Author (year), followed by quote, followed by (page).
“According to the environmental economists, we must now curb our passion for growth, distribute resources more evenly" (Attenborough, 2020, p. 135).
Attenborough (2020) states that “according to the environmental economists, we must now curb our passion for growth, distribute resources more evenly" (p. 135).
(Author, year) at end of paraphrase
Author (year) followed by parahrase
It is important to rethink our propensity for growth and consider distributing resources in a more equitable fashion for the sake of the planet (Attenborough, 2020).
Attenborough (2020) documents how important it is to rethink our propensity for growth and consider distributing resources in a more equitable fashion for the sake of the planet.
Quotations of 40 or more words Quotes of 40 or more words are set as a block quotation, and indented (shifted) about 1 cm from the left margin. Quotation marks are not used (even if it is a direct quote). The in-text citation is added at the end of the quote, after the full stop. There is no full stop following the in-text citation. Example of quote of 40 or more words in a block: Block quote. (author, year, page number)
Many countries are looking at new ways to measure economic progress to include the effect on the environment. In 2019, New Zealand made the bold step of formally dropping GDP as its primary measure of economic success. It didn't adopt any of the existing alternatives, but instead created its own index based upon its most pressing national concerns. All three Ps - profit, people and planet - were represented. (Attenborough, 2020, p. 134)
A quote within a quote - secondary source, if an author quotes someone else, and you want to use this quote for your assignment, you are using a secondary source . for example, if david attenborough (original source) quotes jane goodall (secondary source) in his book, and you want to use jane goodall's quote in your assignment, this is using a secondary source. example of a secondary source in-text citation:, author of secondary source (year of secondary source, [as cited in] author of original source, year of original source, page of original source), according to jane goodall (2002, as cited in attenborough, 2020, p. 260), the number of gorillas in the wild have fallen dramatically., whenever possible, try and find the original source to reference the reference list will include the source you actually used (for this example, the reference list would include david attenborough's book), omitting content from a quote, omitting a word from an original quote, if a word(s) is removed from a quote, a parenthetical ellipsis (...) is added in its place. example:, "we are polluting the earth with far too many fertilisers, distrupting...phosphorus cycles" (attenborough, 2020, p. 111)..
Quotes, paraphrases, and summaries are different methods of incorporating other people's ideas and words into your research. You use quotes, paraphrases, and summaries to provide evidence of having researched your topic, which shows you have a thorough understanding of the topic you are discussing, and to show support for your arguments.
Below you will find specific information on each of these different methods of incorporating sources into your research including what they are and best practices for including them in your project.
Quoting is when you use the exact words of another person.
Quotes Do... | Quotes do Not... |
---|---|
Show that you've done research into your topic | Show understanding of the material or topic |
Provide supporting evidence for your arguments, adding credibility to your ideas and work | Show that you've thought about and developed your own ideas or opinions on the topic |
Draw attention to important phrases or information | Add value to the conversation surrounding the topic being discussed |
Short quotations , usually those under 4 lines of text, are enclosed in quotation marks and include an in-text citation at the end. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the citation correctly.)
Example: Graphic novels have educational and literary value and can be used in science classes to " engage students and support literacy skill development, " (Haroldson, p. 37).
Haroldson, Rachelle. “PICTURE THIS! The Versatility of Graphic Novels in Science Class.” Science Teacher , vol. 89, no. 2, Nov. 2021, p. 37-43. EBSCOhos t, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,cpid&custid=norwalk&db=sch&AN=153491142&site=eds-live .
Long quotations , usually those at or over 4 lines of text, are often called "block quotes" and have specific formatting that differs depending on the citation style being used. Check the style guide assigned by your professor for direction on how to properly format a block quote.
(largely adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and with permission from Purdue University Online Writing Lab )
Summarizing is when you take a large portion of the material (paragraphs, chapters, or the entire contents) and condense it down to the main points using your own words. A summary is very short overview of the resource, or portion of the resource, focusing on the key concepts.
