differences between cover letter and cv

Cover Letter vs. CV

A CV (curriculum vitae) is different from a cover letter in that a cover letter is more concise and a CV is fairly detailed. While a CV includes detailed information about a person's educational background and work experience, a cover letter is a more concise document expressing interest in the job being applied to.

Comparison chart

Differences between a cv and cover letter.

A cover letter is an introduction to yourself with regard to the job opening you are applying for. Cover letters are generally one page at most in length, divided into a header, introduction, body, and closing.

Curriculum Vitae may include a cover letter along with other details which are important when applying for international jobs, fellowships, grants, research, scientific and academic positions. The CV is used to screen applicants, often followed by an interview, when seeking employment.

A cover letter includes general details about a person like name, contact information, educational and professional qualification, work experience and career goal or what a person is looking for in terms of a job profile. A cover letter should not be confused with a resume as it does not include all the details of a resume. The cover letter should have enough details so that it complements the Curriculum Vitae and also interests the person reading it.

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Cover Letter vs Resume: 7 Key Differences and the Art of Writing Them (+Examples)

• Nikoleta Kuhejda , 
• Updated November 10, 2023 7 min read

Here's an idea: the resume vs cover letter is a lot like salt vs pepper. Let me explain.

Your resume is like salt — it's a key ingredient required to prepare any dish. Or in this case, to score a job.

The cover letter, on the other hand, is like pepper — you use it to give your dish (your resume) a bit more flavor.

But in the end, salt and pepper work best when used together.  Because of that, it might seem a bit silly to compare the two. Let's do it anyway!

Let’s start with an infographic that shows the key differences between the two.  

What is a resume?

Resume is the most common career document that job seekers use. If you’re going to apply for a job, you'll be required to provide one.

In the simplest terms, the resume is  a concise summary of your education, work history, skills, credentials and achievements . It gives hiring managers a rough idea about who you are as a professional, what’s your work history and your key achievements.

It’s usually one page long and written in chronological order.

But in general, you have three options to choose from — besides chronological, there’s also functional or hybrid resume format . It’s up to you to figure out which one works the best for you.

What should a resume include?

• Contact information: Your resume should begin with your contact details. Add your full name, title, address (optional), email address and phone number. In some countries, it's also common to include birthdate, nationality and photo.
• Professional summary or resume objective : Describe yourself in three sentences. Open with your job title and highlight your key skills and qualifications.
• Work experience: The most important part of your resume. List relevant work history in reverse chronological order. Add 3-5 bullet points under each entry to describe your key achievements.
• Education: If you’re a seasoned professional, it’s enough for you to mention your highest degree and school name. If you’re a student or a fresh graduate, feel free to include more details like relevant coursework, grants, or extracurricular activities.
• Skills: Pick relevant skills and divide them into several subsections like computer skills, soft skills, languages, and others.
• Additional sections: Certifications, courses, awards, strengths, publications, conferences, hobbies, social media, references, etc. All of these are voluntary.

If you're not sure what to write in specific sections of your resume, you can just check our step-by-step resume guide .

But if you prefer watching videos to reading, you might also like this 5-minute video guide to writing the perfect resume. 

What is a cover letter?

Also something that you use to help you get a job… But!

Firstly, it's not always required.

Secondly, even if it is, it only provides additional information to your resume and should never repeat the same content.

I t allows you to explain other things that are impossible to express through the resume, such as :

• explanation why you’re applying for the position
• supporting evidence to why you’d make a good fit
• examples how you can be beneficial to the company
• details about employment gap or less work experience
• your personal story
• your motivation and ambitions

You normally attach it along with your resume and it serves as your introduction to a hiring manager. The ideal cover letter length is 3-4 paragraphs.

What should a cover letter include?

• Date and contact information: List your contact details such as full name, title, email, phone number, address (optional), and the date at the top of the page. Also, add company’s information such as name of the company, department and address.
• Headline: Use numbers, questions, or interesting adjectives. Something like "5 Ways I Can Help You Improve Your Company’s Marketing."
• Personalized greeting: Research the hiring manager's name online — LinkedIn is the perfect tool for this. If you fail to find it, use “ Dear Sir/Madam” .
• 1st Paragraph: Introduction: Use this space to introduce yourself in more detail and explain why this job is exciting to you.
• 2nd Paragraph: Why you’re a great fit: Write a short summary of your career and skills, and tailor it to fit the company's needs.
• 3rd Paragraph: Why the company is a great fit for you: Let them know why do they appeal to you. What excites you about working there? What do you want to learn?
• Closing paragraph: Finish strong and repeat why you’re a great fit (points 5 and 6). Also, explain how and when you’re going to contact them.
• Signature: Use a formal sign-off like " Yours faithfully" (US English) or " Yours sincerely"  (British English) + your full name.

Take the readers on an exciting journey, don't tell them what they already know! Just try to answer the basic questions: Why you? Why this company? Why this role? 

7 differences between the cover letter and resume

Type of document: When you’re applying for a job, you're normally asked to provide a resume. That’s a basic document hiring managers use to filter job candidates. On the other hand, cover letters, while often required, are sometimes optional. This depends on the requirements for the specific job.

Purpose: The purpose of your resume is to summarize your work history and qualifications. Whereas the main purpose of your cover letter is to sell those qualifications. It should introduce yourself to the hiring manager and show how your experience and skills make you a great match for the job.

Content: Your resume should contain key information about your work history and professional background. A cover letter should help the hiring manager to interpret that information. For instance, you may have an employment gap on your resume and in your cover letter, you can explain why.

Information:  Any resume is mostly about facts. In contrast, your cover letter should contain more subjective information, such as reasons for applying for that job, why you’re passionate about your industry or why you’d make a good fit. It’s a place where you can show a bit of your personality.

Format: A resume is divided into multiple sections like Work history , Education , Skills , etc. and should use bullet points under each section. On the other hand, a cover letter is written in a letter format and consists of 3-4 full paragraphs. It includes heading, salutation, introduction, body content, conclusion, and your signature.

Tone: Resumes have more professional and formal tone. In your cover letter, you can use a more conversational tone and give it a more personal touch. This goes hand in hand with the fact that resumes are rather objective and cover letters subjective.

Length: Your resume should be one page long. This of course, depends on where you are in your career. But your cover letter should never go past 3/4 of a page (no matter what your career level is).

Christy's word of advice

Even if the cover letter is not always read, it’s still considered a courtesy to include one, particular by smaller companies who are more likely to manually review each application. Some online applications only allow you to upload one document, so in that case you can either merge your cover letter and resume into one file, or just submit the resume (avoid merging both into one file otherwise, as they serve different purposes and are weighted differently by ATS). If the ad just asks for a resume, you can probably get away with no cover letter.

Christy Morgan, Resident HR Expert

How cover letter and resume complement each other

Although there are multiple differences between the two, they complement each other.

Simply put —  think of your resume as an outline for your cover letter story.

Along the similar lines, you can also think of your  cover letter  as a handbook to your resume. It allows you to translate raw data from your resume into an easy-to-read letter demonstrating your key skills and abilities. Ultimately, the purpose of your cover letter is to get your resume read.

They should also complement each other in the terms of design. Make sure your cover letter template matches the resume template you chose. It makes you look more professional. (For instance, Kickresume allows you to do that.)

In the end, both documents will give you a chance to deliver your “elevator pitch” and help you score a job interview.

Cover letter and resume examples

Let’s now take a look at how it should be done in practice. Below you can find a resume and cover letter example written by a real job seeker who scored a real job in a real company (it's all very real, true story). 

These examples can teach you a bit about content and style of your resume and cover letter. You can even use them as your first drafts to help you get started.

Marketing and Brand Manager at American Eagle Outfitters (Resume Example)

This resume sample was contributed by a real person who got hired with Kickresume’s help.

Marketing and Brand Manager at American Eagle Outfitters (Cover Letter Example)

This cover letter sample was provided by a real person who got hired with Kickresume’s help.

Still need some more inspiration? Visit our resume examples and cover letter examples libraries.

Resumes? Cover letters?

Our AI writer can do it all.

You can even transform your LinkedIn profile into a polished, professional resume . Our tool streamlines the process, helping you create a compelling document that perfectly showcases your skills and experience.

A journalist by trade, a writer by fate. Nikoleta went from writing for media outlets to exploring the world of content creation with Kickresume and helping people get closer to the job of their dreams. Her insights and career guides have been published by The Female Lead, College Recruiter, and ISIC, among others. Nikoleta holds a Master's degree in Journalism from the Comenius University in Bratislava. When she’s not writing or (enthusiastically) pestering people with questions, you can find her traveling or sipping on a cup of coffee.

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• Resume and Cover Letter
• Resume vs Cover Letter: How...

Resume vs Cover Letter: How They're Different

8 min read · Updated on January 25, 2024

Knowing how a resume and cover letter work together can increase your chances of standing out

A resume and cover letter are essential job marketing tools that allow you to grab the attention of prospective employers and make a solid first impression. Where a resume provides an objective and concise overview of your work history, knowledge, skills, and overall qualifications, a cover letter formally introduces you to the employer and summarizes your work experiences related to your resume. It also discusses why you're interested in the position and why you're a suitable candidate. 

