write an essay on green revolution in india

Green Revolution Essay for Students and Children

Green revolution essay.

Green Revolution is actually the process of increasing agricultural production by using modern machines and techniques. It was a scientific research-based technology initiative performed between 1950 and the late 1960s, that increased agricultural production worldwide, particularly in the developing world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s. It used HYV seeds, increased use of fertilizer and more technical methods of irrigation to increase the production of food grains.

Green Revolution in India

In India Green Revolution commenced in the early 1960s that led to an increase in food grain production , especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat. The Green revolution is revolutionary in character due to the introduction of new technology, new ideas, the new application of inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides, etc. As all these were brought suddenly and spread quickly to attain dramatic results thus it is termed as a revolution in green agriculture.

Statistical Results

A record grain output in 1978-79 around 131 million tons occurred due to the Green Revolution. Hence, it made India as one of the world’s biggest agricultural producer. In India Green Revolution recorded a high level of success. India also became an exporter of food grains around that time.

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Economic Results

Crop areas under this project needed more water, more fertilizers , more pesticides, and certain other chemicals. This increased the growth of the local manufacturing sector. Increased industrial growth created new jobs and contributed to the country’s GDP . The increase in irrigation created the need for new dams to harness monsoon water. The stored water was used to create hydro-electric power. All of this resulted in industrial growth, created jobs and improved the quality of life of the people in villages.

Sociological Results

This new technology used frequent application of water, fertilizers, insecticides , larger volumes of transportation, electricity, etc. Not only the agricultural workers but also industrial workers got plenty of jobs because of the creation of facilities such as factories, hydro-electric power stations, etc. to back up the revolution.

Political Results

One of the most important factors that made Mrs. Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) and her party the Indian National Congress, a very powerful political force in India is this Green Revolution. India transformed itself from a starving nation to an exporter of food. This gave India admiration and appreciation from all over the world, especially from the Third world country.

Disadvantages of the Green Revolution

The negative social effect of the Revolution was also soon visible. Disparities in income have been widened by these innovations in agriculture. Rich landlords have control over the agricultural input and improved chemical fertilizers. The worst part is that the poor farmers found themselves handicapped by small farms of land and inadequate water supply. With complete agricultural techniques and inputs, the Green revaluation tended to have its most concentrated application on large farms.

As a concentration of the new technology to large farms, the Inequalities have further Increased. The poor farmers have been adversely affected by a growing tendency among the rich farmers to reclaim land previously leased out under tenancy agreement, which has been made profitable by higher returns from new technology.

The poor and backward class of farmers has been increasingly pushed into the rank of the landless laborer. A drastic increase in a higher level of rent with land value soaring. Also because of excessive use of fertilizers soil started to become alkaline or acidic depending upon the nature of the fertilizer used.

India has made a huge achievement in term of the Green Revolution, as it has provided an unprecedented level of food security. It has pulled a large number of poor people out of poverty and helped many non-poor people avoid the poverty and hunger they would have experienced had it not taken place. This revolution has saved over a billion people all over the world from famine.

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Green Revolution

Green revolution [latest news].

The Green Revolution (a term used for rapid increases in wheat and rice yields in developing countries brought about by improved varieties combined with the expanded use of fertilizers and other chemical inputs) has had a dramatic impact on incomes and food supplies in many developing countries.

Green Revolution In India PDF Download PDF Here

Green Revolution In News (MS Swaminathan Passes Away)

MS Swaminathan, the Father of the Indian Green Revolution, passed away on 28 September 2023, in Chennai aged 98. To know more about M S Swaminathan, ( August 7, 1925) the father of the Green Revolution in India, kindly check the linked article.

The term green revolution was first used by William Gaud. Norman Borlaug is considered the Father of the Green Revolution.

In the year 1965, the government of India launched the Green Revolution with the help of a geneticist, now known as the father of the Green Revolution (India) M.S. Swaminathan . The movement of the Green Revolution was a great success and changed the country’s status from a food-deficient economy to one of the world’s leading agricultural nations. It started in 1967 and lasted till 1978.

Aspirants must go through all important agricultural revolutions that have taken place, for the IAS Exam preparation:

This article shares details on the Green Revolution, its meaning and features, and how there has been a boost in agricultural production efficiency because of the green revolution in India. You will also know about various schemes under the Green Revolution in India.

The Green Revolution within India led to an increase in agricultural production, especially in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of a high-yielding variety of seeds of wheat and rust-resistant strains of wheat.

Knowledge of the Green Revolution in India is important from the point of view of various competitive exams. Candidates preparing for bank exams, SSC, RRB, Insurance exam, or other Government exams must keep abreast with the Green Revolution as questions related to this topic are asked in the general awareness section of the exams.

Aspirants of the UPSC exam should understand the Green Revolution topic for Static GK section and Geography GS I Paper.

Table of Contents:

Aspects of Green Revolution in India

High Yielding Varieties (HYV)
Mechanization of Agriculture
Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides

write an essay on green revolution in india

The Green Revolution is referred to as the process of increasing agricultural production by incorporating modern tools and techniques. Green Revolution is associated with agricultural production. It is the period when agriculture of the country was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and techniques like the use of high yielding variety seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers. Until 1967, the government majorly concentrated on expanding the farming areas. But the rapidly increasing population than the food production called for a drastic and immediate action to increase yield which came in the form of the Green Revolution.

The method of green revolution focused on three basic elements, that are:

Using seeds with improved genetics (High Yielding Variety seeds).
Double cropping in the existing farmland and,
The continuing expansion of farming areas

Schemes Under Green Revolution (India)

Prime Minister Narendra Modi approved the Umbrella Scheme Green Revolution – ‘Krishonnati Yojana’ in the agriculture sector for the period of three years from 2017 to 2020 with the Central Share of Rs. 33,269.976 crore.The Umbrella scheme Green revolution- Krishonnati Yojana comprises 11 Schemes under it and all these schemes look to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a scientific and holistic manner so as to increase the income of farmers by increasing productivity, production, and better returns on produce, strengthening production infrastructure, reducing the cost of production and marketing of agriculture and allied produce. The 11 schemes that are part of the Umbrella Schemes under the Green revolution are:

MIDH – Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture – It aims to promote the comprehensive growth of the horticulture sector, enhance the production of the sector, improve nutritional security, and increase income support to household farms. This mission was undertaken to establish production clusters and hubs to encourage the development of infrastructural facilities for processing, post-harvest management, and exports.
NFSM – National Food Security Mission – This includes NMOOP – National Mission on Oil Seeds and Oil Palm. The aim of this scheme is to increase the production of wheat pulses, rice, coarse cereals and commercial crops, productivity enhancement, and area expansion in a suitable manner, enhancing farm level economy, restoring soil fertility and productivity at the individual farm level. It further aims to reduce imports and increase the availability of vegetable oils and edible oils in the country.
NMSA – National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture – the aim is to promote sustainable agriculture practices that are best suitable to the specific agro-ecology focusing on integrated farming, appropriate soil health management, and synergizing resource conservation technology. It also strives to minimise farmers’ agricultural costs through sustainable integrated organic farming systems, hence increasing farmers’ net income per unit of land, and producing chemical-free and nutritious food for human consumption in a sustainable manner.
SMAE – Submission on Agriculture Extension – this scheme aims to strengthen the ongoing extension mechanism of State Governments, local bodies, etc. achieving food security and socio-economic empowerment of farmers, to forge effective linkages and synergy amongst various stakeholders, to institutionalize program planning and implementation mechanism, support HRD interventions, promote pervasive and innovative use of electronic and print media, interpersonal communication, and ICT tools, etc.
SMSP – Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Material – This aims to increase the production of quality seed, upgrade the quality of farm-saved seeds and increase SRR, strengthen the seed multiplication chain, and promote new methods and technologies in seed production, processing, testing, etc., to strengthen and modernize infrastructure for seed production, storage, quality, and certification, etc.
SMAM – Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation – aims to increase the reach of farm mechanization to small and marginal farmers and to the regions where availability of farm power is low, to promote ‘Custom Hiring Centres’ to offset the adverse economies of scale arising due to small landholding and high cost of individual ownership, to create hubs for hi-tech and high-value farm equipment, to create awareness among stakeholders through demonstration and capacity building activities, and to ensure performance testing and certification at designated testing centres located all over the country.
SMPPQ – Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plan Quarantine – the aim of this scheme is to minimize loss to quality and yield of agricultural crops from insects, pests, weeds, etc., to shield our agricultural bio-security from the incursions and spread of alien species, to facilitate exports of Indian agricultural commodities to global markets, and to promote good agricultural practices, particularly with respect to plant protection strategies and strategies.
ISACES – Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics, and Statistics – this aims to undertake the agriculture census, undertake research studies on agro-economic problems of the country, study the cost of cultivation of principal crops, fund conferences, workshops, and seminars involving eminent agricultural scientists, economists, experts so as to bring out papers to conduct short term studies, improve agricultural statistics methodology and to create a hierarchical information system on crop condition and crop production from sowing to harvest.
ISAC – Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Cooperation aims to provide financial assistance for improving the economic conditions of cooperatives, remove regional imbalances, to speed up cooperative development in agricultural processing, storage, marketing, computerization, and weaker section programs; ensuring the supply of quality yarn at reasonable rates to the decentralized weavers and help cotton growers fetch a remunerative price for their produce through value addition.
ISAM – Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing – this scheme aims to develop agricultural marketing infrastructure; to promote innovative technologies and competitive alternatives in agriculture marketing infrastructure; to provide infrastructure facilities for grading, standardization, and quality certification of agricultural produce; to establish a nationwide marketing information network; to integrate markets through a common online market platform to facilitate pan-India trade in agricultural commodities, etc.
And, NeGP-A – National e-Governance Plan aims to bring farmer-centric & service-oriented programs; to improve access of farmers to information and services throughout the crop-cycle and enhance the reach and impact of extension services; to build upon, enhance and integrate the existing ICT initiatives of the Centre and States; to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of programs through providing timely and relevant information to the farmers for increasing their agriculture productivity.

Green Revolution (Features)

Introduced High Yielding Variety seeds in Indian agriculture.
The HYV seeds were highly effective in regions that had rich irrigation facilities and were more successful with the wheat crop. Therefore, the Green Revolution at first focused on states with better infrastructure such as Tamil Nadu and Punjab.
During the second phase, the high yielding variety seeds were given to other states, and crops other than wheat were also included in the plan.
The most important requirement for the high yielding variety seeds is proper irrigation. Crops grown from HYV seeds need good amounts of water supply and farmers could not depend on monsoon. Hence, the Green Revolution has improved the irrigation systems around farms in India.
Commercial crops and cash crops such as cotton, jute, oilseeds, etc were not a part of the plan. Green revolution in India mainly emphasized food grains such as wheat and rice.
To enhance farm productivity green revolution increased the availability and use of fertilizers, weedicides, and pesticides to reduce any damage or loss to the crops.
It also helped in promoting commercial farming in the country with the introduction of machinery and technology like harvesters, drills, tractors, etc.

