out, or alternatively are placed in group homes or in foster care. They often have no one to care for them and no one knows them intimately.

Source from:

Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology, 139, 469-480.

Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing

Example: correct paraphrasing.

If your paraphrase is longer than one sentence, provide an in-text citation for the source at the beginning of the paraphrase. As long as it's clear that the paraphrase continues to the following sentences, you don't have to include in-text citations for the following sentences.

If your paraphrase continues to another paragraph and/or you include paraphrases from other sources within the paragraph, repeat the in-text citations for each.

Additional Resource

Paraphrasing (The Learning Portal)

Tip sheet on paraphrasing information

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APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing

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When do I use in-text citations?

When should you add in-text citations in your paper .

There are several rules of thumb you can follow to make sure that you are citing your paper correctly in APA 7 format.

Think of your paper broken up into paragraphs. When you start a paragraph, the first time you add a sentence that has been paraphrased from a reference -> that's when you need to add an in-text citation.
Continue writing your paragraph, you do NOT need to add another in-text citation until: 1) You are paraphrasing from a NEW source, which means you need to cite NEW information OR 2) You need to cite a DIRECT quote, which includes a page number, paragraph number or Section title.
Important to remember : You DO NOT need to add an in-text citation after EVERY sentence of your paragraph.

Paragraph Rules of Thumb: Cite after 1st paraphrase, continue writing, add a new cite for a new source or a direct quote.

What do in-text citations look like?

In-text citation styles: , let's look at these examples if they were written in text: .

An example with 1 author:

Parenthetical citation: Following American Psychological Association (APA) style guidelines will help you to cultivate your own unique academic voice as an expert in your field (Forbes, 2020).

Narrative citation : Forbes (2020) shared that by following American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines, students would learn to find their own voice as experts in the field of nursing.

An example with 2 authors:

Parenthetical citation: Research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has demonstrated the efficacy of the method (Bennett & Miller, 2019).

Narrative citation: As shared by Bennett and Miller (2019), research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has demonstrated the efficacy of the method.

An example with 3 authors:

Parenthetical citation: Guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and symptoms related to medical and psychological conditions (Jones et al., 2020).

Narrative citation: Jones et al. (2020) shared that guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and symptoms related to medical and psychological conditions.

An example with a group/corporate author:

Parenthetical citation: Dr. Philip G. Rogers, senior vice president at the American Council on Education, was recently elected as the newest chancellor of the university (East Carolina University, 2020).

Narrative citation: Recently shared on the East Carolina University (2020) website, Dr. Philip G. Rogers, senior vice president at the American Council on Education, was elected as the newest chancellor.

Tips on Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is recreating someone else's ideas into your own words & thoughts, without changing the original meaning (gahan, 2020). .

Here are some best practices when you are paraphrasing:

How do I learn to paraphrase? IF you are thoroughly reading and researching articles or book chapters for a paper, you will start to take notes in your own words . Those notes are the beginning of paraphrased information.
Read the original information, PUT IT AWAY, then rewrite the ideas in your own words . This is hard to do at first, it takes practice, but this is how you start to paraphrase.
It's usually better to paraphrase, than to use too many direct quotes.
When you start to paraphrase, cite your source.
Make sure not to use language that is TOO close to the original, so that you are not committing plagiarism.
Use theasaurus.com to help you come up with like/similar phrases if you are struggling.
Paraphrasing (vs. using direct quotes) is important because it shows that YOU ACTUALLY UNDERSTAND the information you are reading.
Paraphrasing ALLOWS YOUR VOICE to be prevalent in your writing.
The best time to use direct quotes is when you need to give an exact definition, provide specific evidence, or if you need to use the original writer's terminology.
BEST PRACTICE PER PARAGRAPH: On your 1st paraphrase of a source, CITE IT. There is no need to add another in-text citation until you use a different source, OR, until you use a direct quote.

References :

Gahan, C. (2020, October 15). How to paraphrase sources . Scribbr.com . https://tinyurl.com/y7ssxc6g

Citing Direct Quotes

When should i use a direct quote in my paper .

Direct quotes should only be used occasionally:

When you need to share an exact definition
When you want to provide specific evidence or information that cannot be paraphrased
When you want to use the original writer's terminology

From: https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/whaddyamean/

Definitions of direct quotes:

Western Oregon University's APA Guidelines on Direct Quotes This is an excellent quick tutorial on how to format direct quotes in APA 7th edition. Bookmark this page for future reference!

Carrie Forbes, MLS

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / APA Format / Paraphrasing in APA

Paraphrasing in APA

Paraphrasing is the art of putting information into your own words while writing a research paper, in order to maintain the academic integrity of your project. This is important because you need to use solid evidence as a researcher, but you need to put information into the proper format to avoid plagiarism. The American Psychological Association (APA) created a writing style in 1929 that calls for uniformity and consistency in giving credit to sources in your research.

How to properly paraphrase

If you do not properly paraphrase your source material following the APA style, you are at the risk of losing credibility as a writer and possibly plagiarizing. Although paraphrasing is not difficult, it does take time and a little forethought to do it correctly. There are several steps you should follow in order to achieve success.

1. Read the original source

The first step in creating an effective paraphrase is to carefully read the original source. Read it the first time to get the overall understanding, and then do a second closer reading in order to gather details and material that will help you formulate your argument.

2. Take notes in your own words

After reading the original source and determining what details can help you formulate your argument, take a minute to jot down some notes. Be careful to put everything into your own words. Change the structure of the sentence as well as the vocabulary.

Also, take a moment to take notes on the context of the source. Why was it written? Who wrote it? When was it written?

3. Construct a paraphrase

In order to construct a paraphrase, you need to include the same information, but with different sentence structure and different vocabulary. APA rules say that a paraphrase should be approximately the same length as the original.

You also need to add contextual text around the paraphrase so it fits within your paper.

4. Double check the original source to avoid duplication

Although an extra step, it is always a good idea to read through the original source one more time to make sure that you have chosen different words and varied the sentence structure. This is a good time to add the APA requirements of author and year of the source so that you have it handy.

5. Include an APA in-text citation

Even though you are putting a paraphrase into your own words, APA requires an in-text citation for paraphrasing. You can create a parenthetical citation or a narrative citation to accomplish this.

Remember: All in-text citations will also need a corresponding APA reference in the APA reference page . For this article, we’re just focusing on in-text citations in paraphrases.

For both types of in-text citation, you will need the following source information:

Author’s last name
Year published
single page: p. #
page range: pp. #-#

Parenthetical citation

For an APA parenthetical citation , write your paraphrase and then add the author and year in parenthesis at the end. Use a comma between the author and the year inside the parenthesis, and put the period for the end of the sentence outside the parenthesis.

Oh, say can you see by the dawn’s early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming? (Key, 1814).

My parents traveled from Italy to Germany and then France. As the oldest child, I traveled with them after being born in Naples. They were very close, and shared that love they had for each other with me (Shelley, 1818, p. 78).

Narrative citation

In a narrative citation, you introduce the author’s name as part of the sentence, and put the year in parenthesis.

Francis Scott Key (1814) wrote very special words while overlooking a battle: Oh, say can you see by the dawn’s early light, what so proudly we hailed at the twilight’s last gleaming?

For further details, visit this guide on APA in-text citations.

Paraphrasing example

Franklin Delano Roosevelt gave an inaugural address in January 1933 during the Great Depression. This is an excerpt taken from an online source :

This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper….