These two complementary documents are similar in a few ways and very different in others. In this post, we'll cover the following to provide clarity around cover letters vs resumes:

Cover letter vs resume: what are the similarities?

Cover letter vs resume: what are the differences?

What can a cover letter convey that a resume can't?

What's the difference between a cover letter, a resume, and an application letter? 

Cover letter vs resume: what are the similarities? 

As noted, a cover letter and resume are both career marketing tools, provided to prospective employers, that give the opportunity to make a strong first impression. Here are a few additional similarities between the two:

Both are meant to sell your skills and experience to entice employers to bring you in for an interview

The heading and contact information provided in a cover letter should match what's provided in a resume

When both a cover letter and resume are submitted as part of a job application, they're submitted together

Each document should use a similar style in terms of colors, font type , and font size to provide a cohesive package

Both documents should be tailored to each job you apply to

Both your cover letter and resume should include keywords from the job description.

These few points are where the similarities between a cover letter and a resume end. 

When considering a cover letter vs resume, there are five significant differences between them. They are

Layout and structure

Tonality , tense and orientation.

A resume is a requirement and necessity for virtually all job applications. A cover letter, on the other hand, is highly recommended but isn't necessarily required unless the job application specifically requests the inclusion of a cover letter. It's also possible to come across some job postings that specifically ask you not to include a cover letter. If you come across such an instance, even if you're tempted, don't include it unless you want to risk immediately going into the “no” pile. 

Unless specifically asked not to, in most instances it's in your best interest to include a cover letter with your resume. It shows you care about the position and can help to make your application stand out from the competition. 

The purpose of a resume is to provide the employer with a concise overview of your relevant work history, skills, and other qualifications. It focuses on your past and how it applies to your potential to succeed in a new job. 

Your cover letter should focus only on the job you're applying to - it serves as an introduction to you and your resume. With your cover letter, you have the opportunity to showcase a bit of your personality, further summarize your resume, and emphasize why you're interested in, and the right fit for, the job. 

In a nutshell, a resume shows the employer how your experience fits the role and a cover letter tells them why it does. 

Another main difference between a cover letter vs resume is the layout and structure of each. A resume typically uses bullet points without paragraphs or large chunks of text. There are also standard resume formats to choose from. A cover letter is written in paragraph form, with a layout similar to any professional business letter you might write.

Resume layout and structure

A resume uses one of three resume formats - reverse chronological, functional, or hybrid - with specific sections that are required within each format. The most commonly used is the chronological format, which includes the following sections:

Contact Information

Resume Headline

Resume Summary

Core Competencies

Work Experience 

Additional optional sections sometimes included on a resume are IT Skills, Volunteer Experience, Special Projects, Certifications, Training, Awards, Publications, and Hobbies & Interests. 

For more tips on how to write an effective resume with several resume examples to review, refer to “ How to Make a Resume: Beginner's Writing Guide with Examples .”

Cover letter layout and structure

A cover letter ranges from 300 to 500 words and should be written using the same format as any professional business letter. The key sections of a cover letter include:

The header with the date, the employer's address, and your contact information

A salutation directed to a specific individual when possible

An introduction paragraph where you introduce yourself, share why you're interested, and emphasize why you're an ideal candidate

The body paragraphs - the most crucial section of your cover letter - where you summarize your qualifications and how they make you an ideal candidate to meet the job requirements and demands, in one to two paragraphs

A conclusion paragraph , where you'll conclude with appreciation and a call to action

The closing , with a professional closing salutation and your name

For more detailed information on how to write a cover letter with a cover letter example, refer to “ How to Write a Cover Letter (With Example) .” 

Your cover letter, unlike your resume, addresses the employer directly and with a tone that's more personable than a resume. The exact tone you go with for your cover letter should reflect the industry and organization to which you're applying, though it's still good to showcase some personality. When doing so, ensure you still keep it professional and don't be too personal to the point that it distracts from the letter's overall goal and ability to leave a positive impression. 

The tone of a resume is straightforward and objective. It offers the reader specific details about your past work history, key qualifications, and skills. 

A resume is mostly past-oriented, meaning that it focuses largely on your past work history and experiences. Much of a resume is written in the past tense, as well. 

A cover letter is written primarily in the present tense. The focus of a cover letter is more on the present and future, including mentioning current and future objectives. 

What can a cover letter explain that a resume cannot?

As noted, where a resume shows how you're a good fit for the job, a cover letter can discuss why you're a good fit. Also, a cover letter can explain details about your resume that you might not have had space for on the resume. For example, if you listed a work experience bullet point with a great accomplishment, yet you weren't able to highlight the challenges you overcame for that significant achievement, that might be something to include in the cover letter if it adds value and is relevant. 

Cover letter vs resume vs application letter

In addition to a cover letter and resume being part of your arsenal of career marketing tools, you might also be wondering where an application letter fits in - especially since some confuse an application letter with a cover letter. 

What is the difference between a resume and an application letter?

As mentioned, a resume is a document required for job applications and provides a succinct overview of your work history and credentials. An application letter provides a detailed overview of your work history and credentials in a letter format and is typically not used in conjunction with a resume.

What is the difference between a cover letter and an application letter?

Though a cover letter and application letter share similar features, they're different in content and purpose. A cover letter complements a resume and provides an introduction to yourself and an overview as to why your qualifications make you a good fit for the job. It's sent with the resume as part of the application process. 

An application letter is more detailed and dives deeper into an applicant's work history and qualifications. It's common to send an application letter to an employer of interest, even if they don't have any job openings at the time. In other words, it's sent outside of the application process and often expresses interest in working for the organization. 

The structure is similar to a cover letter, because they're both professional business letters. However, since the intent of a cover letter and application letter differs, the content focus is different between the two. 

Cover letter vs resume: yes, you need both (with rare exceptions)

Now you know the similarities and differences between a cover letter vs resume and the purpose of each. You also know that, in most instances, it's best to submit a cover letter with your resume when applying for jobs. Including both helps you to set yourself apart from others in a tough job market and make a positive first impression on hiring teams! 

Wondering if your resume and cover letter complement each other the way they should? Our team of TopResume experts can help you to ensure that both showcase the correct elements to help you land the interviews you desire. You can even submit your resume for a free review   to get started!

Recommended reading: 

How to List Certifications on a Resume (with Examples)

How to Start a Cover Letter that Grabs Attention

How to Include Relevant Coursework on a Resume (with Examples)

Related Articles:

Do Hiring Managers Actually Read Cover Letters?

How to Create a Resume With No Education

Why You Lose When You Lie on Your Resume: Learning From Mina Chang

See how your resume stacks up.

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• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between CV and Cover Letter

The two documents are of great importance, for every candidate who wants to get a job, in the world of extreme competition. A CV and a cover letter presents the applicant, before the employer and so it must be properly drafted and written. Most people assume that the two are one and the same thing, while they are not. Just take a read of this article to know about the differences between CV and cover letter.

Content: CV Vs Cover Letter

Comparison chart, definition of curriculum vitae (cv).

A written snapshot of a person’s educational qualification, work experience, and some personal details is known as a Curriculum Vitae (CV). It is mainly used by the prospective employers to draw the career sketch of the job seekers and shortlist the deserving candidates before calling them for an interview. It contains the qualifications, skills, hobbies, experience, achievements, projects, awards, publications, extracurricular activities.

The term Curriculum Vitae is derived from a Latin word, which simply means ‘course of life’. It is used while applying for specific purposes like fellowships, advanced research, grants and so on.

Definition of Cover Letter

A letter which is attached to or sent with another document (i.e. CV or resume) and contains the summary of another document is known as Cover Letter. The cover letter is used while applying for the jobs. It complements the main document by outlining eligibility criteria fulfilled by the applicant. The document is of utmost importance; that decides whether the candidate will get a chance to meet personally or get an interview call for the said position.

Cover Letter gives a short introduction about the candidate qualifications, experience and accomplishments and interest that are required for the post applied.

Cover Letter contains the arguments that why the candidate is the best man for the job. It can be customized according to the job. It contains the details about name, contact details, educational qualifications, professional experience, prospects and so on.

Key Differences Between CV and Cover Letter

The major differences between CV and Cover Letter are explained below:

• Curriculum Vitae is a biography of a person’s career like his qualifications, skills, competencies, achievements, etc. Cover Letter is a letter which gives a short description of the applicant to the potential employer.
• CV is a detailed document, but Cover Letter is ‘to the point’ document.
• A CV includes the details about the educational and employment history of the applicant. Conversely, the cover letter expresses the interest of the candidate in the job applied.
• Normally, the size of CV is two or more than two pages. On the other hand, the length of a cover letter does not exceed one page.
• A CV cannot modify according to the job, it remains same for all jobs, whereas a cover letter can be modified according to the job.