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Impact of Green Revolution in India

Green Revolution has remarkably increased Agricultural Production. Foodgrains in India saw a great rise in output. The biggest beneficiary of the revolution was the Wheat Grain. The production increased to 55 million tonnes in the early stage of the plan itself.
Not just limited to agricultural output the revolution also increased per Acre yield. Green Revolution increased the per hectare yield in the case of wheat from 850 kg per hectare to an incredible 2281 kg/hectare in its early stage.
With the introduction of the Green revolution, India reached its way to self-sufficiency and was less dependent on imports. The production in the country was sufficient to meet the demand of the rising population and to stock it for emergencies. Rather than depending on the import of food grains from other countries India started exporting its agricultural produce.
The introduction of the revolution inhibited a fear among the masses that commercial farming would lead to unemployment and leave a lot of the labour force jobless. But the result seen was totally different there was a rise in rural employment. The tertiary industries such as transportation, irrigation, food processing, marketing, etc created employment opportunities for the workforce.
The Green Revolution in India majorly benefited the farmers of the country. Farmers not only survived but also prospered during the revolution their income saw a significant rise which enabled them to shift from sustenance farming to commercial farming.

Besides the positive impact, the revolution had a gloomy side too. Some of the negative effects of the Green Revolution are stated below:

Retardation of agricultural growth due to inadequate irrigation cover, shrinking farm size, failure to evolve new technologies, inadequate use of technology, declining plan outlay, unbalanced use of inputs, and weaknesses in credit delivery system.
Regional dispersal of the evolution created regional inequalities. The benefits of the green revolution remained concentrated in the areas where the new technology was used. Moreover, since the revolution for the number of years remained limited to wheat production, its benefits were mostly accrued only to wheat-growing areas.
Interpersonal inequalities between large and small scale farmers. The new technologies introduced during the revolution called for substantial investments which were beyond the means of a majority of small farmers. Farmers having large farmlands continued to make greater absolute gains in income by reinvesting the earnings in farm and non-farm assets, purchasing land from the smaller cultivators, etc.

Knowledge of the Green revolution, Schemes under the Green revolution its aspects, features, and impact are important for various exams, especially the most coveted UPSC exam. Candidates can also read about the agricultural revolutions in India in the linked article.

FAQ about Green Revolution

Who started green revolution in india, what were the high yielding variety crops concentrated during green revolution, what was the aim of green revolution in india, what is the conclusion of green revolution in india, what are five major benefits of green revolution.

Major benefits that accrue to green revolution are:

Increase in Agricultural Production
Prosperity of Farmers
Reduction in import of food-grains
Capitalistic Farming
Ploughing back of profit
Industrial Growth
Rural Employment

Candidates can find out what are the topics in the UPSC Exams by visiting the UPSC Syllabus page. For more preparation materials they can refer to the links given in the table below.

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Green Revolution

Last updated on October 15, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

The green revolution was an important turn point for Indian agriculture. Read here to know more about the history and impact of the green revolution.

The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production to alleviate hunger and poverty.

Table of Contents

History of the Green revolution

The Green Revolution can be described as a set of research technology transfer initiatives. It gained momentum between 1950 and the late 1960s which increased agricultural production in parts of the world, beginning most markedly in the late 1960s.

It is also called Third Agricultural Revolution after the Neolithic Revolution and the British Agricultural Revolution.

The Green Revolution was an endeavor initiated by Norman Borlaug in the 1960s. He is known as the ‘Father of Green Revolution in the world.

It led to him winning the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970 for his work in developing High Yielding Varieties (HYVs) of wheat.

The word “Green Revolution” was coined by William S. Gaud of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 1968.

Mexico has been called the ‘birthplace’ and ‘burial ground’ of the Green Revolution. The initial success of the program was due to:

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high yield plants without disease resistivity
adaptability, and ability to utilize fertilizers;
improved use of soils,
adequate fertilizers, and control of weeds and pests; and
a favorable ratio between the cost of fertilizers (and other investments) to the price of the produce

Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond, into Africa and Asia.

Green revolution in India

The advent of the green revolution in India happened in 1961 when the country was on the brink of famine.

Norman Borlaug was invited to India by the adviser to the Indian Minister of Agriculture Dr. M. S. Swaminathan.

S Swaminathan is known as the Father of the Green Revolution in India.

Under the leadership of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri , the Green Revolution within India commenced in 1968, leading to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh.

The state of Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new wheat seeds because of its reliable water supply.

This Wheat Revolution increased wheat production by more than three times between 1967-68 and 2003-04.

India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals.

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Indian Agriculture was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and technology such as the use of HYV seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers.

India soon adopted IR8 a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation.

By 2006, India had become one of the world’s most successful rice producers.

Components of the green revolution

Quantitative expansion of farming areas
Double cropping systems, that is to have two crop seasons per year.
Water now came from huge irrigation projects as dams were built and other simple irrigation techniques were also adopted.
Using seeds with superior genetics as new strains of high-yield variety seeds were developed.

The main crops were Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra, and Maize. Non-food grains were excluded from the ambit of the new strategy. Wheat remained the mainstay of the Green Revolution for years.

Positive effects of the green revolution

Increase in crop production: The crop area under high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice grew considerably making India one of the world’s biggest agricultural producers.
Self-sufficiency: The import of goof grains reduced as India became self-sufficient in food grains, rather India started exporting at times.
Availability: The per capita net availability of food grains has increased.
Benefits to farmers: The level of income of farmers increased as agricultural productivity improved. It promoted capitalist farming as big land owners profited the most.
Industrialization: The large-scale mechanization of farms created a demand for machinery like tractors, harvesters, threshers, combines, diesel engines, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. Demand for chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, weedicides, etc. also increased considerably.
Agro industries: Several agricultural products came to be used as raw materials in various industries giving rise to agro-based industries.
Employment: The demand for labor force increased rural employment, and the industrial workforce at the same time.

Negative effects

Impact on ecology

Indigenous seeds did not have the inherent ability to withstand the chemical fertilizers used hence they started dying out of usage.
The newly introduced high-yielding seeds had a narrow genetic base compared to the indigenous species.
The overuse of chemical fertilizers to get high yield caused physical and chemical degradation of the soil by altering the natural microflora and increasing the alkalinity and salinity of the soil.

Impact on other food crops

Non-food grains were not included- major commercial crops like cotton, jute, tea, and sugarcane were also left almost untouched by the Green Revolution.
The High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was restricted to only five crops: Wheat, Rice, Jowar, Bajra, and Maize.
The green revolution impacted only a few states creating economic disparity among regions.

Impact on farmers

The excessive use of groundwater for irrigation depleted the water table in many parts of the country.
Eventually, small farmers sold their lands to large commercial farmers as they were unable to withstand the increasing expenses of farming and debts.
Many farmers left farming unable to withstand the food inflation and economic crisis.

Impact on food consumption and nutrition

The per capita net availability of other cereal grains such as millets and pulses decreased over the years.
This led to the change in the consumption pattern over the years and the shift in focus from the minor cereals and pulses to the major cereals, rice and wheat.
The consumption of major cereals such as rice and wheat along with pulses and a decrease in the addition of coarse cereals, foods of animal origin, and fruits and vegetables in the diet lead to a deficiency of micronutrients such as iron, zinc, calcium, vitamin A, folate, and riboflavin among the population causing anemia, keratomalacia, blindness, and infertility in severe cases.

Green Revolution – Krishonnati Yojana

The government of India introduced the Green Revolution Krishonnati Yojana in 2005 to boost the agriculture sector.

The government through the scheme plans to develop the agriculture and allied sector in a holistic & scientific manner to increase the income of farmers.

It comprises 11 schemes and missions under a single umbrella scheme:

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
Submission on Agriculture Extension (SMAE)
Sub-Mission on Seeds and Planting Material (SMSP)
Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanization (SMAM)
Sub-Mission on Plant Protection and Plan Quarantine (SMPPQ)
Integrated Scheme on Agriculture Census, Economics, and Statistics (ISACES)
Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Cooperation (ISAC)
Integrated Scheme on Agricultural Marketing (ISAM)
National e-Governance Plan in Agriculture (NeGP-A)

The green revolution pulled India out of a major food crisis and provided unprecedented food security. The success story helped the country achieve self-sufficiency and even an export market of food grains.

But the negative impacts on the environment and lack of knowledge on heavy-duty chemical fertilizers among Indian farmers weren’t taken into account, which led to failures towards the end of it.

The advantages of indigenous crops should be realized and they should be revived as food security must also ensure the nutrition security of the nation.

Proper planning and intensive collaborative research work should be initiated by the stakeholders for the conservation of the traditional varieties and the inclusion of these varieties and practices into the food and nutrition security plans for the nation owing to their nutritional benefits.

The impact on ecology and the water table must be specially focused upon.

Genetically Modified Crops and Regulations in India
Green Agriculture

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Green Revolution in India Advantages, Impacts, Achievements

Green Revolution in India started in the year 1965. Green Revolution had significant impact in agriculture in India. Green Revolution in India for UPSC. Short notes on Green Revolution, pdf.

Table of Contents

What is Green Revolution?

The rapid gains in wheat and rice yields in developing nations caused by improved varieties and increased fertiliser and other chemical input use are known as the “Green Revolution,” which has had a significant influence on incomes and food supplies in many of these nations. William Gaud coined the phrase “green revolution,” and Norman Borlaug is regarded as its founder due to which he was honoured with Nobel Prize in 1970 for developing High Yielding Verities of Wheat.

Green Revolution in India

Green Revolution in India is the process of boosting agricultural output using contemporary methods and instruments. The Green Revolution is related to agricultural output. It was during this period that the nation’s agriculture was transformed into an industrial system by the adoption of modern agricultural practices such as the use of high-yielding seed varieties, tractors, irrigation systems, herbicides, and fertilizers.

Up until 1967, the government’s main focus was on enlarging the agricultural areas. However, the rapidly growing population demanded drastic and fast action to enhance yield, which manifested itself in the form of the Green Revolution.

