make a case study on bhopal gas tragedy

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Bhopal Gas Tragedy : Causes, effects and aftermath

The Bhopal gas tragedy occurred at midnight of December 2nd- 3rd December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Ltd (UCIL) pesticide facility in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. This catastrophe affected around 500,000 people along with many animals. People who were exposed are still suffering as a result of the gas leak’s long-term health impacts. Chronic eye difficulties and respiratory problems were some issues due to it. Children who have been exposed have stunted growth and cognitive impairments. 

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Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Bhopal gas tragedy case study, causes of bhopal gas tragedy, effects of bhopal gas tragedy, aftermath of bhopal gas tragedy.

Union Carbide was an American company that produced pesticides. MIC – methyl isocyanide, a dangerous poisonous gas began to leak at midnight on 2nd December 1984 from the Union Carbide factory. This MIC caused the Bhopal gas tragedy. The Bhopal gas tragedy was a fatal accident. It was one of the world’s worst industrial accidents. 

UCIL was a pesticide manufacturing plant that produced the insecticide carbaryl. Carbaryl was discovered by the American company Union Carbide Corporation, which owned a significant share in UCIL. As an intermediary, UCIL produced carbaryl using methyl isocyanate (MIC). Other techniques for producing the ultimate product are available, but they are more expensive. The very toxic chemical MIC is extremely dangerous to human health. Residents of Bhopal in the area of the pesticide plant began to feel irritated by the MIC and began fleeing the city.

Bhopal UCIL constructed three underground MIC storage tanks which were named E610, E611, and E619. On October 1984, E610 was not able to maintain its nitrogen gas pressure and so the liquid which is present inside the tank would not pump out, because of which 42 tons of MIC in E610 was wasted. The chemical in E610 was left unpumped as they were not able to re-establish its pressure, which later became responsible for Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

The main causes of Bhopal Gas Tragedy are as follows:

• During the buildup to the spill, the plant’s safety mechanisms for the highly toxic MIC were not working. The alarm off tanks of the plant had not worked properly.
• Many valves and lines were in disrepair, and many vent gas scrubbers were not working, as was the steam boiler that was supposed to clean the pipes.
• The MIC was stored in three tanks, with tank E610 being the source of the leak. This tank should have held no more than 30 tonnes of MIC, according to safety regulations.
• Water is believed to have entered the tank through a side pipe as technicians were attempting to clear it late that fatal night.
• This resulted in an exothermic reaction in the tank, progressively raising the pressure until the gas was ejected through the atmosphere.

The main effects of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy are as follows:

• Thousands had died as a result of choking, pulmonary edema, and reflexogenic circulatory collapse.
• Neonatal death rates increased by 200 percent.
• A huge number of animal carcasses have been discovered in the area, indicating the impact on flora and animals. The trees died after a few days. Food supplies have grown scarce due to the fear of contamination. 
• Fishing was also prohibited.
• In March 1985, the Indian government established the Bhopal Gas Leak Accident Act, giving it legal authority to represent all victims of the accident, whether they were in India or abroad.
• At least 200,000 youngsters were exposed to the gas.
• Hospitals were overcrowded, and there was no sufficient training for medical workers to deal with MIC exposure.

In the United States, UCC was sued in federal court. In one action, the court recommended that UCC pay between $5 million and $10 million to assist the victims. UCC agreed to pay a $5 million settlement. The Indian government, however, rejected this offer and claimed $3.3 billion. In 1989, UCC agreed to pay $470 million in damages and paid the cash immediately in an out-of-court settlement.

Warren Anderson, the CEO and Chairman of UCC was charged with manslaughter by Bhopal authorities in 1991. He refused to appear in court and the Bhopal court declared him a fugitive from justice in February 1992. Despite the central government’s efforts in the United States to extradite Anderson, nothing happened. Anderson died in 2014 without ever appearing in a court of law.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy continues to be an important warning sign for industrialization, for developing countries and in particular India, with human, environmental, and economic pitfalls. The economy of India is growing at a fast rate but at the cost of environmental health as well as public safety.

Frequently Asked Questions

What were the reasons behind bhopal gas tragedy.

The reasons behind Bhopal gas tragedy was a large volume of water had been introduced into the MIC tank and has caused a chemical reaction which did force the pressure release valve, which allowed the gas to leak.

What is the name of Bhopal gas case law?

The name is Union Carbide Corporation v.

Which gas was leaked in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy?

The gas which was leaked in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy is methyl isocyanate.

Was Bhopal gas tragedy an accident or experiment?

Bhopal gas tragedy was the world’s most worst industrial accident.

How many people died in the Bhopal Gas?

A total of 3,787 deaths were registered related to the gas release in case of Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

What were the four main demands of the Bhopal Gas victims?

The 4 demands of Bhopal Gas victims include: Proper medical treatment. Adequate compensation. Fixation of criminal responsibility Steps for prevention of such disasters in future.

How was Bhopal Gas Tragedy fixed?

Bhopal Gas Tragedy was fixed with construction of a secure landfill for holding the wastes from the two on-site solar evaporation ponds.

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Case Studies

Case study: bhopal gas tragedy (1983-84).

Dr. Rhyddhi Chakraborty Programme Leader (Health and Social Care), London Churchill College, UK Email: [email protected]

What follows is a synopsis of the full article found in featured articles.

Please read the featured article Lesson from Bhopal Gas Tragedy (1983-84) By Dr. Rhyddhi Chakraborty Programme Leader (Health and Social Care), London Churchill College, UK describes in detail the elements of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL)

In 1970, in the North adjacent to the slums and railway station, a pesticide plant was set up by Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). From late 1977, the plant started manufacturing Sevin (Carbaryl) by importing primary raw materials, viz. alpha-naphtol and methyl isocyanate (MIC) in stainless steel drums from the Union Carbide's MIC plant in USA. However, from early 1980, the Bhopal plant itself started manufacturing MIC using the know-how and basic designs supplied by Union Carbide Corporation, USA (UCC). The Bhopal UCIL facility housed three underground 68,000 liters liquid MIC storage tanks: E610, E611, and E619 and were claimed to ensure all safety from leakage.

Time Line of Occupational Hazards of the Union Carbide India Limited Plant Leading Before the Disaster

• 1976: Local trade unions complained of pollution within the plant. • 1980: A worker was reported to have accidentally been splashed with phosgene while carrying out a regular maintenance job of the plant's pipes. • 1982 (January): A phosgene leak exposed 24 workers, all of whom were admitted to a hospital. Investigation revealed that none of the workers had been ordered to wear protective masks. • 1982 (February): An MIC leak affected 18 workers. • 1982 (August): A chemical engineer came into contact with liquid MIC, resulting in burns over 30 percent of his body. • 1982 (October): In attempting to stop the leak, the MIC supervisor suffered severe chemical burns and two other workers were severely exposed to the gases. • 1983-1984: There were leaks of MIC, chlorine, monomethylamine, phosgene, and carbon tetrachloride, sometimes in combination.

In early December 1984, most of the Bhopal plant's MIC related safety systems were not functioning and many valves and lines were in poor condition. In addition, several vent gas scrubbers had been out of service as well as the steam boiler, intended to clean the pipes. For the major maintenance work, the MIC production and Sevin were stalled in Bhopal plant since Oct. 22, 1984 and major regular maintenance was ordered to be done during the weekdays’ day shifts.

The Sevin plant, after having been shut down for some time, had been started up again during November but was still running at far below normal capacity. To make the pesticide, carbon tetrachloride is mixed with methyl isocyanate (MIC) and alpha-naphthol, a coffee-colored powder that smells like mothballs. The methyl isocyanate, or MIC, was stored in the three partly buried tanks, each with a 15,000-gallon capacity.

During the late evening hours of December 2, 1984, whilst trying to unclog, water was believed to have entered a side pipe and into Tank E610 containing 42 tons of MIC that had been there since late October. Introduction of water into the tank began a runaway exothermic reaction, which was accelerated by contaminants, high ambient temperatures and other factors, such as the presence of iron from corroding non-stainless steel pipelines.

A Three Hour Time Line of the Disaster

December 3, 1984 12:40 am: A worker, while investigating a leak, stood on a concrete slab above three large, partly buried storage tanks holding the chemical MIC. The slab suddenly began to vibrate beneath him and he witnessed at least a 6 inche thick crack on the slab and heard a loud hissing sound. As he prepared to escape from the leaking gas, he saw gas shoot out of a tall stack connected to the tank, forming a white cloud that drifted over the plant and toward nearby neighborhoods where thousands of residents were sleeping. In short span of time, the leak went out of control.

December 3, 1984 12:45 am: The workers were aware of the enormity of the accident. They began to panic both because of the choking fumes, they said, and because of their realization that things were out of control; the concrete over the tanks cracked as MIC turned from liquid to gas and shot out the stack, forming a white cloud. Part of it hung over the factory, the rest began to drift toward the sleeping neighborhoods nearby.

December 3, 1984 12:50 am: The public siren briefly sounded and was quickly turned off, as per company procedure meant to avoid alarming the public around the factory over tiny leaks. Workers, meanwhile, evacuated the UCIL plant. The control room operator then turned on the vent gas scrubber, a device designed to neutralize escaping toxic gas. The scrubber had been under maintenance; the flow meter indicated there was no caustic soda flowing into the device. It was not clear to him whether there was actually no caustic soda in the system or whether the meter was broken. Broken gauges were not unusual at the factory. In fact, the gas was not being neutralized but was shooting out the vent scrubber stack and settling over the plant. December 3, 1984 1: 15- 1:30 am: At Bhopal’s 1,200-bed Hamidia Hospital, the first patient with eye trouble reported. Within five minutes, there were a thousand patients. Calls to the UCIL plant by police were twice assured that "everything is OK", and on the last attempt made, "we don't know what has happened, sir". In the plant, meanwhile, MIC began to engulf the control room and the adjoining offices.

December 3, 1984 3:00 am: The factory manager, arrived at the plant and sent a man to tell the police about the accident because the phones were out of order. The police were not told earlier because the company management had an informal policy of not involving the local authorities in gas leaks. Meanwhile, people were dying by the hundreds outside the factory. Some died in their sleep. Others ran into the cloud, breathing in more and more gas and dropping dead in their tracks.

Immediate Consequences

With the lack of timely information exchange between Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) and Bhopal authorities, the city's Hamidia Hospital was first told that the gas leak was suspected to be ammonia, then phosgene. They were then told that it was methyl isocyanate (MIC), which hospital staff had never heard of, had no antidote for, and received no immediate information about. The gas cloud, composed mainly of materials denser than air, stayed close to the ground and spread in the southeasterly direction affecting the nearby communities. Most city residents who were exposed to the MIC gas were first made aware of the leak by exposure to the gas itself.

Subsequent Actions

Formal statements were issued that air, water, vegetation and foodstuffs were safe, but warned not to consume fish. The number of children exposed to the gases was at least 200,000. Within weeks, the State Government established a number of hospitals, clinics and mobile units in the gas-affected area to treat the victims.

Legal proceedings involving UCC, the United States and Indian governments, local Bhopal authorities, and the disaster victims started immediately after the catastrophe. The Indian Government passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Act in March 1985, allowing the Government of India to act as the legal representative for victims of the disaster, leading to the beginning of legal proceedings.

Initial lawsuits were generated in the United States federal court system in April 1985. Eventually, in an out-of-court settlement reached in February 1989, Union Carbide agreed to pay US$470 million for damages caused in the Bhopal disaster. The amount was immediately paid.

Post-settlement activity

UCC chairman and CEO Warren Anderson was arrested and released on bail by the Madhya Pradesh Police in Bhopal on 7 December 1984. Anderson was taken to UCC's house after which he was released six hours later on $2,100 bail and flown out on a government plane. Anderson, eight other executives and two company affiliates with homicide charges were required to appear in Indian court.

In response, Union Carbide said the company is not under Indian jurisdiction. In 1991, the local Bhopal authorities charged Anderson, who had retired in 1986, with manslaughter, a crime that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison. He was declared a fugitive from justice by the Chief Judicial Magistrate of Bhopal on 1 February 1992 for failing to appear at the court hearings in a culpable homicide case in which he was named the chief defendant. Orders were passed to the Government of India to press for an extradition from the United States. From 2014, Dow is a named respondent in a number of ongoing cases arising from Union Carbide’s business in Bhopal.

A US Federal class action litigation, Sahu v. Union Carbide and Warren Anderson, had been filed in 1999 under the U.S. Alien Torts Claims Act (ATCA), which provides for civil remedies for "crimes against humanity." It sought damages for personal injury, medical monitoring and injunctive relief in the form of clean-up of the drinking water supplies for residential areas near the Bhopal plant. The lawsuit was dismissed in 2012 and subsequent appeal denied. Anderson died in 2014.

Long-term Health Effects

A total of 36 wards were marked by the authorities as being "gas affected," affecting a population of 520,000. Of these, 200,000 were below 15 years of age, and 3,000 were pregnant women. The official immediate death toll was 2,259, and in 1991, 3,928 deaths had been officially certified. The government of Madhya Pradesh confirmed a total of 3,787 deaths related to the gas release. Later, the affected area was expanded to include 700,000 citizens. A government affidavit in 2006 stated the leak caused 558,125 injuries including 38,478 temporary partial injuries and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.

Ethical Negligence

The Corporate Negligence Argument: This point of view argues that management (and to some extent, local government) underinvested in safety, which allowed for a dangerous working environment to develop.

Safety audits: In September 1984, an internal UCC report on the West Virginia plant in the USA revealed a number of defects and malfunctions. It warned that "a runaway reaction could occur in the MIC unit storage tanks, and that the planned response would not be timely or effective enough to prevent catastrophic failure of the tanks". This report was never forwarded to the Bhopal plant, although the main design was the same.

The Disgruntled Employee Sabotage Argument:  Now owned by Dow Chemical Company, Union Carbide maintains a website dedicated to the tragedy and claims that the incident was the result of sabotage, stating that sufficient safety systems were in place and operative to prevent the intrusion of water.

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• Open access
• Published: 10 May 2005

The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review

• Edward Broughton 1  

Environmental Health volume  4 , Article number:  6 ( 2005 ) Cite this article

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On December 3 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, immediately killing at least 3,800 people and causing significant morbidity and premature death for many thousands more. The company involved in what became the worst industrial accident in history immediately tried to dissociate itself from legal responsibility. Eventually it reached a settlement with the Indian Government through mediation of that country's Supreme Court and accepted moral responsibility. It paid $470 million in compensation, a relatively small amount of based on significant underestimations of the long-term health consequences of exposure and the number of people exposed. The disaster indicated a need for enforceable international standards for environmental safety, preventative strategies to avoid similar accidents and industrial disaster preparedness.

Since the disaster, India has experienced rapid industrialization. While some positive changes in government policy and behavior of a few industries have taken place, major threats to the environment from rapid and poorly regulated industrial growth remain. Widespread environmental degradation with significant adverse human health consequences continues to occur throughout India.

