how to write a opposing viewpoints essay

• How to Cite
• Language & Lit
• Rhyme & Rhythm
• The Rewrite
• Search Glass

How to Write an Opposing Viewpoint Essay

An opposing viewpoint essay calls for a student to investigate a topic and evaluate the evidence supporting one side of an argument. This type of essay calls for extensive research of literature and, at times, empirical research through surveys and interviews. Opposing essays cover controversial topics, such as environmental policy, media violence, illegal immigration, genetic engineering, and globalization. The essay should leave no doubt about the writer's argument.

Introduction

Set the context by addressing the topic in a general manner. Include background information and explicate the debate. Review the topic and explain why it is important. Why should the reader care about the issue?

Present a concise thesis statement.

Transition into the body of the essay with a logical, clear progression. Summarize the ideas presented in the introductory section.

Body and Conclusion

Limit each paragraph in the body of the essay to one main idea. Connect the body of each paragraph to your thesis statement. Provide at least three detailed examples per paragraph that explain why the evidence supports the thesis.

Discuss opposing viewpoints of each paragraph's main idea. Explain how the opposing arguments do not align with your thesis (rather than dismissing them outright). Consider the other points of view when collecting anecdotal and statistical evidence.

Overcome objections by covering both sides of the issue. Consider arguments against your thesis. Signal refutations with transition words such as "but," "however," or "although."

Synthesize the information to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Link the last paragraph to the introduction and reiterate a key word or phrase used in the beginning. Conclude with a quotation from a primary reference, redefine a key term, or set your argument in a larger context by demonstrating how your paper falls within a larger area of concern or by posing further questions.

• Proofread carefully for grammar and spelling errors.
• Double-check your source information and documentation.

Things You'll Need

• Purdue University: Purdue Online Writing Lab: The Argumentative Essay
• Alamo Colleges: Writer and Grammar Resources: Argumentative Techniques

Nicole Newman is a Dartmouth College associate who works in Tiltfactor Laboratory, Dartmouth's premier game design center. Her research has included investigating the digital humanities through "Writing as a Dimensional Artifact" and "Evolution of the Ghetto: The Decline of America’s Inner Cities," a research initiative on urban design.

Part 2: Situation and Analysis

7 Opposing Viewpoints

Handling opposing viewpoints.

Because an argument implies differing points of view on the subject, you must be sure to acknowledge those opposing ideas. Avoiding ideas that conflict with your own gives the reader the impression that you may be uncertain, fearful, or unaware of opposing ideas. Thus it is essential that you not only address counterarguments but also do so respectfully.

Try to address opposing arguments earlier rather than later in your essay. Rhetorically speaking, ordering your positive arguments last allows you to better address ideas that conflict with your own, so you can spend the rest of the essay countering those arguments. This way, you leave your reader thinking about your argument rather than someone else’s. You have the last word.

Acknowledging points of view different from your own also has the effect of fostering more credibility between you and the audience. They know from the outset that you are aware of opposing ideas and that you are not afraid to give them space.

It is also helpful to establish the limits of your argument and what you are trying to accomplish. In effect, you are conceding early on that your argument is not the ultimate authority on a given topic. Such humility can go a long way toward earning credibility and trust with an audience. Audience members will know from the beginning that you are a reasonable writer, and audience members will trust your argument as a result. For example, in the following concessionary statement, the writer advocates for stricter gun control laws, but she admits it will not solve all of our problems with crimes:

Such a concession will be welcome by those who might disagree with this writer’s argument in the first place. To effectively persuade their readers, writers need to be modest in their goals and humble in their approach to get readers to listen to the ideas. Certain transitional words and phrases aid in keeping the reader oriented in the sequencing of a story. Some of these phrases are listed here:

Phrases of Concession

Opposing Argument Examples

As you read, look for the following:

• What is the author’s thesis?
• What key points does the author use to argue the thesis?
• How does the author use reasoning, research and/or examples to affirm his viewpoint?
• How does the author attempt to refute opposing arguments?

“The Case Against Torture,” by Alisa Soloman

In  “The Case Against Torture,” author and professor Alisa Soloman enumerate the reasons torture should never be practiced or justified in a civil society.