Father of Green Revolution in India

In the year of 1965, the Indian Indian initiated the Green Revolution under the supervision of a geneticist, who is also known as the father of the Green Revolution in India M.S. Swaminathan . Revolution within India led to an increase in food grain production, mostly in the regions of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. A major landmark in this undertaking was the development of high-yielding varieties (HYV) seeds of wheat, and rust resistant strains of wheat. Personalities and Institutions recognized for their efforts during the Green Revolution in India are,

Main Architect and the Father of Green Revolution in India – M.S. Swaminathan
Political Father of Green Revolution and the Food and Agriculture Minister – Chidambaram Subramaniam
Father of Wheat Revolution – Dilbagh Singh Athwal
IARI – Indian Agricultural Research Institute

Important Schemes Related to Green Revolution in India

Green revolution in india’s history.

The Bengal Famine, which occurred in 1943 and was the worst food crisis ever recorded, caused an estimated 4 million people to die of starvation in eastern India. Even after independence in 1947, the government’s focus on enlarging the agricultural lands persisted until 1967. However, the rate of population growth was outpacing the rate of food production. To boost yield, an immediate and dramatic intervention was required. The Green Revolution served as the catalyst for the action.

With the assistance of a geneticist also known as the Father of The Green Revolution (India), M.S. Swaminathan , the Indian government began the Green Revolution in 1965. The country’s status was transformed from one of the world’s leading agricultural nations as a result of the green revolution, which was a huge success.

It began in 1967 and continued until 1978. The term “green revolution” in India refers to a time when contemporary agricultural practices and technology, such as the use of HYV seeds, tractors, irrigation systems, pesticides, and fertilizers, transformed Indian agriculture into an industrial system. India’s Green Revolution increased agricultural output, particularly in Haryana, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh.

Green Revolution in India Objectives

The Green Revolution in India has several specific characteristics.

Growth in the size of agricultural areas
Double cropping systems, or the practice of growing crops twice a year.
Due to the construction of dams and the adoption of other basic irrigation techniques, water was now obtained from extensive irrigation projects.
Using high-yield variety seeds that were generated from new strains of seeds with enhanced genetics.

Wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize were the principal crops. Grain products other than food were not included in the new strategy’s scope. For many years, wheat remained the foundation of the Green Revolution.

Green Revolution in India: Positive Effects

In 1978–1979, a tremendous increase in crop production led to a grain output of 131 million tonnes, making India one of the largest agricultural producers in the world. The area of crops planted with high-yielding wheat and rice varieties increased significantly during the Green Revolution. India was able to become self-sufficient in food grains and occasionally even had enough stock in the central pool to export grains. Additionally, there are now more food grains available per person on a net basis.

The Green Revolution’s introduction assisted farmers in increasing their level of revenue. Farmers invested their extra money back into their fields to increase productivity. The major farmers who had more than 10 hectares of land gained the most from this revolution because they made significant financial investments in HYV seeds, fertilizer, machinery, etc. It supported capitalist farming as well.

Large-scale farm mechanization brought about by the Green Revolution in India increased demand for several equipment types, including tractors, harvesters, threshers, combines, diesel engines, electric motors, pumping sets, etc. Additionally, there was a significant growth in demand for chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, pesticides, etc. Agro-based industries are those that utilize a variety of agricultural products as raw materials.

Due to fertilizer use and multiple cropping, there was a noticeable increase in the need for labourers. The Green Revolution produced a large number of jobs for both industrial and agricultural employees by building connected facilities including factories and hydroelectric power plants.

Impacts of Green Revolution in India

Although the revolution has benefited all food grains, including wheat, rice, jowar, bajra, and maize, other crops including coarse cereals, pulses, and oilseeds have been excluded. Major cash crops including sugarcane, cotton, jute, tea, and cotton were also largely unaffected by the Green Revolution. Only five crops were allowed under the High Yielding Variety Program (HYVP): maize, wheat, rice, jowar, and bajra. Therefore, the new method did not apply to non-food grains. The HYV seeds in the non-food crops either hadn’t been developed yet or weren’t good enough for farmers to take a chance on using them.

Growing regional and international economic imbalances are a result of the Green Revolution’s technological advancements. Only 40% of the overall cultivated area has been impacted thus far, while 60% is still unaffected. Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh in the north, and Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu in the south, are the region’s most severely impacted.

The Eastern region, which includes Assam, Bihar, West Bengal, and Orissa, as well as the dry and semi-arid regions of Western and Southern India, has rarely been affected. Only those places that were already in a better position agriculturally were impacted by the Green Revolution. Thus, the Green Revolution has caused the issue of regional inequality to worsen.

Pesticides and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers were widely used during the Green Revolution to improve irrigation systems and crop types. To inform farmers about the substantial risk involved with the intensive use of pesticides, however, very little or no effort was taken. Typically, uneducated farm labourers sprayed pesticides on crops without taking any safety precautions or following any instructions. Crops suffer more harm than benefit from this, and they also pollute the environment and soil. The crops which were developed at the time of the green revolution required a lot of water.

The majority of these crops, which are cereals, use roughly 50% of the water used by the human body. Groundwater levels were depleted as a result of the introduction of canal systems and irrigation pumps that drained groundwater out of the ground to irrigate crops like rice and sugarcane that require large amounts of water.

The nutrients in the soil were depleted by repeated crop cycles meant to ensure higher crop yield. Farmers used more fertilizer to fulfil the need for new varieties of seeds. The use of these alkaline compounds caused the pH level of the soil to rise. Beneficial pathogens were eliminated by toxic chemicals in the soil, which further decreased production.

Farm mechanization brought about by the Green Revolution led to widespread unemployment among agricultural labourers in rural areas, with the exception of Punjab and to a lesser extent Haryana. The poor and labourers who were without land were most negatively impacted. Numerous serious ailments, such as cancer, renal failure, stillbirth, and birth deformities, were caused by the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.

Green Revolution in India Achievements

There have been numerous cropping pattern adjustments and agricultural advancements in India as a result of the country’s green revolution.

Farmers today enjoy wealth thanks to the Green Revolution. Agriculture is thought of as a lucrative profession. The demand for consumer products has surged in Punjab. In Punjab, the standard of living has increased. All crops, including wheat, rice, cotton, gram, maize, and bajra, have increased per hectare production. Better seeds are the cause. The Green Revolution has had a significant impact on industry development. Industries have been put up that produce agricultural equipment like tractors, diesel engines, combines, threshers, and pumping sets.

Production growth is the Green Revolution’s primary accomplishment. 33.89 lakh tones of cereal grains were produced in 1965–1966. The output increased to 119 lakh tones in 1980–1981 The rural masses now enjoy wealth thanks to the green revolution. Bumper crops have given rural populations work options. Their quality of life has improved. The need for labour rose as a result of multiple cropping and excessive usage of chemical fertilizers. A severe labour shortage is seen during the sowing and harvesting seasons. Consequently, the green revolution has created jobs.

Second Green Revolution in India

The first Green Revolution was initiated with the objective of eradicating food scarcity in India whereas the second Green Revolution focuses on the Sustainability of Agriculture with the adoption of scientific and organic modes of agricultural practices with an objective of tackling the challenges as

Food Inflation
Crop Productivity
Environmental Hazards
Manure, Fertilizers and Biocides
Agriculture Marketing

The government has taken several steps to tackle these issues, Krishi Vigyan Yojana, Operation Green, eNAM, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA), Kisan Credit Card (KCC), Per Drop More Crop Initiative, Har Medh Par Ped, PM Kisan Sampada Yojana (Food Processing) etc.

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Green Revolution in India FAQs

Who is started green revolution in india.

M S Swaminathan is referred as the father of Green Revolution in India as he founded it. He was inspired from the initiative of Norman Borlaug.

Who comes Green Revolution in India?

In India, the Green Revolution was mainly led by M.S. Swaminathan. The Green Revolution resulted in a significant increase in production of food grains (especially wheat and rice) due to the introduction into developing countries of new, high-yielding variety seeds, beginning in the mid-20th century.

What did the Green Revolution do for India?

The green revolution led to high productivity of crops through adapted measures, such as increased in the area under farming, double-cropping method, which includes planting two crops rather than one, annually, adoption of HYV of seeds, highly increased use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides, and improved cropping pattern

Where was the Green Revolution introduced in India?

The Green revolution started in India started with its introduction in Punjab in 1966. It was part of a development program that was registered by the government of India along with international donor agencies.

Q. Was Green Revolution a success in India?

The Green Revolution yielded great economic productivity during its early years. In Punjab, where it was first introduced, the Green Revolution led to significant increases in the state’s agricultural growth, supporting India’s overall economy.

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Green Revolution Essay

Essay on Green Revolution

The Green Revolution is the way toward expanding rural creation by utilizing current machines and strategies. It was a logical exploration-based innovation activity performed in 1950 and the last part of the 1960s, that expanded rural creation around the world, especially in the creating scene, starting most extraordinarily in the last part of the 1960s. It utilized HYV seeds, expanded utilization of compost, and more specialized strategies for the water systems to build the creation of food grains. This Green Revolution Essay will help us understand the benefits and impacts of the movement in different sectors.

The Green Revolution in India started somewhere around the mid-1960sand it prompted an expansion in the creation of food grain, particularly in the areas of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Significant achievements of this included the improvement of high-yielding assortments of wheat. The Green transformation is said to be progressive due to the presentation of innovations, new thoughts, new ideas and the new use of information sources like HYV seeds, composts, water system water, pesticides, etc.

In India, the results of the Green Revolution are significant as India has an agricultural-based economy. It is, therefore, easier to understand the effects of the movement better through the results that we interpret from the statistics in India.

Economic Results

Harvest zones required more water, more manures, more pesticides, and certain different synthetics. And this expanded the development of the nearby assembling division. Modern development made new openings and this added to the nation's GDP. The put-away water was utilized and this made up to make hydro-electric force. This brought about mechanical development, made new positions. The Green Revolution has significantly contributed to every country's GDP where it has taken place.

The Green Revolution has helped a lot of the needy people out of destitution, and have also helped numerous other individuals dodge the neediness and yearning they would have encountered had it not happened.

Green Revolution in India

The Green Revolution started in the mid-1960s that prompted an expansion in food grain creation, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Significant achievements in this endeavour were the improvement of high-yielding assortments of wheat. The Green transformation is progressive because of the presentation of innovation, novel thoughts, the new use of information sources like HYV seeds, composts, water system water, pesticides, and so forth. As all these were brought out of nowhere and spread rapidly to accomplish sensational outcomes in this way, it is named as an upset in green agribusiness. The essay on Green Revolution provides details behind this movement and its significant outcomes along with the disadvantages faced by every country due to this movement. In India, these results are a bit more significant as India is an agricultural-based country by nature. Hence, we can understand the effects of the movement better through the results that we interpret from the statistics in India.