Summaries Do... | Summaries do Not... |
---|---|
Show that you've done research into your topic | Show understanding of the material or topic |
Help you concisely provide background information for your readers | Show that you can think critically about the material or topic and draw your own conclusions |
Allow you to briefly introduce other people's ideas and opinions into your work for you to comment on and analyze | Add value to the conversation surrounding the topic being discussed |
There is no special formatting for including summaries in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation , citing where you got the information provided in the summary. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)
Example: In her article, "Picture This!" Rachelle Haroldson discusses the benefits of using graphic novels in science classrooms and provides suggestions for teachers on how to incorporate them into their lessons (pp. 37-43).
(adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License )
Paraphrasing is when you restate a concept or passage from someone else using your own words. In addition to changing the words used, correct paraphrasing also changes the sentence structure. Unlike summaries, which are much condensed representations of the original work, paraphrases are typically similar in length to the original text. Paraphrases often include your own thoughts, interpretations, and understanding of the information being conveyed.
There is no special formatting for including paraphrases in your writing, except that you must still include an in-text citation , citing where you got the information being paraphrased. (Check the style guide assigned by your professor for information on formatting the in-text citation correctly.)
Example: Haroldson suggests that science teachers incorporate graphic novels into their lessons because the pictorial format encourages student interest and therefore engagement in scientific concepts and supports literacy acquisition (pp. 37-38).
(adapted from content on James Cook University Library " Writing Guide " licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) 4.0 International License and Academic Integrity , by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License )
Patchwriting
Patchwriting is when you only change a few words or the sentence structure without incorporating your own ideas or voice in an attempt to paraphrase. Patchwriting mimics the language and structure of the original source and therefore cannot be considered a true paraphrase, which also requires your own thoughts and understanding of the content be included. As such, patchwriting is often an unintentional form of plagiarism.
Patchwriting | Paraphrasing |
---|---|
(from Academic Integrity , by Ulrike Kestler, licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License )
Original Text
Graphic novels by their nature are intriguing. They are colorful, full of pictures, word bubbles, and funny sounds coming out of the characters’ mouths. Many recent publications are culturally diverse, offering traditionally underrepresented students the opportunity to see themselves in the texts and majority students the opportunity to connect with different characters and perspectives. (Haroldson, p. 39)
Source: Haroldson, Rachelle. “PICTURE THIS! The Versatility of Graphic Novels in Science Class.” Science Teacher , vol. 89, no. 2, Nov. 2021, p. 37-43. EBSCOhos t, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=cookie,cpid&custid=norwalk&db=sch&AN=153491142&site=eds-live .
Graphic novels are inherently captivating due to their vibrant visuals, use of illustrations, word bubbles, and sound effects. Many contemporary graphic novels embrace cultural diversity, providing traditionally marginalized students with a chance to identify with characters who resemble them, while also allowing students in majority groups to engage with diverse perspectives and characters (Haroldson, p. 39).
Graphic novels have a unique ability to capture student interest in scientific concepts due to their inherently entertaining method of conveying information through visual imagery. Moreover, these novels offer a valuable opportunity for students from traditionally underrepresented groups to identify with and relate to the characters and storylines presented within the narrative, making students more likely to engage with the material (Haroldson, p. 39).
Quarto will use Pandoc to automatically generate citations and a bibliography in a number of styles. To use this capability, you will need:
A quarto document formatted with citations (see Citation Markdown ).
A bibliographic data source, for example a BibLaTeX ( .bib ) or BibTeX ( .bibtex ) file.
Optionally, a CSL file which specifies the formatting to use when generating the citations and bibliography (when not using natbib or biblatex to generate the bibliography).
Quarto supports bibliography files in a wide variety of formats including BibLaTeX and CSL. Add a bibliography to your document using the bibliography YAML metadata field. For example:
You can provide more than one bibliography file if you would like by setting the bibliography field’s value to a YAML array.
See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on bibliography formats.