1. Read original source text

In order to paraphrase, read through the text once to get the gist of it, and then again for deeper understanding. The context of this passage is also significant. It was given by a U.S. president during the Great Depression. What do you think he was trying to achieve?

Next take notes in your own words. Without immediately looking at the text, jot down what you think is the main point or concept of it. Next, take notes on the context of the source (you can look at the source for this).

For this passage, a few example notes could be:

Facing truth
Harsh current reality
Believing that this great nation will endure and eventually prosper again
Speech by President Roosevelt in 1933
Given during the Great Depression
He was addressing his citizens

Now’s the time to construct the paraphrase. Based on the notes above, a paraphrase would look something like this:

With his inaugural speech, Roosevelt was carefully trying to prepare citizens of the Nation to face the harsh reality that the Great Depression had caused, while also reassuring them that the country would endure and eventually prosper again.

4. Double check with the original source

The paraphrase above doesn’t not look too similar to the original, but we could still change a few words that were also in the original phrase (like “Nation,” “endure,” and “prosper). Revised, it looks like this:

With his inaugural speech, Roosevelt was carefully trying to prepare citizens of the United States to face the harsh reality that the Great Depression had caused, while also reassuring them that the country would eventually bounce back .

5. Add an APA in-text citation

An APA in-text citation means including the source’s author, year published, and page numbers (if available). The paraphrase already has the author’s name, but the year published needs to be added in parentheses. This is from an online source so no page number is needed.

With his inaugural speech, Roosevelt (1933) was carefully trying to prepare citizens of the United States to face the harsh reality that the Great Depression had caused, while also reassuring them that the country would eventually bounce back.

Examples of poor paraphrasing

Most people who fail at paraphrasing use the same sentence as the original source, and just change a word or two. If this is the case, the paraphrase would look something like this:

This great country will endure as it has endured, will come back to life and will prosper. So, first of all, let me show my strong belief that the only thing we have to worry about is fear itself…”

Another problem with paraphrasing occurs when you do half the job. Although the first and third sentences change the sentence structure and vocabulary in the sample below, there are some sections that are taken word-for-word from the original.

“From Italy they visited Germany and France. I, their eldest child, was born at Naples, and as an infant accompanied them in their rambles. I remained for several years their only child. Much as they were attached to each other, they seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love to bestow them upon me.

Paraphrase:

My parents visited Italy and then Germany and France. I, their eldest child, was born at Naples. I traveled with them and was their only child for a few years. They loved each other and they seemed to draw inexhaustible stores of affection from a very mine of love.

In addition to the word-for-word similarities, this paraphrase doesn’t mention the original source’s author, year published, or page number (Shelley, 1818, p. 78).

Key takeaways

In order to avoid plagiarism, APA delineates the way to give credit to sources when you are paraphrasing.
In APA style, parenthetical citations demand the author and year of source.
In order to create a stellar paraphrase, you need to change the structure and the words, but keep the main idea intact.

Published October 28, 2020.

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APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing

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Paraphrasing

Reference List & Sample Paper
Annotated Bibliography

Note that in most cases where a personal author is not named, a group author may be cited instead (eg. Statistics Canada). However, in certain cases, such as religious ancient texts, the author is unknown. Where you'd normally put the author's last name, instead use the first one, two, or three words from the title. Don't count initial articles like "A", "An" or "The". You should provide enough words to make it clear which work you're referring to from your References List.

If the title in the References list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation.

If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks.

Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized).

( Cell Biology , 2012, p. 157)

("Nursing," 2011, p. 9)

No Known Date of Publication :

Where you'd normally put the year of publication, instead use the letters "n.d.".

(Smith, n.d., p. 200)

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(Case & Daristotle, 2011, p. 57)

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(Case et al., 2011, p. 57)

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(University of Pittsburgh, 2005)

(University of Pittsburgh, 2005, p. 2)

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When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:

Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993).

Note : If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:

Hunt (1993) noted that mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research after the publication of John Bowlby's studies.

Paraphrasing Examples

Original Source

Source from:

Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology , 139, 469-480.

Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing

Note : In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way.

Example: Correct Paraphrasing

Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).

Note : The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.

No Author and/or No Date

No Known Author:

If the title in the References list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation.

If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks.

Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized).

( Cell Biology , 2012, p. 157)

("Nursing," 2011, p. 9)

No Known Date of Publication :

Where you'd normally put the year of publication, instead use the letters "n.d.".

(Smith, n.d., p. 200)

In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors

In-text citation for group or corporate authors.

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Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly.

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to:

Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing
Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing
Give examples of several points of view on a subject
Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with
Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original
Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own
Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example:

In his famous and influential work The Interpretation of Dreams , Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream-work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

Practice summarizing the essay found here , using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps:

Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas.
Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is.
Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay.
Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

There are several ways to integrate quotations into your text. Often, a short quotation works well when integrated into a sentence. Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that quoting should be done only sparingly; be sure that you have a good reason to include a direct quotation when you decide to do so. You'll find guidelines for citing sources and punctuating citations at our documentation guide pages.

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Paraphrasing & Quoting: A Brief Guide

Paraphrasing: best practices, how to avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing, paraphrasing practice: first example, paraphrasing practice: second example.

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Good academic writing is an art form. Anyone can quote from a source. The skill comes in choosing the best part of a source to quote, or even better, paraphrase.

To paraphrase (v.): to summarize the words and/or thoughts of another person (usually an author) in your own words and syntax (sentence structure). Paraphrasing allows you to reference the words or ideas of another person while best incorporating that material into your own argument and writing style. Paraphrased material, often called a paraphrased passage, must be cited.

Important Note: It is acceptable to use a few words of the original source, so long as you use “quotation marks” around those words.

Plagiarism is usually the intentional act of taking another person’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Clearly, copying anther student’s words without attribution is plagiarism and cheating. However, less obvious cases are the improper paraphrasing of a passage, where you provide an in-text citation to an author but still use the author’s original words without “quotation marks.” Paraphrasing is an essential component of writing, but it takes a little practice to do it well.

Quotation (n.): The original words of a source (usually written) identified by “quotation marks” or used as a block indent. Quoted material must be cited.

To Plagiarize (v.): To use the words or ideas of another author either without proper attribution or by improperly paraphrasing the author. Plagiarism may be committed either intentionally or unintentionally. Plagiarism is, in effect, theft. Avoid plagiarism by using “quotation marks” around quoted text and by using in-text citation for both quoted and paraphrased passages. Paraphrased passages must not include the author’s original language and syntax unless “quotation marks” are clearly used to indicate the author’s original words.

Context (n.): The original meaning of the text or idea you are quoting or paraphrasing.