Peer Review reports

December 2004 marked the twentieth anniversary of the massive toxic gas leak from Union Carbide Corporation's chemical plant in Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India that killed more than 3,800 people. This review examines the health effects of exposure to the disaster, the legal response, the lessons learned and whether or not these are put into practice in India in terms of industrial development, environmental management and public health.

In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies to encourage foreign companies to invest in local industry. Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin, a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia. As part of the deal, India's government insisted that a significant percentage of the investment come from local shareholders. The government itself had a 22% stake in the company's subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) [ 1 ]. The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to transport infrastructure. The specific site within the city was zoned for light industrial and commercial use, not for hazardous industry. The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in relatively small quantities. However, pressure from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement "backward integration" – the manufacture of raw materials and intermediate products for formulation of the final product within one facility. This was inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous process [ 2 ].

In 1984, the plant was manufacturing Sevin at one quarter of its production capacity due to decreased demand for pesticides. Widespread crop failures and famine on the subcontinent in the 1980s led to increased indebtedness and decreased capital for farmers to invest in pesticides. Local managers were directed to close the plant and prepare it for sale in July 1984 due to decreased profitability [ 3 ]. When no ready buyer was found, UCIL made plans to dismantle key production units of the facility for shipment to another developing country. In the meantime, the facility continued to operate with safety equipment and procedures far below the standards found in its sister plant in Institute, West Virginia. The local government was aware of safety problems but was reticent to place heavy industrial safety and pollution control burdens on the struggling industry because it feared the economic effects of the loss of such a large employer [ 3 ].

At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, while most of the one million residents of Bhopal slept, an operator at the plant noticed a small leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and increasing pressure inside a storage tank. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device designer to neutralize toxic discharge from the MIC system, had been turned off three weeks prior [ 3 ]. Apparently a faulty valve had allowed one ton of water for cleaning internal pipes to mix with forty tons of MIC [ 1 ]. A 30 ton refrigeration unit that normally served as a safety component to cool the MIC storage tank had been drained of its coolant for use in another part of the plant [ 3 ]. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermic reaction in the tank continued to build. The gas flare safety system was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumbling reverberated around the plant as a safety valve gave way sending a plume of MIC gas into the early morning air [ 4 ]. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human corpses and the carcasses of buffaloes, cows, dogs and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died immediately, mostly in the poor slum colony adjacent to the UCC plant [ 1 , 5 ]. Local hospitals were soon overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis further compounded by a lack of knowledge of exactly what gas was involved and what its effects were [ 1 ]. It became one of the worst chemical disasters in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial catastrophe [ 5 ].

Estimates of the number of people killed in the first few days by the plume from the UCC plant run as high as 10,000, with 15,000 to 20,000 premature deaths reportedly occurring in the subsequent two decades [ 6 ]. The Indian government reported that more than half a million people were exposed to the gas [ 7 ]. Several epidemiological studies conducted soon after the accident showed significant morbidity and increased mortality in the exposed population. Table 1 . summarizes early and late effects on health. These data are likely to under-represent the true extent of adverse health effects because many exposed individuals left Bhopal immediately following the disaster never to return and were therefore lost to follow-up [ 8 ].

Immediately after the disaster, UCC began attempts to dissociate itself from responsibility for the gas leak. Its principal tactic was to shift culpability to UCIL, stating the plant was wholly built and operated by the Indian subsidiary. It also fabricated scenarios involving sabotage by previously unknown Sikh extremist groups and disgruntled employees but this theory was impugned by numerous independent sources [ 1 ].

The toxic plume had barely cleared when, on December 7, the first multi-billion dollar lawsuit was filed by an American attorney in a U.S. court. This was the beginning of years of legal machinations in which the ethical implications of the tragedy and its affect on Bhopal's people were largely ignored. In March 1985, the Indian government enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a way of ensuring that claims arising from the accident would be dealt with speedily and equitably. The Act made the government the sole representative of the victims in legal proceedings both within and outside India. Eventually all cases were taken out of the U.S. legal system under the ruling of the presiding American judge and placed entirely under Indian jurisdiction much to the detriment of the injured parties.

In a settlement mediated by the Indian Supreme Court, UCC accepted moral responsibility and agreed to pay $470 million to the Indian government to be distributed to claimants as a full and final settlement. The figure was partly based on the disputed claim that only 3000 people died and 102,000 suffered permanent disabilities [ 9 ]. Upon announcing this settlement, shares of UCC rose $2 per share or 7% in value [ 1 ]. Had compensation in Bhopal been paid at the same rate that asbestosis victims where being awarded in US courts by defendant including UCC – which mined asbestos from 1963 to 1985 – the liability would have been greater than the $10 billion the company was worth and insured for in 1984 [ 10 ]. By the end of October 2003, according to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for injuries received and 15,310 survivors of those killed. The average amount to families of the dead was $2,200 [ 9 ].

At every turn, UCC has attempted to manipulate, obfuscate and withhold scientific data to the detriment of victims. Even to this date, the company has not stated exactly what was in the toxic cloud that enveloped the city on that December night [ 8 ]. When MIC is exposed to 200° heat, it forms degraded MIC that contains the more deadly hydrogen cyanide (HCN). There was clear evidence that the storage tank temperature did reach this level in the disaster. The cherry-red color of blood and viscera of some victims were characteristic of acute cyanide poisoning [ 11 ]. Moreover, many responded well to administration of sodium thiosulfate, an effective therapy for cyanide poisoning but not MIC exposure [ 11 ]. UCC initially recommended use of sodium thiosulfate but withdrew the statement later prompting suggestions that it attempted to cover up evidence of HCN in the gas leak. The presence of HCN was vigorously denied by UCC and was a point of conjecture among researchers [ 8 , 11 – 13 ].

As further insult, UCC discontinued operation at its Bhopal plant following the disaster but failed to clean up the industrial site completely. The plant continues to leak several toxic chemicals and heavy metals that have found their way into local aquifers. Dangerously contaminated water has now been added to the legacy left by the company for the people of Bhopal [ 1 , 14 ].

Lessons learned

The events in Bhopal revealed that expanding industrialization in developing countries without concurrent evolution in safety regulations could have catastrophic consequences [ 4 ]. The disaster demonstrated that seemingly local problems of industrial hazards and toxic contamination are often tied to global market dynamics. UCC's Sevin production plant was built in Madhya Pradesh not to avoid environmental regulations in the U.S. but to exploit the large and growing Indian pesticide market. However the manner in which the project was executed suggests the existence of a double standard for multinational corporations operating in developing countries [ 1 ]. Enforceable uniform international operating regulations for hazardous industries would have provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international standards could provide norms for measuring performance of individual companies engaged in hazardous activities such as the manufacture of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in India [ 15 ]. National governments and international agencies should focus on widely applicable techniques for corporate responsibility and accident prevention as much in the developing world context as in advanced industrial nations [ 16 ]. Specifically, prevention should include risk reduction in plant location and design and safety legislation [ 17 ].

Local governments clearly cannot allow industrial facilities to be situated within urban areas, regardless of the evolution of land use over time. Industry and government need to bring proper financial support to local communities so they can provide medical and other necessary services to reduce morbidity, mortality and material loss in the case of industrial accidents.

Public health infrastructure was very weak in Bhopal in 1984. Tap water was available for only a few hours a day and was of very poor quality. With no functioning sewage system, untreated human waste was dumped into two nearby lakes, one a source of drinking water. The city had four major hospitals but there was a shortage of physicians and hospital beds. There was also no mass casualty emergency response system in place in the city [ 3 ]. Existing public health infrastructure needs to be taken into account when hazardous industries choose sites for manufacturing plants. Future management of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to advance planning before any disaster occurs [ 18 ]. Communities that do not possess infrastructure and technical expertise to respond adequately to such industrial accidents should not be chosen as sites for hazardous industry.

Following the events of December 3 1984 environmental awareness and activism in India increased significantly. The Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986, creating the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and strengthening India's commitment to the environment. Under the new act, the MoEF was given overall responsibility for administering and enforcing environmental laws and policies. It established the importance of integrating environmental strategies into all industrial development plans for the country. However, despite greater government commitment to protect public health, forests, and wildlife, policies geared to developing the country's economy have taken precedence in the last 20 years [ 19 ].

India has undergone tremendous economic growth in the two decades since the Bhopal disaster. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has increased from $1,000 in 1984 to $2,900 in 2004 and it continues to grow at a rate of over 8% per year [ 20 ]. Rapid industrial development has contributed greatly to economic growth but there has been significant cost in environmental degradation and increased public health risks. Since abatement efforts consume a large portion of India's GDP, MoEF faces an uphill battle as it tries to fulfill its mandate of reducing industrial pollution [ 19 ]. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws have result from economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection [ 19 ].

With the industrial growth since 1984, there has been an increase in small scale industries (SSIs) that are clustered about major urban areas in India. There are generally less stringent rules for the treatment of waste produced by SSIs due to less waste generation within each individual industry. This has allowed SSIs to dispose of untreated wastewater into drainage systems that flow directly into rivers. New Delhi's Yamuna River is illustrative. Dangerously high levels of heavy metals such as lead, cobalt, cadmium, chrome, nickel and zinc have been detected in this river which is a major supply of potable water to India's capital thus posing a potential health risk to the people living there and areas downstream [ 21 ].

Land pollution due to uncontrolled disposal of industrial solid and hazardous waste is also a problem throughout India. With rapid industrialization, the generation of industrial solid and hazardous waste has increased appreciably and the environmental impact is significant [ 22 ].

India relaxed its controls on foreign investment in order to accede to WTO rules and thereby attract an increasing flow of capital. In the process, a number of environmental regulations are being rolled back as growing foreign investments continue to roll in. The Indian experience is comparable to that of a number of developing countries that are experiencing the environmental impacts of structural adjustment. Exploitation and export of natural resources has accelerated on the subcontinent. Prohibitions against locating industrial facilities in ecologically sensitive zones have been eliminated while conservation zones are being stripped of their status so that pesticide, cement and bauxite mines can be built [ 23 ]. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws are other consequences of economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection [ 19 ].

In March 2001, residents of Kodaikanal in southern India caught the Anglo-Dutch company, Unilever, red-handed when they discovered a dumpsite with toxic mercury laced waste from a thermometer factory run by the company's Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Lever. The 7.4 ton stockpile of mercury-laden glass was found in torn stacks spilling onto the ground in a scrap metal yard located near a school. In the fall of 2001, steel from the ruins of the World Trade Center was exported to India apparently without first being tested for contamination from asbestos and heavy metals present in the twin tower debris. Other examples of poor environmental stewardship and economic considerations taking precedence over public health concerns abound [ 24 ].

The Bhopal disaster could have changed the nature of the chemical industry and caused a reexamination of the necessity to produce such potentially harmful products in the first place. However the lessons of acute and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides and their precursors in Bhopal has not changed agricultural practice patterns. An estimated 3 million people per year suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with most exposure occurring in the agricultural developing world. It is reported to be the cause of at least 22,000 deaths in India each year. In the state of Kerala, significant mortality and morbidity have been reported following exposure to Endosulfan, a toxic pesticide whose use continued for 15 years after the events of Bhopal [ 25 ].

Aggressive marketing of asbestos continues in developing countries as a result of restrictions being placed on its use in developed nations due to the well-established link between asbestos products and respiratory diseases. India has become a major consumer, using around 100,000 tons of asbestos per year, 80% of which is imported with Canada being the largest overseas supplier. Mining, production and use of asbestos in India is very loosely regulated despite the health hazards. Reports have shown morbidity and mortality from asbestos related disease will continue in India without enforcement of a ban or significantly tighter controls [ 26 , 27 ].

UCC has shrunk to one sixth of its size since the Bhopal disaster in an effort to restructure and divest itself. By doing so, the company avoided a hostile takeover, placed a significant portion of UCC's assets out of legal reach of the victims and gave its shareholder and top executives bountiful profits [ 1 ]. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow Chemicals and still states on its website that the Bhopal disaster was "cause by deliberate sabotage". [ 28 ].

Some positive changes were seen following the Bhopal disaster. The British chemical company, ICI, whose Indian subsidiary manufactured pesticides, increased attention to health, safety and environmental issues following the events of December 1984. The subsidiary now spends 30–40% of their capital expenditures on environmental-related projects. However, they still do not adhere to standards as strict as their parent company in the UK. [ 24 ].

The US chemical giant DuPont learned its lesson of Bhopal in a different way. The company attempted for a decade to export a nylon plant from Richmond, VA to Goa, India. In its early negotiations with the Indian government, DuPont had sought and won a remarkable clause in its investment agreement that absolved it from all liabilities in case of an accident. But the people of Goa were not willing to acquiesce while an important ecological site was cleared for a heavy polluting industry. After nearly a decade of protesting by Goa's residents, DuPont was forced to scuttle plans there. Chennai was the next proposed site for the plastics plant. The state government there made significantly greater demand on DuPont for concessions on public health and environmental protection. Eventually, these plans were also aborted due to what the company called "financial concerns". [ 29 ].

The tragedy of Bhopal continues to be a warning sign at once ignored and heeded. Bhopal and its aftermath were a warning that the path to industrialization, for developing countries in general and India in particular, is fraught with human, environmental and economic perils. Some moves by the Indian government, including the formation of the MoEF, have served to offer some protection of the public's health from the harmful practices of local and multinational heavy industry and grassroots organizations that have also played a part in opposing rampant development. The Indian economy is growing at a tremendous rate but at significant cost in environmental health and public safety as large and small companies throughout the subcontinent continue to pollute. Far more remains to be done for public health in the context of industrialization to show that the lessons of the countless thousands dead in Bhopal have truly been heeded.

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How the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy in India has hurt multiple generations

Rhitu Chatterjee

Nearly 39 years after a gas from a pesticide factory poisoned tens of thousands of people in Bhopal, India, a new study finds that it also had health and economic impacts on men born a year later.

AILSA CHANG, HOST:

Nearly 39 years ago, the central Indian city of Bhopal was hit with what's still considered the world's worst industrial accident. Toxic gas leaked out of a pesticide factory run by the Indian subsidiary of an American company called Union Carbide. Thousands died immediately after that accident, and tens of thousands more have died since. Now a new study finds that the impacts of that horrific accident span generations. Researchers show that the disaster has burdened people who were born in the year after the accident with cancer, disabilities and poverty. NPR's Rhitu Chatterjee joins us now to explain these new findings. Hi, Rhitu.

RHITU CHATTERJEE, BYLINE: Hi, Ailsa.

CHANG: So can you just first tell us a little more about what happened back in 1984? And before you do, I just want to warn listeners that the details here are intense and devastating.