Click on the link to view the essay:  “The Case Against Torture” by Alisa Soloman

“The Case for Torture” by Michael Levin

In  “The Case for Torture,”  philosophy professor Michael Levin argues the circumstances under which torture may be justified in a civil society.

Click on the link to view the essay:  “The Case for Torture” by Michael Levin

Bias in Writing

Everyone has various biases on any number of topics. For example, you might have a bias toward wearing black instead of brightly colored clothes or wearing jeans rather than formal wear. You might have a bias toward working at night rather than in the morning, or working by deadlines rather than getting tasks done in advance. These examples identify minor biases, of course, but they still indicate preferences and opinions.

Handling bias in writing and in daily life can be a useful skill. It will allow you to articulate your own points of view while also defending yourself against unreasonable points of view. The ideal in persuasive writing is to let your reader know your bias, but do not let that bias blind you to the primary components of good argumentation: sound, thoughtful evidence and a respectful and reasonable address of opposing sides.

The strength of a personal bias is that it can motivate you to construct a strong argument. If you are invested in the topic, you are more likely to care about the piece of writing. Similarly, the more you care, the more time and effort you are apt to put forth and the better the final product will be.

The weakness of bias is when the bias begins to take over the essay—when, for example, you neglect opposing ideas, exaggerate your points, or repeatedly insert yourself ahead of the subject by using Itoo often. Being aware of all three of these pitfalls will help you avoid them.

Key Takeaway

• You should let your reader know your bias, but do not let that bias blind you to the primary components of good argumentation: sound, thoughtful evidence and respectfully and reasonably addressing opposing ideas.

ATTRIBUTIONS

• Content Adapted from Composition II. Authored by : Alexis McMillan-Clifton.  Provided by : Tacoma Community College.  Located at :  http://www.tacomacc.edu .  Project : Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.  License :  CC BY: Attribution

English 102: Journey Into Open Copyright © 2021 by Christine Jones is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

Share This Book

• Link to facebook
• Link to linkedin
• Link to twitter
• Link to youtube
• Writing Tips

A Guide to Rebuttals in Argumentative Essays

4-minute read

• 27th May 2023

Rebuttals are an essential part of a strong argument. But what are they, exactly, and how can you use them effectively? Read on to find out.

What Is a Rebuttal?

When writing an argumentative essay , there’s always an opposing point of view. You can’t present an argument without the possibility of someone disagreeing.

Sure, you could just focus on your argument and ignore the other perspective, but that weakens your essay. Coming up with possible alternative points of view, or counterarguments, and being prepared to address them, gives you an edge. A rebuttal is your response to these opposing viewpoints.

How Do Rebuttals Work?

With a rebuttal, you can take the fighting power away from any opposition to your idea before they have a chance to attack. For a rebuttal to work, it needs to follow the same formula as the other key points in your essay: it should be researched, developed, and presented with evidence.

Rebuttals in Action

Suppose you’re writing an essay arguing that strawberries are the best fruit. A potential counterargument could be that strawberries don’t work as well in baked goods as other berries do, as they can get soggy and lose some of their flavor. Your rebuttal would state this point and then explain why it’s not valid:

Read on for a few simple steps to formulating an effective rebuttal.

Step 1. Come up with a Counterargument

A strong rebuttal is only possible when there’s a strong counterargument. You may be convinced of your idea but try to place yourself on the other side. Rather than addressing weak opposing views that are easy to fend off, try to come up with the strongest claims that could be made.

In your essay, explain the counterargument and agree with it. That’s right, agree with it – to an extent. State why there’s some truth to it and validate the concerns it presents.

Step 2. Point Out Its Flaws

Now that you’ve presented a counterargument, poke holes in it . To do so, analyze the argument carefully and notice if there are any biases or caveats that weaken it. Looking at the claim that strawberries don’t work well in baked goods, a weakness could be that this argument only applies when strawberries are baked in a pie.

Find this useful?

Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox.

Step 3. Present New Points

Once you reveal the counterargument’s weakness, present a new perspective, and provide supporting evidence to show that your argument is still the correct one. This means providing new points that the opposer may not have considered when presenting their claim.

Offering new ideas that weaken a counterargument makes you come off as authoritative and informed, which will make your readers more likely to agree with you.

Summary: Rebuttals

Rebuttals are essential when presenting an argument. Even if a counterargument is stronger than your point, you can construct an effective rebuttal that stands a chance against it.