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism when Paraphrasing

Do not use the author’s original sentence structure (syntax). You must use your own words and syntax. Just putting an in-text citation is not enough—you are responsible for actually paraphrasing the author’s ideas, not just making a few changes to the original words. Taking an author's original text and changing a few words is known as patchwriting . See "Examples of Plagiarism" for more information about patchwriting ("right-click plagiarism").
Do not use synonyms that you do now know. The “right click” thesaurus is meant to jog your memory and give you ideas. Do not misuse this function by changing the author’s word to a synonym you do not know. Also, do not use this function to just change a few words without using your own sentence structure.
Re-read the original before moving on. Make sure that you are not using the author’s original words and/or phrases. If you do, put them in “quotation marks.”
Do not forget to add an in-text citation.
Choose the most relevant material to paraphrase or quote in your paper. All scholarly works rely on other authors and ideas to advance their own ideas and research. There is no such thing as an academic book or article that is wholly the work and ideas of a single person. The author of any reputable book, even a philosophical one, will educate herself on the works of others and occasionally or often reference them when making her own arguments.
When you find that you need to reference another author or person, decide whether to quote or paraphrase. On the surface, quoting seems easier. In reality, paraphrasing is usually the best method, although you can include a few words or passages of the author’s original words in “quotation marks” when you paraphrase.
Any reference to an external idea must be explained by you, the author. A reference to another author or idea never stands on its own. You must make it clear to the reader why you selected a particular idea to reference.
Likewise, a quotation never stands on its own. You must explain why you chose to include the quotation.
Avoid long quotations, even those that are more than one sentence. These longer passages are tiresome to read, and often readers will glance over them without actually reading them. A much better approach for long quotations is to paraphrase the material instead. Note: long quotations are most appropriate when the source you are quoting uses a particular style you wish to discuss and demonstrate to your reader.
Avoid quoting an author who is quoting someone else. As a rule of thumb, if an author is quoting another published work, go and find that original published work and quote from it directly (you might mention that you found the work of author B from the work of author A). You need to verify the original context if you quote from someone else. However, in the case of an eyewitness report or interview, for example, it may make sense to quote an author’s quotation when the original source is not available.

To avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing you must put the author's original ideas into your own words.

Avoid plagiarism by not using the author's original words or sentence structure:

Do not use any distinctive words from the author's original. The nouns, adjectives, and verbs in your paraphrased passage must be your own words, not words lifted from the author's original. You can use a few words or the odd phrase from the original source only if you include them in quotation marks.

Articles--a, an, the--and other similar words like prepositions--to, for, at, etc.--are not distinctive enough to qualify as original wording. Similarly, general terms and any word that is not a stylistic choice of the original author would not be considered distinctive. Just beware of the order in which they appear in the original. In general, it is better to quote, when in doubt, than not to quote. (See the second example, below, for a discussion on general terms that do not need quotation marks within a paraphrased passage.)

Do not use the author's original sentence structure, that is, the original syntax. Students who copy-and-paste a passage and then only change some of the words are committing plagiarism because the author's original sentence structure is intact. When paraphrasing, focus on synthesizing information. You cannot synthesize from a cut-and-pasted passage!

Avoid paraphrasing one sentence at a time. The point of paraphrasing is to summarize the original source. It is better to read the introduction to an article, for example, and to summarize that information into a sentence or two of your own words. If you need to paraphrase a three sentence paragraph, for example, aim for one, maybe two sentences in your paraphrased version. Trying to summarize one sentence at a time is likely to result in the plagiarism method known as patchwriting. That is, your text will resemble the original text too closely.

See the examples below demonstrating good paraphrasing technique. See the tab (left-side menu) "Examples of Plagiarism" for instances of plagiarism in a paraphrased passage.

This example refers to the following citation:

Bibliographic Citation (MLA)

Wu, Katherine J. “Scientists Uncover Biological Signatures of the Worst Covid-19 Cases: Studies of patients with severe cases of Covid-19 show the immune system lacks its usual coordinated response.” New York Times, 4 Aug. 2020.

Original Passage:

Unable to marshal the right cells and molecules to fight off the invader, the bodies of the infected instead launch an entire arsenal of weapons — a misguided barrage that can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, experts said.

Thoughts: In this passage, the author uses some distinctive turns of phrase to describe the effects of Covid-19 on the human body. To paraphrase this passage, as you probably should, be careful not to plagiarize the author’s original language. See the examples below of a quotation from this passage and possible options to paraphrase it.

1. Student Example as a Quotation

Katherine Wu summarizes the findings of scientists on the response of the human body to Covid-19, writing “Unable to marshal the right cells and molecules to fight off the invader, the bodies of the infected instead launch an entire arsenal of weapons — a misguided barrage that can wreak havoc on healthy tissues, experts said” (Wu).

Thoughts: The above sentence takes the words of the author directly. This approach unnecessarily reproduces all of the original text. It does, however, provide an explanation of the source before the quotation. This explanation, whether before or after the quotation, is absolutely necessary.

2. Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage (no quoted material)

Katherine Wu summarizes the findings of scientists on the response of the human body to Covid-19, noting that the immune system response can essentially overreact to the threat posed by the virus, causing additional harm (Wu).

Thoughts: This response is completely acceptable. It summarizes the original text in the author’s own words. Possibly, you, the author, are drawn to this passage because of Wu’s descriptive terminology. In that case, perhaps using a few of her descriptions would be more appropriate. See the next example.

3. Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage with Quoted Material

Katherine Wu summarizes the findings of scientists on the response of the human body to Covid-19, noting that the immune system response can essentially overreact to the threat posed by the virus, which she labels a “misguided barrage” (Wu).

—Or—

Katherine Wu summarizes the findings of scientists on the response of the human body to Covid-19, describing the immune response in military terms as the “launch” of “an entire arsenal of weapons,” which she labels a “misguided barrage” because of the additional harm inflicted by the body onto itself (Wu).

Thoughts: Artfully paraphrasing does not necessarily involve using the author’s original words. Combining the techniques of quoting with paraphrasing is appropriate in the above example, however, because of the descriptive nature of the original text. If the original author’s words were merely clinical, it would possibly be less appropriate to quote them directly.

Original Passage:

It’s almost as if the immune system is struggling to ‘pick a lane,’ Dr. Wherry said. This disorientation also seems to extend into the realm of B cells and T cells — two types of immune fighters that usually need to stay in conversation to coordinate their attacks. Certain types of T cells, for instance, are crucial for coaxing B cells into manufacturing disease-fighting antibodies.

*Note: the author is paraphrasing while also briefly quoting a source in this example, which is represented by the single quotation marks.

Possible Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage

Evidence suggests that Covid-19 creates difficulty in the immune system’s response and complicates the function of B cells and T cells in fighting the virus. In particular, the virus interrupts the normal function of T cells, negatively impacting the ability of B cells to produce antibodies (Wu).

Thoughts: This example is a bit more difficult than the first. Here, the student has not used any quoted material. Note, though, that she has included clinical terms like “T cells,” “B cells,” and “antibodies” that appear in the original. Should she have used quotation marks?—the answer is no. These are terms, not stylistic elements of the author’s original. There is no need to quote them (although, it is usually a lesser error to overquote than underquote!). It would have been plagiarism, for example, if the student used words like “manufacturing,” “disorientation,” “conversation,” etc. without “quotation marks.” Calling the relationship between T cells and B cells a “conversation” is a stylistic choice of the author, not a scientific term.

Another Possible Student Example, Paraphrasing with Some Quoted Material

Evidence suggests that Covid-19 creates a “disorientation” in the immune system’s response and complicates the ability of B cells and T cells “to coordinate” together to fight the virus. In particular, the virus interrupts the normal function of T cells, negatively impacting the ability of B cells to produce antibodies (Wu).

Thoughts: Here the student decided to retain some of the author’s original stylistic content, meaning that she had to include “quotation marks” around the words she lifted from the author’s original. Overall, both of these examples demonstrate the student’s ability to transform the original passage into her own syntax (sentence structure). The next examples will demonstrate the serious error of plagiarizing the author’s original syntax.

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Next: Examples of Plagiarism >>
Last Updated: Feb 5, 2024 12:30 PM
URL: https://libguides.limestone.edu/citation

APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing

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Paraphrasing

Works Cited in Another Source
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No author and/or no date.

When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:

Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993).