CHATTERJEE: Yeah. So this was on the night of December 3, 1984. The gas leak started shortly after midnight, when everyone was fast asleep. The gas was methyl isocyanate, an extremely toxic chemical used as an intermediary to make pesticides. And an estimated 40 tons of it leaked out and spread through Bhopal, exposing half a million residents. And, you know, people started waking up with their eyes and throats burning. And, you know, there was panic on the streets. And I spoke with this woman named Rehana Bi on the phone, who was only 16 at the time and lived very close to the factory - still does. And she told me that she remembers waking up that night to the sounds of neighbors banging on their door, calling her father's name.

REHANA BI: (Speaking Hindi).

CHATTERJEE: She says when they opened the door, they saw lots of people outside, all coughing and blinded by the gas. She says the air felt as if someone was burning tons of chilis. And so Rehana Bi and her family joined their neighbors on the street, trying to run away from the gas, but they couldn't escape it. Also, her mother was eight months pregnant, so they couldn't really run very fast. And a few hours after daybreak, she says, her 3-year-old brother died.

BI: (Speaking Hindi).

CHATTERJEE: And by that evening, her father had died, as had her pregnant mother. And this next thing, Ailsa, is really hard to hear. It kept me up at night after I talked to Rehana Bi. She told me that several of her family members saw the baby in her dead mother's womb moving until the following day, and then it died, too.

CHANG: Oh, my God, how devastating. Her family, though - they were just, you know, among thousands of people who lost loved ones - right? - immediately after.

CHATTERJEE: Exactly. And, you know, even the people who survived, people like Rehana Bi, have continued to struggle with a host of chronic health issues and are still struggling today.

CHANG: Right. Let's talk about that. I want to get into this new study. It shows that this tragedy, this disaster, had long-term effects on the following generations as well. Tell us more about what this study found.

CHATTERJEE: So the study used data from India's National Family Health Survey to try and get a sense of whether the generation that was in utero at the time of the accident - whether that generation was affected by the accident as well. And the study finds that indeed it was. In fact, that generation is doing worse than those who lived through the disaster, even. Here's study author Gordon McCord of the University of California San Diego.

GORDON MCCORD: All the way out to 100 kilometers from Bhopal, that 1985 birth cohort was very strange.

CHATTERJEE: Firstly, he says that there were fewer male babies born that year compared to previous years and later years. And he told me that that's not totally surprising because we know that male fetuses are more vulnerable to any kind of harmful exposure in utero.

CHANG: Oh, really? I had no idea. Well, what about the babies who were born that very year and who are now adults? How are they faring?

CHATTERJEE: So McCord says that the generation of men born in 1985 in Bhopal is worse off in terms of health, education and employment compared to those who were born before and after.

MCCORD: They have a higher likelihood of reporting to have cancer. They have a higher likelihood of reporting to have a disability that prevents them from being employed, and they on average have two years less of education.

CHATTERJEE: And that, you know, means that this generation was more likely to remain trapped in poverty because of the disaster, and the findings after this ongoing global discussion about what do we as a society owe future generations for damages caused by disasters.

CHANG: Yeah. Well, what do you think, Rhitu? Do you think these findings are likely to help the survivors of this accident or their children in any way?

CHATTERJEE: So it's too early to say anything about that. Now, those who lived through the disaster themselves have received very little compensation so far, and not a single person born after the disaster has received anything. But one advocate for Bhopal survivors that I spoke to recently told me that India hasn't yet shut the door on compensating the next generation. So she is hopeful that this study will, in time, help make a difference on that front.

CHANG: That is NPR's Rhitu Chatterjee. Thank you, Rhitu.

CHATTERJEE: Thank you, Ailsa.

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Bhopal Gas Tragedy – Case Study And Legal Consequences

Introduction:.

The industrial manufacturing sector is pivotal for the buoyancy of the Indian economy. Since this production sector extended its hands to facilitate economic sustainability, it has branched with diversified industries indulged and engaged in manufacturing automobiles, pieces of machinery, equipment, mental and electric appliance, mineral-extractions, so on. To utilize our demographic dividend, Indian is supposed to alleviate unemployment. The attainment of such an object necessitates the growth of the industrial sector, which is capable to create large-scale employment opportunities for youths. Consequently, millions of families will move out of poverty and fulfill their economic needs.

On the other hand, every single thing has its highlights and challenges. With having an eye on accomplishing economic and technological culmination, the human community is resting in a vain attempt to bring back or keep up the ecological footprint. The status quo industrial societies are pervaded with noxious or hazardous substances; indeed without the same nothing could be processed and produced. Negligence in treatment, usage, or disposal of such kinds of stuff has its ramifications in all walks of human life; even history tells us the same. India has witnessed countless industrial accidents; one of the notable incidents which have still deeply-rooted in the minds of Indians is the Bhopal gas leak tragedy.

Brief About the Incident:

To produce the pesticide named  Sevin  comprises the reagents, Methyl Isocyanate and Alpha Naphthol;   the American enterprises entitled the Union Cambridge Corporation has established its subsidiary in Bhopal as qua the central place with excellent transport links. Later, the established Indian subsidiary was named The Union Cambridge India Limited (UCIL) since the Indian public had owned the ownership, nearly 40.1% share in the corporation.

The incident happened on the night of December 2 to 3, 1984, when the forty tons of Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) was massively escaped from the Tank E106 at the UCC’s Indian subsidiary laid on at Bhopal. Since the plant has established in a crowded and inhabited area, within less than an hour, a great number of people and animals were befallen as victims and consequently died due to the toxicity of the leaked MIC. The estimated number of immediate death was 3500+, and the critical injury was 6+ lakh. Approximately, over the past decades since the incident, the death count has reached 20000. As per the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) estimation, 62.58% of the Bhopal population had suffered from inhalational toxicity, withal having survivors might have experienced and developed bodily morbidities.

Concerning the treatment and Medicare, due to lack of information about the gas ebullition, the doctors did not play an efficient role. One of the causes for such a ramification is that the UCC’s refusal to disclose the precise proportion of the escaped gas by relying on the trade secrecy as a reasonable exemption.

Following the mishap, the victims have gone on an endless travel quest for justice, who have either lost their lives or sustained permanent disability. The two-fold question presented before the law for consideration is that, on what basis, the parameters for quantifying the liabilities of the corporation engaged in processing such a dangerous substance with nullified safety standards will be fixed? And the further aspect was how the government is going to tackle and prevent future damages by the installation of necessary safety protocols.

Legal Consequences of Bhopal Gas Tragedy:

The Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act, 1985:

Soon after the man-disaster, noticing the multitude of the suits arising out of the incident, the Indian parliament has passed the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act on 29th March 1985. This Act confers the government to file suit for damages in place as a representative of the victims (either survived or deceased). For the purpose of effective enforcement of the Act, Section 9 authorizes the central government to frame a scheme; amounts to the introduction of the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Registration and Processing of Claims) Scheme in 1985. The aforementioned government’s power to represent the affected party, both within and outside of India [1] , was predicated by the doctrine of  parens patriae.  However, the government has heavily criticized as, by enacting the Bhopal Act, it is attempting to smother the claimant from taking actions against the UCIL, since the government qua stakeholder at UCIL, is eligible to hold partially liable. Per contra, the government has managed to substantiate such enactment as, its  quo animo  is to secure the claims arising out of, or connected with, the Bhopal gas leak disaster, are dealt with speedily, effectively, equitably, and to the best advantage of the claimants and for matters incidental thereto . [2]

Does the Bhopal Act ultra vires the constitution:

Indeed, few allegations were brought before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of the Bhopal Act in relation to Article 14 , 19 and 21. It was confronted that Sections 3, 4 and 11 of the Bhopal Act violated the right of Indian citizens under the Constitution of India to choose their own counsel, and alleging a conflict of interest by the Indian government, for it could not represent the victims because of its shared responsibility for the disaster by failing to enforce safety regulations. [3]  However, the Apex court rejected the appeal and upheld its constitutionality [4] .

Initial litigation:

Following the Act’s promulgation, in April 1985, the Indian government filed a suit against the UCC (the parent company of UCIL) in the Federal District Court of the southern district of New York, claiming 3.3 billion US dollars i.e. Rs. 3900 Crores. The skepticisms are that, why the Indian government does propose the American judiciary on behalf of the claimants, despite preferring the Indian judiciary system? Whether India has mistrusted its own judicature, or perhaps, it is strategically a ligation, which desires a significant sum of damages that the American judiciary could award? Nevertheless, the UCC fruitfully availed of the aforementioned issues under discussion and requested for the case dismissal on the grounds of  forum non-conveniens. Withal, they pleaded that, since the accident was taken place in India (Bhopal), it might be more convenient to be tried in India. 

Thus the litigation seeking both damages and punitive damages, invoking UCC’s liabilities such as absolute liability, strict liability, multinational enterprises liability theories, misrepresentation, negligence, and breach of warranty, was dismissed by the federal District Court after accepting the plea of UCC on May 12, 1986.

Rejection of settlement offers:

Since the parent company is responsible for the tortuous acts of the subsidiary company abroad, several efforts were taken by the UCC for outside court settlement but it went vain attempt after rejection by the Indian government. The negotiated settlement initiated by Union Carbide stood ready to provide 350 million dollars, which was accepted by the private lawyers representing the injured (both victims and the deceased) but dismissed by the Indian government.

Justice combats in Indian courts:

After getting rejected by the American Court, the suit pursued battle in India. In 1986 the Indian union brought this issue before the Bhopal District Court to recover 3.5 billion rupees damages. Subsequently, the same was reduced by 30% to 2.5 billion rupees by the high court of Madhya Pradesh. Later on, the Indian government appealed against the reduced interim award, rendered by the Madhya Pradesh high court before the apex court.

The five-judge bench heard the case, concerning the condition and status of victims, who were filled with hopelessness and experiencing the agony of despair. After four years of the chronicle’s worst industrial catastrophe, to end the wild goose chase and provide the immediate remedy, the Apex court rendered its judgment on 14th February 1989.

The matter of fact is that the people have lacked credibility since their collective thought was that the wrongdoer might get them self out of liabilities by invoking the exceptions of the doctrine of strict liability. Per contra, relying on the absolute liability Doctrine, the Apex Court [5]  upheld the liabilities of UCC and ordered them to pay the sum of 470 million USD (approximately Rs. 700 crores) as compensation.

Although the Indian government has brought the golden justice by fixing the liability of the company to pay $470 million, it is deemed to be a bad move qua the fixed damages is hardly 15% of the original claim for $3.3 million. Lucidly, it is not a sufficient sum to compensate for all the damage caused in relation to the tragedy.

Concerning the distribution of the awarded compensation, Rs. 1 lakh was provided to the deceased person’s family, Rs. 50000 for persons suffering lasting damage and Rs. 25,000 for the temporarily injured.

Criticisms on the settlement:

As mentioned, firstly, it was assailed for the total sum of the compensation amount, as being the full and final settlement of all claims, rights, and liabilities arising out of that disaster, [6] the fixed amount leads to inadequacy of sum to compensate. Secondly, in terms of the final payment, vide its judgment ‘ this settlement shall finally dispose of all past, present and future claims, causes of action and civil and criminal proceedings (of any nature whatsoever wherever pending) by all Indian citizens’. Comprehensibly, it quashed the criminal proceedings and concluded all the civil proceedings, further limited the liabilities for the claims which were filed later.

Considering the aforesaid criticisms,  in 1989, the Apex Court clubbed several petitions and revived the criminal proceedings, and held that if there is any shortage in the amount of compensation the state is bound to bridge the gap [7] .

In 1990, the Indian government sanctioned Rs. 258 crores funds to aid the victims for economic, social, environmental, and medical rehabilitation. Later in 2010, former UCIL chairman and other 6 Ex-employees were convicted for the term of 2 years with a 2000 USD fine for the offense of causing death by negligence.

Employed principle:

Absolute liability:.

The trite English principle of strict liability was laid by the case of Ryland v. Fletcher [8]  in 1868. The said principle states that the person will be held responsible for the leakage of any hazardous substance from his premises. Withal, it is noteworthy that, even though there is no negligence on his part, he will be held accountable for the act of keeping the dangerous things in his premises.  Vide  this case’s judgment; it elucidates the ingredients that are essential to invoke strict liability viz. there should be the possession of dangerous substances, it must be escaped from defendant’s premises, and it has been kept for non-natural use of the land. In addition, there are certain exceptions to this rule, which are as follows,

• The fault of the plaintiff
• Act of the third party
• Consent of the party

Till the date of the  MC Mehta v Union of India case, [9] the rule of strict liability has governed the Indian judicature in relation to the matter of fact in issue. But then, the rule of absolute liability was introduced in the said oleum gas leak case, wherein the oleum gas was escaped from the fertilizer plant of Shriram foods and fertilizers enterprises. Since the enterprises had engaged in an ultra-hazardous activity, it is their absolute and non-delegable duty to safeguard others from getting injured out of their industrial process. In the case of any failure in discharging the obliged duties, the enterprises will be held liable to pay damages under tort law regardless of the cited strict liability exceptions. Indeed, the same was held in this oleum gas leak gas. Thus, in simple words, the concept of absolute liability is the strict liability without any exceptions, which means under no grounds a person could escape the liabilities.

Conclusion and Analysis:

After analyzing the given circumstance, it is pretty evident that the legislative lacunae lasted at the time of tragedy. Though the factories Act, 1948 was propounded even before the Bhopal catastrophe, it prioritizes the welfare of the workers employed in industries and factories and there is no first place law to deal with the concerned situation. This incident led to breakthroughs in the Indian legislature, the catena of legislations related to the environmental safeguard and determination of penalties were enacted. The status quo is that any similar incident that occurs now will be tried before the National Green tribunal and fall under the ambit of the Environmental protection Act, 1986. Even though, under the provisions of the Public liability Act, 1991, the injured could claim damages for the caused injury because of the leaked hazardous chemicals. In addition, the said Act of 1991 out on the basis of the concept of ‘no-fault liability.

Concerning the disposal of hazardous wastes from industry, we have Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling, and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008, to govern the storage and disposal of such toxic substances with the aid of the pollution control board. Further, In the case of Foundation for Science, Technology and Natural Resource policy v. Union of India, [10] the Apex court upholds the constitutionality of the Hazardous wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989, and the applicability of directions provided in the BASEL Convention. Prior to this, Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Response) Rules, 1996 was legislated to address gas leaks and to monitor the industries handling those deadly chemicals .

Thus, the aftermath of the Bhopal gas leak tragedy has substantially informed us about the importance of environmental protection and the concept of sustainable development . The wider array of Article 21 of the Indian constitution in relation to the r ight to a clean and healthy environment [11] has also been obtained only after the catena of judicial decisions interpreted the same. Besides, the Indian constitution prescribes the state as well as citizens to protect the environment under its Article, 39(b), 47, 48, 49, 48 A, and 51 A (g).