Harvest zones under this task required more water, more manures, more pesticides, and certain different synthetics. This expanded the development of the nearby assembling division. Expanded modern development made new openings and added to the nation's GDP. The expansion in the water system made the requirement for new dams to bridle rainstorm water. The put-away water was utilized to make hydroelectric force. The entirety of this brought about mechanical development, made positions, and improved the personal satisfaction of the individuals in towns. The Green Revolution has significantly contributed to every country's GDP where it has taken place.

Disadvantages

The negative social impact of the Revolution was likewise soon obvious. Variations in salary have been enlarged by these developments in agribusiness. Rich landowners have power over the agrarian info and improved compound composts. The most noticeably awful part is that the helpless ranchers ended up crippled by little homesteads of land and lacking water gracefully. With complete agrarian strategies and sources of info, the Green revolution would, in general, have its most focused application on huge ranches.

As a centralization of the innovation to enormous ranches, the Inequalities have additionally Increased. A developing inclination has antagonistically influenced the helpless ranchers among the rich ranchers to recover land recently rented out under-occupancy understanding, which has been made productive by more significant yields from an innovation.

Poor people and the lower class of farmers have been progressively driven into the position of the landless worker—an uncommon increment in a more elevated level of the lease with land esteem taking off. Additionally, because of extreme utilization of composts soil began to become soluble or acidic, relying on the idea of the manure utilized.

Short Paragraph on Green Revolution

The essay of Green Revolution alludes to a critical increment in the volume of horticultural creation and efficiency through a selection of better quality seeds, substance manures, pesticides, and bug sprays, and guaranteed water system offices during a brief timeframe. During the mid-sixties, this HYV innovation was embraced in Indian farming to help with the creation of food grains.

This new agrarian improvement technique was first supported by the Ford Foundation, and it was specifically executed in 16 agronomically created regions. This program was first known as the Intensive Agricultural Development Program (IADP). The IADP was altered in the year 1964-65, and another plan Intensive Agricultural Area Program (IAAP) was actualized. The fundamental elements of the new methodology are:

(I) High Yielding Variety seeds

(ii) Chemical composts

(iii) Pesticides

(iv) Insecticides

(v) Assured water system offices and

(vi) Better social practices.

The program has been impressively altered with the progression of time and now the dry territories and the bumpy zones have now been secured under the new farming technique. In this short paragraph on Green Revolution, we come to know about the principal methodologies used behind this movement.

The Green Revolution has pulled countless needy individuals out of destitution and helped numerous non-needy individuals dodge the neediness and yearning they would have encountered had it not occurred. This upset has spared over a billion people everywhere in the world from starvation.

FAQs on Green Revolution Essay

1. Define AGRA, with context to this essay?

The Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, which was set up in 2006, is an African based foundation that puts the smallholder ranchers at the centre point of the developing economy of the mainland by changing the agribusiness from a small single business to a business that will flourish. This change is only possible through reasonable efficiency increments and allowance of inventive accounts and markets to accomplish the potential of agribusiness dependably to make it an alternative to youth work creation.

2. What are the advantages of the Green Revolution, according to this essay?

The harvest index was one progress that was made in plant advances due to the Green Revolution, which indicates the over the ground weight of the harvest. During the Revolution, plants with the biggest seeds were utilized to make the most creation conceivable. Following this cycle of specific rearing, the bigger the seeds were, the more grain could be developed with each harvest. The over the ground crops at that point lead to an expansion in photosynthate assignment for the yield itself. The yields had the option to photosynthesize more effectively by boosting the seed of the plant.

3. What is IADP?

The intensive Agricultural Development Program (IADP) was altered in the year 1964-65, and a new plan, the Intensive Agricultural Area Program (IAAP) was actualized. The main elements of this new methodology are:

The High Yielding Variety seeds;

The Chemical composts;

The use of Pesticides;

Use of Insecticides;

Assured water system offices and

Better social practices.

This program was altered with, and according to the progression of time.

4. Mention some negative effects of the Green Revolution.

Negative effects are as follows:

There have been variations in salary by these developments in the agribusiness. The helpless ranchers ended up crippled by little homesteads of land and lacking water. With complete agrarian strategies and sources of information, the Green revolution would have its most focused application on huge ranches where the Inequalities have additionally Increased. Poor people and the lower class of farmers have been progressively driven into the position of the landless worker, an uncommon increment in a more elevated level of the lease with land esteem taking off. Due to the extreme utilization of compost, the soil began to become soluble or acidic, relying on the idea of the manure utilized.

5. Where can I get study notes on the Green Revolution essay?

Essay writing is important and it is also necessary to be able to practice some of the important questions and sample essays. The online portal, Vedantu.com offers important questions along with answers and other very helpful study material on essays of The Green Revolution, which have been formulated in a well structured, well researched, and easy to understand manner. These study materials and solutions are all important and are very easily accessible from Vedantu.com and can be downloaded for free.

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Green Revolution Essay for Students in English

January 17, 2022 by Sandeep

Essay on Green Revolution: The beginning of the 1960’s witnessed enormous growth in food production in India, particularly in northern regions like Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. New varieties of high-yielding crops increased with innovation in technology, better seeds, irrigation practices, and farm pesticides. A massive record of 131 million tons output was gained during this period, referred to as the Green Revolution. Mrs. Indira Gandhi’s consistent efforts and the Indian National Congress Party-led to this revolution.

Green Revolution Essay

“Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world.” – Norman Borlaug

The Green Revolution took place in the 1950’s and 1960’s. It was extremely popular in developing countries, including India. It is said to be founded by the administrator, M. S. Swaminathan. The Green Revolution changed the way agriculture was carried out and practised. It made farming an industry. There was the introduction of High Yielding Variety seeds, irrigation facilities, tractors, fertilizers and other forms of mechanization.

The areas that benefited the most and produced the highest agricultural crop of rice and wheat in India included Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. Because of the green revolution, the country had an abundant amount of food grains and did not have to depend on imports from other countries anymore.

Essential Components of the Green Revolution

High Yielding Variety (HYV) seeds were considered the single most prominent contribution of the green revolution. These seeds were highly responsive to chemical fertilizers and grew at the double speed. Their leaves were much more expansive, thus enhancing the process of photosynthesis. They could resist wind damage, and the maturing cycle for the crops was significantly shortened.

Because of the irregular and unseasonal rainfall nature in India, a system of proper irrigation became very vital for farmers. The importance of groundwater rather than surface water was emphasized. Groundwater was made available at all times to a farmer by the use of a pump or a tube well. Other significant contributions to the green revolution include insecticides and pesticides, rural electrification, agricultural universities, etc.

Impact of the Green Revolution

Due to the green revolution, India doubled its crop production. Wheat was the only crop that tripled in its production. The green revolution is also regarded as grain revolution and wheat revolution in India. Because of such mass production, farmers could reap the profits of commercialization, and they became prosperous with increased earnings. India became self-sufficient in food grains and not only had it stopped importing, but it had also become eligible for export.

Even after the population increased, the country’s per capita net availability remained appropriate. Due to farming at such a large scale with various specialised inputs, new industries could flourish. Newer industries and factories were set up to meet the increasing demand for insecticides, weedicides, chemical fertilizers, etc. There was a fear in people that the jobs of labour would be cut due to the shift to mechanization, but instead, the green revolution made it possible for more than 15 lakh Indians to get job opportunities because of the multiple cropping patterns.

The green revolution made it possible to keep the economy’s food prices low. The demand and supply phenomenon generally controls prices for a particular good in a nation. Because the stock with the help of HYV seeds was always so high, there was abundant food available for everyone, so prices remained low.

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The Green Revolution and Its Benefits in India

Categories: Green Revolution India

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Clean India Green India Essay

100 Words Essay On Clean India Green India

Clean India and Green India are national programmes aimed at improving the country. In 2014, a campaign called "Clean India" was started—Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan or the Clean India Movement were the other names for this campaign. The programme was launched by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi by cleaning the streets. With numerous people taking part, this campaign was the biggest one ever. Garbage poses a serious danger to a country's growth and it is also a major threat to success in the modern economy. Industrialization and commercialization have only served to aggravate this issue. Therefore, as responsible citizens of this country, it is our responsibility and duty to do everything to keep our environment clean and green.

200 Words Essay On Clean India Green India

500 words essay on clean india green india.

Our carbon footprint has significantly grown since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide and other exhaust gases from cars and factories. Ironically, life depends on the greenhouse effect, which is a natural occurrence. If this phenomena didn't exist, the earth would swiftly lose heat and freeze. However, if substantial amounts of these gases continue to exist, the greenhouse effect will be amplified.

This may lead to an increase in global average temperatures and the melting of the polar ice caps. As a result, both individuals and the ecosystem suffer from this. The ecology may become unbalanced and endangered animals may go extinct. It can also have negative effects on the climate, often leading to loss of life and property destruction.

It is our duty to keep our surroundings clean, especially any public areas like parks, tourist attractions and restrooms. We should refrain from dumping trash everywhere, whether on the ground or in public spaces. Dustbins should be used in their place to maintain such areas clean. The ideal method to develop this habit is to launch a cleaning campaign in our home, kitchen, living space, and community. It is imperative that we preserve the natural splendour and purity of our surroundings before it is too late.

Clean India Green India is a nationwide effort launched by the Indian government. Mahatma Gandhi, father of the nation, also had a vision for a clean India. People are what make up a nation. Therefore, it is essential to alter public perceptions of the fight against sanitation. Change ought to be implemented logically. Budgets and programmes that prioritise Panchayats and rural communities' sanitation needs should be sufficient. Every Indian citizen should have the vision of a Clean India, Green India. The mission is the ideal development movement for India since it promotes sustainable growth in the nation.

Benefits Of Clean India Green India Campaign

We are less prone to get sick if we maintain ourselves and our surroundings clean. The unclean atmosphere around us promotes diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and others. We must maintain a clean, healthy atmosphere if we want to reduce our risks of becoming ill.

Cleanliness is beneficial to the mind—stress and despair are decreased. It keeps us energised and inspired.

The campaign has lessened open defecation by building individual, group, and public restrooms.

There has been a transform from the unsanitary restrooms into flush restrooms.

A promotion of healthy sanitation habits through behavioural changes and connecting people to sanitation and public health programmes has taken place.

People are now utilising solid waste disposal, reuse, and recycling techniques.

What We Can Do

So, the following are some methods that we use to go green and go clean—

Plastic is one of the main causes of environmental degradation, so it is crucial that we stop using it and replace it with materials based on wood in our houses. To lessen the impact of plastic on the environment, we must also use jute or paper bags rather than plastic ones.

We can always recycle and reuse objects to cut down on waste and pollution in the environment. For example, worn-out and discarded items can be utilised as décor and other things in homes and workplaces.