CV and Cover Letter are complementary documents. Cover Letter gives an overview of the person’s accomplishments and shows the skills, competencies, experience and qualifications that fulfill the recruiter’s criteria. CV is the well-organized document which gives each and every detail about the background and skills of an individual. The content, format, and language used, in the two documents have a great impact on the reader’s mind. So, it would be beneficial, if the sender prepares the two documents in such a way that will impress the reader.

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Arshid says

September 1, 2017 at 6:50 am

Really helpful

February 22, 2020 at 6:49 pm

very well described and helpful. tnx

Gholam Reza Mirzaie says

September 13, 2022 at 2:08 am

Thanks a lot

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• CV and Cover Letter
• The difference between CVs...

The difference between CVs and cover letters

10 min read · Updated on November 14, 2023

Is a CV a cover letter? While a CV and a cover letter share a purpose, they are different

So you're wondering, is a CV a cover letter? It's not surprising if you believe them to be similar - both documents share the purpose of showing that you're a good match for a vacancy by highlighting your experience and achievements. However, whilst they share the same aim and strongly complement each other, they are different in both format and content.

For many employers, a CV is an absolutely essential piece of kit when applying for a job, but cover letters can be optional. That said, including a cover letter with your application can dramatically strengthen your chances of success in securing an interview. According to a recent LinkedIn survey , “ 49% of hiring managers admitted that a strong cover letter convinced them to interview a candidate who had submitted a relatively weak CV.” And with “only 6% of hiring managers thinking that a cover letter is unnecessary for a job application,” in the same survey, it might be time to rethink your approach to job applications.

This CV versus cover letter article, which covers the question, “Is a CV a cover letter?” will go over all the points you should look out for when developing each. Empower yourself by using the following information, so that you can write your CV and create an impactful cover letter for use during your job search. 

Is a CV a cover letter?

The short answer to this is “no.” While they may seem similar, knowing the difference between a curriculum vitae (CV) and a cover letter is crucial in order to get the best results while you're navigating your journey of finding a new position.

To put it succinctly, your CV is a summary of your qualifications, skills, and experience from the last 10 to 15 years. It offers a short-yet-targeted overview of your career highlights that prove you're a great candidate for the job you're applying for. To do this, each piece of information on your CV should be tailored to that particular role.

CVs are commonly split into distinct sections: a professional profile, your skills, a summary of your career, and a section on your education and qualifications. Details are usually presented in snappy bullet points, led by powerful verbs, and bolstered with concrete statistics, to show off your skill set and talent.

CVs can be directly compared to the American resume. They contain the same information and serve the same function of introducing you to the HR Manager.

Cover letters are a bit different. They are primarily used to expand on your CV, to add more context, and to further explain your value. Ultimately, your cover letter is sweet-talking the HR Manager as you supply them with further evidence that proves you're an applicant who's worthy of an interview.

It also serves as an introduction. If a hiring manager reads, and likes, your cover letter, they will be more inclined to follow up by reading your CV. If your cover letter is sloppily written, doesn't offer much context, or isn't bringing anything to the table in order to encourage someone to read further, then the likelihood is that those who matter in recruitment are probably not going to seek out your CV for further investigation. This could end up being disastrous, leaving you languishing in the “no” pile before you've even got started or been given a fighting chance.

What does a CV include?

Your CV should cover four main sections, including:

Name, professional title, and contact information 

It's essential that these details are accurate and properly formatted, to ensure that the HR Manager can identify you easily and get in touch. Learn more here about how to add contact information to your CV in this article .

Personal profile

Your personal profile , located just under the contact details and at the top of the first page of your CV, should detail who you are, what you can offer the company, and your career goals, all in one tidy paragraph of about four or five sentences. CVs are written in the third person, without pronouns. This might sound a bit odd at first, writing about yourself in the third person, but it avoids the constant, “I did this,” and “I performed this” way of writing.

For example, you could write, “A versatile, tenacious, and confident Store Manager who flourishes with increased responsibility while engaging with customers at all levels.”

Experience and employment history

Your work experience should explain what you've done in your current role and your previous roles, going back to cover the last 10 to 12 years. Most importantly, it should then be expanded to feature any key accomplishments, demonstrating the value you could bring to your new role.

Education and qualifications

Your education and qualifications section simply adds finer details to prove that you're a qualified expert in certain areas, all adding up to an impressive professional skill set.

We have seen that CVs are formatted with clear headings and bullet points to keep them concise and easy to read for time-poor recruiters, who are typically swamped with hundreds of applications at a time.

What does a cover letter include?

A cover letter is different. Usually, it's a one page document, running to three or four paragraphs, that complements your CV. It normally focuses on four key elements:

What position are you applying for and why?

What are your most impressive, relevant skills, and experiences?

How will these skills benefit your prospective employer or a hiring manager?

A request for an interview

It's formatted similarly to a traditional letter, with a salutation , paragraphs, maybe some bullet points to break up the paragraphs, and a closing sentence.

However, in this digital age that we live in, where many CVs are sent directly to employers via email, the rules for cover letters are changing. If you're emailing your CV, treat the message in your email as your cover letter, rather than attaching it separately.

Email cover letters are typically more concise and can be anywhere from between 100 to 400 words long. They still tap into the four main talking points mentioned above though.

The similarities between a CV and a cover letter

We've taken a look at the differences in whether a CV is a cover letter, so let's look at the similarities.

Just like strawberries and cream or fish and chips, a CV and cover letter go well together. They detail out your achievements and experience, with the CV listing them in an easy-to-read way and the cover letter embellishing on key points, drawing attention to your brilliance. Overall, it creates a holistic view of the type of worker you are and how you might fit into the business that you're keen to get into.

Top tip: When applying for a role, make sure your CV and cover letter are two separate documents. It's not a good idea to have them running into each other within one document.

Hints on how to write a covering letter

If it's time for you to apply yourself to compiling an informative cover letter for an application, take a look at some TopCV tips on how to go about it.

Identify who to send the letter to

Writing “Dear Sir / Madam,” is so old school. Leave that where it should be… in the classroom. It shows you're proactive and willing to go that little bit further if you've found out the name of the person you need to address the letter to. OK, so it might be easy and staring out at you in black and white if the name appears on the job advert. But if it doesn't, seek out the name by either ringing the company and explaining what you're after, or tracking them down on the company website or LinkedIn.

Draft a compelling introduction paragraph

We all know that first impressions count .

Don't let a great CV be let down by a poorly written cover letter. This means you've got to wow the reader from the start. Detail how the job you're applying for fits in with your ethos, or how eager you are to work for the organisation.

Highlight specifics within your CV

Drawing attention to great results and achievements within your CV will encourage the recruitment manager to reach for that document. The beauty of a cover letter is that you can go into more detail about something, without being restricted by the writing style of a CV. You can use your own voice to convey how well you fit the role.

Match up your skills with those in the job advert

Make it clear how well your strengths and experience marry perfectly with the position in hand. Honing in on a particular detail, and relating it to your own experience, will definitely get you brownie points - and hopefully a call for an interview!

Stuff the letter full of facts and figures

Nothing pops off the page quite like a large number or a piece of tangible data, as it shows concrete evidence that you've got what it takes to fly high.

Use cover letters to demonstrate subjective, personable details

A CV is used to state the facts, giving a succinct overview of your relevant experience and achievements. A cover letter, on the other hand, provides the opportunity to elaborate on your selling points and explain your qualities and potential in more detail. It gives you that little bit of freedom, where CVs can be more narrow.

For example, if you have information you want to impart that doesn't fit into any of the sections of a CV, then you can use the cover letter to perform that duty. This could include information on your work status, when you're available to start, or if you want to disclose personal information that you feel needs to be talked about, such as if you have a disability .

But it doesn't stop there. Your cover letter offers the chance for recruiters to get to know you. Subjective details such as your writing style, your tone of voice, interest in the position, and your own values and motivations add colour to your application and help recruiters warm up to the real you.

Cover letters aren't always listed as an essential requirement on a job application. However, with a CV that proves your talent and ability, plus a cover letter that supports and sells your story, you will greatly increase your chances of impressing a prospective employer. 

The writers at TopCV certainly know their way around both CVs and cover letters. Learn more about working with an expert writer to find more success with your job-search documents, or undertake a free CV review to see how your CV stacks up. This article was originally written by Laura Slingo and has been updated by Elizabeth Openshaw.

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The Difference Between a Cover Letter and Resume

First impressions are critical when it comes to landing a job. Your resume and cover letter are the first two things most prospective employers will see, so it’s important to get them just right. If you’re not quite sure what a cover letter is and how it differs from a resume, we’ve got all the information you need to know.

What Is a Resume?

Your resume is essentially a brief summary of your education, work experience and workplace skills. Since employers typically have to weed through several applicants, this makes it easy for them to quickly compare applicants. Not only is properly formatting your resume important, but you also need to make sure you’re doing a good job of highlighting your skills and experience.

What Is a Cover Letter?