Even we have sufficient legislations to address the gas leaks issue; it is an absolute challenge to measure the injuries sustained by a person. However, the injured will receive damages in the light of law (Ubi jus ibi remidium). But then, how far it recompenses their loss? What about the people who lost their lives or happened to suffer the morbidities. Their psychological and physiological distresses are immeasurable. Hence, prevention is always better than cure by the mean, the government, industries, and citizens are obliged to take reasonable care because, ultimately, this is our environment.

References:

• https://blog.ipleaders.in/bhopal-gas-tragedy-case-study/#_ednref28
• https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/tag/bhopal-gas-tragedy/
• https://indianjudiciarynotes.com/case-study/case-study-mc-mehta-vs-union-of-india/
• https://scholarship.law.unc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1464&context=ncilj

[1] Section 3(1) of the Bhopal Act, 1985.

[2] THE BHOPAL GAS LEAK DISASTER (PROCESSING OF CLAIMS) ACT, 1985, https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1855/1/A1985-21.pdf.

[3] Lewin,  Carbide Is Sued in U.S. by India in Gas Disaster,  N.Y. Times, April 9, 1985, at D2, col.4

[4] State of Madras v. V. G. Row,   AIR 1952 SC 607.

[5] Union Carbide Corporation v. Union of India, 1990 AIR 273.

[6] Supra note 5.

[7] Zia Modi, 10 Judgments that changed India, 44, {2013}

[8] Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330

[9] 1987 AIR 1086.

[10] AIR 2012 SC 2627.

[11] Subhash Kumar v. the State of Bihar, 1991 AIR 420, 1991 SCR (1) 5.

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A third-year student of law at Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT School of Law), budding first-generation lawyer cum legal researcher with multiple publications in various web journals and portals on different subject matters of law in issue. Being a zealous-natured person with thoughts enrooted in epistemophilia has boosted my passion for research writings by interpreting diversified legal facets. As a perceptive observer and reader, I pay greater attention to the overlooked legal fields where divergent challenges might arise, that include cyber law, environmental law, consumer law, and several constitutional provisions. Besides, I prioritize construing legal problems with social psychology. My dream and vision are to catch myself as a skilled legal adroit.

The long, dark shadow of Bhopal: still waiting for justice, four decades on

The cloud of poisonous gas that leaked from a rusting chemical plant in 1984 still blights the lives of tens of thousands of people in the Indian city, including many not born then. But Union Carbide never answered for the devastating contamination. Photographer Judah Passow spent a year recording the lives of some victims of the disaster

J ust after midnight on 2 December 1984 a storage tank at the Union Carbide chemical plant in Bhopal began leaking a gas called methyl isocyanate (MIC). The plant, in Madhya Pradesh, India, was equipped with six safety systems designed to detect such a leak, none of which were operational that night. Twenty-seven tons of MIC gas spread throughout the sleeping city .

As an engineer was flushing water through a corroded pipe in the MIC production complex, a series of valves failed, allowing the water to flow freely into one of the three-storey tanks holding the toxic chemical in a liquid state. This caused a rapid and violent reaction. The tank shattered in its concrete casing and spewed a deadly cloud of MIC, hydrogen cyanide, monomethylamine and other chemicals, all of which hugged the ground.

The derelict Union Carbide plant sits on a 20-hectare (49-acre) site in Bhopal’s old town

As the toxic cloud blanketed much of Bhopal, people began to die. Aziza Sultan, a survivor, remembers: “At about 12.30am, I woke to the sound of my baby coughing badly. In the half-light, I saw that the room was filled with a white cloud.

“I heard a lot of people shouting. They were shouting ‘Run! Run!’,’ she says. ‘Then I started coughing, with each breath seeming as if I was breathing in fire. My eyes were burning.”

Champa Devi Shukla recalls: “It felt like somebody had filled our bodies up with red chillies; our eyes had tears coming out, noses were watering, we had froth in our mouths. The coughing was so bad that people were writhing in pain.

“Some people just got up and ran in whatever they were wearing, or even if they were wearing nothing at all. People were only concerned as to how they would save their lives, so they just ran.”

In those apocalyptic moments, no one knew what was happening. People started dying in the most hideous ways. Some vomited uncontrollably, went into convulsions and dropped dead. Others choked, drowning in their own body fluids.

Staff from the Sambhavna clinic hold a vigil in memory of victims. It was built with funds raised in 1994 by the Bhopal Medical Appeal, which appeared in the Guardian and Observer on the disaster’s 10th anniversary. The clinic has treated more than 65,000 people and nearly half of the 55 staff are gas survivors

Many people died in the stampedes through narrow alleyways where street lamps, swamped in gas, burned brown. The crush of fleeing crowds wrenched children’s hands from their parents’ grasp. Families were literally ripped apart.

MIC, used in the production of pesticides, is highly corrosive if inhaled. Half a million people were exposed and at least 25,000 have died as a result. More than 150,000 people still suffer from disorders caused by the accident and the subsequent contamination – respiratory diseases, kidney and liver disorders, cancers and gynaecological issues.

No one knows exactly how many thousands of people died. Union Carbide put the number at 3,800. Municipal workers who collected bodies, loading them on to lorries to be buried in mass graves or burned on funeral pyres, say they handled at least 15,000 corpses. Based on numbers of burial shrouds sold in the city, survivors make the conservative claim that about 8,000 people died in the first week alone. But the dying has never stopped.

A satellite map of Bhopal, showing the extent of the toxic gas cloud, which affected half a million people

Rashida Bi, a survivor who has lost five members of her family to a variety of cancers over the past three decades, considers those who escaped with their lives “the unlucky ones”. She adds: “The lucky ones are those who died on that night.”

Union Carbide shut down the site and left it to rust. It has never been cleaned up and so the poisoning continues. In 1999, testing of groundwater and well-water near the site revealed mercury levels up to 6m times greater than what is accepted as safe by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

Images showing the plight of the survivors and their children. Many children of local people, whose drinking water was contaminated, were born with developmental issues. Among survivors, respiratory ailments are widespread

Chemicals were found in the water that cause cancer, brain damage and birth defects. Trichloroethene , a chemical shown to impair foetal development, was found at levels 50 times higher than EPA limits . Testing published in a 2002 report revealed poisons such as 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, chloroform, lead and mercury in women’s breastmilk.

In 2001, the Michigan-based Dow Chemical Company bought Union Carbide , acquiring its assets and liabilities. Dow, however, has steadfastly refused to clean up the Bhopal site. Nor has it provided safe drinking water, compensated the victims or shared with the Indian medical community any information it holds on the toxic effects of MIC.

The data that Bhopal’s doctors have requested, and say they need in order to deal with the lasting effects of the crisis, Dow has treated like a trade secret and held back.

Vimla Sahu, who lives near the abandoned Union Carbide plant, cannot conceal her anguish

Union Carbide built the Bhopal factory in the 1970s, confident that India represented a huge untapped market for its pesticides. However, sales never met the company’s expectations. Indian farmers, struggling to cope with droughts and floods, lacked the money to buy Union Carbide’s products.

For 15 years before the disaster, Union Carbide routinely dumped highly toxic chemical waste at sites inside and outside the factory.

Twin sisters Shazia and Fouziya in their home in the Nawab area of Bhopal, near the factory, where toxins leaked into the water supplies. They both have severe mental development issues, which doctors believe was due to genetic damage

Thousands of tons of pesticides, solvents, chemical catalysts and byproducts lay strewn across six hectares (16 acres) inside the plant. Evaporation ponds covering 14 hectares outside the factory were filled with thousands of litres of liquid waste.

The plant, which never reached its full production capacity, proved to be a loss-making venture and was shut down in the early 1980s, though large quantities of dangerous chemicals were left abandoned on the site.

Three huge steel tanks continued to hold more than 60 tons of MIC. Although MIC is a particularly unstable gas, Union Carbide’s elaborate safety systems were allowed to fall into disrepair and become ineffective. The factory managers’ reasoning seemed to be that, since production had stopped, no threat remained.

As monsoons battered the decaying plant, rain caused the chemical-waste evaporation ponds to overflow. Toxins penetrated the soil, leaching into underground channels. Contaminated water from wells was pumped into 42 neighbourhoods.

In secret tests carried out by Union Carbide in 1989 , the results of which were subsequently seen by the Bhopal Medical Appeal, the company concluded that the site was lethally contaminated. Groundwater instantly killed fish. Many of the places where the samples were taken were just inside the factory wall – people drew their water from wells and standpipes on the other side of the wall.

A gas-affected patient undergoes Panchakarma steam treatment, a traditional Ayurvedic therapy, at the Sambhavna clinic. The clinic describes its approach to treating survivors of the disaster as ‘offering drug-free therapies for chemically burdened bodies’

Despite having indisputable proof of the site’s toxicity, Union Carbide chose not to notify local people that the water was unsafe. It attacked those in the community who voiced concern, dismissing them as “troublemakers”.

The full extent of the contamination was not exposed until 1999, when Greenpeace investigators, after running a series of tests, reported that soil and water in and around the plant were contaminated by organochlorines and heavy metals, which are both highly toxic and accumulate in the body.

A follow-up study in 2002, which found mercury, lead and organochlorines in the breastmilk of women living near the plant, also discovered that the children of gas-affected women suffered an array of debilitating illnesses, including birth defects and reproductive disorders.

The “polluter pays” legal principle applies in India but Union Carbide and its parent company, Dow, have refused to pay compensation for this second environmental catastrophe of contaminated water.

A boy drinks water from a hand pump near the plant. Water samples taken in and around the factory were found to be highly contaminated by organochlorines and heavy metals

In 1989 Union Carbide, in a partial out-of-court settlement with the Indian government, agreed to pay $470m in compensation to the victims of the disaster. But the victims themselves were not consulted in the negotiations, and more than nine in 10 received a maximum of $500 each, or enough to pay medical expenses for five years.

Today, victims of the disaster eke out a perilous existence. More than 50,000 Bhopalis are unable to work because of their injuries. Many have no family left at all.

In 1991, India’s criminal justice system charged Warren Anderson, Union Carbide’s chairman and chief executive at the time of the disaster, with “culpable homicide not amounting to murder”. If he had been convicted in India, he would have faced a maximum of 10 years in prison. Anderson never stood trial. An Indian extradition request languished in the US courts for three and a half years without a response from officials.

In September 2014, a few months before the 30th anniversary of the disaster, Anderson, the son of a Brooklyn carpenter, died aged 92 in a nursing home in Vero Beach, Florida.

Doctors at the Chirayu cancer hospital in Bhopal examine a patient from one of the neighbourhoods around the abandoned plant

Union Carbide was charged with culpable homicide. The corporation, like its former chief executive, refused to face trial in India, and the charges have never been resolved.

Dow and Union Carbide merged in 2001. The agreement submitted to regulators omitted any mention of pending criminal cases against Union Carbide. Dow has been served summons to appear in court at least six times in Bhopal to explain Union Carbide’s continued absence. It has ignored all six notices.

Union Carbide remains liable for the environmental devastation it caused. Environmental damages were not addressed in the 1989 settlement, and the contamination continues to spread; these liabilities became the responsibility of Dow.

Some Dow shareholders tried to stop the merger, knowing that a corporation assumes the assets and the liabilities of a company it buys, according to established corporate law. Indeed, soon after it acquired Union Carbide, Dow settled a US lawsuit, paying out $2.2bn to compensate people in the US affected by Union Carbide’s use of asbestos in legacy products. But Dow maintains that it is not liable for Union Carbide’s actions in Bhopal.

Tim Edwards is executive trustee of the Bhopal Medical Appeal.

Demonstrators marching through the streets of Bhopal to mark the 34th anniversary of the Union Carbide gas disaster in 2018

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The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review

Edward broughton.

1 Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, 600 W 168th St. New York, NY 10032 USA

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

On December 3 1984, more than 40 tons of methyl isocyanate gas leaked from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, immediately killing at least 3,800 people and causing significant morbidity and premature death for many thousands more. The company involved in what became the worst industrial accident in history immediately tried to dissociate itself from legal responsibility. Eventually it reached a settlement with the Indian Government through mediation of that country's Supreme Court and accepted moral responsibility. It paid $470 million in compensation, a relatively small amount of based on significant underestimations of the long-term health consequences of exposure and the number of people exposed. The disaster indicated a need for enforceable international standards for environmental safety, preventative strategies to avoid similar accidents and industrial disaster preparedness.

Since the disaster, India has experienced rapid industrialization. While some positive changes in government policy and behavior of a few industries have taken place, major threats to the environment from rapid and poorly regulated industrial growth remain. Widespread environmental degradation with significant adverse human health consequences continues to occur throughout India.

December 2004 marked the twentieth anniversary of the massive toxic gas leak from Union Carbide Corporation's chemical plant in Bhopal in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India that killed more than 3,800 people. This review examines the health effects of exposure to the disaster, the legal response, the lessons learned and whether or not these are put into practice in India in terms of industrial development, environmental management and public health.

In the 1970s, the Indian government initiated policies to encourage foreign companies to invest in local industry. Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) was asked to build a plant for the manufacture of Sevin, a pesticide commonly used throughout Asia. As part of the deal, India's government insisted that a significant percentage of the investment come from local shareholders. The government itself had a 22% stake in the company's subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) [ 1 ]. The company built the plant in Bhopal because of its central location and access to transport infrastructure. The specific site within the city was zoned for light industrial and commercial use, not for hazardous industry. The plant was initially approved only for formulation of pesticides from component chemicals, such as MIC imported from the parent company, in relatively small quantities. However, pressure from competition in the chemical industry led UCIL to implement "backward integration" – the manufacture of raw materials and intermediate products for formulation of the final product within one facility. This was inherently a more sophisticated and hazardous process [ 2 ].

In 1984, the plant was manufacturing Sevin at one quarter of its production capacity due to decreased demand for pesticides. Widespread crop failures and famine on the subcontinent in the 1980s led to increased indebtedness and decreased capital for farmers to invest in pesticides. Local managers were directed to close the plant and prepare it for sale in July 1984 due to decreased profitability [ 3 ]. When no ready buyer was found, UCIL made plans to dismantle key production units of the facility for shipment to another developing country. In the meantime, the facility continued to operate with safety equipment and procedures far below the standards found in its sister plant in Institute, West Virginia. The local government was aware of safety problems but was reticent to place heavy industrial safety and pollution control burdens on the struggling industry because it feared the economic effects of the loss of such a large employer [ 3 ].