Quarto uses the standard Pandoc markdown representation for citations (e.g. [@citation] ) — citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons. Each citation must have a key, composed of ‘@’ + the citation identifier from the database, and may optionally have a prefix, a locator, and a suffix. The citation key must begin with a letter, digit, or _ , and may contain alphanumerics, _ , and internal punctuation characters ( :.#$%&-+?<>~/ ). Here are some examples:
Markdown Format | Output (default) | Output( , see ) |
---|---|---|
Blah Blah (see ; also ) | Blah Blah see [1], pp. 33-35; also [1], chap. 1 | |
Blah Blah ( and passim) | Blah Blah [1], pp. 33-35, 38-39 and passim | |
Blah Blah ( ; ). | Blah Blah [1, 2]. | |
Wickham says blah ( ) | Wickham says blah [1] |
You can also write in-text citations, as follows:
Markdown Format | Output (author-date format) | Output (numerical format) |
---|---|---|
Knuth ( ) says blah. | [1] says blah. | |
Knuth ( ) says blah. | [1] [p. 33] says blah. |
See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on citation syntax.
Quarto uses Pandoc to format citations and bibliographies. By default, Pandoc will use the Chicago Manual of Style author-date format, but you can specify a custom formatting using CSL ( Citation Style Language ). To provide a custom citation stylesheet, provide a path to a CSL file using the csl metadata field in your document, for example:
You can find CSL files or learn more about using styles at the CSL Project . You can browse the list of more than 8,500 Creative Commons CSL definitions in the CSL Project’s central repository or Zotero’s style repository .
CSL styling is only available when the cite-method is citeproc (which it is by default). If you are using another cite-method , you can control the formatting of the references using the mechanism provided by that method.
By default, Pandoc will automatically generate a list of works cited and place it in the document if the style calls for it. It will be placed in a div with the id refs if one exists:
If no such div is found, the works cited list will be placed at the end of the document.
If your bibliography is being generated using BibLaTeX or natbib ( Section 7 ), the bibliography will always appear at the end of the document and the #refs div will be ignored.
You can suppress generation of a bibliography by including suppress-bibliography: true option in your document metadata
Here’s an example of a generated bibliography:
If you want to include items in the bibliography without actually citing them in the body text, you can define a dummy nocite metadata field and put the citations there:
In this example, the document will contain a citation for item3 only, but the bibliography will contain entries for item1 , item2 , and item3 .
It is possible to create a bibliography with all the citations, whether or not they appear in the document, by using a wildcard:
When creating PDFs, you can choose to use either the default Pandoc citation handling based on citeproc, or alternatively use natbib or BibLaTeX . This can be controlled using the cite-method option. For example:
The default is to use citeproc (Pandoc’s built in citation processor).
See the main article on using Citations with Quarto for additional details on citation syntax, available bibliography formats, etc.
When using natbib or biblatex you can specify the following additional options to affect how bibliographies are rendered:
Option | Description |
---|---|
biblatexoptions | List of options for biblatex |
natbiboptions | List of options for natbib |
biblio-title | Title for bibliography |
biblio-style | Style for bibliography |
Scribbr Citation Generator
Accurate APA, MLA, Chicago, and Harvard citations, verified by experts, trusted by millions
Cite any page or article with a single click right from your browser. The extension does the hard work for you by automatically grabbing the title, author(s), publication date, and everything else needed to whip up the perfect citation.
⚙️ Styles | APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard |
---|---|
📚 Source types | Websites, books, articles |
🔎 Autocite | Search by title, URL, DOI, or ISBN |
Inaccurate citations can cost you points on your assignments, so our seasoned citation experts have invested countless hours in perfecting Scribbr’s citation generator algorithms. We’re proud to be recommended by teachers and universities worldwide.
Staying focused is already difficult enough, so unlike other citation generators, Scribbr won’t slow you down with flashing banner ads and video pop-ups. That’s a promise!
Look up your source by its title, URL, ISBN, or DOI, and let Scribbr find and fill in all the relevant information automatically.
Generate flawless citations according to the official APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard style, or many other rules.
When your reference list is complete, export it to Word. We’ll apply the official formatting guidelines automatically.
Create separate reference lists for each of your assignments to stay organized. You can also group related lists into folders.
Are you using a LaTex editor like Overleaf? If so, you can easily export your references in Bib(La)TeX format with a single click.
Change the typeface used for your reference list to match the rest of your document. Options include Times New Roman, Arial, and Calibri.
Scribbr’s Citation Generator is built using the same citation software (CSL) as Mendeley and Zotero, but with an added layer for improved accuracy.