Cover letters are often sent in with resumes, but they’re a little bit different. A cover letter is a sort of introduction that supplements the information you provide in your resume. You can use a cover letter to explain why you’re a good fit for the job, expound on your skills and experience and more. Ultimately, your goal is to grab the attention of whoever is in charge of hiring and position yourself as a qualified candidate for the job.

Key Differences

As you might expect, there are some key differences to cover letters and resumes. Your resume is essentially a list of all your skills, education and experience, so it’s short and to the point. Your cover letter, on the other hand, gives you the chance to expand on things and add a little bit of personality to your application.

Your cover letter is also a chance to highlight some of the characteristics that make you a good candidate but aren’t necessarily work skills or experience. For example, you can talk about positive experiences you’ve had working in large teams or why your self-motivated nature makes you a good fit for the job you’re applying for.

Do You Need a Cover Letter and a Resume?

Whether or not you need a cover letter and a resume depends on the job you’re hiring for. Often times, a job will require a simple resume and nothing more. However, it’s always a good idea to put your best foot forward, and a well-written cover letter is a great way to do that.

Ideally, you should have one base version of your resume which you alter a bit to fit the job you’re applying for. When it comes to your cover letter, however, you should rewrite it from scratch each time. Not only will this add a more personal touch, it will help you improve as a cover letter writer and land better jobs in the future.

How Long Should a Cover Letter Be?

The difficult part about writing a cover letter is getting everything just right. It’s important to convey the right things in your cover letter and use the right voice. Perhaps most important, however, is making sure your cover letter is the right length.

So, how long should a cover letter be? For starters, you should never make your cover letter longer than a full page. In fact, it’s best for your cover letter to be between a half page and a full page. Two to four short paragraphs is more than enough space to introduce yourself, highlight some of your strong points and position yourself as a good candidate for the job. Employers generally don’t want to read a long cover letter, so keeping it short is convenient for both of you.

If you want the best shot at landing a job, you need to make sure you have a strong resume and cover letter. That means including the right information, formatting things correctly and keeping it short and sweet. With a little bit of research and practice, you can write a great cover letter to land yourself the job you’ve always wanted.

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What Is the Difference Between a Resume and a Cover Letter?

• Resume vs. Cover Letter

What a Resume Includes

What a cover letter includes.

• Use a Cover Letter to be Subjective

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What's the difference between a resume and a cover letter? Both a cover letter and a resume share the common purpose of proving that you have the right skills to excel at the job for which you are applying.

However, there are clear distinctions between the structure and intent of the two documents. Job seekers should view their cover letter and resume as a complementary but unique pair of documents. That is, your cover letter should be more than just bullet points regurgitated from the resume. 

Many employers require that a resume is submitted with a job application. 

A cover letter may not be required. But, including one when you apply for a job can help your chances of getting selected for an interview.

The Difference Between a Resume and a Cover Letter

You can think of your resume as a general summary of your work experience and your cover letter as a summary of your work experience as it relates to the job at hand. 

A resume is a document that itemizes your employment history. It summarizes the jobs you have held, the education you have attained, certifications, skills, and other quantifiable information about your background and work experience. 

The most common  resume format  is a list with your contact information, and experience section that includes job titles, position descriptions, dates of employment, an education section, and other relevant information.

Typically, a resume is written in the third person and uses as few words as possible to summarize the experience. So, instead of writing "I supervised the large buying team at XYZ company" a resume would have a bullet point that says, "Supervised 19-person buying team."

Whenever possible, you'll want to use numbers on your resume, such as the number of people you supervised, percent sales increased, the number of customers helped, etc.

A cover letter is written to highlight the qualifications you have for the job for which you are applying. It is used to provide the employer with additional information as to why you are a good candidate for the job. The main function of your cover letter is to show off how your qualification makes you a match for the job. 

A cover letter is written in a letter format including a salutation, several paragraphs, and a closing. Unlike a resume, you should use the first-person to write your cover letter . (That said, avoid using "I" too much.)

Your resume should provide employers with a detailed list of your work experience and education. The skills and accomplishments associated with each job you have held should be described in enough detail to show employers how you have added value in those specific roles.

Often, resumes provide information in bulleted lists; this helps make the document concise and allows recruiters to scan through it quickly. 

A cover letter is a short three or four paragraph document. It should be written with the assumption that employers will consult your resume to match it to the statement you are making in the letter about your qualifications.

A cover letter will help employers to interpret your background as represented on the resume and will help prove how your previous experiences qualify you for a job.

When you are writing a cover letter for a job, first review the job requirements that are detailed in the job posting. Use your cover letter to explain how you meet those criteria.

Use a Cover Letter to Convey Subjective Information

A resume states the facts – who, what, when, and how. In contrast, a cover letter provides an opportunity to explain why you are qualified for the job. This document adds a bit of color and personality and is intended to persuade employers that you're a good fit for the position at hand. 

A cover letter is a better vehicle than a resume to convey more subjective information like the basis of your interest in a position, how your values motivate you to pursue a job, or why the culture of a company appeals to you.

Your cover letters will help you sell your qualifications to prospective employers while your resume provides the details to back up the information included in your letters.

Cover Letter VS. Resume –What's The Difference?

In This Guide:

What is a cover letter.

Cover letters vs. resumes - what's the difference?

Now that you know

In today’s ultra-competitive job market, one major way to get employers’ attention is by building an exemplary resume and cover letter. You must learn how to craft each document without any disqualifying errors.

In this article, you will learn the difference between a cover letter and a resume. These include the differences between the two in:

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A cover letter (also known as a letter of motivation) is a document sent alongside your resume. It provides additional information that you did not or could not include in your resume and gives you the opportunity to show more of your credentials to employers.

Cover letters vs. resumes - what's the difference?

A cover letter is an additional document, first and foremost. Unlike a resume, it is often optional, though some applications require an attached cover letter. It is a letter in which you provide detailed descriptions of your skills and previous work experience and explain why they make you the perfect fit for the position.

A resume is a primary document you will send to potential employers. It is a one to two-page list of your previous work experience, skills, accomplishments, education, etc.

It is advisable to customize your resume and cover letter to fit the requirements of each specific job description: in short, no form letters.

Cover letters have a different format

Formatting a cover letter correctly is vital. It is not just a list but a letter to a potential employer, with greetings, an introductory paragraph, one to two body paragraphs, a conclusion, and a signature. It is typically only one page.

A resume’s format is narrower. Resumes are a concise record of your background and qualifications, containing only essential information. Its presentation and visual appeal are especially important. It is typically one to two pages.

the tone of voice is different

A cover letter is you directly addressing your future employer. Unlike in your resume, in which you are clinically listing off your background and qualifications, you can feel free to inject more of your personality into a cover letter.

This helps the employer get to know you as well as your skills before you ever meet face to face. Imagine you are speaking to them at your job interview already: be friendly and confident, but remain professional as well.

Cover letters complement your resume.

If you have constructed it correctly, a finished resume can technically be all you need to apply to a job. However, you want to show potential employers that you will go the extra mile for them and ensure that they know just how better suited you are to the position than your competition.

A cover letter expands on the most important information provided in your resume and strengthens it. If your resume already has a strong layout , it is a good outline for your cover letter.

The most important information to keep in mind is the purpose of each document. A resume is an essential document that concisely lists your background and qualifications. A cover letter is an additional document that complements your resume by providing detailed explanations of the most relevant parts of your resume.

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The Difference Between Cover Letter vs. Resume in 2024

When it comes to job search, writing a cover letter and resume are two crucial steps to landing interviews. A cover letter is a document that accompanies a resume and provides a brief overview of the candidate’s qualifications and interests, while a resume is a formal document which highlights an individual’s work experience, educational background, professional achievements, and relevant skills.

Why are they important?

Cover letters and resumes are important because they play a vital role in the hiring process. They are often the first impression a potential employer has of a job candidate, and serve as a means for employers to assess a candidate’s skills, experience, and compatibility with the role they are applying for. A well-written cover letter and resume can set a candidate apart from the competition and increase their chances of securing an interview.

Overview of differences

While cover letters and resumes serve different purposes, they are both important components of a successful job application. One key difference is that a resume focuses more on a candidate’s skills and work experience, while a cover letter provides an opportunity for the candidate to showcase their personality and explain why they are interested in the position. Additionally, a cover letter allows a candidate to address any gaps in their resume or explain aspects that may not be immediately apparent to a potential employer.

In essence, both cover letters and resumes are tools that job seekers can use to market themselves effectively to potential employers. Understanding the differences between the two and knowing how to craft them effectively can make all the difference in landing that dream job.

Content Differences

When it comes to job hunting, crafting a cover letter and a resume are essential to making a strong first impression. However, it’s important to understand the differences between the two so you can optimize the content and increase your chances of landing an interview.

What does a cover letter contain?

A cover letter is a brief document that typically accompanies a resume. It’s a way to introduce yourself to the employer and highlight your relevant skills and experience. The goal of a cover letter is to persuade the reader to consider your resume and invite you to an interview.