Note : If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following his/her name:

Hunt (1993) noted that mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research after the publication of John Bowlby's studies.

Original Source

Source from:

Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology , 139, 469-480.

Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing

Note : In this incorrect example the writing is too similar to the original source. The student only changed or removed a few words and has not phrased the ideas in a new way.

Example: Correct Paraphrasing

Many homeless experience isolation in part due to suffering from abuse or neglect during their childhood (Rokach, 2005).

Note : The example keeps the idea of the original writing but phrases it in a new way.

In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors

No Known Author:

If the title in the References list is in italics, italicize the words from the title in the in-text citation.

If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks.

Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized).

( Cell Biology , 2012, p. 157)

("Nursing," 2011, p. 9)

No Known Date of Publication :

Where you'd normally put the year of publication, instead use the letters "n.d.".

(Smith, n.d., p. 200)

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Last Updated: Jan 5, 2024 2:56 PM
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Citation Guide

Citation Basics

Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing & Patchwriting

Quotes, paraphrases, and summaries are different methods of incorporating other people's ideas and words into your research. You use quotes, paraphrases, and summaries to provide evidence of having researched your topic, which shows you have a thorough understanding of the topic you are discussing, and to show support for your arguments.

Below you will find specific information on each of these different methods of incorporating sources into your research including what they are and best practices for including them in your project.

Quoting is when you use the exact words of another person.

Using Quotes

Quotes should be used sparingly in your research since they do not show that you have digested and understood the material or showcase your writing ability. They only show that you've read information related to your topic.
Quotes should only be used when the exact wording is important, or you are unable to paraphrase the author's words.
It is best to integrate quotes into your sentences rather than use them as stand-alone sentences. (See the example below for how to incorporate a quote into your sentence.)
Try not to quote an entire sentence, unless absolutely necessary. Only quote the most important words or information.
It is a good idea to start or end a sentence containing a quote with your own words to tie the quote back into your assignment. This shows you are applying the quote to support your own ideas and are adding value to the quote.
Consider using a signal phrase to introduce your quote to the reader.

Formatting Quotes

Short quotations , usually those under 4 lines of text, are enclosed in quotation marks and include an in-text citation at the end. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the citation correctly.)

Example: Graphic novels have educational and literary value and can be used in science classes to " engage students and support literacy skill development, " (Haroldson, p. 37).

Haroldson, Rachelle. “PICTURE THIS! The Versatility of Graphic Novels in Science Class.” Science Teacher , vol. 89, no. 2, Nov. 2021, p. 37-43. EBSCOhos t, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,cpid&custid=norwalk&db=sch&AN=153491142&site=eds-live .

Long quotations , usually those at or over 4 lines of text, are often called "block quotes" and have specific formatting that differs depending on the citation style being used. Check the style guide assigned by your professor for direction on how to properly format a block quote.

(largely adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and with permission from Purdue University Online Writing Lab )

Summarizing

Summarizing is when you take a large portion of the material (paragraphs, chapters, or the entire contents) and condense it down to the main points using your own words. A summary is very short overview of the resource, or portion of the resource, focusing on the key concepts.

Using Summaries

Summaries must be written entirely using your own words
Summaries should be used when you need to quickly introduce background information or another person's ideas into your work to provide context or help set-up your analysis for your reader
Try not to use summaries as "stand-alone evidence". You should always try to provide your own commentary, opinions, and/or analysis on the content of the summary.

Formatting Summaries

There is no special formatting for including summaries in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation , citing where you got the information provided in the summary. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)

Example: In her article, "Picture This!" Rachelle Haroldson discusses the benefits of using graphic novels in science classrooms and provides suggestions for teachers on how to incorporate them into their lessons (pp. 37-43).

(adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License )

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing is when you restate a concept or passage from someone else using your own words. In addition to changing the words used, correct paraphrasing also changes the sentence structure. Unlike summaries, which are much condensed representations of the original work, paraphrases are typically similar in length to the original text. Paraphrases often include your own thoughts, interpretations, and understanding of the information being conveyed.

Using Paraphrases

Shows that you've done research into your topic
Shows understanding of the topic and source being cited, and adds value to the conversation surrounding the topic being discussed
Provides supporting evidence for your arguments, adding credibility to your ideas and work
Improves the flow of your paper, by retaining your own tone and voice rather than that of your sources
It is not simply swapping out words or phrases with synonyms, or reordering the phrases within the sentence (this is considered "patchwriting" and is a form of plagiarism - see the section on Patchwriting below for more information)
Paraphrasing should be the most frequently utilized method of incorporating sources into your research since it shows a deeper understanding of the material and that you have developed your own thoughts on the topic
When paraphrasing you should seek to include your own thoughts, interpretations, and/or analysis of the information being paraphrased

Formatting Paraphrases

There is no special formatting for including paraphrases in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation , citing where you got the information being paraphrased. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)

Example: Haroldson suggests that science teachers incorporate graphic novels into their lessons because the pictorial format encourages student interest and therefore engagement in scientific concepts and supports literacy acquisition (pp. 37-38).

(adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and Academic Integrity , by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License )

Patchwriting

Patchwriting is when you only change a few words or the sentence structure without incorporating your own ideas or voice in an attempt to paraphrase. Patchwriting mimics the language and structure of the original source and therefore cannot be considered a true paraphrase, which also requires your own thoughts and understanding of the content be included. As such, patchwriting is often an unintentional form of plagiarism.

Patchwriting vs. Paraphrasing

(from Academic Integrity , by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License )

Patchwriting Example

Original Text

Graphic novels by their nature are intriguing. They are colorful, full of pictures, word bubbles, and funny sounds coming out of the characters’ mouths. Many recent publications are culturally diverse, offering traditionally underrepresented students the opportunity to see themselves in the texts and majority students the opportunity to connect with different characters and perspectives. (Haroldson, p. 39)

Source: Haroldson, Rachelle. “PICTURE THIS! The Versatility of Graphic Novels in Science Class.” Science Teacher , vol. 89, no. 2, Nov. 2021, p. 37-43. EBSCOhos t, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,cpid&custid=norwalk&db=sch&AN=153491142&site=eds-live .

Graphic novels are inherently captivating due to their vibrant visuals, use of illustrations, word bubbles, and sound effects. Many contemporary graphic novels embrace cultural diversity, providing traditionally marginalized students with a chance to identify with characters who resemble them, while also allowing students in majority groups to engage with diverse perspectives and characters (Haroldson, p. 39).

Graphic novels have a unique ability to capture student interest in scientific concepts due to their inherently entertaining method of conveying information through visual imagery. Moreover, these novels offer a valuable opportunity for students from traditionally underrepresented groups to identify with and relate to the characters and storylines presented within the narrative, making students more likely to engage with the material (Haroldson, p. 39).