We hope this guide helps you to structure and format your argumentative essay . And once you’ve finished writing, send a copy to our expert editors. We’ll ensure perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, referencing, and more. Try it out for free today!

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a rebuttal in an essay.

A rebuttal is a response to a counterargument. It presents the potential counterclaim, discusses why it could be valid, and then explains why the original argument is still correct.

How do you form an effective rebuttal?

To use rebuttals effectively, come up with a strong counterclaim and respectfully point out its weaknesses. Then present new ideas that fill those gaps and strengthen your point.

Share this article:

Post A New Comment

Got content that needs a quick turnaround? Let us polish your work. Explore our editorial business services.

3-minute read

How to Insert a Text Box in a Google Doc

Google Docs is a powerful collaborative tool, and mastering its features can significantly enhance your...

2-minute read

How to Cite the CDC in APA

If you’re writing about health issues, you might need to reference the Centers for Disease...

5-minute read

Six Product Description Generator Tools for Your Product Copy

Introduction If you’re involved with ecommerce, you’re likely familiar with the often painstaking process of...

What Is a Content Editor?

Are you interested in learning more about the role of a content editor and the...

The Benefits of Using an Online Proofreading Service

Proofreading is important to ensure your writing is clear and concise for your readers. Whether...

6 Online AI Presentation Maker Tools

Creating presentations can be time-consuming and frustrating. Trying to construct a visually appealing and informative...

Make sure your writing is the best it can be with our expert English proofreading and editing.

Opposing Viewpoints (Gale In Context): Resource Overview

• Search Support
• Writing Help
• Platform Tools
• Video Tutorials and Webinars

Like this guide? We encourage you to adapt & share!

Let's Talk!

If you have questions about using Gale LibGuides or A-to-Z list import files, please feel free to reach out to Gale's Academic Outreach & Engagement team. We are happy to help you customize, copy, share and upload materials to your Institution's site.  

Access Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints

Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints

Gale In Co n text: Opposing Viewpoints is the premier online resource covering today's hottest social issues, from capital punishment to immigration to marijuana. This cross-curricular resource supports science, social studies, current events, and language arts classes. Informed, differing views help learners develop critical-thinking skills and draw their own conclusions.

Opposing Viewpoints is a rich resource for debaters and includes viewpoints, reference articles, infographics, news, images, video, audio, and more . A category on the National Debate Topic provides quick and easy access to content on frequently studied and discussed issues. Periodical content covers current events, news and commentary, economics, environmental issues, political science, and more.

Access Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints by clicking the icon below:

What is a Viewpoint?

Each viewpoint essay starts with an  Article Commentary  that includes information about the essay's  author(s) , position summary, main points, and questions to consider. Having this information at the start, sets you up to be a critical thinker. It's important to know the credentials of the author, their expertise, and potential biases in order to assess their credibility and understand why they take the perspective that they do. The brief position summary and  questions to consider  offer you a preview and help to focus your thinking as you read the essay.  (definition taken from South College)

In the Article Commentary highlighted in blue, you can find the authors credentials and affiliations to help you, the reader, evaluate any potential bias in this essay

You'll also find  questions to consider  with each viewpoint essay, These questions are designed to focus your reading. They help you make deeper connections between ideas, consider what you believe, and actively apply the information you are learning. 

• Next: Search Support >>

Add disclaimer here

disclaimer here

• Last Updated: Nov 17, 2023 4:03 PM
• URL: https://gale.libguides.com/OVIC_resourceguide

• Customer Reviews
• Extended Essays
• IB Internal Assessment
• Theory of Knowledge
• Literature Review
• Dissertations
• Essay Writing
• Research Writing
• Assignment Help
• Capstone Projects
• College Application
• Online Class

Addressing Opposing Point of Views in an Argumentative Essay

by  Antony W

January 16, 2023

Argumentative essay writing is about persuading your readers to accept your stand on an issue or subject as being right regardless of their opinion on the topic.

Unlike a college reflection essay and an expository essay , argumentative writing allows you to remain biased and provide your point of view to your audience, provided your arguments are convincingly logical, reasoned, informed, ethical, and ultimately right and persuasive.

However, argumentative essays need more than your ability to present your stance, or claim, and use relevant, objective evidence to defend your position.