A well-written cover letter should contain the following elements:

• An introduction that includes the job you’re applying for and your reason for writing
• A summary of your skills and experience that are relevant to the job
• A section that highlights your achievements and accomplishments
• A strong closing statement that thanks the employer for considering your application and expresses your interest in the position.

What does a resume contain?

On the other hand, a resume is a more comprehensive document that provides a detailed overview of your professional experience, skills, and achievements. Its purpose is to showcase your qualifications and convince the employer to hire you.

Your resume should include the following information:

• Your contact information
• A professional summary that highlights your skills and experience
• Your work history, starting with the most recent position
• Your education, training, and certifications
• Your skills and personal qualities that are relevant to the job

Importance of tailoring content to the job

One of the most crucial aspects of creating a strong cover letter and resume is tailoring the content to the job you’re applying for. This means customizing your documents to match the skills, requirements, and culture of the company you’re interested in.

By tailoring your job application to the specific needs of the employer, you’re showing that you’re a good match for the role and the company. It also demonstrates that you’re invested in the company and took the time to research and learn about its needs.

To tailor your cover letter and resume effectively, you need to:

• Research the company and the job posting
• Analyze the job requirements and match them to your skills and experience
• Use relevant keywords and phrases from the job posting in your documents
• Highlight your achievements and accomplishments that are relevant to the job

Understanding the differences between a cover letter and a resume and tailoring them to the job you’re applying for can make a significant difference in your job search success. Spend time crafting these documents and make sure they reflect your most relevant skills and experience.

Formatting Differences

When it comes to creating a cover letter and a resume, there are distinct formatting differences that need to be considered. Here are a few key differences:

Differences in layout and structure

Unlike a resume which has a standardized structure including headings such as “Work Experience,” “Skills,” and “Education,” a cover letter is typically a bit more freeform. It should focus on telling a story about who you are, what you’ve accomplished and why you’re the best fit for the role.

Importance of visual appeal

Your resume and cover letter are a direct representation of you as a candidate. Therefore, it’s important to ensure they have visual appeal. This means using a font that is easy to read, adequate spacing between lines and paragraphs, bullets and numbering for lists, and most importantly, a consistent format.

Tips for formatting

To ensure your cover letter and resume standout in a sea of applicants, here are a few tips to follow:

• Use a standard font such as Times New Roman, Arial or Calibri.
• Use 1-inch margins and spacing of 1.15 or 1.5 between lines and paragraphs.
• Use bold and italics sparingly to emphasize key points.
• Use bullet points and numbered lists where appropriate.
• Ensure your formatting is consistent throughout your document.

By following these tips, your cover letter and resume will be well-formatted, visually appealing and stand out to potential employers.

Purpose Differences

When applying for a job, it’s important to know the differences between a cover letter and a resume, as they both serve different purposes in the job application process.

Purpose of a cover letter

A cover letter is a document that explains why you’re interested in the job and how your skills and experience make you a good fit for the position. It’s essentially a personalized introduction that highlights your qualifications, achievements and career goals. A cover letter is an opportunity to showcase your personality and demonstrate your enthusiasm for the job, as well as your ability to communicate effectively.

Purpose of a resume

On the other hand, a resume is a comprehensive summary of your work history, education, skills, abilities and other relevant information. Its primary purpose is to provide potential employers with an overview of your professional experience and qualifications. A resume is typically designed to be scanned quickly, so it’s important to make it easy to read and to highlight the most important information clearly.

How they work together

While a cover letter and a resume serve different purposes, they still work together to provide a complete picture of the job applicant. The cover letter supplements the resume by providing more context around your qualifications and experience, and by showcasing your personality and communication skills.

When writing your cover letter, you should refer specifically to the job posting and show how your skills and experience align with the requirements of the job. You can also use it to explain any gaps or inconsistencies in your work history or qualifications, which may not be immediately apparent from your resume alone.

Your resume, on the other hand, should be tailored to the specific job you’re applying for, highlighting the skills and experience that are most relevant to the position. While your cover letter can provide more context around your qualifications, your resume should be concise and to-the-point, focusing on the most important aspects of your work history and academic background.

The two documents work together to create a complete and compelling presentation of your qualifications and experience, helping you to stand out from other job applicants and get noticed by potential employers. By understanding the purpose of each document and crafting them carefully and thoughtfully, you can maximize your chances of landing your dream job.

Target Audience Differences

When applying for a job, it’s important to understand the differences in the audience that will be reading your cover letter and resume. Knowing who will be reading each document will help you tailor your message to meet their needs and expectations.

Who Reads Cover Letters?

Cover letters are typically read by the hiring manager or recruiter. These individuals are responsible for screening resumes and selecting candidates to move forward in the hiring process. Cover letters are your opportunity to introduce yourself and make a great first impression.

Who Reads Resumes?

Resumes are typically read by the hiring manager or recruiter, but they may also be reviewed by other members of the hiring team, such as HR or department heads. Resumes provide an overview of your work experience, skills, and qualifications.

What Each Audience is Looking For

Hiring managers and recruiters.

Hiring managers and recruiters are looking for candidates who can meet the requirements of the job and fit in with the company culture. When they read a cover letter, they want to see that you have taken the time to research the company and understand what they do. They also want to see that you have the skills and experience needed for the job.

When reading a resume, hiring managers and recruiters are looking for a clear summary of your work history and accomplishments. They want to see that you have relevant experience in the field and that you have achieved measurable results. They also want to see that you have the skills and qualifications necessary for the job.

HR and Department Heads

When HR and department heads review resumes, they are often looking for specific qualifications, such as degrees, certifications, or professional experience. They want to see that you have the credentials needed to be considered for the job.

Department heads may also be looking for candidates who have a strong background in the specific area of the company that they oversee. For example, a marketing manager might be looking for a candidate who has experience with social media marketing or email marketing campaigns.

Usage Differences

One of the most common questions job seekers have is, “when should I use a cover letter versus a resume?” The answer largely depends on the purpose of the document and what information you want to convey. Let’s dive into the specifics:

When to Use a Cover Letter

A cover letter is an introduction to your resume and should be used when you want to provide a more personalized touch to your job application. You should use a cover letter when:

• You want to showcase your writing skills and ability to communicate effectively.
• You are applying for a job that specifically requires a cover letter. Always read the job posting and follow the application instructions provided.
• You want to explain certain things about your resume or qualifications that may not be immediately apparent, such as gaps in employment, relocation plans, or a career change.
• You want to express your enthusiasm for the company or job opportunity and make a memorable impression on the hiring manager.

A cover letter is your chance to highlight your personality, enthusiasm, and professional writing skills. It’s an opportunity to connect with the employer on a deeper level and stand out from other applicants.

When to Use a Resume

A resume is a comprehensive summary of your professional experience, skills, and education. It should be used when you want to provide a detailed account of your qualifications for a particular job. You should use a resume when:

• You want to demonstrate your achievements and accomplishments in previous roles.
• You want to provide a detailed overview of your skills, experience and education relevant to the position.
• You are applying for jobs that request a resume only or if the company does not specify that a cover letter is required.

A resume is a professional document designed to convey your work experience and accomplishments in a concise and formatted manner. It typically follows a standard format, highlighting core information that is relevant to the role you are applying to.

How to Determine Which to Use

In most cases, submitting both a cover letter and a resume is ideal, especially when applying for professional positions. However, there may be instances where submitting one or the other is sufficient.

Here are some tips to determine whether to use a cover letter or a resume:

• Always read the job posting carefully to see what documents are requested.
• If a cover letter is requested, submit one in addition to your resume.
• If there is no mention of a cover letter and you are unsure whether to include one, contact the company and ask. It’s better to verify than to assume.
• Consider the level of formality of the job you are applying to. For example, a cover letter may be more appropriate for a role in public relations, communications or advertising, where a strong writing ability is essential.
• If it’s unclear which to use and both are optional, assess whether your resume can stand alone or if additional explanations or enthusiasm should be highlighted.

Tone Differences

The tone of your cover letter and resume is crucial in determining the impression you make on potential employers. Maintaining a professional tone is essential, and there are some key differences in tone between cover letters and resumes that you should be aware of. In this section, we will discuss how to maintain a professional tone in both documents, explore the differences in tone between cover letters and resumes, and provide tips for finding the right tone.

How to maintain a professional tone

To maintain a professional tone in your cover letter and resume, it is essential to use formal language, avoid slang or jargon, and avoid overly emotional or personal statements. Use a neutral tone and stick to the facts, focusing on your qualifications and experiences. Proofread your documents carefully to ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and error-free.

Differences in tone between cover letters and resumes

While your resume is a more formal document, your cover letter is more of a personal introduction. The tone of your cover letter should be friendly and engaging while still maintaining a professional tone. Your resume should highlight your skills and experience in a straightforward way, while your cover letter can explore your personality, passion for the industry, and enthusiasm for the position you’re applying for.