Additional Resources

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing - Purdue OWL A guide from Purdue OWL explaining what quotes, paraphrases, and summaries are, what they're used for, and how to use them.
The Writing Guide - James Cook University Library A guide detailing the research and writing process with an entire page dedicated to using sources appropriately.
Reading and Writing with Sources PowerPoint - High School
Reading and Writing with Sources PowerPoint - College
Paraphrasing vs. Patchwriting from KPU's Academic Integrity eBook Explanation of the difference between paraphrasing and patchwriting with an example and activity to check your understanding.
Paraphrasing vs. Patchwriting - Ch. 13 of CS 050 Academic Writing and Grammar eBook Chapter explaining the difference between paraphrasing and patchwriting with videos, examples, and activities to test your knowledge, by the Confederation College Communications Department and Paterson Library Commons.
‘Patchwriting’ is more common than plagiarism, just as dishonest, by Kelly McBride - Poynter (2012) A Poynter article discussing what patchwriting is, how common it is, the ethics of patchwriting and its implications, with a particular focus on its use in journalism.
The Citation Project The Citation Project is a series of research studies on source use. Their purpose is to provide data and analyses that can help with educators’ questions about plagiarism, information literacy, and the teaching of source-based writing. more... less... By collecting data and replicating or adapting the methods of other studies to analyze it, ongoing Citation Project research builds on and extends the work of other scholars, generating deeper and more nuanced understanding of source-based writing. (description from website)
Paraphrasing - Penn State Academic Integrity Tutorial A page on the Penn State Academic Integrity tutorial with information on correct and incorrect attempts at paraphrasing.
How to Quote | Citing Quotes in APA, MLA & Chicago A Scribbr guide on using and citing quotes in academic writing, complete with examples, videos, and FAQs.
<< Previous: Citation Basics
Next: MLA >>
Last Updated: Feb 23, 2024 2:22 PM
URL: https://library.ctstate.edu/citations

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Apa citation guide (apa 7th edition): quoting vs. paraphrasing.

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APA Citation FAQs

Quoting vs Paraphrasing

Quoting vs paraphrasing: what's the difference.

There are two ways to integrate sources into your assignment: quoting directly or paraphrasing.

Long quotations
Modifying quotations

Quoting - Examples

There are two basic formats that can be used when quoting a source:

Parenthetical Style

Narrative style, what is a long quotation.

A quotation of more than 40 words. Long quotations are formatted as blocks of texts called block quotations.

Rules for Block Quotations

There are 4 rules that apply to block quotations that are different from regular quotations:

The line before your block quotation, when you're introducing the quote, usually ends with a colon.
The block quotation is indented half an inch from the rest of the text, so it looks like a block of text.
There are no quotation marks around the quotation.
The period at the end of the quotation comes before your in-text citation as opposed to after , as it does with regular quotations.

Example of a Block Quotation

At the end of Lord of the Flies the boys are struck with the realization of their behaviour:

Modifying Quotations

Sometimes you may want to make some modifications to the quote to fit your writing. Here are some APA rules when changing quotes:

Incorrect spelling, grammar, and punctuation

Add the word [sic] after the error in the quotation to let your reader know the error was in the original source and is not your error.

Omitting parts of a quotation

If you would like to exclude some words from a quotation, replace the words you are not including with an ellipsis - ...

Adding words to a quote

If you are adding words that are not part of the original quote, enclose the additional words in square brackets - [XYZ]

Additional Resource

Additional resource:.

Using Quotations (The Learning Portal) Tip sheet on how and when to use quotations

Paraphrasing

Correct vs. incorrect paraphrasing
Long paraphrases

Paraphrasing - Examples

When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:

If you refer to the author's name in a sentence you do not have to include the name again as part of your in-text citation, instead include the year of publication following their name:

Note: Although not required, APA encourages including the page number(s) when paraphrasing long or complex sources, such as books, so that the reader can easily refer to the paraphrased information in your source. Always clarify with your instructor about their preference regarding page numbers in paraphrase in-text citations.

Correct vs. Incorrect Paraphrasing

Original Source

Source from:

Rokach, A. (2005). The causes of loneliness in homeless youth. The Journal of Psychology , 139, 469-480.

Example of Incorrect Paraphrasing:

Example of Correct Paraphrasing:

Long Paraphrases

If your paraphrase continues to another paragraph and/or you include paraphrases from other sources within the paragraph, repeat the in-text citations for each.

Paraphrasing (The Learning Portal) Tip sheet on paraphrasing information

In-text Citation Tips

Citing after each sentence
Sources with same author and publication year
Citing more than one source

Citing only once at the end of the paragraph isn't enough, as it doesn't clearly show where you started using information from another person's work or ideas. When you use a source more than once in a paragraph, you need to cite the source the first time it is mentioned, and then continue to make it clear that the same work is being paraphrased in subsequent sentences.

This can be tricky though - you want your paper or assignment to flow nicely while properly citing your sources. There is a way you can avoid having to write full in-text citations each and every time by adding a lead-in sentence to your paragraph, "narrative" style.

Bad (Do not do this). In this paragraph, the citation occurs only at the end and reader does not know exactly when/where information comes from the source:

Correct but ugly. This paragraph is technically correct for APA, but it is difficult to read in large part because the in-text citations are intrusive and awkward:

Good. These paragraphs are "APA correct" and easy to read. Note the reader knows exactly when/where information from the source is used:

Note: The above examples are adapted from Rasmussen College .

When you are citing two different sources that share the same author and year of publication, assign lowercase letters after the year of publication (a, b, c, etc.). Assign these letters according to which title comes first alphabetically. Use these letters in both in-text citations and the Reference list.

Example In-Text:

Example Reference List entries:

If you would like to cite more than one source within the same in-text citation, simply record the in-text citations as normal and separate them with a semi-colon. List the sources alphabetically by author's last name or first word used from the title if no author is given, in the same order they would appear on the References List.

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Next: Avoiding Plagiarism >>
Last Updated: Jan 12, 2024 8:16 AM
URL: https://libraryguides.lehigh.edu/APA_citation_7th

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APA Style, 7th Edition

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Parenthetical or In-Text Citations

Quoting and Paraphrasing

What abot the title, 8.24 long paraphrase, 8.25 direct quotation, 8.27 block quotes.

Additional Resources

APA provides additional information on quoting, paraphrasing, and avoiding plagiarism in APA section 8.23-8.36. You must give credit for the source and ideas where credit is due. If in doubt, it is safer to cite.

When utilizing the author's name in the text to introduce an idea or quotation, known as a signal phrase, place only the publication year in parentheses immediately after the author's name. Immediately after the quotation, place the specific page number in parentheses. When paraphrasing a primary source, it is not required to include the page number but it is permissible. If paraphrasing a secondary source, include the page number.

The following paragraph gives examples of three parenthetical citations including the use of a signal phrase:

As Hanmer, Greenberg, and Keshavarzian (2009) note “childhood is the most opportune time to break the cycle of poverty” as investing in “a child’s health, nutrition, education, and social, emotional, and cognitive development is an investment in a healthier, more literate, and ultimately, more productive and spiritually strong population” (p. 53). Religious communities possess the unique ability to transform views by providing spiritual encouragement, moral formation, and training and education (Foster, 2009, p. 13). Unlike international aid organizations and government entities, religious communities have the trust and confidence of their communities as well (Hanmer et al., 2009, p. 53).

Sometimes when introducing a quotation or paraphrase, you wish to mention not only the author of the work but also the specific title of the work. When using the title of a book, article, or report within the narrative text, APA indicates that the title should be in Title Case where all major words are capitalized. See section 6.17 Titles of Works and Headings Within Words for more information.

Sometimes a long paraphrase of several sentences is needed to summarize a work. Make certain to cite your source after the first use. Repeating a parenthetical citation is not needed. However, if the paraphrase continues to a second paragraph, a second citation is needed.

APA indicates it is best to paraphrase. But it is permissible to use a direct quotation in the following circumstances:

exact definitions
a memorable statement
desire to respond to exact words

When using a direct quotation, provide author, year, and page number so that the reader can locate the exact quotation.

Block quotations are used for quotations of 40 or more words.