You also need to address the opposing point of views in your argument and there are reasons why.

Why Is It Important to Address Opposing Point of Views in an Argumentative Essay?

As you write your argumentative essays, you’ll come across sensible arguments that challenge your very own.

We call these counterclaims , and they’re significant in persuasive essay writing. Remember, you’ve taken a stand on one position, but your readers know that the other position exists.

In some cases, your audience may even prefer the opposing view to yours until you convince them that your point of view is better or more truthful than the position they currently hold.

So it’s important to address the opposing point of view in your argument as a balancing act. It’s understandable that you don’t want to undermine your argument. But you can’t as easily dismiss the validity of the opposing views or ignore them straight outright.

Again, essays that don’t include counterclaims are generally weak and less persuasive.

When reading such an essay, it’s acceptable to make the assumption that you considered only one side of the subject or issue, even if you looked into both areas in the real sense. 

You end up undermining your very own argument, eventually making the essay less effective in communicating your message.

Also by including counterclaims, or the opposing point of views in your argumentative essay, you show your target audience that you invested your time in researching the two sides of an issue.

By doing so, you’re not only able to match your argument to the corresponding counterclaim. You are also able to strengthen your own argument.

When Should Address Opposing Point of Views in an Argumentative Essay?

First address your position on an issue, making sure you provide sufficient objective and reasonable evidence to support your claim. Then, you can work on the counterclaim thereafter.

Of course, you don’t want to go into great details when it comes to addressing the opposing point of views in your essay.

What you have to do instead is to state that you recognize the counterclaim to be accurate, but only to some degree.

Then, you’ll point out what’s wrong with it, using the strongest points or evidence possible so that you don’t weaken your argument.

The Right Way to Address the Opposing Views

When it comes to addressing the opposing point of views in your argumentative essay, you have to do so carefully so that your essay doesn’t end up weak.

The rule of thumb is to be objective and respectful . Also, be distinctive, making sure you make your audience know that this is clearly not your argument. It makes sense to be fair and making sure you address the issue accurately.

Recognizing the opposing point of view isn’t enough. You also have to refute them by showing that your logic clearly supersedes or negates the opposition.

In this case, start with the opposing view, follow that up with a refutation relevant to your argument, and then give concrete evidence to support your refutation.

How to Address Opposing Point of Views in Your Argumentative Essay

Like in a criminal trial, there’s far less conviction and satisfaction if you don’t consider the opposing claims in your argumentative essay.

In other words, you can’t leave objections unanswered and evidence from counterclaims swept under a rag and expect to make your stance convincing.

You have to look into the other side of the issue carefully to convince and satisfy your audience.

1. Research Both Sides of the Argument

We insist on looking at both sides of an argument because your audience may initially not accept your point of view on an issue.

So you need to research both sides before you start to write an argumentative essay .  It’s important that you don’t limit yourself to sympathetic sources.

Instead, find sources that both agree and disagree with your argument. Check the authors’ rationale and implementation of evidence so that you can easily understand the opposing view.

2. Understand the Opposing Point of View

Now that you have a clue on what the opposing point of views look like, you should find out why people would hold those positions in the first place.

Are there evidences they look at to arrive to their conclusions? How exactly do they interpret the evidence?

To put this in another way, understanding the opposing point of views will make it easy for you to figure out why your audience may likely disagree with your argument in the first place.

3. Prove Your Position to Be True

When it comes to dealing with counterarguments in argumentative essay,  the burden of proof is wholly on you. So don’t just state the opposing view, refute them.

Tell your audience that as much as you recognize the counterclaims as true, they have shortcomings that make them generally weak. Use your strongest points to refute those positions.

Include evidence such as quotes from experts, research studies, statistics, and literary materials to back your argument. Don’t leave readers’ excuse to chance.

Final Thoughts

Arguments that look into both sides of an issue are often stronger and convincing.

Balanced and properly articulated, such essays give your argument more strength and draw in the attention of your readers easily.

Even your readers are more than likely to show respect for the efforts you put in place to give your most reasonable views on the issue. And if you can persuade them well, they’ll be more than willing to consider your position on an issue, even if they didn’t agree with you initially. 