Tips for finding the right tone

To find the right tone for your cover letter and resume, research the company and the position you’re applying for. Look at the company’s website and social media pages to get a sense of their values, culture, and tone. Pay attention to the language used in the job listing and use similar language in your documents. Tailor your writing to the specific company and position, and don’t be afraid to let your personality shine through in your cover letter.

Maintaining a professional tone is essential in both your cover letter and resume. While there are differences in tone between the two documents, both should highlight your skills, experience, and qualifications in a clear and concise way. By researching the company and position you’re applying for and tailoring your writing to their specific tone and culture, you can find the right tone for your documents and make a strong impression on potential employers.

Common Mistakes

When it comes to applying for a job, there are certain common mistakes that are made in cover letters and resumes. If done correctly, your cover letter and resume can make an excellent first impression on potential employers. Here are some common mistakes to avoid:

Common Mistakes in Cover Letters

Generic and impersonal salutations: Avoid addressing your cover letter to “To Whom It May Concern” or “Dear Sir/Madam.” Always try to address your letter to a specific person in the company.

Talking too much about yourself: Highlight your strengths and experiences that are relevant to the position you are applying for. Avoid writing too much about yourself and your personal life.

Repeating information from your resume: Your cover letter and resume should complement each other, not repeat information. Highlight specific experiences and accomplishments that you didn’t include in your resume.

Failing to explain how you can contribute: Don’t simply write about why you want the job. Instead, explain how your skills will help the company meet their goals.

Spelling and grammar mistakes: Proofread your cover letter multiple times to ensure there are no spelling or grammar mistakes. This is the first impression potential employers will have of you, so make sure it’s a good one.

Common Mistakes in Resumes

Too much information: Keep your resume concise and to the point. Your resume should be a maximum of two pages.

Non-relevant work experience: Include work experience that is relevant to the job you are applying for. Employers don’t want to see every job you’ve ever had.

Listing job responsibilities instead of accomplishments: Highlight your accomplishments and how they’ve benefited previous employers. Don’t simply list your job responsibilities.

Formatting issues: Make sure your resume is visually pleasing and easy to read. Avoid using complicated fonts, and ensure there is plenty of white space.

Failing to tailor your resume to the job: Customize your resume to fit the job description. Highlight experiences and accomplishments that are relevant to the position.

How to Avoid Common Mistakes

Research the company: Before you write your cover letter and resume, research the company and understand their values and mission.

Tailor your application: Customize your cover letter and resume to fit the job description and the company’s values.

Proofread: Proofread your application multiple times to ensure there are no spelling or grammar mistakes.

Focus on the important details: Highlight your accomplishments and how they’ve benefited previous employers. Don’t simply list job responsibilities.

Seek feedback: Have a trusted friend or colleague look over your application to provide feedback and catch any mistakes you may have missed.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you can make an excellent first impression on your potential employer and stand out from other applicants.

Tips for Writing

Whether you are applying for a new job or looking to improve your professional writing skills, understanding the differences between cover letters and resumes can make all the difference in your success. Here are some tips for writing effective cover letters and resumes, as well as best practices for writing and editing in general.

Tips for Writing a Successful Cover Letter

• Tailor your cover letter to the specific job you are applying for. Use keywords and phrases from the job description to highlight your relevant skills and experience.
• Address the hiring manager by name, if possible. This shows that you have done your research and are invested in the company and position.
• Highlight your unique qualifications and why you are the best candidate for the job. Use specific examples to demonstrate your skills and accomplishments.
• Keep your cover letter concise and to the point, typically one page or less.
• Proofread your cover letter carefully to ensure that it is error-free and professional.

Tips for Writing a Successful Resume

• Use a clear and readable font, such as Arial or Times New Roman, and keep the formatting simple and consistent.
• Focus on your most relevant and recent work experience, using bullet points to highlight your accomplishments and skills.
• Quantify your achievements and responsibilities whenever possible, using numbers and percentages to demonstrate your impact.
• Include relevant keywords and phrases from the job description, as many companies use automated applicant tracking systems to screen resumes.
• Tailor your resume to the specific job you are applying for, emphasizing the skills and experience most relevant to the position.
• Proofread your resume carefully for typos, grammatical errors, and formatting issues.

Best Practices for Writing and Editing

• Start with a clear and concise thesis or main idea, and organize your writing around this central point.
• Use active voice and strong verbs to make your writing more engaging and impactful.
• Keep your writing concise and to the point, avoiding unnecessary words and phrases.
• Use concrete examples and evidence to support your points, and avoid vague or unsubstantiated claims.
• Proofread your writing carefully, checking for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Consider seeking feedback from a trusted colleague or mentor to help improve your writing.

Understanding the differences between cover letters and resumes, and knowing how to write and edit effectively, can help you stand out in today’s competitive job market. By following these tips and best practices, you can create compelling and professional documents that showcase your skills and experience.

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Resume vs Cover Letter: How and When to Use Each

By Katie Duncan Posted on January 8, 2024

Batman has Robin. Mario has Luigi. Simon has Garfunkel. 

And resumes? They have cover letters.

They may not have the star power of the other duos on our list, but they do go hand in hand to create a strong job application. And, like every famous pair, they share this common goal despite bringing different things to the table. 

We’re here to break down resumes and cover letters— how they’re the same, how they’re different, and how you can use each one to land the job you want.

Resume vs cover letter: How they are the same

Though they are different in many ways, resumes and cover letters have several similarities worth noting:

• They should both be catered to the job you’re applying for. 
• Both should be no more than one page, unless otherwise stated by an employer or you’re applying for a job in a field where more detailed applications are commonplace.

Perhaps most of all, they share a common overarching goal: Help you secure an interview by demonstrating your suitability for a job.

RELATED: Letter of Introduction vs. Cover Letter: What’s the Difference

Resume vs cover letter: The big differences

That said, resumes and cover letters are not substitutes for one another. Though they share a common goal, they each have different purposes, unique content, and different formats.

A resume provides a concise and structured summary of your qualifications and skills to help prospective employers assess your suitability for a job.

A cover letter provides more context to your resume. It can be used to introduce yourself, express your interest in a specific job or company, highlight how your experiences align with the job requirements, and more.

Resumes are focused on past and present experiences.They typically contain:

• Contact info
• Professional work experience
• Achievements
• Certifications

Cover letters, on the other hand, may contain a combination of the following:

• Introduction of who you are
• Explanation of why you’re interested in the position
• Highlight of key experiences and how they connect to the job requirements
• Notes about any gaps or possible concerns with your resume
• Enthusiasm for the role
• Aspirations for your career journey

Cover letters are focused more on how your past experiences have prepared you for your future— both at the company you’re applying for and your career as a whole.

Resumes are structured and concise. They use bullet points for clarity and rarely, if ever, contain paragraphs. Recruiters spend an average of six to seven seconds looking at a resume, so you want to give them the major points that showcase why you’re qualified for the job in an easy-to-digest format. 

Cover letters are narrative and personal. This is the time to let your personality shine through with paragraphs that contain more details and anecdotes. A cover letter typically contains an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. 

When to use a resume vs cover letter

A resume will almost always be required when applying for a job. 

Cover letters will not always be required. Sometimes they will be optional. Other times, employers may not want you to submit one at all. 

How to cater a resume to a job application

Catering your resume to a job application is a crucial step in the job search process. Here are some tips to help you tailor your resume effectively:

• Analyze the job description : Carefully read the job listing and take note of key skills, responsibilities, and qualifications to understand what the employer is looking for.
• Match your skills and experiences : Align your resume with the job description by touching on your relevant experiences and skills in the resume. For instance, if the job requires leadership skills, be sure to showcase your leadership experiences.
• Use keywords : Incorporate industry-specific keywords and buzzwords from the job description. This is especially important for resumes that will be scanned by Applicant Tracking Systems (ATS).
• Prioritize relevant experience : Go into more detail for job experiences that are more relevant to the job you’re applying for. 
• Showcase transferable skills : If you are changing industries or roles, emphasize transferable skills that can be beneficial in the new position.
• Keep it concise and relevant : Avoid including experiences or skills that are not relevant to the job. A concise, tailored resume is more effective than a lengthy, generic one.

Remember, the goal of tailoring your resume is to make it as relevant as possible to the job you are applying for. While extraneous skills and experiences can help your case and show that you’re well-rounded, employers are really looking for what will help you succeed in that particular role.

How to cater a cover letter to a job application

Catering your cover letter to a specific job application is as crucial as tailoring your resume. 

While the resume focuses on your qualifications and past experiences, the cover letter is your opportunity to make a more personal connection with the employer and further highlight why you’re a great fit for the job. 