Describe or evaluate your sources in annotations, and Scribbr will generate a perfectly formatted annotated bibliography .
Scribbr’s popular guides and videos will help you understand everything related to finding, evaluating, and citing sources.
Your work is saved automatically after every change and stored securely in your Scribbr account.
Tools and resources, a quick guide to working with sources.
Working with sources is an important skill that you’ll need throughout your academic career.
It includes knowing how to find relevant sources, assessing their authority and credibility, and understanding how to integrate sources into your work with proper referencing.
This quick guide will help you get started!
Sources commonly used in academic writing include academic journals, scholarly books, websites, newspapers, and encyclopedias. There are three main places to look for such sources:
When using academic databases or search engines, you can use Boolean operators to refine your results.
Get started
In academic writing, your sources should be credible, up to date, and relevant to your research topic. Useful approaches to evaluating sources include the CRAAP test and lateral reading.
CRAAP is an abbreviation that reminds you of a set of questions to ask yourself when evaluating information.
Lateral reading means comparing your source to other sources. This allows you to:
If a source is using methods or drawing conclusions that are incompatible with other research in its field, it may not be reliable.
Once you have found information that you want to include in your paper, signal phrases can help you to introduce it. Here are a few examples:
Function | Example sentence | Signal words and phrases |
---|---|---|
You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis. | recent research, food services are responsible for one-third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. | According to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes |
A position is taken in agreement with what came before. | Recent research Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole. | Agrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supports |
A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing. | Allen Ginsberg artistic revision … | Argues, contends, denies, insists, maintains |
Following the signal phrase, you can choose to quote, paraphrase or summarize the source.
Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author.
Citing your sources is important because it:
The most common citation styles are APA, MLA, and Chicago style. Each citation style has specific rules for formatting citations.
Scribbr offers tons of tools and resources to make working with sources easier and faster. Take a look at our top picks:
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Title: cross-lingual paraphrase identification.
Abstract: The paraphrase identification task involves measuring semantic similarity between two short sentences. It is a tricky task, and multilingual paraphrase identification is even more challenging. In this work, we train a bi-encoder model in a contrastive manner to detect hard paraphrases across multiple languages. This approach allows us to use model-produced embeddings for various tasks, such as semantic search. We evaluate our model on downstream tasks and also assess embedding space quality. Our performance is comparable to state-of-the-art cross-encoders, with only a minimal relative drop of 7-10% on the chosen dataset, while keeping decent quality of embeddings.
Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL) |
Cite as: | [cs.CL] |
(or [cs.CL] for this version) | |
Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite |
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting the sources; student authors should emulate this practice by paraphrasing more than directly quoting. When you paraphrase, cite the original work using either the narrative or parenthetical citation format.
Quoting is copying a selection from someone else's work, phrasing it exactly as it was originally written. When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation. Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote.
Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. This handout is intended to help you become more comfortable with the uses of and distinctions among quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. This handout compares and contrasts the three terms, gives some pointers, and includes a short excerpt that you can use to practice these skills.
6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the ...
Paraphrasing . Paraphrasing means putting the information you could have quoted into your own words, but keeping the intention of the original source. Paraphrases do not have quotation marks because you are using your own words, yet still must include an in-text citation at the end of the part you are paraphrasing. Summarizing
It is best to paraphrase sources rather than directly quoting them because paraphrasing allows you to fit material to the context of your paper and writing style. ... put the end punctuation after the closing parenthesis for the citation. If the quotation includes citations, see Section 8.32 of the Publication Manual.
Paraphrasing Guidelines (APA, 2020, p. 269) APA 7 notes that "published authors paraphrase their sources most of the time, rather than directly quoting" (p. 269). For writing in psychology, students should use direct quotations only sparingly and instead mainly synthesize and paraphrase. Webster-Stratton (2016) described a case example of a ...
Parenthetical citation. For an APA parenthetical citation, write your paraphrase and then add the author and year in parenthesis at the end. Use a comma between the author and the year inside the parenthesis, and put the period for the end of the sentence outside the parenthesis. Example 1: Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light.
Activity 1: Paraphrasing One Sentence. This activity consists of three steps: Read the following published sentence and then paraphrase it—that is, rewrite it in your own words. You do not need to repeat every element. Instead, try changing the focus of the sentence while preserving the meaning of the original.