At 11.00 PM on December 2 1984, while most of the one million residents of Bhopal slept, an operator at the plant noticed a small leak of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas and increasing pressure inside a storage tank. The vent-gas scrubber, a safety device designer to neutralize toxic discharge from the MIC system, had been turned off three weeks prior [ 3 ]. Apparently a faulty valve had allowed one ton of water for cleaning internal pipes to mix with forty tons of MIC [ 1 ]. A 30 ton refrigeration unit that normally served as a safety component to cool the MIC storage tank had been drained of its coolant for use in another part of the plant [ 3 ]. Pressure and heat from the vigorous exothermic reaction in the tank continued to build. The gas flare safety system was out of action and had been for three months. At around 1.00 AM, December 3, loud rumbling reverberated around the plant as a safety valve gave way sending a plume of MIC gas into the early morning air [ 4 ]. Within hours, the streets of Bhopal were littered with human corpses and the carcasses of buffaloes, cows, dogs and birds. An estimated 3,800 people died immediately, mostly in the poor slum colony adjacent to the UCC plant [ 1 , 5 ]. Local hospitals were soon overwhelmed with the injured, a crisis further compounded by a lack of knowledge of exactly what gas was involved and what its effects were [ 1 ]. It became one of the worst chemical disasters in history and the name Bhopal became synonymous with industrial catastrophe [ 5 ].

Estimates of the number of people killed in the first few days by the plume from the UCC plant run as high as 10,000, with 15,000 to 20,000 premature deaths reportedly occurring in the subsequent two decades [ 6 ]. The Indian government reported that more than half a million people were exposed to the gas [ 7 ]. Several epidemiological studies conducted soon after the accident showed significant morbidity and increased mortality in the exposed population. Table ​ Table1. 1 . summarizes early and late effects on health. These data are likely to under-represent the true extent of adverse health effects because many exposed individuals left Bhopal immediately following the disaster never to return and were therefore lost to follow-up [ 8 ].

Health effects of the Bhopal methyl isocyanate gas leak exposure [8, 30-32].

Immediately after the disaster, UCC began attempts to dissociate itself from responsibility for the gas leak. Its principal tactic was to shift culpability to UCIL, stating the plant was wholly built and operated by the Indian subsidiary. It also fabricated scenarios involving sabotage by previously unknown Sikh extremist groups and disgruntled employees but this theory was impugned by numerous independent sources [ 1 ].

The toxic plume had barely cleared when, on December 7, the first multi-billion dollar lawsuit was filed by an American attorney in a U.S. court. This was the beginning of years of legal machinations in which the ethical implications of the tragedy and its affect on Bhopal's people were largely ignored. In March 1985, the Indian government enacted the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act as a way of ensuring that claims arising from the accident would be dealt with speedily and equitably. The Act made the government the sole representative of the victims in legal proceedings both within and outside India. Eventually all cases were taken out of the U.S. legal system under the ruling of the presiding American judge and placed entirely under Indian jurisdiction much to the detriment of the injured parties.

In a settlement mediated by the Indian Supreme Court, UCC accepted moral responsibility and agreed to pay $470 million to the Indian government to be distributed to claimants as a full and final settlement. The figure was partly based on the disputed claim that only 3000 people died and 102,000 suffered permanent disabilities [ 9 ]. Upon announcing this settlement, shares of UCC rose $2 per share or 7% in value [ 1 ]. Had compensation in Bhopal been paid at the same rate that asbestosis victims where being awarded in US courts by defendant including UCC – which mined asbestos from 1963 to 1985 – the liability would have been greater than the $10 billion the company was worth and insured for in 1984 [ 10 ]. By the end of October 2003, according to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Relief and Rehabilitation Department, compensation had been awarded to 554,895 people for injuries received and 15,310 survivors of those killed. The average amount to families of the dead was $2,200 [ 9 ].

At every turn, UCC has attempted to manipulate, obfuscate and withhold scientific data to the detriment of victims. Even to this date, the company has not stated exactly what was in the toxic cloud that enveloped the city on that December night [ 8 ]. When MIC is exposed to 200° heat, it forms degraded MIC that contains the more deadly hydrogen cyanide (HCN). There was clear evidence that the storage tank temperature did reach this level in the disaster. The cherry-red color of blood and viscera of some victims were characteristic of acute cyanide poisoning [ 11 ]. Moreover, many responded well to administration of sodium thiosulfate, an effective therapy for cyanide poisoning but not MIC exposure [ 11 ]. UCC initially recommended use of sodium thiosulfate but withdrew the statement later prompting suggestions that it attempted to cover up evidence of HCN in the gas leak. The presence of HCN was vigorously denied by UCC and was a point of conjecture among researchers [ 8 , 11 - 13 ].

As further insult, UCC discontinued operation at its Bhopal plant following the disaster but failed to clean up the industrial site completely. The plant continues to leak several toxic chemicals and heavy metals that have found their way into local aquifers. Dangerously contaminated water has now been added to the legacy left by the company for the people of Bhopal [ 1 , 14 ].

Lessons learned

The events in Bhopal revealed that expanding industrialization in developing countries without concurrent evolution in safety regulations could have catastrophic consequences [ 4 ]. The disaster demonstrated that seemingly local problems of industrial hazards and toxic contamination are often tied to global market dynamics. UCC's Sevin production plant was built in Madhya Pradesh not to avoid environmental regulations in the U.S. but to exploit the large and growing Indian pesticide market. However the manner in which the project was executed suggests the existence of a double standard for multinational corporations operating in developing countries [ 1 ]. Enforceable uniform international operating regulations for hazardous industries would have provided a mechanism for significantly improved in safety in Bhopal. Even without enforcement, international standards could provide norms for measuring performance of individual companies engaged in hazardous activities such as the manufacture of pesticides and other toxic chemicals in India [ 15 ]. National governments and international agencies should focus on widely applicable techniques for corporate responsibility and accident prevention as much in the developing world context as in advanced industrial nations [ 16 ]. Specifically, prevention should include risk reduction in plant location and design and safety legislation [ 17 ].

Local governments clearly cannot allow industrial facilities to be situated within urban areas, regardless of the evolution of land use over time. Industry and government need to bring proper financial support to local communities so they can provide medical and other necessary services to reduce morbidity, mortality and material loss in the case of industrial accidents.

Public health infrastructure was very weak in Bhopal in 1984. Tap water was available for only a few hours a day and was of very poor quality. With no functioning sewage system, untreated human waste was dumped into two nearby lakes, one a source of drinking water. The city had four major hospitals but there was a shortage of physicians and hospital beds. There was also no mass casualty emergency response system in place in the city [ 3 ]. Existing public health infrastructure needs to be taken into account when hazardous industries choose sites for manufacturing plants. Future management of industrial development requires that appropriate resources be devoted to advance planning before any disaster occurs [ 18 ]. Communities that do not possess infrastructure and technical expertise to respond adequately to such industrial accidents should not be chosen as sites for hazardous industry.

Following the events of December 3 1984 environmental awareness and activism in India increased significantly. The Environment Protection Act was passed in 1986, creating the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) and strengthening India's commitment to the environment. Under the new act, the MoEF was given overall responsibility for administering and enforcing environmental laws and policies. It established the importance of integrating environmental strategies into all industrial development plans for the country. However, despite greater government commitment to protect public health, forests, and wildlife, policies geared to developing the country's economy have taken precedence in the last 20 years [ 19 ].

India has undergone tremendous economic growth in the two decades since the Bhopal disaster. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita has increased from $1,000 in 1984 to $2,900 in 2004 and it continues to grow at a rate of over 8% per year [ 20 ]. Rapid industrial development has contributed greatly to economic growth but there has been significant cost in environmental degradation and increased public health risks. Since abatement efforts consume a large portion of India's GDP, MoEF faces an uphill battle as it tries to fulfill its mandate of reducing industrial pollution [ 19 ]. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws have result from economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection [ 19 ].

With the industrial growth since 1984, there has been an increase in small scale industries (SSIs) that are clustered about major urban areas in India. There are generally less stringent rules for the treatment of waste produced by SSIs due to less waste generation within each individual industry. This has allowed SSIs to dispose of untreated wastewater into drainage systems that flow directly into rivers. New Delhi's Yamuna River is illustrative. Dangerously high levels of heavy metals such as lead, cobalt, cadmium, chrome, nickel and zinc have been detected in this river which is a major supply of potable water to India's capital thus posing a potential health risk to the people living there and areas downstream [ 21 ].

Land pollution due to uncontrolled disposal of industrial solid and hazardous waste is also a problem throughout India. With rapid industrialization, the generation of industrial solid and hazardous waste has increased appreciably and the environmental impact is significant [ 22 ].

India relaxed its controls on foreign investment in order to accede to WTO rules and thereby attract an increasing flow of capital. In the process, a number of environmental regulations are being rolled back as growing foreign investments continue to roll in. The Indian experience is comparable to that of a number of developing countries that are experiencing the environmental impacts of structural adjustment. Exploitation and export of natural resources has accelerated on the subcontinent. Prohibitions against locating industrial facilities in ecologically sensitive zones have been eliminated while conservation zones are being stripped of their status so that pesticide, cement and bauxite mines can be built [ 23 ]. Heavy reliance on coal-fired power plants and poor enforcement of vehicle emission laws are other consequences of economic concerns taking precedence over environmental protection [ 19 ].

In March 2001, residents of Kodaikanal in southern India caught the Anglo-Dutch company, Unilever, red-handed when they discovered a dumpsite with toxic mercury laced waste from a thermometer factory run by the company's Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Lever. The 7.4 ton stockpile of mercury-laden glass was found in torn stacks spilling onto the ground in a scrap metal yard located near a school. In the fall of 2001, steel from the ruins of the World Trade Center was exported to India apparently without first being tested for contamination from asbestos and heavy metals present in the twin tower debris. Other examples of poor environmental stewardship and economic considerations taking precedence over public health concerns abound [ 24 ].

The Bhopal disaster could have changed the nature of the chemical industry and caused a reexamination of the necessity to produce such potentially harmful products in the first place. However the lessons of acute and chronic effects of exposure to pesticides and their precursors in Bhopal has not changed agricultural practice patterns. An estimated 3 million people per year suffer the consequences of pesticide poisoning with most exposure occurring in the agricultural developing world. It is reported to be the cause of at least 22,000 deaths in India each year. In the state of Kerala, significant mortality and morbidity have been reported following exposure to Endosulfan, a toxic pesticide whose use continued for 15 years after the events of Bhopal [ 25 ].

Aggressive marketing of asbestos continues in developing countries as a result of restrictions being placed on its use in developed nations due to the well-established link between asbestos products and respiratory diseases. India has become a major consumer, using around 100,000 tons of asbestos per year, 80% of which is imported with Canada being the largest overseas supplier. Mining, production and use of asbestos in India is very loosely regulated despite the health hazards. Reports have shown morbidity and mortality from asbestos related disease will continue in India without enforcement of a ban or significantly tighter controls [ 26 , 27 ].

UCC has shrunk to one sixth of its size since the Bhopal disaster in an effort to restructure and divest itself. By doing so, the company avoided a hostile takeover, placed a significant portion of UCC's assets out of legal reach of the victims and gave its shareholder and top executives bountiful profits [ 1 ]. The company still operates under the ownership of Dow Chemicals and still states on its website that the Bhopal disaster was "cause by deliberate sabotage". [ 28 ].

Some positive changes were seen following the Bhopal disaster. The British chemical company, ICI, whose Indian subsidiary manufactured pesticides, increased attention to health, safety and environmental issues following the events of December 1984. The subsidiary now spends 30–40% of their capital expenditures on environmental-related projects. However, they still do not adhere to standards as strict as their parent company in the UK. [ 24 ].

The US chemical giant DuPont learned its lesson of Bhopal in a different way. The company attempted for a decade to export a nylon plant from Richmond, VA to Goa, India. In its early negotiations with the Indian government, DuPont had sought and won a remarkable clause in its investment agreement that absolved it from all liabilities in case of an accident. But the people of Goa were not willing to acquiesce while an important ecological site was cleared for a heavy polluting industry. After nearly a decade of protesting by Goa's residents, DuPont was forced to scuttle plans there. Chennai was the next proposed site for the plastics plant. The state government there made significantly greater demand on DuPont for concessions on public health and environmental protection. Eventually, these plans were also aborted due to what the company called "financial concerns". [ 29 ].

The tragedy of Bhopal continues to be a warning sign at once ignored and heeded. Bhopal and its aftermath were a warning that the path to industrialization, for developing countries in general and India in particular, is fraught with human, environmental and economic perils. Some moves by the Indian government, including the formation of the MoEF, have served to offer some protection of the public's health from the harmful practices of local and multinational heavy industry and grassroots organizations that have also played a part in opposing rampant development. The Indian economy is growing at a tremendous rate but at significant cost in environmental health and public safety as large and small companies throughout the subcontinent continue to pollute. Far more remains to be done for public health in the context of industrialization to show that the lessons of the countless thousands dead in Bhopal have truly been heeded.

Competing interests

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

J. Barab, B. Castleman, R Dhara and U Misra reviewed the manuscript and provided useful suggestions.

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Student Spotlights

What happens after ‘the world’s worst industrial disaster’.

Harvard Law School student Apoorva Dixit gives voice to survivors of the Bhopal gas tragedy in a seven-part podcast series and TEDx Talk

In early December 1984, a leak at an American-owned manufacturer of pesticides exposed half a million people in Bhopal, India to a toxic gas, killing 8,000 in the immediate aftermath, according to one estimate, and sickening countless others. Later, lawsuits and criminal cases would blame the company’s lax safety protocols and delayed warnings to surrounding communities for thousands of additional deaths, disabilities, and diseases in the months and years following the disaster.

Yet despite the widespread — and ongoing — impact of the tragedy at Bhopal, the story of the catastrophe and the corruption from which it emerged is still not well known by many outside India, says Apoorva Dixit ’24, a student at Harvard Law School.

In fact, despite having been born in Bhopal to a father who himself survived the tragedy as a young man, Dixit did not learn about what has been called “ the world’s worst industrial disaster ” until she read a passing reference to it in her seventh-grade social studies textbook in Memphis, Tennessee. “I went home and asked my dad about it, because as a 12-year-old, I honestly assumed they were talking about some other Bhopal. I couldn’t believe this was so close to home and I had never known.”

Once she began delving deeply into the accident, she knew the world needed to hear the story. Recently, Dixit and her childhood best friend Molly Mulroy collaborated on a seven-part podcast series, “ They Knew Which Way to Run ,” the result of hundreds of hours of firsthand interviews with survivors, activists, and residents of Bhopal. The program traces the lead-up to and aftermath of the tragedy — in the words of the people who lived through it.

Remembering and forgetting

Dixit’s parents moved to Memphis when she was five years old, but growing up, she would often visit her grandfather back in Bhopal, a city she found fascinating. As an undergraduate at Dartmouth, Dixit majored in anthropology, and took a particular interest in ethnography, or the study of peoples and their cultures.

She also continued to think about the Bhopal gas tragedy. What had really happened that day? How did Bhopalis remember the events? Why didn’t more Bhopalis, like her father and grandfather, talk about it? How did the second-generation of survivors, people like Dixit, think about it? And why didn’t more people know about it?