Here are some strategies to cater a cover letter to a company:

• Research the company : Understand the company’s values, culture, and recent developments. Use this information to demonstrate how your background and interests align with the company’s ethos. You can also mention a recent company achievement or a specific aspect of the company’s culture or mission that resonates with you.
• Address the letter specifically : Whenever possible, address the letter to a specific person, such as the hiring manager. Avoid generic salutations like “To Whom It May Concern” if you know names.
• Start strong: Open your cover letter with a compelling statement that grabs the reader’s attention. For instance, you might start by explaining why you are particularly excited about the job or the company.
• Relate your experience to the job description : Use the job description as a guide. Discuss specific experiences or skills that directly relate to the key responsibilities and qualifications listed.
• Tell a story : Unlike the resume, a cover letter gives you space to tell a story. Share a brief anecdote that demonstrates how you’ve successfully applied relevant skills or how you’ve overcome challenges similar to what you might face in the new role.
• Explain any gaps or transitions : If there are gaps in your resume or you’re making a career transition, the cover letter is a good place to briefly explain these.
• Highlight soft skills: Emphasize soft skills that are critical to the job but harder to convey on a resume.

A cover letter is your chance to make a memorable first impression and to provide context for your application. A well-crafted cover letter that speaks directly to the needs of the employer can significantly boost your chances of landing an interview.

Use your resume and cover letter to your advantage

Together, a resume and cover letter can be used to tell the complete story of your experience, skills, and ambitions. Your resume provides a concise look at your experience, while your cover letter fills in the gaps and adds a personal touch to your application. Always be sure to tailor both documents to the job that you’re applying for to show hiring managers that you’re the best fit for the job.

CV Vs Resume: What Is The Difference Between?

By Christina Colclough

Last updated: April 25, 2024

When someone says they have sent a CV or resume to a company, we simply assume they have applied for a job opening. 

Of course, this educated guess is still correct, but there’s an obvious difference between the two terms once you look closer. Let me discuss the CV vs resume comparison further in my guides.

In this article:

Differences between a curriculum vitae (cv) and a resume.

A CV (Curriculum Vitae) stands for “course of life” in Latin, a comprehensive record that summarizes your entire professional and academic background . On the other hand, a resume simply highlights your key qualifications for a specific job in a concise one-to-two-page document. 

1. Definition & Length 

A CV is similar to a book of your professional life story. Thus, it can be multiple pages long and includes everything, particularly your entire work history, educational qualifications, research projects, publications, awards, grants, and even volunteer activities (though I typically see one-page CVs when recruiting at UNI Global ). Long story short, all your overall achievements are comprehensively described and documented here.

On the contrary, a resume should be short and sharp (not exceeding two pages) and focus on the most relevant skills and experiences that match the job description. In simpler terms, it serves as a tailored pitch highlighting why you’re the perfect candidate for the position.

2. Content & Purpose

From my experience, a CV is often aimed at academic or research positions, as it can showcase your expertise and depth of knowledge in a particular field when structured cleverly. Meanwhile, a resume details how you can immediately benefit the team – quite suitable when applying for employers in the private sector or companies looking for directly applicable skills. 

3. Formatting & Structure

Resumes must follow a clear, concise structure with standard headings for work experience, skills, education, etc. Busy recruiters like us find them easier to scan, and you can highlight your most impressive qualifications better without them getting buried under redundant details.

On the other hand, there’s much more flexibility with CV formatting. You can organize the information chronologically, thematically, or even a combination of both! Depending on your background, feel free to add extra sections like teaching experience, fellowships, professional affiliations, or language skills.

4. Keywords & Updating

Since it targets specific jobs, a resume is often optimized with keywords from the job description to get recognized by applicant tracking systems (quite common in large corporations). 

Plus, you must update your resume frequently to tailor it for different job applications — unlike CVs, which can be modified much less often as they are a more permanent record of your achievements.

Summary Chart

When to use a cover letter or resume, 1. when to use a cv.

As said, a CV is best suited for jobs requiring a comprehensive overview of your professional/academic achievements. Some common scenarios:

Academic Positions

When applying for professorships, research positions, or other academic roles, a CV is often the preferred document. It demonstrates your extensive research experience, publications, grants, teaching experience, etc., which are the standard criteria for measuring performances in these positions. 

Research Fields

For research-oriented fields like science, medicine, engineering, or social sciences, using a CV to showcase your expertise and research experience is the safest bet (not to mention compulsory).

Highly Specialized Fields

If you are eyeing a position in a very specialized field (e.g., niche areas within medicine or engineering), employers will likely ask for a comprehensive record of your entire professional history.

International Applications

In some countries (particularly in Europe and some parts of Asia), CVs are the standard document used for most job applications, even outside academia. Check which format is preferred before making your decision. 

2. When To Use A Resume

Here’s the great news: resumes are the standard document used for almost all job applications in the private sector across most countries, including the US, Canada, Australia, France, and more. It applies to various fields, from marketing and sales to engineering and finance.

Customizability is one of its defining features, so make sure you have tailored your resume for each job application. Do not use your finance analyst portfolio to sign up for a social media manager position, for example! 

When your skills and experiences directly match the requirements listed in the job description, you will have a much better chance of landing an interview.

Some job titles where a resume would work best in your favor: 

• Marketing Manager
• Graphic Designer
• Customer Service Representative
• Project Manager
• Human Resources Specialist

What Should You Include In Your CV?

1. standard sections, contact information.

Obviously, there’s no way a company can reach out to you without contact information. Below are some common details you must always include in your CV, regardless of your chosen field:

• Full Name: Self-explanatory, but ensure it matches your application documents.
• Professional Email Address : Use a work email address that looks and sounds professional. Any overly casual addresses or nicknames must be avoided at all costs.
• Phone Number: Include a phone number with a clear country code if you apply your CV internationally
• Optional: Consider adding your LinkedIn profile URL and a website URL if it showcases your relevant work and experience (e.g., portfolio for designers).

Always present your educational background with the most recent qualification first. Each qualification must include:

• The full name of the institution and its city/country
• Specific degree or diploma earned (e.g., Master of Science in Computer Science, Master of Arts in History).
• Your major/field of study (if applicable) 
• Graduation year (and month, if relevant)
• Honors or Awards (e.g., Dean’s List, Scholarships)
• (Optional) Briefly mention coursework or projects that showcase specific skills or align with your career goals.

Work Experience

Like with educational background, your professional history must also be listed in reverse chronological order, with the following details included for each position: 

• The full company name and its city/country
• Job title (be as specific as possible) and the dates of employment (Month & year)
• Summary of Responsibilities and Achievements (*)

(*) This is one of the most important parts. I suggest strong action verbs to outline your key duties and accomplishments. Always focus on the actual results or impacts rather than just listing your skills without backup. If applicable, quantify those achievements (e.g., “Increased sales by 15%” ).

Also, to maintain clarity, you should bullet points for each responsibility and achievement. Blocks or walls of text do not necessarily hurt your chances but are not encouraged, either.

Here’s where you introduce your expertise related to the field you’re applying to. It’s usually a mix of both:

• Hard skills: Technical skills and proficiencies (e.g., software programs, data analysis tools).
• Soft skills: Interpersonal qualities and transferable skills (e.g., communication, teamwork, problem-solving)

Using a generic list that can be applied to any job  and any industry is the fastest way to crush your own chances. Instead, you must thoroughly analyze the job description and choose only the most relevant skills for the specific position you’re targeting.

2. Optional Sections (Highly Recommended if Applicable)

Publications.

This section showcases your contributions to your field through published works – particularly relevant for those applying for academic or research positions.

Here, you should list all your published research papers, articles, or even books to demonstrate your expertise and knowledge in your field of study. When listing these publications, use a recognized bibliographic format like APA (American Psychological Association) or MLA (Modern Language Association) for consistency and easy reference.

Presentations and Conferences

Anyone who has presented their work at conferences or workshops should include this section in their CVs. Potential employers will be impressed if you can demonstrate (with proof) your ability to communicate complex ideas and active participation within your field!

Use this section to bring up all the conferences or workshops you’ve participated in. Be sure to mention:

• The name of the event
• The topic you presented on
• The date it took place

Awards and Honors

Achievements properly recognized by credible sources or awards will leave a much stronger impression than just a simple list of relevant work experience. Make sure to mention any awards, scholarships, or fellowships you have received throughout your academic or professional career. 

Are you multilingual? Then do not hesitate to leave some room for your language skills. List all the languages you speak, read, and write, and do not forget to indicate your proficiency level for each. Common terms used: fluent, conversational, beginner,…

What Should You Include In Your Resume?

1. contact information.

First impressions always matter. Just like with a CV,  remember to include your full name, a professional email address (avoid nicknames or anything informal), and a phone number with a clear country code if applying internationally.

2. Summary or Objective Statement 

Are you an experienced professional? In that case, I suggest a powerful pitch at the beginning (2-3 sentences) highlighting your most relevant skills and experiences. 

Example: “Results-oriented Marketing Manager with 5+ years of experience in B2B lead generation. Proven track record of increasing sales by 15% through targeted email campaigns and social media marketing initiatives.”

On the other hand, an objective statement is more suitable for entry-level candidates or those with a career shift. Use 1-2 sentences to briefly express your career goals and how they align with the company and the position you’re applying for.