In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining. ... Summary or paraphrase. If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference and may omit the page numbers. APA guidelines, however, do encourage including a page range for a summary ...
When quoting place quotation marks (" ") around the selected passage to show where the quote begins and where it ends. Make sure to include an in-text citation. Paraphrasing is used to show that you understand what the author wrote. You must reword the passage, expressing the ideas in your own words, and not just change a few words here and there.
A paraphrase translates the main ideas of a passage into a new passage that uses your own words and perspective. A paraphrase lets you control what point or information is highlighted. A paraphrase allows you turn a long passage into a condensed, focused passage. Direct quotes are helpful, but paraphrasing allows you show that you truly ...
Quotes & Paraphrasing: Citations In Text. Numbers in parentheses refer to specific pages in the APA 6th Edition manual. How to Cite a Direct Quote ( pp.170-171) When you incorporate a direct quotation into a sentence, you must cite the source. Fit quotations within your sentences, enclosed in quotation marks, making sure the sentences are ...
Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation Evolution is a gradual process that "can act only by very short and slow steps" (Darwin, 1859, p. 510). Paraphrasing means putting ...
In-Text Citation. Quoting ; Paraphrasing ; Reference List & Sample Writing; Annotated Bibliography; Paraphrasing. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows:
Paraphrasing. When you write information from a source in your own words, cite the source by adding an in-text citation at the end of the paraphrased portion as follows: Mother-infant attachment became a leading topic of developmental research following the publication of John Bowlby's studies (Hunt, 1993). Note: If you refer to the author's ...
Long quotes: Have 40 words or MORE, DO NOT use quotation marks, are in a block quote (by indenting 0.5" or 1 tab) beneath the text of the paragraph. (Miller et al., 2016, p. 136) Quotes for webpages: Websites usually do not contain page numbers, therefore you need a different way to cite the information for a direct quote. There are two ways to ...
Paraphrasing means putting someone else's ideas into your own words. Paraphrasing a source involves changing the wording while preserving the original meaning. Paraphrasing is an alternative to quoting (copying someone's exact words and putting them in quotation marks ). In academic writing, it's usually better to integrate sources by ...
Quotes of 40 or more words are set as a block quotation, and indented (shifted) about 1 cm from the left margin. Quotation marks are not used (even if it is a direct quote). The in-text citation is added at the end of the quote, after the full stop. There is no full stop following the in-text citation. Example of quote of 40 or more words in a ...
Quotes should only be used when the exact wording is important, or you are unable to paraphrase the author's words. It is best to integrate quotes into your sentences rather than use them as stand-alone sentences. (See the example below for how to incorporate a quote into your sentence.) Try not to quote an entire sentence, unless absolutely ...
Paraphrasing is plagiarism if your text is too close to the original wording (even if you cite the source). If you directly copy a sentence or phrase, you should quote it instead. Paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you put the author's ideas completely in your own words and properly cite the source. Try our services
If you are paraphrasing or referencing a text's general idea or message, the parenthetical citation will look like this: (author's last name, publication year) or (Pfeifer, 2020). If the last name is used already in your sentence, then you may just cite the publication year, like so: (publication year) or (2020).
See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on bibliography formats.. Citation Syntax. Quarto uses the standard Pandoc markdown representation for citations (e.g. [@citation]) — citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons.Each citation must have a key, composed of '@' + the citation identifier from the database, and may optionally have a ...
Citing sources. Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source, you must include a citation crediting the original author. Citing your sources is important because it: Allows you to avoid plagiarism; Establishes the credentials of your sources; Backs up your arguments with evidence;
The paraphrase identification task involves measuring semantic similarity between two short sentences. It is a tricky task, and multilingual paraphrase identification is even more challenging. In this work, we train a bi-encoder model in a contrastive manner to detect hard paraphrases across multiple languages. This approach allows us to use model-produced embeddings for various tasks, such as ...
A U.S. flag lapel pin with former President Donald J. Trump's name on offer by the Trump campaign. "Donald Trump is a desperate convicted felon only out for himself, who does not respect the ...