We can help save trees by printing on both sides of the page, utilising hand dryers in place of paper towels, and using reusable goods instead of toilet paper and throwaway towels. Additionally, we need to grow trees and other plants around our homes to maximise the amount of greenery there is.

We must utilise dustbins effectively if we are to achieve cleanliness. We should dispose of our trash in dustbins rather than on the roads and streets.

Awareness-raising campaigns must be performed in order to achieve community cleanliness and greenery. We must inform the public of the advantages of cleanliness and nature.

Since the Swachh Bharat Mission was established, many Indians have given cleanliness considerable consideration. People started doing daily cleanups of their surroundings and proper rubbish disposal. Additionally, Green India addresses the issue of climate change. The government wants to minimise greenhouse gases, which are the cause of climate change and global warming, by encouraging the growth of trees. In addition, the Indian government changed its energy and economic policies to be more environmentally friendly.

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The Positive and Negative Impacts of the Green Revolution in India | PWOnlyIAS 2023

This article is based on a news “ MS Swaminathan’s farsightedness for Punjab: Discouraged free power to tackle groundwater crisis, wanted ‘evergreen revolution’ without harming ecology ”which was published in the Indian Express. MS Swaminathan , the Father of the Green Revolution in India , who transformed India’s image from a begging bowl to a bread basket passed away recently.

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An Introduction to the Green Revolution in India:

During the 1960s , when the country was on the brink of a mass famine and faced severe food shortage s, Swaminathan collaborated with fellow scientist Norman Borlaug and others to develop high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice.

His efforts helped the country to double the total crop yield of wheat from 12 million tons to 23 million tons in four crop seasons and ended our dependence on grain imports.

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What are the achievements of the Green Revolution in India?

India has achieved self-reliance in the production of food grains in the last several decades and is inching towards self-reliance in pulse production.
Today, India is the world’s largest sugar-producin g country and holds the second position in rice production only after China. India is also the second largest producer of wheat with a share of around 14.14 percent of the world’s total production in 2020.
As per the 4th Advance Estimates , the production of food grains in the country is estimated at 315.72 million tonnes which is higher by 4.98 million tonnes than the production of food grains during 2020-21.
Though the green revolution in India helped the country move out of a ship-to-mouth situation, since the mid-1980s, its second-generation environmental impact and the intensive farming it promoted started showing its impact.

What are the positive Impacts of the Green Revolution in India?

Increase in net area under cultivation
Growing two or more crops in a year on the same piece of land
Use of HYV seeds
Since farmers and agricultural labour comprise a sizeable proportion of the rural population, a rise in their income is due to agricultural development.
The per capita income of Punjab stands at Rs.1,73,873 in 2022-23 (Advance Estimates) which is higher than Rs. 1,70,620 at National level.
Rural Expansion of demand for farm inputs, repairs & maintenance of farm tools and machines, transportation and marketing services, agro-processing, etc.
Reduction in poverty : Due to increased income for farmers and agricultural labor.
Bullock capitalism : Emergence of a new class of wealthy farmers and their subsequent impact on economic and agricultural policy evident post-Green Revolution especially Green Revolution belt.

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What are the Negative Impacts Of the Green Revolution in India?

Decline in Soil fertility: Due to the overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, making it less fertile and more susceptible to erosion. For example there had been a decline of 16 percent in the production of wheat and 17 percent in per acre wheat with increasing use of chemical fertilizers in Punjab.
Depletion of groundwater resources: It led to a significant increase in water consumption for irrigation, which has depleted groundwater resources in many areas. Punjab has 76% groundwater blocks which are overexploited, Rajasthan has 72% and Haryana has 61%. (Ground Water Resources Assessment for 2022).
Biodiversity and ecosystem: The Green Revolution’s focus on a few high-yielding varieties of crops ( Especially Monocroping of wheat and rice ) has reduced biodiversity and made agricultural ecosystems more vulnerable to pests and diseases.
Debt trap: The high cost of inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides has led many farmers to fall into debt. According to the 2019 National Sample Survey, more than 50% of India’s farmers are debt-ridden and often seek alternatives outside of agriculture, or tragically, end their own lives.
High production costs : The Green Revolution in India has made agriculture more capital-intensive, increasing the production costs for farmers.
Regional disparities: The benefits of the Green Revolution have been unevenly distributed, with some regions benefiting more than others ( benefits concentrated in Punjab, Haryana and Western UP regions).
Big farmers: Small and marginal farmers have been disproportionately affected by the Green Revolution, as they have not been able to compete with large farmers who have access to more resources.
Health: The overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has led to health problems for farmers and consumers. For example, exposure to pesticides has been linked to cancer and other diseases. For example: The Malwa region in Punjab is known as the Cancer Belt with 14,682 of the 33,318 deaths.
Farmers’ suicide: The debt burden and other challenges faced by farmers have led to a high rate of suicide in many areas. A written reply in Parliament revealed that a total of 1,056 farmers committed suicide over the past five years (2017-21) in Punjab.
Drug abuse in Punjab: The Green Revolution in India led to a problem of drug abuse in Punjab, as many farmers turned to drugs to cope with the stress and challenges of modern agriculture.

Post challenges of Green Revolution in India: Shrinking Land holdings : At present, the per capita available land is only about 0.10 hectares. This is much below the world average of about 4.50 hectares. Over 75% of the landholding are less than one hectare.

Water Scarcity: It shows that India has much lower levels of water per capita than Brazil, one of the world’s leading agricultural countries. India uses a little over 90 percent of water resources for cultivation.
A survey by the government showed that less than 6%, or over nine crore agricultural households, are the direct beneficiaries. Further, only 19% of farmer families sold paddy under MSP, whereas only 9.7% of wheat farmers benefited from MSP.
In the absence of the adoption of adaptation measures, rainfed rice yields in India are projected to reduce by 20% in 2050 and 47% in 2080 scenarios while irrigated rice yields are projected to reduce by 3.5% in 2050 and 5% in 2080 scenarios.

ALSO READ: POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

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Way Forward

Need for Evergreen Revolution in India: According to most estimates, farming is no longer remunerative and over 40 percent of farmers would like to quit if they have an option. The evergreen revolution is based on an appropriate blend of different approaches to sustainable agriculture such as organic farming, green agriculture, eco-agriculture and agriculture based on effective micro-organisms.
Green Revolution in India 2.0 : We need to improve productivity in dry-farming areas, which can grow pulses, oilseeds and other high-value crops that require less water, but many of which we continue to import.
Natural Farming: Agroecological practices like Natural Farming are a cost-effective and ecologically compatible alternative that can help achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. They can reduce input costs, improve income and financial stability, alleviate poverty, promote gender equality, and ensure sustainable production and consumption patterns.
Cooperative Farming: It was, therefore, necessary to make cost-effective usage of new technology on small and marginal-size holdings through some institution-building measures like the formation of group farming.
However, the adoption of gene technology in Indian agriculture is subject to debate and discussion, as its positive and negative effects on plants, animals and human lives have not yet been fully examined.

C onclusion

Green Revolution in India, spearheaded by visionaries like MS Swaminathan, brought about unprecedented increases in agricultural productivity and self-sufficiency, its legacy reveals a nuanced tapestry of successes and challenges. However, the green revolution technology, in spite of its severe criticism on the issues related to equity, ecology and environment, thus made a remarkable contribution in transforming the Indian economy from its notorious ship-to-mouth food-deficit status to that of not only a food-self-sufficient country but even a food-surplus country.

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Essay on Green Revolution in India

In this essay we will discuss about Green Revolution in India. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Subject Matter of Green Revolution 2. Important Features of Green Revolution 3. Arguments in Favour 4. Impact 5. Achievements 6. Weaknesses.

Contents Green Revolution in India :

Essay on the Weaknesses of Green Revolution

Essay # 1. Subject Matter of Green Revolution:

The new agricultural strategy was adopted in India during the Third Plan, i.e., during 1960s. As suggested by the team of experts of the Ford Foundation in its report “India’s Crisis of Food and Steps to Meet it” in 1959 the Government decided to shift the strategy followed in agricultural sector of the country.

Thus, the traditional agricultural practices followed in India are gradually being replaced by modern technology and agricultural practices.

This report of Ford Foundation suggested to introduce intensive effort for raising agricultural production and productivity in selected regions of the country through the introduction of modern inputs like fertilisers, credit, marketing facilities etc.

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Accordingly, in 1960, from seven states seven districts were selected and the Government introduced a pilot project known as Intensive Area Development Programme (IADP) into those seven districts.

Later on, this programme was extended to remaining states and one district from each state was selected for intensive development. Accordingly, in 1965, 144 districts (out of 325) were selected for intensive cultivation and the programme was renamed as Intensive Agricultural Areas Programme (IAAP).

During the period of mid-1960s, Prof. Norman Borlaug of Mexico developed new high yielding varieties of wheat and accordingly various countries started to apply this new variety with much promise. Similarly, in the kharif season in 1966, India adopted High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP) for the first time.

This programme was adopted as a package programme as the very success of this programme depends upon adequate irrigation facilities, application of fertilizers, high yielding varieties of seeds, pesticides, insecticides etc. In this way a new technology was gradually adopted in Indian agriculture. This new strategy is also popularly known as modern agricultural technology or green revolution.

In the initial stage, HYVP alongwith IAAP was implemented in 1.89 million hectares of area. Gradually the coverage of the programme was enlarged and in 1995-96, total area covered by this HYVP programme was estimated 75.0 million hectares which accounted to early 43 per cent of the total net sown area of the country.

As the new HYV seeds require shorter duration to grow thus it paved way for the introduction of multiple cropping, i.e., to have two or even three crops throughout the year.

Farmers producing wheat in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Delhi started to demand heavily new Mexican varieties of seeds like Lerma Rojo, Sonara-64, Kalyan and P.V.-18. But in case of production of rice, although new HYV varieties of seeds like T.N.-l, ADT-17, Tinen-3 and IR-8 were applied but the result was not very much encouraging. Some degree of success was only achieved in respect of IR-8.

Essay # 2. Important Features of Green Revolution:

Following are some of important features of Green Revolution:

(i) Revolutionary:

The Green revolution is considered as revolutionary in character as it is based as new technology, new ideas, new application of inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation water, pesticides etc. As all these were brought suddenly and spread quickly to attain dramatic results thus it is termed as revolution in green agriculture.

(ii) HYV Seeds:

The most important strategy followed in green revolution is the application of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds. Most of these HYV seeds are of dwarf variety (shorter stature) and matures in a shorter period of time and can be useful where sufficient and assured water supply is available. Thus seeds also require four to ten times more of fertilizers than that of traditional variety.