Example : “Highly motivated recent graduate with a Bachelor’s degree in Graphic Design seeking a position as a Junior Graphic Designer to leverage creative skills and contribute to a team-oriented environment.”

3. Work Experience (The Core of Your Resume)

List your work history in reverse chronological order, starting with your most recent position. Each position must include: 

• Your job title (be as specific as possible) and start and end dates (month & year).
• Tailored achievements: Use strong verbs to outline the results and impact you made, and quantify them whenever possible with numbers or percentages. 

Always use bullet points to maintain clarity. And since this is not a CV, you don’t have to mention every achievement in your work history, especially those that have little to do with the job description. Keep this section informative yet relevant.

Showcase a mix of hard skills (technical proficiencies) and soft skills (interpersonal qualities) related to the specific job you’re targeting.

Double-check the job posting for relevant keywords, then scatter those keywords strategically throughout your list of skill sets to highlight how your experience directly responds to what the company is looking for.

Example: For a marketing position, you might list skills like “SEO optimization,” “Content marketing,” “Social media marketing,” “Email marketing,” and “Data analysis” (if applicable).

5. Education (If relevant)

Mention the following details: 

• The full name of the institution you attended and its city or country
• Specific degree earned (e.g., Bachelor of Science) and major field of study 
• Graduation year (and month, if applicable)

For recent graduates or those with relevant coursework that aligns well with the job requirements, consider mentioning a few specific classes or projects to further emphasize your applicable skills. Example: Advanced Web Design course utilizing HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

Extra Tips For A Job-Winning Resume and CV

1. Whether a CV or resume, typos, and grammatical errors are all-time dealbreakers. Proofread them carefully before submitting them! You can also ask a trusted friend or colleague to review them for any mistakes.

2. Maintain a consistent format throughout your CV or resume, and always double-check the headings, fonts, spacing, and bullet points. Pre-made templates from Word or Google Docs can help streamline the process here.

3. Listing work experience using a chronological structure is very common. However, for extensive expertise, you can consider a thematic approach, grouping projects or achievements by major theme (e.g., research areas, teaching experience).

You might also like: 10+ Good Skills To Put On A Resume 9 Hobbies and Interests to Write on Your Resume 350 Strong Action Verbs For A Resume 50 Examples of Hard Skills To Put On Your Resume How Long Should A Resume Be? Difference Between Resume And CV How To Add A Resume To LinkedIn

Though resumes and CVs do share some common themes, their focus and format are far from similar. Assess the job requirements carefully to decide on either of the two (or submit both if you think that’s for the best). Write to me if you still need help!

Christina J. Colclough

Dr Christina J. Colclough is an expert on The Future World of Work and the politics of digital technology advocating globally for the importance of the workers’ voice. She has extensive regional and global labour movement experience, is a sought-after keynote speaker, coach, and strategist advising progressive governments and worker organisations.

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CVs versus Resumes: What’s the Difference? was originally published on HospitalRecruiting .

One point of confusion for job seekers can be the difference between a CV and a resume when applying for new opportunities. The terms can seem to be used interchangeably; however, there are some subtle differences between the two. 

Both documents are fundamental in showcasing your skills, experiences, and achievements. However, understanding the subtle nuances between a CV and a resume is crucial for making a lasting impression on potential employers. Here, we aim to demystify these differences and help healthcare professionals choose and craft the right document to advance their careers.

What is a CV?

A curriculum vitae (CV) is an in-depth document that details the entire course of your career. In the medical industry, a CV can be preferred due to its comprehensive nature, especially in roles where you are likely to be involved in any kind of research or academic capacity. A CV includes a detailed list of your academic background, teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations, and other professional activities. A CV is typically used when applying for academic, educational, scientific, or research positions.

What is a Resume?

A resume can be similar to a CV but is a more concise summary of your skills, experiences, and education. Unlike a CV, resumes are typically limited to one or two pages. It’s tailored to the specific job you’re applying for, highlighting relevant experiences and achievements. In healthcare, a resume is often used for non-academic positions where specific skills and experiences are more critical than an extensive academic background.

Key Differences Between a CV and a Resume

While both CVs and resumes serve as personal marketing tools and are used for job applications, they differ significantly in structure, content, and purpose. A CV is a lengthy, detailed synopsis of your professional and academic career, often extending over several pages. It remains static, only requiring updates as your career progresses. In contrast, a resume is a brief, targeted list of your skills and experiences tailored to the job you’re applying for.

Here are some key differences between the two documents:

• Length –  A CV can be several pages, while a resume is typically one to two pages. Resumes should generally be as concise as possible, while a CV is generally better the longer it is.
• Purpose – A CV is comprehensive and used to display academic and research expertise, whereas a resume is succinct and job-specific. Resumes are intended to be a summary of your professional career, while CVs are designed to provide a comprehensive overview of all your professional achievements.
• Content – A CV includes all academic and professional achievements you are able to include, a list of all your publications, patents, and other similar accomplishments, and your professional experiences. A resume focuses on your professional highlights, relevant skills, and experiences.
• Customization – A CV remains largely static, slowly growing in length. A resume, on the other hand, should be customizable for different job applications.

When to Use a CV versus a Resume

Understanding when to use a CV or a resume can significantly impact your job application. In the healthcare sector, a CV is generally preferred for roles that are research, education, or grant funding oriented, such as a physician or academic researcher. These positions value detailed professional accomplishments like publications and research experience. 

A resume is more suitable for clinical roles, such as nurses, therapists, administrative staff, or non-research-related physician roles where specific skills and job experiences are more pertinent than academic history. Resumes should be succinct and lead to an interview , while a CV should provide more in-depth information.

If you are unsure of whether to provide a resume or a CV during an application, the job description and application will typically provide clear instructions on which is preferred. As a general rule, a position in the United States that is not academic or research-oriented will typically require a resume. In some European countries, a CV may be standard for most positions, even those that would typically only require a resume in the US.

Tips for Crafting an Effective CV/Resume

Whether you’re preparing a CV or a resume, the goal is to present yourself as the ideal candidate for the job. Here are some tips to help you create an effective document:

• Tailor your content – Customize your resume for each job application; for a CV, emphasize the most relevant accomplishments.
• Focus on achievements – Use metrics and specific examples to showcase your successes. Details that are as specific and empirical as possible are preferred in both resumes and CVs.
• Keep it professional – Use a clean format and professional language. For resumes, try to keep it to one page, if possible, or two at the most. For CVs, being as comprehensive as possible is more important than achieving a specific length.
• Proofread – Ensure there are no errors or typos. Consider having multiple people proofread it for you, as grammatical mistakes can be very off-putting when applying for professional positions.

In the healthcare industry, where the competition for jobs can be intense, understanding the difference between a CV and a resume is crucial. By choosing the appropriate document and tailoring it to showcase your strengths and achievements, you can significantly enhance your chances of landing your desired position. Remember, an effective CV or resume is not just a list of your past experiences; it’s a strategic tool to propel your career forward.

**Editor’s Note: For more helpful tips on crafting your CV or resume, view our other healthcare career resources **

The Difference Between a Cover Letter and a Letter of Interest

According to Zety , a service that creates professional communication templates, you use a cover letter to accompany your resume when you’re applying to a specific job, and use a letter of interest to put yourself forward for a job that isn’t advertised. Essentially, you’re pitching yourself to a company of interest, telling them your qualifications, and hoping they’ll identify a spot for you instead of waiting around for them to post an opening that aligns with your skills and experience.

Letters of interest are also helpful when someone has tipped you off to an opening that hasn’t yet been made public, according to Indeed . The goal is to introduce yourself to hiring managers and get your talents on their radar, even if it means they only keep you in mind for future opportunities.

A cover letter is reserved for when a specific job is available, so it might get you more immediate results. A letter of interest, on the other hand, could take months for results—but will help those in charge of hiring find a job that’s just right for you, should one become available.

What to include in a letter of interest

Your letter of interest should be full of background information highlighting why you’d be a great fit for the company. Unlike with cover letters, you won’t have a clear job posting or description of what the company wants right now, so you should first research the organization and identify what they do well, what they could use help with, and how your specific talents fit in somewhere. During your research, be sure to identify the most likely hiring manager, recruiter, or the manager of the team you want to be on, and address the letter to them.

Introduce yourself briefly by sharing your name and a one- or two-sentence description of your background. Then explain why you’re writing to that specific company. Share specific things about the organization that appeal to you, and then explain how you fit into what you described, sharing your experience, skills, training, and interests. If your research turned up anything about the company culture, describe how you’ll fit in and what benefits you’ll add. Finally, end your letter with a request for an informal interview. Having a chat with the hiring managers or recruiters will help them get to know you and better ensure you stick in their memory in case a job opens up in the future.

Like a cover letter, it shouldn’t exceed one page and should include your contact details. Also like a cover letter, you should try to make it as specific to the company as possible and not use a boilerplate template. In fact, in this instance, you should be even more specific about your interest in the company. Make sure you point out the details about the organization that interest and excite you, so they know you did your research.

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