Block quotations start on a new line with the entire quotation indented by 1/2 inch or 1 tab. The entire quotation should be double-spaced just like the remaining text and does not have quotation marks. The parenthetical citation will appear immediately after the quotation with no period at the end.

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Next: Additional Resources >>
Last Updated: Sep 15, 2022 10:29 AM
URL: https://libguides.lincolnchristian.edu/APA

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Documenting sources is an essential part of the research and writing process. Proper citation of the sources you quote, paraphrase, and mention is important for avoiding plagiarism, giving credit where due, and putting your work in intellectual context. Accurate citations will also help your readers find the works that you're responding to or building on, allowing them to more fully engage with and/or contribute to the scholarly conversation around your work.

This guide covers the APA, MLA, Chicago, and Turabian styles, and provides links to a number of additional citation styles.

It also includes information on citation management tools like Zotero and RefWorks, links to several automatic citation generators, and tips for avoiding plagiarism.

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How to Paraphrase without Plagiarism: A Detailed Guide with Examples

Paraphrasing effectively while avoiding plagiarism is a common pain point for writers across all levels of expertise. The fear of accidentally plagiarising someone else’s work or failing to give credit where it’s due can plague you from even starting to write.

However, instead of fearing, prepare yourself with this step-by-step guide to learn how to paraphrase without plagiarism. Whether you’re a student racing against a deadline or a researcher aiming for accuracy and originality, this guide is the key to effectively paraphrase for plagiarism-free academic writing.

Table of Contents

What is Paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing is the act of restating someone else’s ideas or information in your own words. It involves expressing the same meaning as the original text but using different words and sentence structures.

Paraphrasing is commonly used to avoid plagiarism, integrate evidence into writing, and simplify complex information for better understanding. It’s an essential skill in academic and professional writing, allowing writers to convey information effectively while maintaining originality and clarity.

Understanding Paraphrasing, Quoting, and Summarizing

When writing an academic paper, you will likely need to incorporate source material to support your ideas and analysis. There are three main ways to do this – paraphrasing, quoting, and summarizing. However, each approach varies in how closely your writing reflects the original source.

Paraphrasing
Rephrases the original text in your own words
Should condense the original information using different phrasing and sentence structures
Retains the full meaning of the original text
Must always attribute the source using in-text citations
Uses the exact words from the original source
Places word-for-word passages in quotation marks
Should quote briefly to highlight key phrases or ideas
Must match the original exactly
Requires in-text citations to attribute quotes
Summarizing
Puts the main points of a passage into your own words
Greatly condenses the original to provide a broad overview
Much shorter than the original text
Must include attribution to the original source

Using the appropriate mix of quotes, paraphrases, and summaries adds credibility to your content by referencing source texts. This demonstrates your authority on the topic and ensures academic honesty through proper citation. Here is a draft section on when to paraphrase:

When to Paraphrase?

Paraphrasing is an essential skill in academic writing and could be used for following purposes:

To Clarify Ideas

Paraphrase when you need to clarify or simplify a short, complex passage from a source text to ensure better reader comprehension. This demonstrates deep understanding of difficult concepts on the author’s part.

To avoiding Over-Quotation

Choosing to paraphrase instead of relying heavily on direct quotations enables the smooth integration of external ideas in your own writing style.

To Eliminate Non-Essential Wording

When the original text contains non-essential wording, paraphrasing allows you to focus selectively on the most relevant information and explain the main points, enhancing clarity and conciseness.

To Reporting Statistical Data

Paraphrase when you need to report numerical data or statistics. This is preferred in APA format over directly quoting such information.

Strategies on How to Paraphrase Without Plagiarising

It is important to thoroughly understand the original text to grasp its main ideas before paraphrasing. Then to effectively paraphrase in order to avoid plagiarism and yet convey the information you can adopt a combination of following strategies:

Use alternative vocabulary

This strategy involves replacing key terms in the original passage with synonyms, adding variety and clarity to the text.

Original text : The scientist conducted experiments to test the credibility of the study

Paraphrased text : The researcher carried out trials to evaluate the reliability of the study

Modify the parts of speech

Modifying the grammatical structure of sentences can provide a fresh perspective. For instance, modifying the parts of speech by changing an adjective to an adverb can rephrase a sentence. However, its effectiveness relies on the wording of the original passage, thus it must be used in combination with other strategies.

Original text: He is a careful driver.

Paraphrased text: He drives carefully.

Changing the structure

Reorganizing the sequence of phrases and clauses can lead to new sentences while preserving the original meaning. When doing so, use active voice whenever possible and reserve passive voice only for situations when it is absolutely necessary.

Original text: The chef carefully prepared the ingredients before cooking the meal.

Paraphrased text: Before cooking the meal, the chef meticulously prepared the ingredients.

Adding or removing piece of content

Adjusting the content by adding or omitting information can help tailor the paraphrased version. You can add your own take on an existing quote to elaborate on the context. While doing so, it must be ensured that the core message remains unaltered.

Original text: Reading for pleasure fosters creativity and empathy in children.

Paraphrased text: Engaging in recreational activities such as reading can stimulate creativity among youngsters.

Citing your sources

If you use a specific phrase from the original, enclose it in quotation marks and attribute it correctly. Always cite the original source, including author, title, publication date, and other relevant details. Proper paraphrasing and citation prevent plagiarism and enhance your work with valuable sources.

Original text: The amendment made changes to Section 40 of the Voting Rights Act, which bans any voting practice that discriminates against racial or language minorities.

Paraphrased text : The amendment in 2020 updated Section 40 of the Voting Rights Act, making it illegal to have any voting practices that are discriminatory towards racial or linguistic minority groups (Smith, 2020).

Further, use paraphrasing tools for streamlining the process of efficient and employ plagiarism checker tools to establish the authenticity of your content.

Using AI Effectively to Paraphrase Without Plagiarism

One of the most efficient ways to rework existing content is by using an advanced paraphrasing tool.

Trinka’s paraphrasing tool offers a customised and error-free paraphrasing option. Its user-friendly interface makes on-demand paraphrasing highly accessible. Within seconds, Trinka delivers reworked content that maintains meaning while transforming vocabulary and style.

Multiple paraphrasing options to choose from
Customizable degree of variation
Automatic grammar error correction
One-click, instant paraphrasing
Clarity and Precision – Help academic writers maintain clarity, accuracy, and proper usage of technical terminology by transforming text while preserving its original meaning, ensuring that the content remains clear, precise, and academically
Maintaining Academic Integrity – Assist writers in avoiding plagiarism by rephrasing content in their own words while still accurately conveying the intended message, thus upholding academic integrity
Efficiency in Research Writing – Enhances the efficiency by quickly rewording text, saving time for researchers to focus on analyzing data, conducting experiments, and developing original insights, without being hindered by manual rephrasing tasks

4 simple steps to follow to paraphrase using Trinka

Step 1: Input the desired text into the left panel after selecting the ‘Paraphraser’ option from the vertical toolbar on the right.

Step 2: Choose either specific sentences or the entire content for paraphrasing.

Step 3: Adjust the degree of change desired using the options at the top of the right panel. The paraphrased text will be displayed in the right panel. Further alternatives can be explored by clicking on suggested paraphrases.

Step 4: Once satisfied with the alternatives, the paraphrased content is finally ready for your use.

By following a step by step approach outlined above and understanding the examples, you can master the art of paraphrasing and enhance the clarity and originality of your work.

FAQ's on Paraphrasing

Effective paraphrasing involves understanding the original text, expressing its ideas in your own words while maintaining the original meaning, and properly citing the source.