(iii) Confined to Wheat Revolution:

Presently 90 per cent of land engaged in wheat cultivation is benefitted from this new agricultural strategy. Most of the HYV seeds are related to wheat crop and major portion of chemical fertilizer are also used in wheat cultivation. Therefore, green revolution can be largely considered as wheat revolution.

(iv) Narrow Spread:

The area covered through green revolution was initially very narrow as it was very much confined to Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh only. It is only in recent years that coverage of green revolution is gradually being extended to other states like West Bengal, Assam, Kerala and other southern states.

Essay # 3. Arguments in Favour of Green Revolution in India:

Introduction of new agricultural strategy in India has certain arguments in its favour.

These are as follows:

Firstly, India being a vast agricultural country the adoption of intensive approach is the only way to make a breakthrough in the agricultural sector within the shortest possible time.

Secondly, considering the food crisis faced by the country during 1960s it was quite necessary to adopt this new strategy for meeting the growing requirement of food in our country.

Thirdly, as the introduction of HYVP programme has been able to raise the agricultural productivity significantly, thus this new agricultural strategy is economically justified.

Fourthly, as the agricultural inputs required for the adoption of new strategy is scarce thus it would be quite beneficial to adopt this strategy in a selective way only on some promising areas so as to reap maximum benefit from intensive cultivation.

Fifthly, adoption of new strategy has its spread effect. Reaping a good yield through HYVP would induce the other farmers to adopt this new technique. Thus due to its spread effect the overall productivity of Indian agriculture would rise.

Lastly, increased agricultural productivity through the adoption of new strategy will have its secondary and tertiary effects. As the increased production of food through HYVP would reduce food imports and thus release scarce foreign exchange for other purposes. Moreover, increased production of commercial crops would also lead to expansion of agro-based industries in the country, especially in the rural areas.

Essay # 4. Impact of Green Revolution:

Introduction of new agricultural strategy or green revolution has created huge impact on the economy of the country.

These are discussed below:

(i) Increase in Agricultural Production:

Due to the adoption of new agricultural strategy the volume of agricultural production and productivity has recorded manifold increase. The production of wheat, rice, maize and potatoes has increased substantially. Total production of foodgrains in India increased from 81.0 million tonnes (annual average) during the Third Plan to 264.8 million tonnes in 2013-2014.

This has become possible due to the introduction of Special Foodgrains Production Programme (SFPP) and the Special Rice Production Programme (SRPP).

(ii) Increasing Employment Opportunities:

The introduction of new agricultural strategy has led to considerable expansion of agricultural employment. Due to the introduction of multiple cropping, job opportunities in the rural areas has also expanded as the demand for hired workers required for farm activities increased simultaneously.

(iii) Strengthening the Forward and Backward Linkages:

Although traditional linkages between agriculture and industry were existing since a long back, but green revolution has strengthened the linkages. Strong forward linkage of agriculture with industry was noticed even in the traditional agriculture as agriculture supplied various inputs to industries.

But the backward linkage of agriculture to industry, i.e., in the form of agriculture using finished products of industry, was very weak. But introduction of modern technology to agriculture has raised a huge demand for agricultural inputs now produced and supplied by industries.

Thus, modernisation of agriculture and development of agro-based industries has strengthened both forward and the backward linkages between agriculture and the industry.

(iv) Increase in Regional Disparities:

Introduction of new technology in agriculture has widened the regional disparities as only some regions well endowed with resources and irrigation potential have benefitted most from the introduction of modern technology.

The coverage of green revolution has been raised from a mere 1.89 million hectares in 1966-67 to only 71.3 million hectares in 1994-95 which accounts to nearly 42 per cent of gross cropped area of the country.

Moreover, as the green revolution was very much restricted to production of wheat thus the benefits were very much restricted to 20.4 million hectares of area engaged in wheat production (only 12 per cent of gross cropped area). Moreover, only those areas having irrigation facilities and package of other inputs could achieve success in HYVP of wheat.

Thus, accordingly the regions of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh derived the benefits of new agricultural strategy. But the agriculture of the remaining more than 80 per cent of the cropped area of the country is still depending on vagaries of the monsoons in the absence of irrigation facilities.

Accordingly the combined share of Northern States (Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh) in respect of total production of foodgrains has increased from 29.5 per cent during 1970-71 to 1972-73 to 37.1 per cent during the period 1986-87 to 1988-89. Again the Western States of Gujarat and Maharashtra registered only a marginal increase from 7.9 per cent to 8.6 per cent during the same period.

But the combined share of Eastern States and Southern States has declined from 22.3 per cent to 19.8 per cent and 20.3 per cent to 17.2 per cent respectively. This shows how the introduction of new agricultural strategy into some restricted areas has widened the regional disparity in respect of agricultural production and productivity of the country.

(v) Inter-Personal Inequalities:

Green revolution has created some impact on inter-personal inequalities. But economists; are divided on this issue. Some micro level studies reveal that inter-personal inequalities have enlarged but some other studies show that the degree of inter-personal inequalities have either narrowed down or remained neutral.

The studies conducted by Francine R. Frankel, G.R. Saini and Pranab Bardhan revealed that the large farmers are benefitted most from the green revolution but other studies made by J.R. Westley, Usha Nagpal and George Blyn showed that the inequalities have narrowed down as small farmers are also benefitted considerably from green revolution.

(vi) No response from Small and Marginal Farmers:

Small and marginal farmers in India could not be able to adopt new strategy due to their poor financial condition and poor creditworthiness. Majority of rural household having small size of land or no land has derived negligible benefit from this new technology.

(vii) Market Oriented:

Introduction of new technology in agriculture has transformed the farmers market oriented. Indian farmers are mostly depending on market for getting their inputs as well as for selling their output. Moreover, farmers are also depending much on institutional credit available in the market to meet cost of adoption of new technology.

(viii) Change in Attitudes:

Green revolution has contributed favourably to change the attitudes of farmers in India. Agricultural operation has enhanced its status from subsistence activity to commercial farming due to the adoption of new strategy.

Wolf Ladejinsky observed that, “Where the ingredients for new technology are available, no farmer denies their effectiveness. The desire for better farming methods and a better standard of living is growing not only among relatively small number of the affluent using the new technology, but also among countless farmers still from the outside looking in”.

The evidence of qualitative changes in attitudes can be observed from the short and long term investment decision of the farmers, i.e., increasing application of current inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizer, pesticides etc. and their investment in tube-wells, pump sets for irrigation.

Thus, during the period from 1966-67 to 1989-90, the area under HYVP has increased from 1.89 million hectares to 63.9 million hectares, consumption of fertilizer also increased from 2.9 lakh tonnes to 126 lakh tonnes, the number of irrigation pump sets with electrically operated tubewells increased from 13 per lakh hectares of gross cropped area to 3995 in 1988. Thus, Khusro has rightly mentioned, “no one could see such remarkable figures of annual percentage increase in inputs, and yet to surmise that a structural change had not occurred.”

(ix) Unwanted Social Consequences:

Green revolution has also raised certain unwanted social consequences. Various socio-economic studies have confirmed these consequences. Green revolution paves the way for transforming a large number of tenants and share-croppers into agricultural labourers due to large-scale eviction of tenants by large farmers as they find large-scale farming is highly profitable.

Thus G. Parthasarathy in his presidential address delivered at 46th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Agricultural Economics 1986, observed that “The polarisation process that accentuates the rural class difference has been further intensified by the green revolution.”

Moreover, increased mechanisation of farm has resulted huge number of accidents which maimed more than 10,000 farm labourers in India till 1985. Again the increasing application of poisonous pesticides, without realising its health hazards has added a serious health problem.

The International Development Research Centre, Ottawa has reported about 7.5 lakh cases of acute poisoning with different types of pesticides. But surprisingly no provision for workmen compensation has yet been made in India.

In the end, it can be observed that inspite of increase in the production of foodgrains, the country is facing a difficult situation. While the population of the country has crossed 1.2 billion mark by 2011, the demand for foodgrains will also rise to 270 million tonnes.

As the production has reached 264.8 million tonnes in 2013-14 thus the country will have to raise the production of foodgrains by 6 million tonnes within next two years.

This is no doubt an uphill task. At this moment what is required is the development of a low- cost technology for agriculture which can be easily adopted by small farmers due to its cost efficiency. Thus to meet the requirement of foodgrains, the coverage of green revolution should be extended by any means.

Essay # 5. Achievements of Green Revolution:

Let us now turn our analysis towards the achievement of new agricultural strategy adopted in India. The most important achievement of new strategy is the substantial increase in the production of major cereals like rice and wheat. Table 7.9 shows increase in the production of food crops since 1960-61.

Table 7.9 reveals that the production of rice has increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 54 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 106.5 million tonnes in 2013-14, showing a major breakthrough in its production. The yield per hectare has also improved from 1013 kgs in 1960 to 1,101 kg in 2013-2014.

Again the production of wheat has also increased significantly from 11 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 36 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 95.9 million tonnes in 2013-2014. During this period, the yield per hectare also increased from 850 kgs to 3,075 kgs per hectare which shows that the yield rate has increased by 369 per cent during last six decades. All these improvements resulted from the adoption of new agricultural strategy in the production of wheat and rice.

Total production of foodgrains in India has been facing wide fluctuations due to vagaries of monsoons. Inspite of these fluctuations, total production of foodgrains rose from 82 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 130 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 213.5 million tonnes in 2003-04 and then increased to 264.8 million tonnes in 2013-14.

The new agricultural strategy was very much restricted to the production of foodgrains, mostly wheat and rice. Thus, the commercial crops like sugarcane, cotton, jute, oilseeds could not achieve a significant increase in its production. This can be seen from Table 7.10.

Table 7.10 reveals that the production of sugarcane and other cash crops recorded some increase during last five decades but this increase cannot be termed a significant one. Thus, the green revolution was very much confined to mainly wheat production and its achievements in respect of other food crops and cash crops were not at all significant.

Essay # 6. Weaknesses of Green Revolution:

Following are some of basic weaknesses of new agricultural strategy:

(a) Adoption of new agricultural strategy through IADP and HYVP led to the growth of capitalist farming in Indian agriculture as the adoption of these programmes were very much restricted among the big farmers, necessitating a heavy amount of investment.

(b) The new agricultural strategy failed to recognise the need for institutional reforms in Indian agriculture.

(d) New agricultural strategy alongwith increased mechanisation of agriculture created a problem of labour displacement.

(e) Green revolution widened the inter-regional disparities in farm production and income.

(f) Green revolution has led to some undesirable social consequences arising from incapacitation due to accidents and acute poisoning from the use of pesticides.