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

• Dwight Marvin Library
• Research Guides
• English Composition II
• Opposing Viewpoints
• Controversial Topics
• Books & Ebooks
• Evaluate Your Sources
• Cite Your Sources This link opens in a new window
• Writing Persuasively
• ENGL 102/102E Textbooks
• ENGL 102/102E Resource Bank
• ENGL 104 Resource Bank
• Library Instruction Videos Playlist
• Did this Guide Help?

Opposing Viewpoints in Context

Information and opinions and on hundreds of today's hottest social issues; provides sources such as viewpoints, topic overviews, full-text magazines, academic journals, news articles, primary source documents, statistics, images, videos, audio files and links to reviewed websites.

Viewpoints, in the database Opposing Viewpoints in Context,  may be essays, reports or articles with a clear perspective on an issue or topic. The database provides more than two perspectives to guide users in the right direction of a balanced perspective.

In the screenshot above we see that the first viewpoint, a newspaper article from  The Washington Post,  suggests reducing homework could impact student performance, while the second viewpoint, a newspaper article from  The Los Angeles Times  with commentary from the database Gale Opposing Viewpoints , suggests reducing homework benefits student success.

• << Previous: Videos
• Next: Evaluate Your Sources >>
• Guides by Expert Librarians
• Database Finder
• HVCC OneSearch
• Library Catalog
• How to Cite Sources
• DOI | PMID Lookup

Library Services

• Ask a Librarian
• Reserve a Study Room
• Media Services
• Resource Sharing
• Writing & Research Help

Quick Links

• Textbooks on Reserve
• Open Educational Resources
• HVCC Digital Collections
• Library Account Sign in
• Library Faculty & Staff
• Liaison Program
• Connect on Social Media

© 2020 Hudson Valley Community College . All Rights Reserved.

A State University of New York College

Sponsored by Rensselaer County

Eugene McDermott Library

Opposing viewpoints and position papers.

• Introduction
• Background Information
• Databases - Find Articles
• Streaming Media
• Additional Resources

About This Guide

The purpose of this LibGuide is to display resources that will help you respectfully and thoughtfully write papers and create assignments that address topics with opposing viewpoints and varying positions. 

In addressing difficult or divisive topics, let us look to the example of Supreme Court Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Antonin Scalia, who - despite having vastly differing beliefs - maintained a close and respectful friendship. 

"We are two people who are quite different in their core beliefs, but who respect each other's character and ability." - Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, on her friendship with Justice Antonin Scalia

Top 5 Resources

• Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints covers social issues such as capital punishment, immigration, and marijuana use. This research database supports science, social studies, current events, and language arts classes by providing differing views with the goal of helping learners to develop critical-thinking skills and to draw their own conclusions about issues. Gale in Context: Opposing Viewpoints is also recommended for debaters and includes frequently studied and debated issues, pro/con viewpoints, reference articles, interactive maps, and infographics.
• Social Issues POWERSEARCH This link opens in a new window The Social Issues PowerSearch searches the following databases simultaneously: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts , Sociological Abstracts , Worldwide Political Science Abstracts , Social Services Abstracts , and PAIS International .
• Race Relations Abstracts Race Relations Abstracts contains thousands of bibliographic records from various magazines and journals relevant to the study of race relations.
• Access World News Research Collection Access World News Research Collection covers news and current events on the local, regional, national, and international levels. Access thousands of newspapers, blogs, newswires, journals, broadcast transcripts, and videos. The library subscription includes Dallas Morning News, Dallas Metropolitan Collection, Arlington Morning News, and multiple news sources from across Texas.

Relevant Guides

• Next: Sources >>
• Last Updated: Oct 30, 2023 3:12 PM
• URL: https://libguides.utdallas.edu/opposing-viewpoints-and-position-papers

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Organizing Your Argument

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

How can I effectively present my argument?

In order for your argument to be persuasive, it must use an organizational structure that the audience perceives as both logical and easy to parse. Three argumentative methods —the  Toulmin Method , Classical Method , and Rogerian Method — give guidance for how to organize the points in an argument.

Note that these are only three of the most popular models for organizing an argument. Alternatives exist. Be sure to consult your instructor and/or defer to your assignment’s directions if you’re unsure which to use (if any).

Toulmin Method

The  Toulmin Method  is a formula that allows writers to build a sturdy logical foundation for their arguments. First proposed by author Stephen Toulmin in  The Uses of Argument (1958), the Toulmin Method emphasizes building a thorough support structure for each of an argument's key claims.