To paraphrase a quote, read the original text carefully, understand its meaning, and then rephrase it in your own words without changing the original intent. Ensure that the paraphrased version accurately reflects the original idea.

When paraphrasing, you must still give credit to the original source. Use an in-text citation that includes the author's name and the publication year, followed by a reference entry in the bibliography or works cited page.

To paraphrase a sentence, read it thoroughly, understand its meaning, and then rewrite it using different words and sentence structure while retaining the original idea. Be careful not to change the meaning or misrepresent the original text.

In APA format, paraphrasing requires providing the author's name and the publication year in the in-text citation. Additionally, include a full reference entry in the references list at the end of your document.

To paraphrase without plagiarizing, ensure that you fully understand the original text before rewriting it in your own words. Use proper citation to acknowledge the source, and avoid closely mimicking the original text's structure or wording.

When paraphrasing a research paper, focus on conveying the author's ideas accurately while using your own words and sentence structure. Ensure that the paraphrased content is coherent and properly cited according to the required citation style, such as APA or MLA.

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For Students:

Check your syllabus for a statement about ChatGPT or AI from your professor first. If there is no statement, ask your professor or TA before using AI tools in your coursework. Unauthorized use of AI could be considered cheating.
To avoid plagiarism, it is necessary to cite any quotes, paraphrasing and ideas you get from AI, just as you would with other sources. Some professors may also want you to explain how you used AI in completing the assignment and/or turn in the content the AI tool generated.
AI tools such as ChatGPT or Gemini may make up credible-sounding citations to sources that do not exist, which is called “hallucinating.” Make sure you locate the full source and read it before using it in your research project.

For Instructors:

Consider what uses of AI are acceptable within your courses. Can students use AI in some stages of the researching, writing or creating process? As a tool for brainstorming or studying? If so, be specific about what is allowed and what is not, and what the expectations are for citing AI tools.
Include a clear statement about AI parameters on your syllabus. See the Provost’s Your Syllabus page for examples.

Citing Generative AI Output

APA Style: https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt
Chicago Manual of Style: search the FAQs for guidance using terms such as ChatGPT, generative AI and artificial intelligence. Guidance includes citing generated text and citing images generated by DALL-E.
MLA Style: https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/
Last Updated: Mar 26, 2024 1:25 PM
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What's a paraphrasing tool?

This AI-powered paraphraser lets you rewrite text in your own words. Use it to paraphrase articles, essays, and other pieces of text. You can also use it to rephrase sentences and find synonyms for individual words. And the best part? It’s all 100% free!

What's paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing involves expressing someone else’s ideas or thoughts in your own words while maintaining the original meaning. Paraphrasing tools can help you quickly reword text by replacing certain words with synonyms or restructuring sentences. They can also make your text more concise, clear, and suitable for a specific audience. Paraphrasing is an essential skill in academic writing and professional communication.

Why use this paraphrasing tool?

Save time: Gone are the days when you had to reword sentences yourself; now you can rewrite a text or a complete text with one click.
Improve your writing: Your writing will always be clear and easy to understand. Automatically ensure consistent language throughout.
Preserve original meaning: Paraphrase without fear of losing the point of your text.
No annoying ads: We care about the user experience, so we don’t run any ads.
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No sign-up required: We don’t need your data for you to use our paraphrasing tool.
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Features of the paraphrasing tool

Rephrase individual sentences

With the Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool, you can easily reformulate individual sentences.

Write varied headlines
Rephrase the subject line of an email
Create unique image captions

Paraphrase a whole text

Our paraphraser can also help with longer passages (up to 125 words per input). Upload your document or copy your text into the input field.

With one click, you can reformulate the entire text.

Find synonyms with ease

Simply click on any word to open the interactive thesaurus.

Choose from a list of suggested synonyms
Find the synonym with the most appropriate meaning
Replace the word with a single click

Paraphrase in two ways

Standard: Offers a compromise between modifying and preserving the meaning of the original text
Fluency: Improves language and corrects grammatical mistakes.

Upload different types of documents

Upload any Microsoft Word document, Google Doc, or PDF into the paraphrasing tool.

Download or copy your results

After you’re done, you can easily download or copy your text to use somewhere else.

Powered by AI

The paraphrasing tool uses natural language processing to rewrite any text you give it. This way, you can paraphrase any text within seconds.

Avoid accidental plagiarism

Want to make sure your document is plagiarism-free? In addition to our paraphrasing tool, which will help you rephrase sentences, quotations, or paragraphs correctly, you can also use our anti-plagiarism software to make sure your document is unique and not plagiarized.

Scribbr’s anti-plagiarism software enables you to:

Detect plagiarism more accurately than other tools
Ensure that your paraphrased text is valid
Highlight the sources that are most similar to your text

Start for free

How does this paraphrasing tool work?

1. put your text into the paraphraser, 2. select your method of paraphrasing, 3. select the quantity of synonyms you want, 4. edit your text where needed, who can use this paraphrasing tool.

Paraphrasing tools can help students to understand texts and improve the quality of their writing.

Create original lesson plans, presentations, or other educational materials.

Researchers

Explain complex concepts or ideas to a wider audience.

Journalists

Quickly and easily rephrase text to avoid repetitive language.

Copywriters

By using a paraphrasing tool, you can quickly and easily rework existing content to create something new and unique.

Bloggers can rewrite existing content to make it their own.

Writers who need to rewrite content, such as adapting an article for a different context or writing content for a different audience.

A paraphrasing tool lets you quickly rewrite your original content for each medium, ensuring you reach the right audience on each platform.

The all-purpose paraphrasing tool

The Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool is the perfect assistant in a variety of contexts.

Brainstorming

Writer’s block? Use our paraphraser to get some inspiration.

Professional communication

Produce creative headings for your blog posts or PowerPoint slides.

Academic writing

Paraphrase sources smoothly in your thesis or research paper.

Social media

Craft memorable captions and content for your social media posts.

Paraphrase text online, for free

The Scribbr Paraphrasing Tool lets you rewrite as many sentences as you want—for free.

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Frequently asked questions

The act of putting someone else’s ideas or words into your own words is called paraphrasing, rephrasing, or rewording. Even though they are often used interchangeably, the terms can mean slightly different things:

Paraphrasing is restating someone else’s ideas or words in your own words while retaining their meaning. Paraphrasing changes sentence structure, word choice, and sentence length to convey the same meaning.

Rephrasing may involve more substantial changes to the original text, including changing the order of sentences or the overall structure of the text.

Rewording is changing individual words in a text without changing its meaning or structure, often using synonyms.

It can. One of the two methods of paraphrasing is called “Fluency.” This will improve the language and fix grammatical errors in the text you’re paraphrasing.

Paraphrasing and using a paraphrasing tool aren’t cheating. It’s a great tool for saving time and coming up with new ways to express yourself in writing. However, always be sure to credit your sources. Avoid plagiarism.

If you don’t properly cite text paraphrased from another source, you’re plagiarizing. If you use someone else’s text and paraphrase it, you need to credit the original source. You can do that by using citations. There are different styles, like APA, MLA, Harvard, and Chicago. Find more information about citing sources here.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly cite the source . This means including an in-text citation and a full reference, formatted according to your required citation style .

As well as citing, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas and passing them off as your own. Paraphrasing means putting someone else’s ideas in your own words.

So when does paraphrasing count as plagiarism?

Paraphrasing is plagiarism if you don’t properly credit the original author.
Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead.
Paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you put the author’s ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source .