Achievements of New Green Revolution in India
Green Revolution: Effects and Limitations of the Green Revolution
Main Defects Found in Green Revolution
Effects of Green Revolution (GR) on Indian Economy

Green Revolution and social change

Relevance: Sociology: Rural and Agrarian transformation in India: Green revolution and social change

Of all the developmental programmes introduced during the post-independence period the green revolution is considered to have been the most successful. The green revolution led to a substantial increase in agricultural output to the extent that it almost solved India’s food problem.

It also produced significant social and political changes in the Indian village and did bring about an agricultural revolution. In purely economic terms the agricultural sector experienced growth at the rate of 3 to 5 % per annum which was many times more than what the rate of growth had been during the colonial period (less than 1%).

The green revolution conceptualized agrarian change in purely technological terms and was based on the trickle down theory of economic growth. The expression green revolution carried the conviction that agriculture was being peacefully transformed through the quiet working of science and technology, reaping the economic gains of modernization while avoiding the social costs of mass upheaval and disorder usually associated with rapid change.

The term green revolution had been first used during the late 1960s to refer to the effects of the introduction of higher yielding variety HYV seeds of wheat and rice in developing countries.

The new varieties of seeds required fertility enhancing inputs like chemical fertilizers, controlled irrigation conditions and plant -protecting chemicals. The other components were providing cheap institutional credit, price incentives and marketing facilities.

In order to back up the application of new technology on local farms a large number of agricultural universities were also opened in the regions selected for the new programme.

It was under the direct supervision of the Ford Foundation that the Intensive Agricultural Development Programme was started in 1961.

Initially the IADP operated in 14 districts on an experimental basis it was later extended to 114 districts under the name of the Intensive Agriculture Areas Programme in 1965.

Its advocates argued that the new technology was scale neutral and could be used with as much benefit by small as well as big landowners.

However in the actual implementation small holdings were not found to be viable units for technological change. Participating in the green revolution did not mean the same thing to smaller farmers as it did to bigger farmers.

While bigger farmers had enough surplus of their own to invest in the new capital-intensive farming for smaller landowners it meant additional dependence on borrowing generally from informal sources.

Although theoretically the new technology was scale neutral it was certainly not resource neutral. The new technology also compelled widespread involvement with the market.

Cultivators in post-green revolution agriculture had to buy all farm inputs from the market for which they often had to take credit from traders or institutional sources. In order to clear the debts they had no choice but to sell the farm yield in the market even when they needed to keep it for their own consumption.

They sold their farm yield immediately after harvesting when prices were relatively low and bought later in the year for consumption when prices were higher.

Thus although the small farmers took to the new technologies the fact that their resources were limited meant that these technologies ushered in a new set of dependencies.

On the other hand it has strengthened the economic and political position of rich farmers. One of the manifestations of the growing market orientation of agrarian production was the emergence of a totally new kind of mobilization of surplus producing farmers who demanded a better deal for the agricultural sector.

These new farmers’ movements emerged almost simultaneously in virtually all the green revolution regions. These movements gained momentum during the decade of the 1980s.

These movements were led by substantial landowners who had benefited most from the developmental programmes and belonged to the numerically large middle -level caste groups whom Srinivas had called the dominant castes.

The members of this new social class not only emerged as a dominant group at village level but they also came to dominate regional /state-level politics in most parts of India.

They had an accumulated surplus that they sought to invest in ever more profitable enterprises. Some of them diversified into other economic activities or migrated to urban areas or entered agricultural trade. Culturally also this new class differed significantly from both the classical peasants and old landlords.

The changes produced by the green revolution also generated an interesting debate among Marxist scholars on the question of defining the prevailing mode of production in Indian agriculture.

The most contentious revolved around whether capitalism had become dominant in Indian agriculture or was still characterized by the semi-feudal mode of production.

Another set of scholars on the basis of their own empirical studies mostly from eastern India asserted that Indian agriculture was still dominated by a semi-feudal mode of production. According to this school landlords cum moneylenders continued to dominate the process of agricultural production.

Peasants and labourers were tied to them through the mechanism of debt that led to forced commercialization of labour and agricultural yield. This produced a self-perpetuating stagnant and exploitative agrarian structure that could be described as semi-feudal. The internal logic of this system worked against any possibility of agricultural growth or the development of capitalism in Indian agriculture.

However towards the end of the debate there seems to have emerged a consensus that though it may have its local specificities and considerable regional variations, the capitalist mode of production was on its way to dominating the agrarian economy of India and that regions which had experienced the green revolution.

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New agricultural strategy— green revolution in india.

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Let us make in-depth study of the introduction, important features, arguments in favour, achievements and weaknesses of the New Agricultural Strategy-Green Revolution in India.

Introduction of New Agricultural Strategy :

Thus, the traditional agricultural practices followed in India are gradually being replaced by modern technology and agricultural practices. This report afford Foundation suggested to introduce intensive effort for raising agricultural production and productivity in selected regions of the country through the introduction of modern inputs like fertilizers, credit, marketing facilities etc.

Accordingly, in 1960, from seven states seven districts were selected and the Government introduced a pilot project known as Intensive Area Development Programme (IADP) into those seven districts. Later on, this programme was extended to remaining states and one district from each state was selected for intensive development.

Accordingly, in 1965, 144 districts (out of 325) were selected for intensive cultivation and the programme was renamed as Intensive Agricultural Areas Programme (IAAP).

In the initial stage, HYVP alongwith IAAP was implemented in 1.89 million hectares of area. Gradually the coverage of the programme was enlarged and in 1995-96, total area covered by this HYVP programme was estimated 75.0 million hectares which accounted to nearly 43 per cent of the total net sown area of the country.

As the new HYV seeds require shorter duration to grow thus it paved way for the introduction of multiple cropping, i.e., to have two or even three crops throughout the year. Farmers producing wheat in Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Delhi started to demand heavily new Mexican varieties of seeds like Lerma Rojo, Sonara-64, Kalyan and PV.-18.

But in case of production of rice, although new HYV varieties of seeds like TN.-l, ADT-17, Tinen-3 and IR-8 were applied but the result was not very much encouraging. Some degree of success was only achieved in respect of IR-8.

Important Features of Green Revolution :

The following are some of the important features of Green Revolution:

1. Revolutionary:

The Green revolution is considered as revolutionary in character as it is based on new technology, new ideas, new application of inputs like HYV seeds, fertilisers, irrigation water, pesticides etc. As all these were brought suddenly and spread quickly to attain dramatic results thus it is termed as revolution in green agriculture.

2. HYV Seeds:

The most important strategy followed in green revolution is the application of high yielding variety (HYV) seeds. Most of these HYV seeds are or dwarf variety (shorter stature) and matures in a shorter period of time and can be useful where sufficient and assured water supply is available. These seeds also require four to ten time more of fertilisers than that of traditional variety.

3. Confined to Wheat Revolution:

Green revolution has been largely confined to Wheat crop neglecting the other crops. Green revolution was first introduced to wheat cultivation in those areas where sample quantity of water was available throughout the year through irrigation. Presently 90 per cent of land engaged in wheat cultivation is benefitted from this new agricultural strategy.

Most of the HYV seeds are related to wheat crop and major portion of chemical fertiliser are also used in wheat cultivation. Therefore, green revolution can be largely considered as wheat revolution.

4. Narrow Spread:

Arguments in Favour of New Strategy in India :

The introduction of new agricultural strategy in India has certain arguments in its favour. These are as follows:

Firstly, India being a vast agricultural country the adoption of intensive approach is the only way to make a breakthrough in the agricultural sector within the shortest possible time.

Secondly, considering the food crisis faced by the country during 1960s it was quite necessary to adopt this new strategy for meeting the growing requirement of food in our country.

Thirdly, as the introduction of HYVP programme has been able to raise the agricultural productivity significantly, thus this new agricultural strategy is economically justified.

Moreover, increased production of commercial crops would also lead to expansion of agro-based industries in the country, especially in the rural areas.

Achievements of the New Agricultural Strategy :

Let us now turn our analysis towards the achievement of new agricultural strategy adopted in India. The most important achievement of new strategy is the substantial increase in the production of major cereals like rice and wheat. Table 3.3 shows increase in the production of food crops since 1960-61.

The Table 3.3 reveals that the production of rice has increased from 35 million tonnes in 1960- 61 to 54 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 99.2 million tonnes in 2008-2009, showing a major break-through in its production. The yield per hectare has also improved from 1013 kgs in 1960 to 2,186 kg in 2008-09.

Again the production of wheat has also increased significantly from 11 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 36 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 80.6 million tonnes in 2008-09. During this period, the yield per hectare also increased from 850 kgs to 2,891 kgs per hectare which shows that the yield rate has increased by 240 per cent during the last five decades. All these improvements resulted from the adoption of new agricultural strategy in the production of wheat and rice.

Total production of food grains in India has been facing wide fluctuations due to vagaries of monsoons. Inspite of these fluctuations, total production of food grains rose from 82 million tonnes in 1960-61 to 130 million tonnes in 1980-81 and then to 213.5 million tonnes in 2003-04 and then increased to 233.9 million tonnes in 2008-09.

The new agricultural strategy was very much restricted to the production of food-grains mostly wheat and rice. Thus, the commercial crops like sugarcane, cotton, jute, oilseeds could not achieve a significant increase in its production. This can be seen from the Table 3.4.

The Table 3.4 reveals that the production of sugarcane and other cash crops recorded some increase during the last four decades but this increase cannot be termed a significant one. Thus, the green revolution was very much confined to mainly wheat production and its achievements in respect of other food crops and cash crops were not at all significant.

Weaknesses of the New Strategy:

The following are some of the basic weaknesses of new agricultural strategy:

(b) The new agricultural strategy failed to recognise the need for institutional reforms in Indian agriculture.

(d) New agricultural strategy along-with increased mechanization of agriculture has created a problem of labour displacement.

(e) Green revolution widened the inter-regional disparities in farm production and income.

(f) Green revolution has certain undesirable social consequences arising from incapacitation due to accidents and acute poisoning from the use of pesticides.

Second Green Revolution in India :

Considering the limitations of first green revolution in India, the Government of India is now planning to introduce “Second Green Revolution” in the country with the objective of attaining food and nutritional security of the people while at the same time augmenting farm incomes and employment through this new approach.

This new approach would include introduction of “New Deal” to reverse decline in farm investment through increased funds for agricultural research, irrigation and wasteland development.

Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh while inaugurating the New Delhi office of International Food Policy Research Institute observed that, “Our government will be launching a National Horticulture Mission that is aimed, in part, at stimulating the second green revolution in the range of new crops and commodities.”

The Government is of the view that with more advances in science, and technology in areas such as biotechnology coming from the private sector, it was important to ensure availability of these products to the poor farmers.

Prime Minister Mr. Singh argued, “The challenge is how to encourage this creativity, this innovativeness and at the same time to ensure that new products and new processes will be far affordable for the vast majority of farmers who live on the edges of subsistence.”