Dixit decided that she wanted to go to the source to learn more. In 2017, she received a Fulbright Scholarship to travel to Bhopal and interview survivors, activists, and others who experienced the tragedy. “The plan was to look at the idea of collective memory — how different communities remember events,” says Dixit.

The plan [for traveling to Bhopal] was to look at the idea of collective memory — how different communities remember events. Apoorva Dixit

Her trip yielded interviews with nearly 100 people from a variety of backgrounds. She spoke with poor residents, who, because they lived close to the factory in a lower-lying part of the city, had been the most devastated by the leak. She talked to wealthier Bhopalis, who recalled the events of 1984 with a deep sadness, but also at a remove. She even interviewed her father and grandfather, the latter of whom had been a judge at the time.

But Dixit says the most moving stories were those of the activists, many of whom were women, who had used the law and public protest to fight for compensation for themselves and their families, and who continue to do so today against great odds. “There is a lot that they are still fighting for. They have lost loved ones. The factory has never been removed, and toxic waste still pollutes the water in the area,” she says. “So, for them, recalling the tragedy was less of a memory, less of a theoretical exercise, and more of a living, breathing thing.”

The experience was both difficult and fulfilling, she says. “Never in my life have I felt so deeply pulled toward something, especially something so painful for so many people.”

Speaking and listening

Before she had left for Bhopal, Dixit’s friend Mulroy suggested that they turn the materials she gathered there into a podcast to showcase and amplify the voices of survivors of the tragedy. The pair started thinking about the story and processing the interviews while Dixit was in India, but did not get far before the year was over and Dixit returned to the U.S., moving to Boston for a job in consulting.

In the end, what the team thought would be a short project “ended up turning into a five-year undertaking,” says Dixit, adding that there was much to explore. “What was the lead up to it? What happened in the decades since 1984, and what is happening today to the survivors I met? I also wanted to highlight the difference in how people like my family, who are fairly privileged, remember the tragedy, versus those who are relatively under-resourced.”

At first, the work was slow going. Dixit had to translate all the interviews into English so that they could begin building a narrative, and the story that emerged was complex, with many different pieces. “We tried an initial episode where we threw the whole story in, just a lot of information, but we couldn’t go deep enough to do it justice,” says Dixit.

Mulroy, who had previous experience in podcasting, offered a solution. “Molly said, ‘Find someone who does not know anything about you, but who you trust, and record yourself telling them the story. Think about what chronology you use, what parts you emphasize, and what parts are they interested in.’ And so, I did.”

“[The podcast highlights] the power of remembrance, the power of movement building, the incredible resilience that activists of Bhopal have shown.” Apoorva Dixit

Dixit’s storyline became the basis of the series, the first episodes of which describe how the U.S.-based company, Union Carbide, came to establish its factory in Bhopal, and the years of neglect of maintenance and safety measures that preceded the gas leak. Then, Dixit and Mulroy turn to the activists, survivors, and other residents of Bhopal who have continued to press the government and the company, which is now part of Dow Chemical, for redress.

“One leader in the movement for justice for survivors, Rashida Bi, really inspired me,” she says. “She has achieved so much. She also has a great way of telling her story. She was never formally educated, but she is so obviously brilliant, and her way of setting the scene and making comparisons and metaphors was different from what I was used to. She is captivating.”

Looking back, looking forward

To Dixit, the stories that emerged from the podcast contain lessons for anyone seeking to make change, including “the power of remembrance, the power of movement building, the incredible resilience that activists of Bhopal have shown,” she says. The grassroots movements they created shows how others can succeed, because “the activists faced every structural barrier possible — including resistance from the government — and yet they have created a whole network of institutions to serve themselves, including schools and medical clinics.”

And the process of listening itself bore insights, adds Dixit. Because she had to replay the interviews repeatedly while editing the podcast, she found herself gaining new understandings of the tragedy. She also began to see how similar patterns of remembering and forgetting, of inequality and privilege, play out in other crises, a connection she made in a TedX talk that now has more than 32,000 views.

“I think the story of the Bhopal gas tragedy has a lot of lessons to teach in terms of how COVID will be remembered by the next generation, and even by the generation that is currently experiencing it,” she says. “When you are actually in the eye of a disaster, it brings community together. It can bring out the best in people. But once a crisis becomes long-term enough, people move on — especially those who can afford to do so.”

Even as Dixit tackles her next goals — her studies at Harvard Law, her work with Harvard Defenders, a future in civil rights litigation — she promises she won’t move on from working to ensure the world knows about the Bhopal gas tragedy, nor the wisdom she has gleaned from the people who shared their stories. “I’ve seen how the law can be such a powerful tool for change, both good and bad,” she says. “I want to use it for good.”

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What is Bhopal Gas Tragedy? (Detailed Case study)

The Bhopal gas tragedy also known as the Bhopal gas disaster, was a gas leak incident on the wintry night of 2 December 1984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. It is considered to be the world’s worst industrial disaster.

Table of Contents

MIC Chemical Reactions :

Bhopal gas tragedy case study :

On 2nd December night, the night shift staff of the Union Carbide Factory, Bhopal, took around 11 p.m. There were three double-walled, partly buried S.S. tanks (No. 610, 611and 619) each of 60-tonne capacity and all containing the poisonous gas MIC (Methyl isocyanate) to be used to produce a deadly pesticide Carbaryl.

At 11-30, pm. workers in the plant realized that there was a MIC leak somewhere: their eyes began to tear. A few of them went to the MIC structure and noticed a drop of liquid with yellowish-white gas, about 50 feet off the ground. They told the supervisor who, however, decided to deal with the leak after the tea break which ended at 12:40 night. Meanwhile, the events had moved very fast.

The temperature of tank 610 had reached 25°C at the top of its scale and the pressure was increased twenty times rushing towards 40 psi at which the emergency safety valve was to open. Soon the pressure gauge showed 55 psi, the top of the scale, and the safety valve had opened releasing MIC With a loud hissing sound and tremendous heat. A white cloud drifting over the plant was moving towards the sleeping neighborhood.

The workers tried to operate the safety devices, but nothing seemed to work. The water jet failed to reach the top of the 120-foot stack from which MIC was escaping. The vent gas scrubber to neutralize the escaping gas did not work. The scrubber was under maintenance, the flow meter was not indicating the circulation of caustic soda whose concentration was also not known since October.

The flare tower to burn off the gas could not be ‘used because its piping was corroded and not replaced. The refrigeration system, of 30-tonne capacity, to keep the MIC in a liquid state at 0°C was closed down in June 1984 as an economy drive and the gas was at 15°-20°C Which was unsafe. For approximately two hours, the safety valve remained open releasing over 50,000 pounds of MIC (which might also contain Phosgene, Chloroform, Hydrogen cyanide. Carbon dioxide, etc.) out of 90,000 pounds stored in tank No. 610 at the time of the incident. Sometime between 1-30 to 2-30 am. the safety valve was reseated as the tank pressure went below 40 psi.

As per official records, the Bhopal gas leak killed 3,787 people. The figures were updated by the Madhya Pradesh government later as the immediate official estimate had put the death toll due to a gas leak from the Union Carbide factory at 2,259.

However, activists fighting for justice for Bhopal gas tragedy victims put the figures of death between 8,000 and 10,000. In an affidavit, submitted in 2006, the government said that the Bhopal gas leak caused 5,58,125 injuries that included approximately 3,900 severe and permanently disabling injuries.

Bhopal gas tragedy  Causes of the Accident :

(a) unsafe conditions of the bhopal gas tragedy  .

From the published press reports they seem to be:

• The refrigeration system to keep the gas cool was closed for since long.
• The vent gas scrubber was under-designed, not repaired, and not connected.
• The corroded flare tower pipe was not replaced and was not connected.
• The water curtain jests were under-designed to reach the maximum height.
• All three tanks were filled in while one ought to have been kept empty to use as an emergency bypass.
• The computerized pressure/temperature sensing system, a warning device to give the alarm and control the situation at the time of abnormal conditions was not installed.
• The carbon steel valves were used instead of stainless steel and the valves ‘were notorious for leaking.
• The instruments to check the valve leakage were not available.
• The wind direction and velocity indicator were not installed to warn the people about leakage direction and severity.
• The neighboring community was not told of the significance of the danger alarm and the dangers posed by the materials used in the plant.
• Control instruments at the plant were faulty.
• Maintenance and operational practices deteriorated.
• Chemical reactors, piping, and valves were not purged, washed, and aired before maintenance operations.
• The blind disc to disallow the water in the tank through the valve was missing.
• Underqualified workers were running the factory.
• People with chemical engineering backgrounds were replaced by less skilled operators.
• The workers’ strength was reduced from 850 to 642 during the preceding two years and the operator’s duty relieving system was suspended.
• The operating manual was grossly inadequate, not specifying all necessary emergency procedures to control abnormal conditions.
• At the time of the accident, in the MIC control room, there was only one operator who found it virtually impossible to check the 70-odd panels, indicators, and controllers.
• A design modification of the jumper line to interconnect the relief valve vent header and the process vent header was defective, as it allowed the water to go into the MIC tank.

(B) Unsafe Actions of Bhopal gas tragedy   :

• The leak was not attended as soon as it was reported. Initial time passed in the tea break.
• The first information about the five-fold pressure rise was dismissed in the belief that the pressure gauge could be faulty.
• A newly recruited supervisor had asked a novice operator to clean a pipe and the blind disc was not inserted while doing so.
• The public siren was put on around 1 am. nearly an hour after the gas leakage and that too for a few minutes.
• The correct antidotes and medical treatments were not suggested to surrounding doctors. On the contrary confusion of MIC or Phosgene or Hydrogen cyanide was confounded.

(C) Unsafe Reactions of Bhopal gas tragedy  :

The above unsafe conditions and actions lead to the violent unsafe reaction. Different hypotheses have been expounded by Carbide’s scientists, Indian experts, and Dr. S. Varadrajan, who lead the investigations on behalf of the Government. According to him a small quantity of water reacted with Phosgene in the tank, mixed with MIC as an impurity to make it unstable. The Phosgene water reaction (hydrolysis) produced heat, CO2, and HCI.

The heat and HCI acted as the accelerators of the polymerization, additions, and degradation of MIC leading to a runaway reaction. According to others, the increased temperature of MIC (it vaporizes above 38°C) generated heat, pressure, and side reactions, higher than normal amounts of Chloroform in the stored MIC and an iron catalyst lead to the violent reaction. Because of the colder night of December, the escaped MIC settled down and traveled downward covering the sleeping surroundings with the blanket of death and damages.

What is Methyl isocyanate –

Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) is a chemical that is used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam, pesticides, and plastics. It is handled in liquid form which can be easily burned and explosive. It evaporates quickly in the air and has a strong odor. Its molecular formula is CH3NCO or C2H3NO and its molecular weight is approx. 57.05 g/mol. It is used in the production of pesticides, polyurethane foam, and plastics.

Remedial Measures of the Bhopal Gas Disaster :

All the 25 major causes of this accident stated above in (A) and (B) suggest remedial measures. To avoid repetition, all these contributing causes should be removed first and necessary steps should be taken to run the plant always safe and sound, with all the safety devices properly working. The working conditions must be improved and unsafe actions must be removed by proper policy, training, and education.

The Bhopal incident opened my eyes and gave many lessons to multinationals, developed countries, and developing countries.

Human life must be equally valued everywhere. No double standard for developed and developing countries. ‘Right to Know’ and ‘Obligation to Tell’ concepts are to be covered by the legislation. Training to staff, and workers, emergency procedures, highest standards for plant operation and maintenance and safety equipment, ‘worst case’ study and assessment, etc. were incorporated in 1987.

After the Bhopal gas leak incident :

Bhopal had a population of about 8.5 lakh back in 1984 and more than half of its population was coughing, complaining of itching in the eyes, skin and facing breathing problems. The gas caused internal hemorrhage, pneumonia, and death. The villages and slums in the neighboring areas of the factory were the worst affected.

The alarm system of the Union Carbide did not work for hours. No alarm was raised by the factory managers. Suddenly thousands of people started running to hospitals on the morning of December 3 with their complaints.

Unlike today, Bhopal in 1984 did not have too many hospitals. Two government hospitals could not have accommodated half of the population of the city. People were suffering, finding it difficult to breathe and confused. So were doctors, who did not immediately know the reasons for the sudden illness that afflicted every new rushing patient.

Patients complained of dizziness, breathlessness, skin irritation, and rashes, some others reported sudden blindness. Doctors of Bhopal had never faced a situation like this. They had no experience in dealing with industrial disasters.

Symptoms of methyl isocyanate exposure were not immediately known to them. And, the two hospitals reportedly treated around 50,000 patients in the first two days of the Bhopal gas leak. Officially, the government declared that the gas leakage was contained for eight hours, but the city is still finding it difficult to come out of its grip even 33 years later. So Bhopal incident was the world’s worst  industrial mishap .

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I survived the Bhopal gas tragedy

It has been 30 years and Bhopalis are still fighting for their basic rights.

On the night of December 2, 1984, the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal in India’s central state of Madhya Pradesh, leaked around 30,000 tonnes of methyl isocyanate. More than 3,500 perished in the immediate aftermath, but as many as 25,000 people have died from related illnesses since then. This is the heartbreaking story of a survivor who lost his parents and siblings in the tragedy.

I was born in July 1984 and I was only five months old when the disaster struck my community. I was too young to remember anything from the night of December 2, 1984, but, throughout the years, I have heard many stories from the people who were there and saw it happen. My sister would sometimes tell me things about that night, though we generally avoided bringing it up, as we knew that it would only hurt us to talk about it.

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After the disaster, some of our relatives, who had heard about it on the radio, came and took us to Lucknow, around 600km from Bhopal. We stayed with them for a few months, but they started treating us badly, as if we were a burden to them and their families, so it was our brother Sunil, another survivor from our family of 10 – aged 13 at the time of the disaster – who decided to bring us back to Bhopal. Subsequently, we were sent to an orphanage in Bhopal, called The SOS Children’s Village. Sunil refused to live with us in the orphanage, and got involved with the anti-Carbide campaign. He created an organisation called Children Against Carbide. Most of the members of this organisation were children from the community we were from – Jay Prakash Nagar (JP Nagar), right across the road from the main Bhopal plant.

I was happy with my life at the orphanage in Bhopal, I had almost everything: cricket bats, skates, football, good education etc. But, at the same time, I did not know anything about our parents.

In middle school, we would have parent-teacher meetings at school; my classmates had their parents next to them for the meeting, but I had no one next to me. It was around that time that I started asking my sister about our parents. It was then that my sister first told me about the Bhopal gas disaster and what had happened that night. Until then, I never fully understood that I was growing up in an orphanage and didn’t really know the meaning of the word “orphanage”.