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Paraphrasing 101

COMMENTS

Paraphrasing
Published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student authors should emulate this practice by paraphrasing more than directly quoting. When you paraphrase, cite the original work using either the narrative or parenthetical citation format.
In-Text Citations: The Basics
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining. ... Summary or paraphrase. If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary ...
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. It helps you control the temptation to quote too much. The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
APA Citation Guide (7th edition): Quotes vs Paraphrases
Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly as it was originally written. When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation. Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote.
How to Paraphrase
Paraphrasing means putting someone else's ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning. Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone's exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it's usually better to integrate sources by ...
APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing
Long quotes: Have 40 words or MORE, DO NOT use quotation marks, are in a block quote (by indenting 0.5" or 1 tab) beneath the text of the paragraph. (Miller et al., 2016, p. 136) Quotes for webpages: Websites usually do not contain page numbers, therefore you need a different way to cite the information for a direct quote. There are two ways to ...
Paraphrasing in APA
Parenthetical citation. For an APA parenthetical citation, write your paraphrase and then add the author and year in parenthesis at the end. Use a comma between the author and the year inside the parenthesis, and put the period for the end of the sentence outside the parenthesis. Example 1: Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light.
LibGuides: APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993). Note: If you refer to the author's ...
Paraphrasing
In-Text Citation. Quoting ; Paraphrasing ; Reference List & Sample Writing; Annotated Bibliography; Paraphrasing. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.
LibGuides: Citation Guide: Paraphrasing and Quoting
Quotation (n.): The original words of a source (usually written) identified by "quotation marks" or used as a block indent. Quoted material must be cited. To Plagiarize (v.): To use the words or ideas of another author either without proper attribution or by improperly paraphrasing the author.
How to Quote
Citing a quote in APA Style. To cite a direct quote in APA, you must include the author's last name, the year, and a page number, all separated by commas. If the quote appears on a single page, use "p."; if it spans a page range, use "pp.". An APA in-text citation can be parenthetical or narrative.
LibGuides: APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing
If you are citing an article, a chapter of a book or a page from a website, put the words in double quotation marks. Capitalize the titles using title case (every major word is capitalized) even if the reference list entry uses sentence case (only first word is capitalized). Examples: ( Cell Biology, 2012, p. 157)
Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing & Patchwriting
Quotes should only be used when the exact wording is important, or you are unable to paraphrase the author's words. It is best to integrate quotes into your sentences rather than use them as stand-alone sentences. (See the example below for how to incorporate a quote into your sentence.) Try not to quote an entire sentence, unless absolutely ...
APA Citation Guide (APA 7th Edition): Quoting vs. Paraphrasing
When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation. Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there.
Quoting, Paraphrasing, & Summarizing
Quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing are all different ways of including evidence and the ideas of others into your assignments. Using evidence from credible sources to support your thesis is an important part of academic writing. Citing the source of any quote, paraphrase, or summary is an important step to avoid plagiarism.
Free APA Citation Generator
You should include in-text citations every time you're quoting or paraphrasing someone else's ideas or words. In doing so, you give credit to the original author and avoid plagiarism. Parenthetical vs. narrative citation. The in-text citation can take two forms: parenthetical and narrative.
Quoting and Paraphrasing
APA provides additional information on quoting, paraphrasing, and avoiding plagiarism in APA section 8.23-8.36. ... The entire quotation should be double-spaced just like the remaining text and does not have quotation marks. The parenthetical citation will appear immediately after the quotation with no period at the end. << Previous ...
Research Guides: Cite Your Sources: Citing Sources
Proper citation of the sources you quote, paraphrase, and mention is important for avoiding plagiarism, giving credit where due, and putting your work in intellectual context. Accurate citations will also help your readers find the works that you're responding to or building on, allowing them to more fully engage with and/or contribute to the ...
How to Paraphrase without Plagiarism: A Detailed Guide with Examples
Citing your sources; If you use a specific phrase from the original, enclose it in quotation marks and attribute it correctly. Always cite the original source, including author, title, publication date, and other relevant details. Proper paraphrasing and citation prevent plagiarism and enhance your work with valuable sources. Example:
Free Citation Generator
Citing sources. Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author. Citing your sources is important because it: Allows you to avoid plagiarism; Establishes the credentials of your sources; Backs up your arguments with evidence;
Academic Integrity and Citation
To avoid plagiarism, it is necessary to cite any quotes, paraphrasing and ideas you get from AI, just as you would with other sources. Some professors may also want you to explain how you used AI in completing the assignment and/or turn in the content the AI tool generated. ... AI tools such as ChatGPT or Gemini may make up credible-sounding ...
Fact Check: Fake Mark Wahlberg comment about working with Tom Hanks
By Reuters Fact Check. March 27, 202412:06 AM PDTUpdated 3 min ago. Satirical website headlines citing Mark Wahlberg as having said that he refused to work with fellow American actor Tom Hanks are ...
#1 Free Paraphrasing Tool
Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead. Paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you put the author's ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source. Try our services
Gunvor Says Drones Shut 600,000 Barrels of Russian Refining
March 18, 2024 at 10:52 AM PDT. Save. Listen. 1:22. Gunvor Group Ltd. Chief Executive Officer Torbjörn Törnqvist estimates about 600,000 barrels of Russia's daily oil-refining capacity has ...

APA Citation Guide (7th edition): Quotes vs Paraphrases

What's the Difference?

Quoting Example

Quoting Tips

What Is a Long Quotation?

Rules for Long Quotations

Example of a Long Quotation

Changing Quotations

Incorrect spelling, grammar, and punctuation

Omitting parts of a quotation

Adding words to a quote

Secondary Source Quotes

Rules for Secondary Source Citations

Example of a Secondary Source Use

Paraphrases

Paraphrasing Tips

Original Source

Example: Incorrect Paraphrasing

Additional Resource

APA Citation Style, 7th Edition: In-Text Citations & Paraphrasing

When do I use in-text citations?

What do in-text citations look like?

Tips on Paraphrasing

Citing Direct Quotes

Definitions of direct quotes:

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Paraphrasing in APA

How to properly paraphrase

1. Read the original source

2. Take notes in your own words

3. Construct a paraphrase

4. Double check the original source to avoid duplication

5. Include an APA in-text citation

Paraphrasing example

1. Read original source text

4. Double check with the original source

5. Add an APA in-text citation

Examples of poor paraphrasing

Key takeaways

Plagiarism Checker

APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing

On This Page

APA Handbook

Using the Library

Subject Guides

APA Citation Guide (7th edition) CGS

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing Examples

No Author and/or No Date

In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors

Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing?

Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries?

How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries

Citation Guide

Paraphrasing & Quoting: A Brief Guide

Tips to Avoid Plagiarism when Paraphrasing

See the examples below demonstrating good paraphrasing technique. See the tab (left-side menu) "Examples of Plagiarism" for instances of plagiarism in a paraphrased passage.

Bibliographic Citation (MLA)

Original Passage:

1. Student Example as a Quotation

2. Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage (no quoted material)

3. Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage with Quoted Material

Original Passage:

Possible Student Example as a Paraphrased Passage

Another Possible Student Example, Paraphrasing with Some Quoted Material

APA Citation Guide (7th edition) : Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing

On This Page

In-Text Citation for Group or Corporate Authors

In-Text Citation For Two or More Authors/Editors

Citation Guide

Quoting, Paraphrasing, Summarizing & Patchwriting

Using Quotes

Formatting Quotes

Summarizing

Using Summaries