Thus under the present circumstances, it can be rightly said that new cutting edge technologies should be taken to the fields for enhancing productivity to make agriculture sector of the country globally competitive.

While addressing at a national workshop on “Enhancing Competitiveness of Indian Agriculture” on 7th April, 2005 at New Delhi, Agriculture Minister Mr. Sharad Pawar observed “There is a big challenge before us. We have to adopt new technologies and familiarise them to the farming community. With 60 per cent more arable land, India produces less than half the quantity of food grains grown by China.”

Even the Brazilian yields of black peppers, originally imported from India, are six times higher than India utilizing the same variety. This simply shows that India is lagging far behind in raising productivity of agriculture.

The Economic Survey, 2006-07 while pointing out the weaknesses of agriculture in India observed, “The Structural Weaknesses of the agriculture sector reflected in low level of public investment, exhaustion of the yield potential of new high yielding varieties of wheat and rice, unbalanced fertilizer use, low seeds replacement rate, an inadequate incentive system and post harvest value addition were manifest in the lacklustre agricultural growth during the new millennium.”

The Economic Survey, 2006-07 further observes, “The urgent need for taking agriculture to a higher trajectory of 4 per cent annual growth can be met only with improvement in the scale as well as quality of agricultural reforms undertaken by the various states and agencies at the various levels. These reforms must aim at efficient use of resources and conservation of soil, water and ecology on a sustainable basis and in a holistic framework. Such a holistic framework must incorporate financing of rural infrastructure such as water, roads and power.”

It is also true that today unfortunately the green revolution is a distant memory and its impact has also certainly ebbed. Therefore, it is essential to revisit the problems of the agricultural sector and address the cry of anguish that we hear from farmers from different directions of the country.

There is a strong argument for high agricultural investment, especially irrigation, which has large externalities even if it requires a scaling down of other subsidies and reordering the priorities.

The Approach Paper to the Eleventh Plan has rightly highlighted a holistic framework and suggests the strategy to raise agricultural output:

(a) Doubling the rate of growth of irrigated area;

(b) Improving water management, rain water harvesting and watershed development;

(d) Bridging the knowledge gap through effective extension;

(e) diversifying into high value outputs, fruits, vegetables, flowers, herbs and spices, medicinal plants, bamboo, bio-diesel, but with adequate measures to ensure food security;

(f) Promoting animal husbandry and fishery;

(g) Providing easy access to credit at affordable rates; and

(h) Refocusing on land reforms issues. National Commission on Farmers has already laid foundation for such a framework.

Outlining the above eight-point strategy for realizing second green revolution, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recently observed that there was a need to improve farm management practices to enhance productivity. This also requires improvement in soil health, water conservation, credit delivery system and application of science to animal husbandry to achieve the second green revolution.

There should also be a sharper focus on strategic research in plant technology. Moreover, Indian agriculture at present needs new investments and a new wave of entrepreneurship in order to utilize its extensive potential.

However, the formulation of programmes and their implementation in different states must be based on unique regional contexts incorporating agro-climatic conditions; and availability of appropriate research and development (R & D) which is to be backed by timely and adequate extension and finance.

Moreover, R&D has to focus on areas such as rain-fed and drought from areas; crops such as drought resistant and amenable to biotechnological applications; and also on biotechnology which has huge growth as well as exponential under the present context.

In July 2006, the government initiated the National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) with a provision of Rs. 1,125 crore (250 million dollar) for fine tuning agricultural research in the country. This six-yearly project is likely to enhance livelihood security in partnership mode with farmers’ groups, panchayati raj institutions and private sector which would go a long way in strengthening basic and strategic research in frontier agricultural research.

The project (NAIP) would have four components including one in which ICAR would be the catalysing agent for the management of change in the Indian national agricultural system. The other components of the project would be research in production and consumption systems, research on sustainable rural livelihood security and basic and strategic research in frontier areas of agricultural sciences.

The present WTO trade regime has changed rules of the game and the country needs to work hard to bring the benefits of changing made environment to the farmers so as to integrate domestic farm sector with the rest of the world. The processing of agricultural produce has wider options.

Processing can multiply the export value of farm produce and can open up vast international markets. India currently processes less than two per cent of its agricultural produce compared with 30 per cent in Brazil, 70 per cent in USA and 82 per cent in Malaysia.

Under this present move, the private-public partnership would play a major role in the success of the second Green Revolution in the country. Mr. Singh observed in this connection, “We have to promote greater public-private partnership in the days and months to come for bringing in an agrarian revolution.”

As a part of its programme, the Government of India, as per its NCMP, will play focussed attention on the overall development of horticulture in the country by launching a National Horticulture Mission. Although it was announced in the last budget (2004-05), the Union Budget, 2005-06 has allocated Rs. 630 crore for the Mission for doubling horticulture production in the country by 2011- 12.

The Mission will ensure end-to-end approach having backward and forward linkages covering research, production, post-harvest-management, processing and marketing, under one umbrella, in an integrated manner.

Planning Commission is considering undertaking a Food and Nutrition Security Programme to focus on achieving adequate nutrition levels among pregnant women and other people both in the urban and rural areas along-with National Food-for-work programme. The government is devoting as much as Rs. 40,000 crore to various social programmes including mid-day meal scheme and the Antyodaya Anna Yojana in recent years.

The Union Budget, 2010-11, in its four pronged strategy for agricultural growth has undertaken a strategy to extend green revolution to the eastern region of the country comprising Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Eastern UP, West Bengal and Orissa with the active involvement of Gram Sabhas and the farming families. The budget has also earmarked Rs. 400 crore for this initiative.

The budget has also proposed to organise 60,000 “pulses and oil seed villages” in rain-fed areas during 2010-11 and provide an integrated intervention for water harvesting, watershed management and soil health, to enhance the productivity of the dry land farming areas. The budget provided Rs. 300 crore for this purpose and this will be a integral part of Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojana.

Unfortunately, the first green revolution of India was very much dependent on micro irrigation based on underground water resources. This shows lack of farsightedness on our part. As a result, the water table at the underground level has gone down seriously which has made the minor irrigation system ineffective in most of green revolution infested stales like Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh etc.

Thus it is high time, that our country should not depend too much on underground water resources and instead the country and its people should try to follow the policy of water conservation and rain water harvesting by rejuvenating the ponds, wells and water bodies. The success of second green revolution would depend very much on this new strategy which would make it sustainable and make the green revolution really green.

Second Green Revolution and the Agreements of National Commission on Farmers :

As a Chairman of the National Commission on Farmers Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the main architect of first green revolution of India, listed five components of Agricultural renewal. These five components as suggested by the commission include—soil health enhancement; water harvesting and sustainable and more equitable use of water; getting access to affordable credit and crop insurance as well as life insurance reform; attaining development and dissemination of appropriate technologies and improved opportunities, and creating infrastructure and regulation for viable marketing of agricultural produce.

These components suggested by the commission are considered very important for proceeding towards second green revolution.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, while inaugurating the 93rd Indian Science Congress on June 3, 2006 mentioned two more important components. These include: (a) application of science and biotechnology to the improvement quality seeds and utilisation of herbal and other plants; and (b) application of science to animal husbandry for improving productivity of livestock and poultry.

While giving a call for a “Second Green Revolution”, Prime Minister Singh pointed out two main reasons why the first green revolution is out of steam.

(a) First green revolution did not benefit dry-land farming anyway; and

(b) it was also not scale-neutral and thereby only benefitted large farms and big farmers.

One more confirmation of the failure of first green revolution in improving the condition of the small and marginal farmer is available from the NSSO latest data on rural indebtedness for the period January to December, 2003 showing a rise in the level of indebtedness from 4 per cent to 27 per cent in just one year.

Taking the national figure of rural household indebtedness at Rs. 1,12,000 crore, the figure is found to be about 63 per cent of total outstanding debt of Rs. 1,77,000 crore of India.

Moreover, the average per capita monthly expenditure figure (MPCE) of farm household of Rs 503 is just higher by Rs. 135 only over the rural poverty line figure of Rs. 368 for India in 2003, which is again largely influenced by larger size farm households. This average MPCE figure is also lower the poverty line in many states like Orissa (Rs. 342), Jharkhand (Rs. 353), Chattisgarh (Rs. 379) and Bihar (Rs. 404) and it is also lower in 31 other districts already identified by the Government in the states like Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala.

Failure of our first green revolution is also noticed in respect of the failure of our agricultural scientists in developing superior crop varieties with higher yield. As a consequence, the current level of our food grains production at 210 million tonnes is comparatively much lower to that of 550 million tonnes of China whose size of population in just 300 million higher than that of India.

Besides, the Commission (NCF) report is also silent on land reforms. Although presently the land reforms strategy is sidelined in India but for modernisation of agricultural practices needs the introduction of co-operative joint farming. The Kerala experiences in this respect can be utilised in other states.

By encouraging co-operative joint farming strategy, the problems of small and fragmented holdings of 93 per cent holdings of the country can be solved which can go a long way in improving the economic condition of small and marginal farmers of the country.

While discussing on the sidelines of 97th Indian Science Congress held at thiruvanthapuram. Dr. M.S. Swaminathan has warned that the country would face a food crisis if agriculture and farmers were ignored. He observed “We are on the verge of a disaster. We will be in serious difficulty if food productivity is not increased and farming is neglected. The future belongs to nations with grains. The current food inflation is frightening. If pulses, potatoes and onions are beyond the purchasing capacity of the majority malnourishment will be a painful result.”

Dr. Swaminathan urged the government to implement the recommendations of the National Commission on Farmers. As the recommendations are aimed at ushering in the second green revolution in the country, the government should immediately act upon them to overcome the serious crisis we are facing on the food front.

The government should act upon three major recommendations—”It should change compensation laws as farmers do not have pay commissions like the sixth pay panel; attract youth to farming and amend the Women Farmers Entitlement Act to allow Women avail bank loans without their land as a collateral security.”

Thus it is observed that despite the unprecedented price rise, suicides by farmers and widening demand- supply gap, the government and political parties had failed to act seriously upon the recommendations made by the commission.

Finally, as the approach paper of the Eleventh Plan, emphasised on the promotion of ‘Inclusive Growth’ thus by adopting the reports of National Commission on Farmers, the Second Green Revolution should try to meet the problems of small and marginal farmers in a specific manner for providing income security to a large section of rural households.

While implementing the Second Green Revolution process, the small and marginal farmers could be given its importance and for treated as partners of development instead of a mere beneficiary of some government schemes or programmes.

Short Notes on the Main Features of Green Revolution in India
8 Major Economical Impact of Green Revolution in India

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