My sister Mamta told me that there were four brothers and four sisters in our family. Our father was a carpenter, and I was the youngest in the family. We lost three sisters and two brothers along with our parents that night.

I then asked her, “How did we survive?”

She told me that she wrapped me in a blanket, and ran away along with our brother Sunil. When they were running, Sunil had to go to the bathroom, and fainted. The streets were so crowded as people were running and shouting, my sister was forced by the crowd, and couldn’t wait any longer for my brother Sunil to come back.

The following morning, when people came to collect bodies from the street, they found Sunil and thought he was dead too. They put him on a truck with many bodies, and took him to dump into a river so that they could keep the number of deaths as low as possible. When it was my brother’s turn to be thrown off the truck into the Narmada River, about 90km from Bhopal, he woke up and said, “I am not dead.” The people who were about to throw him in got scared, thinking a dead body was talking to them.

Mamta and Sunil took care of me and made sure I had everything. They were like parents to me. When it was no longer possible for them to pay for my education, a few charities helped with my tuition fees and I managed to pursue a higher education.

In 1997, Sunil started having symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, and was told by the doctors that it was happening because of the trauma he suffered after losing so many family members. Sunil tried to kill himself many times. Once he ate rat poison. He tried again by setting himself on fire. Once he ran into the jungle, hoping to die there. He failed every time.

He succeeded in 2006 when he hung himself.

So, now it is just Mamta and I – the only survivors from a family of 10.  

Mamta lives in Lucknow with her husband and two children, and I live here in Bhopal on my own. She would often  complain about severe headaches and eye problems.

It has been almost 30 years now, and Bhopalis are still fighting for their basic rights. The disaster took so many lives, and is still killing people, as the abandoned factory continues poisoning our soil, water, and air.

I started learning more about the disaster when I saw people of different ages chanting slogans in the streets of Bhopal when I was a child.

In 2004, Greenpeace flew me to Paris to participate in a demonstration outside Dow’s shareholders meeting. I got involved with the campaign in 2004 partly because of my brother’s participation in the campaign. It was better to die fighting for our rights than succumb to depression over what had happened.

I had a stroke in 2005, and started taking an aspirin everyday. I also had a pulmonary embolism in the US last year. Now I no longer take an aspirin, because now I have to take 7.5mg of warfarin, a blood thinner, which is also used as rat poison.

In 2008, I was one of a number of Bhopal survivors in New Delhi who fasted for 21 days, only having water. We were asking then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to set up an empowered commission to look into the issues related to Bhopal. We also wanted clean water to be supplied to the people who were living in the affected communities and were forced to drink contaminated water.

It took two marches for Bhopalis walking from Bhopal to New Delhi (about 805km) to ask our prime minister for clean water and proper healthcare. The prime minister finally agreed and provided funds to the state government. New pipelines were laid out and now clean water is being supplied to almost all of the affected communities.

My community is yet to be compensated for what it has suffered. We are sad that the CEO of Union Carbide, Warren Anderson, who was arrested by Indian authorities but fled to the US, died unpunished. He was one of the individuals responsible for the disaster, and the Indian and US governments (which did not deport him to India) were equally responsible for his escape from India. 

I do not think that there would ever be enough compensation for Bhopal victims, as money cannot bring back what they have lost and suffered since the disaster. But, in order to for them to have a life of dignity and good health, they need financial compensation.

Everyone on this earth should feel this anger and frustration. It has been 30 years and justice continues to elude the people of Bhopal. We, the people of Bhopal, believe that the whole world has transformed into a Bhopal in a way: If you look around, you see multinational corporations being allowed to do business without accountability, poisoning the world and placing profits over people. If justice comes to Bhopal, then it would be justice for the whole world. It would set a precedent and ensure that in the future, corporations committing such crimes are brought to justice.

Sanjay Verma is an Indian activist fighting for those affected by the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy. He survived the disaster but was orphaned along with his sister and now deceased brother.

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Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Case Study on One of the World’s Worst Industrial Disasters

• Post published: November 17, 2023
• Post category: Environmental Engineering
• Post comments: 1 Comment

Introduction

The Bhopal gas tragedy is one of the deadliest incidents that occurred in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, during two nights on December 2 and 3, 1984. Unfortunately, people are still suffering its ill effects even today. Affected by this tragedy.

This incident came to light in Bhopal-based Union Carbide Private Limited Corporation. The highly poisonous chemical methyl isocyanate (MIC) present in the company leaked. The gas dispersed into the atmosphere after reacting with water, affecting residential areas around the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant. The impact was severe, with approximately, 3800 lives lost.

However, conflicting data emerges. Official reports stated a much lower figure of 1,430 during the parliamentary session in 1991. Subsequently, concerns were raised against the government for possible data manipulation or tabulation errors.

Here are the Learning Outcomes of The Case Study,

• Basic Overview OF the Tragedy
• History OF UCIL
• Why This Incident Happened, and Who Is responsible For this Tragedy
• What is the Learning Outcomes From these Incidents – As a Engineer

Background of the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) Plant

Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), founded in 1907, was an American multinational corporation, initially known for being one of the world’s largest producers of industrial chemicals, including plastics, pesticides, and gases. The company also made consumer products such as batteries and flashlights.

In 1934, UCC set up a plant in Bhopal and Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) became its subsidiary. UCIL produced a wide variety of products ranging from batteries and carbon products to welding equipment, plastics, industrial chemicals, pesticides and marine products.

One of the most significant industrial disasters, the Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984, brought UCC into the spotlight. Following an incident where 500 litters of water entered the MIC (methyl isocyanate) tank, reacting with the MIC (methyl isocyanate) and evaporating into the atmosphere, many lives were lost and people suffered from various diseases. The company faced allegations of prioritizing profits over safety and failing to adequately warn employees and residents about the dangers of MIC (methyl isocyanate) .

In 1989, UCC settled a class-action lawsuit filed by victims of the tragedy for $470 million. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in UCIL, which was renamed Eveready Industries India Limited. In 2001, UCC filed for bankruptcy, and its assets were eventually acquired by Dow Chemical Company.

Here is a timeline of major events in the history of the UCC and UCIL

1907: Union Carbide Corporation was established.

1934: Union Carbide India Limited was established.

1984: Bhopal gas tragedy occurred.

1989: UCC settled a class-action lawsuit filed by victims of the Bhopal tragedy for $470 million.

1994: UCC sold its stake in UCIL and the company was renamed Eveready Industries India Limited.

2001: UCC files for bankruptcy.

2001: Dow Chemical Company acquired the assets of UCC.

The Incident: Causes and Events Leading to the Tragedy

Security lapses and negligence

In the corporation, workers explained that sometimes, when process units encounter problems, UCC workers need to clean units. To fix the issue, they clean it with water. For ease and efficiency, there is a shortcut pipe that leads directly to the MIC (methyl isocyanate) storage area, allowing interchangeable use of equipment but permanently linking lethal chemicals and other plant operations. This pipe provides a direct path for water into the MIC (methyl isocyanate) Storage tank. But When They used The Water for the cleaning purposes There will be A Slip – line Under the pipes which can block the water, so The water will not Go Directly into the MIC (methyl isocyanate) Storage Tank, but This Safety Measures Are Missing as per the worker’s Slip Line Was not connected In the pipe that the times.

The Another Incident or Negligence on the same day was happened

On the December 2, When the cleaning work started at around 9.30 pm in Night, the Worker noticed that water was not coming from the external point. However, (or the other side Of the Pipe) , he ignored this, assuming that the water would move through the connecting pipes until it reached the MIC (methyl isocyanate) tank, which was the first malfunction that night.

Slip lines designed to stop the flow of water and create a watertight seal on the pipe were not in place. As a result, the water reached the MIC tank. Plant outlines indicate that inert nitrogen gas should be pumped into the MIC (methyl isocyanate) tank as a final barrier, providing a safe high-pressure layer. However, the plant workers said there was a glitch in the system.      

SA per the Workers said, Before the November 30 incident, workers had tried to repair the pressurized E610 but failed. The readings were incorrect, and reports were not submitted for operation for various reasons. The investigation team suspected that some trained employee had deliberately supplied water to the MIC tank.

Mistake: – If workers or individuals can notice the defects at that time, there is a chance of preventing such significant disasters and saving thousands of people’s lives. It was a carelessness at that time, not checking properly,

Challenges Faced by UCIL Management: Unravelling the Issues Beyond the Bhopal Disaster

As per the Employs or workers in the plant faced difficulties in achieving sales targets over the years. The company struggled to sell its products as expected, due to the Continuous loss of The management to cut costs. In an attempt to reduce expenses, safety measures at the plant were significantly compromised. Reports indicate that workers in the plants reported a widespread neglect of safety, with minor leaks becoming common in UCIL. Between 1981 and 1984, at least five incidents occurred, and even before the Bhopal disaster, there were reports of incidents, such as one where three people were injured and one worker died. Despite these incidents, UCIL operations continued without significant improvements in safety measures.

Reports revealed that the missing slip line triggered budget cuts and maintenance supervisors were fired to cut costs. The main flaw was in the plant’s design, which was unprepared for significant disasters, with minimal safety measures.

Multiple safety lapses and negligence on the part of the plant management and the parent company, Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), were one of the main causes of the Bhopal gas tragedy. The safety procedures at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) plant were seriously compromised due to several reasons.

Most importantly, not enough attention was paid to maintaining and adhering to the stringent safety requirements. Management’s priority appeared to be generating profits and cutting costs rather than putting the well-being of employees and the local community first. Routine maintenance and safety checks were not done as thoroughly as they should have been. Gas leak detectors and emergency shut-off systems are two examples of critical safety equipment and gadgets that were either not working properly or were not maintained properly. As a result, potential hazard warning signals were either ignored or missed. Additionally, the company’s workers received insufficient training in hazardous materials handling, including industrial process use of methyl isocyanate (MIC). Enterprises dealing with toxic substances must have effective training and awareness programs in place to ensure that employees are aware of the hazards and prepared for emergencies.

In addition to lapses in security procedures, the coordination and communication between management and staff were clearly inadequate. When the gas leak happened, the staff was not well-prepared to deal with such problems. The concern was made worse by a lack of well-defined rescue procedures and a handful of training sessions. The disaster was also caused by the underlying organization, Union Carbide Corp. (UCC), which has its corporate headquarters in the United States. There were allegations that the UCIL plant did not receive adequate funding and support from the UCC as per safety norms. Although it was aware of the risks associated with handling methyl isocyanate (MIC) , it was criticized for neglecting to deliver the most contemporary security technologies and procedures to the Bhopal site.

Storage and Handling of Hazardous Chemicals

At the Bhopal plant, Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) storage facility was provided below the bunker, primarily using three tanks – E610, E611 and E619. Despite the Corporation’s stipulation that one tank should be kept on standby for emergency purposes, on that particular day, all three tanks were filled beyond their capacity.

The E610, which had a leak, was not properly calibrated, resulting in it being filled more than 75% . Contrary to corporation rules, which recommend filling only up to 50% for MIC storage, this deviation had serious consequences. About 42% of MIC evaporated into the atmosphere after reacting with water.

The Bhopal plant has three underground 68,000-litre (18,000 US gal) liquid MIC storage tanks. However, the events of that day highlighted significant discrepancies in adherence to safety guidelines.

Failure of Safety Systems

In power plants or specifically where such dangerous chemicals are stored, it is necessary to follow some guidelines and adhere to strict safety measures to save workers’ lives and prevent any operational losses. But the Basic Safety Measures are missing in Bhopal plant,

Let’s Categorized into the 3 Parts Bhopal gas Plant Safety Measures which is Necessary as per the Plant before operational

Several security systems were found not to function properly

1 st is Bent Scrubber Tower is Not working

2 nd Flyers Tower is also Not working,

3 rd Water Pipes or pumps not working up to the mark

1st is Bent Scrubber Tower is Not working

A gas scrubber is a device used to remove gases from a gas stream. It is employed to control pollution and neutralize hazardous gases, preventing them from directly flowing into the atmosphere and contributing to increased air pollution. Gas scrubbers work by passing the gas stream through a liquid or solid absorbent material. The absorbent material removes the gases from the gas stream by absorbing them or reacting with them. Gas scrubbers are used in a variety of industrial applications, including power plants, chemical plants, steel mills, and other industries.

Tech articals

The same technology was used in the Bhopal plant as the initial storage control to prevent significant disasters by not allowing the hazardous gas to flow directly into the atmosphere. The bent gas scrubbers or (putting leaked gas into the bottle-shaped tank and neutralizing it with caustic soda) were intended to neutralize the MIC gas by passing it through a solution and sodium hydroxide. However, the sodium hydroxide solution was not properly diluted, and the scrubbers were not operating at full capacity. As a result, the scrubbers were unable to effectively neutralize the methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas, leading to a gas leak into the atmosphere

A gas scrubber helps us to control OR

Removal of Pollutants: Gas scrubbers are designed to capture and remove pollutants, such as particulate matter, acidic gases, or volatile organic compounds (VOCs), from industrial emissions.

Air Quality Improvement: By removing harmful pollutants, gas scrubbers contribute to improving air quality and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.

Typical Components and Operation or the Gernel Gas Scrubbers

Inlet Duct: Contaminated gas enters the scrubber through an inlet duct.

Scrubbing Section: The gas comes into contact with a liquid scrubbing solution (often water or a chemical solution) in this section. Pollutants are absorbed or chemically reacted with the liquid.

Mist Eliminator: A mist eliminator or demister is used to remove liquid droplets from the gas stream before it exits the scrubber.

Outlet Duct: The cleaned gas is released into the atmosphere through an outlet duct.

Note: The above operation was not working properly, but we have another option or safety measure. In the event of any issues with the scrubbers, there is the Flare Tower, which can burn the gas.”

2 nd  Flare Tower

The flare tower at the Bhopal plant was designed to burn off excess gases from the plant’s chemical processes. It served as an important safety feature, preventing the release of hazardous gases into the atmosphere. However, on that day, the tower was also not working to burn the methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas at the time of the Bhopal disaster

Flare towers have three main components:

• a flame arrestor.

The burner is responsible for igniting the gases that are released into the flare tower. The stack is responsible for venting the gases away from the plant. The flame arrestor is responsible for preventing the flame from the burner from propagating back into the plant.

In the Bhopal plant, the flare tower was not properly maintained. The burner was not working properly, and the flame arrestor was not in place. As a result, the flare tower was not able to burn off the excess gases that were released from the methyl isocyanate (MIC) tank. This allowed the gases to leak into the atmosphere, causing the Bhopal disaster.

The failure of the flare tower was another major factor in the Bhopal disaster, highlighting the mishandling of the plant and underscoring the importance of quality maintenance. This disaster underscores the crucial need for proper maintenance and operation of flare towers, especially in industrial settings where hazardous materials are being used

3 rd is Water Pipes or pumps not working properly,

After releasing the gas from the chimney, the biggest failure was the maintenance, but the methyl isocyanate (MIC) did not evaporate into the atmosphere; instead, it crawled on the ground, affecting people within a radius of 5 to 8 km. Immediate action could have been taken by workers or those responsible in the plant. They could have neutralized it through water, as water pipes were available on the plant. However, the water pipes and pump lengths were not sufficient to reach the chimney and neutralize the methyl isocyanate (MIC) . Other factors contributing to the failure of the water-cooling system include:

• The water tubes were corroded and leaking.
• The pumps were not working properly.
• The plant’s operators were not properly trained on how to use the cooling system.
• The plant’s management did not properly maintain the cooling system

Inadequate Emergency Response

When the gas leak occurred, there was no effective emergency response strategy to deal with such a critical situation. The impact on the affected population was made worse by the lack of quick and efficient emergency actions. Due to the inadequate preparation of emergency response teams to address the scope and severity of the gas leak, the prevention and mitigation of the disaster took longer than expected. Facility staff and local officials were inadequately equipped and unprepared, making it difficult for them to act quickly and effectively.

Following the gas leak, a serious lapse in the emergency response was the failure by plant employees to immediately inform the public. There was lack of awareness among workers regarding appropriate measures to be taken in case of gas leakage. As a result, they failed to transmit critical information through alarms or sirens to alert the public about leaked MIC and other gas they are not well ware or not sure which gas was released. The Team was Not well Trained

This lack of communication had serious consequences, as it overwhelmed medical and emergency response teams. The medical staff was not prepared to handle the sudden influx of affected persons. People running towards hospitals in panic and chaos inadvertently inhaled poisonous gas, which increased the number of casualties.

The evacuation process was hampered by poor coordination and inadequate communication. The absence of a well-defined emergency protocol contributed to the overall chaos. Medical staff had difficulty providing timely and effective assistance to those affected due to lack of prior knowledge of the nature of the incident.

This critical phase during the gas leak highlights the importance of a strong emergency response plan and effective communication channels in preventing further damage and saving lives. 

Impact on the Community and Environment

Residents living near the factory were immediately affected by the gas discharge. and Thousands of people died within hours of being exposed to the deadly gas. Many people died due to respiratory distress and other serious health problems. Fearing the invisible and deadly gases resulting from the gas leak, people fled for their lives, which resulted in widespread panic.

Those who made it through early exposure experienced a variety of health concerns, such as respiratory distress, eye discomfort, skin conditions, and gastrointestinal problems. The health of those exposed to methyl isocyanate (MIC) was seriously and permanently affected. Additionally, the gas caused problems for pregnant mothers, resulting in birth abnormalities and developmental problems in the offspring.

Those who survived and their families suffered significant emotional trauma as a result of the disaster. Many people experience immense loss and emotional pain after losing their loved ones. Families were separated, and as a result, the social fabric of the affected towns was severely damaged.

Impacts on the environment

The leakage of toxic gas from the UCIL plant had a profound impact on the environment in and around Bhopal. Vegetation and crops dried up in the affected areas, and water sources were contaminated, posing a serious health risk to the people who depend on them for their daily needs. The soil and groundwater in the area were also severely polluted by the chemicals released during the gas leak. Environmental pollution has had long-term effects on agricultural productivity and water quality in the region, affecting the livelihoods of local communities. In addition, toxic gases emitted during the disaster contributed to air pollution, which not only affected Bhopal but also spread to neighbouring areas. The gas leak continued to affect the health and well-being of people living in the vicinity for years after the tragedy.

Legal Battles and Compensation

Following the disaster, legal proceedings were initiated to hold Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) and its subsidiary, Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) , responsible for the tragedy. Both the Government of India and the affected individuals filed lawsuits against the UCC in the United States, seeking justice and compensation.

The legal battles were complex and lengthy, involving multiple jurisdictions and legal systems. Challenges arose due to the international nature of the case, with the parent company, UCC , being based in the United States while the disaster occurred in India. This led to jurisdictional issues and differences in the legal framework of the two countries.

When the CEO, Warren Anderson of UCC, arrived in India, he was reportedly arrested at the airport. However, according to Rajkumar Keswani, the police action was deemed more of a spectacle than a genuine arrest. Allegedly, the CEO was not detained at the lockup but instead accommodated in the guest house of UCC, a beautiful place in Bhopal. After a certain period, the CEO was released on bail and returned to his home country.

Compensation After The bhopal gas tregedy

One of the primary concerns following the tragedy was providing adequate compensation to the victims and their families. The UCC agreed to a settlement with the Indian government in 1989, amounting to $470 million. The agreement was aimed at providing compensation to the victims and assistance for their medical treatment and rehabilitation.

However, considering the scale of the tragedy and the long-term health consequences for the survivors, the amount of compensation was heavily criticized as inadequate. Many argued that the compensation provided was not sufficient to address the immense suffering and loss suffered by the affected individuals and families.

Legal battles and compensation issues continued for years as various parties sought justice and fair compensation. Efforts were made to revise and increase the amount of compensation to better address the needs of the victims.

Ultimately, legal proceedings and compensation efforts highlight the challenges of seeking justice and reparation in the aftermath of large-scale industrial disasters. The Bhopal gas tragedy case underscored the importance of a strong legal framework and international cooperation in dealing with such complex and international matters.

Despite settlement and compensation efforts, many victims and their families continue to grapple with the long-term health and social consequences of the gas leak. The tragedy is a reminder of the need for corporations to prioritize safety and responsibility in their operations and for governments to ensure stringent regulations and mechanisms to protect the well-being of their citizens.

Lessons Learned: Changes in Industrial Safety Regulations

The Bhopal gas tragedy had a profound impact on industrial safety regulations, not only in India but globally. The disaster served as a wake-up call, prompting governments, industries, and international organizations to re-evaluate and strengthen safety protocols to prevent similar incidents in the future. Several important lessons were learned from this tragedy, which led to important changes in industrial safety regulations:

Stringent Safety Standards : The Bhopal gas tragedy highlighted the critical importance of implementing stringent safety standards in industries dealing with hazardous substances. Governments began revising and strengthening safety regulations to ensure that industries followed best practices in storing, handling, and disposing of toxic chemicals.

Better Emergency Response Plans: The inadequacy of emergency response during the gas leak underscored the need for well-defined and efficient emergency response plans. Industrial facilities were required to develop comprehensive emergency protocols and conduct regular drills to ensure that workers and surrounding communities could respond quickly and effectively in the event of a disaster.

Compliance and Monitoring: This tragedy highlights the importance of strict compliance with safety regulations and the need for regular monitoring of industrial facilities. Governments and regulatory bodies increased inspections and audits to ensure that industries followed safety guidelines and took the necessary precautions to prevent accidents.

Community Awareness and Participation: Due to the gas leak in Bhopal, the nearby residents were not prepared for such a disaster. As a result, emphasis was placed on community awareness programs to educate people about the potential risks and safety measures in case of an emergency. Involving the local community in safety discussions has become an important aspect of industrial operations.

Corporate Responsibility and Accountability: The Bhopal gas tragedy raised questions about the accountability of corporations operating in developing countries. This sparked a debate about the responsibility of parent companies for the actions of their subsidiaries. As a result, there is an increasing emphasis on corporate responsibility and ethical business practices in multinational companies.

International Cooperation: The international nature of the case created challenges in seeking justice and compensation. The tragedy prompted discussion on the need for international cooperation and a standardized legal framework to deal with industrial disasters that cross national boundaries.

Focus on environmental protection : The environmental impact of the gas leak highlights the importance of protecting the environment from industrial disasters. Stringent regulations were put in place to ensure that industries follow eco-friendly practices and reduce their environmental impact.

The Bhopal gas tragedy led to significant changes in industrial safety regulations around the world. It stressed the need for strong security measures, emergency preparedness, and corporate accountability. Lessons learned from the disaster shape safety practices and regulations, ensure a safe working environment for industrial workers, and protect communities from potential industrial hazards.

Continuing Challenges and the Road to Recovery

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy’s haunting impact lingers, leaving scars on the hearts of survivors and their families. A tale of unimaginable suffering and resilience unfolds as we witness the aftermath of this catastrophic disaster. Despite efforts to bring justice and implement safety reforms, the road to recovery has been fraught with challenges.

As we reflect on the heartbreaking story of the Bhopal gas tragedy, emotions roll in like tidal waves, filling us with sadness and determination. This devastating disaster has left an indelible mark on humanity, sparking a collective desire for change and justice.

The horrifying memories of suffering and loss remind us that industrial disasters should never be forgotten but must be inscribed in our collective consciousness as a solemn pledge to safeguard life and protect the environment. We stand at a crossroads where compassion, corporate responsibility, and stringent security measures intersect.

In our search for healing, we must not waver. The survivors, the brave souls who bear the burden of unimaginable pain, deserve nothing less than a future full of hope and promise. Our duty to them is irrevocable: to ensure that they get the care, support, and justice they rightfully deserve.

Through community empowerment and participation, we create a path towards resilience and innovation. Every voice, every heart, and every hand united in healing becomes a beacon of hope, illuminating the darkest corners of tragedy.

May the legacy of the Bhopal gas tragedy constantly remind us that our world can change. Let us turn our sorrow and empathy into action, demand greater accountability from corporations, and embrace a culture of safety and compassion.

Together, we must stand firm against complacency and indifference, paving the way for stronger regulations and continuous improvement in industry practices. Only then can we create a future where such disasters become a relic of the past.

As we end this emotional journey, let us keep the stories of the Bhopal gas tragedy in our hearts, not as a burden but as a collective commitment to build a safer, more compassionate world. Through unity and perseverance, we have the power to heal wounds, rebuild hope, and shape a future where every life is cherished and protected.

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The Bhopal Gas Tragedy: A Legacy of Negligence and Pursuit of Justice

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy of 1984 stands as a stark reminder of the devastating consequences of inadequate safety standards and corporate negligence. This week, we will delve into the background, what happened, the immediate aftermath, legal proceedings, and ongoing repercussions of the disaster that unfolded in the heart of Bhopal, India.

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy lies in the hands of Union Carbide Corporation (UCC). UCC’s built a factory under the operations of Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL). (Broughton, 2005) Tasked with producing Sevin, a widely used pesticide, the factory was built in 1969 and located in Bhopal, India. (International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal, 2019) Bhopal was an area lacking comprehensive environmental safety standards and adequate public health infrastructure.

In 1979, a methyl isocyanate (MIC) production plant was added to the factory. Exposure to MIC can have severe consequences, especially in high concentrations. The immediate impacts range from irritation of the eyes and respiratory system to severe pulmonary edema, which can ultimately lead to respiratory failure and death. The gas’ density poses an additional threat, as it is heavier than air. This characteristic causes it to accumulate in poorly ventilated or low-lying areas, increasing the risk of asphyxiation, particularly in enclosed spaces. (CDC, 2014)

The presence of 68,000-liter storage tanks containing MIC was a ticking time bomb. The events of December 2nd, 1984, would reveal the catastrophic consequences of corporate negligence.

What Happened?

December 2nd, 1984, marked the beginning of one of the world’s worst industrial disasters. A defective tank at the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal began to leak, triggering an exothermic reaction due to water contamination. (International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal, 2019) The result was the release of approximately 40 tonnes of deadly MIC gas into the air. (Broughton, 2005) The gas cloud enveloped the city of Bhopal, home to around 850,000 residents.

The immediate aftermath was devastating. The gas exposure led to the death of an estimated 25,000 people, with 3,800 losing their lives immediately. Tragically, many of the victims were residents of the adjacent slum, highlighting the reality that the poorest were disproportionately affected. (Broughton, 2005)

This tragedy highlighted the urgent need for enforceable international operating regulations for hazardous industries while magnifying the importance of addressing corporate responsibility and accident prevention.

Legal Battles and The Ongoing Impact

The legal battle that ensued exemplified the challenges of holding corporations accountable for such disasters. UCC attempted to evade legal responsibility, putting the blame on UCIL and various other factors, including Sikh extremists and frustrated employees. (Broughton, 2005) However, public outrage and international pressure forced the company to face the consequences.

In the years following the tragedy, ethical concerns and the plight of the victims were often overshadowed by legal maneuvers. It wasn’t until 1987 that a settlement was reached. The Indian government, and UCC settled at a compensation amount of $470 million, which many considered insufficient. This settlement was based on a highly disputed death toll of 3,000 and another 102,000 permanently disabled individuals. (Broughton, 2005) The settlement did little to reflect the true extent of suffering.

While legal action was taken against UCC, the Indian government passed two pieces of legislation. The first piece of legislation to be enacted was the Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Act of 1985, which aimed to expedite and ensure equitable compensation for victims. Additionally, the Environmental Protection Act of 1986 highlighted the urgent need to prioritize environmental concerns alongside industrial development. (Broughton, 2005) These legislative measures aimed to not only address the immediate aftermath of the tragedy but also to lay the foundation for a more responsible and sustainable approach to industrial practices in India.

The Long-Term Consequences

Decades later, the Bhopal Gas Tragedy continues to cast a shadow over Bhopal. To date, UCC has failed to disclose the full list of compounds released into the atmosphere that December morning. In the aftermath, doctors found that many individuals experienced side effects of cyanide poisoning, indicating that MIC was not the only deadly disease hovering over Bhopal. (Broughton, 2005)

After the tragedy, UCC shut down operations in Bhopal but didn’t adequately clean up the site. (Broughton, 2005) With heavy metals and industrial waste still lingering, there is ongoing contamination of land and water resources in Bhopal.

Bhopal’s weak public health infrastructure exacerbates the challenges, with issues such as pollution, lack of safe drinking water, and improper disposal of hazardous waste posing constant threats to human and environmental health. It is disheartening to note that despite the tragedy’s magnitude, many of the practices and attitudes that led to it remain unchanged in the region.

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy serves as a somber reminder that the consequences of corporate negligence and inadequate safety measures can have profound and lasting effects. The loss of thousands of lives and the suffering of countless others should compel us to demand stricter regulations, corporate accountability, and international cooperation to prevent such disasters in the future. The lessons of Bhopal must not be forgotten, and the ongoing struggles of the survivors and the affected community should spur us to strive for a safer and more just world.

References:

“The Bhopal Gas Disaster.” THE BHOPAL MEDICAL APPEAL , 18 May 2021, www.bhopal.org/continuing-disaster/the-bhopal-gas-disaster/ .

Broughton, Edward. “The Bhopal Disaster and Its Aftermath: A Review.” Environmental Health , vol. 4, no. 1, 2005, https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-4-6 .

“Methyl Isocyanate.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 20 Mar. 2014, wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/MMG/MMGDetails.aspx?mmgid=628&toxid=116#:~:text=tin%2C and copper.-,Health Effects,severe corneal damage%2C and death .

“What Happened in Bhopal? .” International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal , 2019, www.bhopal.net/what-happened/ .

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