The basic format for the Toulmin Method  is as follows:

Claim:  In this section, you explain your overall thesis on the subject. In other words, you make your main argument.

Data (Grounds):  You should use evidence to support the claim. In other words, provide the reader with facts that prove your argument is strong.

Warrant (Bridge):  In this section, you explain why or how your data supports the claim. As a result, the underlying assumption that you build your argument on is grounded in reason.

Backing (Foundation):  Here, you provide any additional logic or reasoning that may be necessary to support the warrant.

Counterclaim:  You should anticipate a counterclaim that negates the main points in your argument. Don't avoid arguments that oppose your own. Instead, become familiar with the opposing perspective.   If you respond to counterclaims, you appear unbiased (and, therefore, you earn the respect of your readers). You may even want to include several counterclaims to show that you have thoroughly researched the topic.

Rebuttal:  In this section, you incorporate your own evidence that disagrees with the counterclaim. It is essential to include a thorough warrant or bridge to strengthen your essay’s argument. If you present data to your audience without explaining how it supports your thesis, your readers may not make a connection between the two, or they may draw different conclusions.

Example of the Toulmin Method:

Claim:  Hybrid cars are an effective strategy to fight pollution.

Data1:  Driving a private car is a typical citizen's most air-polluting activity.

Warrant 1:  Due to the fact that cars are the largest source of private (as opposed to industrial) air pollution, switching to hybrid cars should have an impact on fighting pollution.

Data 2:  Each vehicle produced is going to stay on the road for roughly 12 to 15 years.

Warrant 2:  Cars generally have a long lifespan, meaning that the decision to switch to a hybrid car will make a long-term impact on pollution levels.

Data 3:  Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with a battery-powered electric motor.

Warrant 3:  The combination of these technologies produces less pollution.

Counterclaim:  Instead of focusing on cars, which still encourages an inefficient culture of driving even as it cuts down on pollution, the nation should focus on building and encouraging the use of mass transit systems.

Rebuttal:  While mass transit is an idea that should be encouraged, it is not feasible in many rural and suburban areas, or for people who must commute to work. Thus, hybrid cars are a better solution for much of the nation's population.

Rogerian Method

The Rogerian Method  (named for, but not developed by, influential American psychotherapist Carl R. Rogers) is a popular method for controversial issues. This strategy seeks to find a common ground between parties by making the audience understand perspectives that stretch beyond (or even run counter to) the writer’s position. Moreso than other methods, it places an emphasis on reiterating an opponent's argument to his or her satisfaction. The persuasive power of the Rogerian Method lies in its ability to define the terms of the argument in such a way that:

• your position seems like a reasonable compromise.
• you seem compassionate and empathetic.

The basic format of the Rogerian Method  is as follows:

Introduction:  Introduce the issue to the audience, striving to remain as objective as possible.

Opposing View : Explain the other side’s position in an unbiased way. When you discuss the counterargument without judgement, the opposing side can see how you do not directly dismiss perspectives which conflict with your stance.

Statement of Validity (Understanding):  This section discusses how you acknowledge how the other side’s points can be valid under certain circumstances. You identify how and why their perspective makes sense in a specific context, but still present your own argument.

Statement of Your Position:  By this point, you have demonstrated that you understand the other side’s viewpoint. In this section, you explain your own stance.

Statement of Contexts : Explore scenarios in which your position has merit. When you explain how your argument is most appropriate for certain contexts, the reader can recognize that you acknowledge the multiple ways to view the complex issue.

Statement of Benefits:  You should conclude by explaining to the opposing side why they would benefit from accepting your position. By explaining the advantages of your argument, you close on a positive note without completely dismissing the other side’s perspective.

Example of the Rogerian Method:

Introduction:  The issue of whether children should wear school uniforms is subject to some debate.

Opposing View:  Some parents think that requiring children to wear uniforms is best.

Statement of Validity (Understanding):  Those parents who support uniforms argue that, when all students wear the same uniform, the students can develop a unified sense of school pride and inclusiveness.

Statement of Your Position : Students should not be required to wear school uniforms. Mandatory uniforms would forbid choices that allow students to be creative and express themselves through clothing.

Statement of Contexts:  However, even if uniforms might hypothetically promote inclusivity, in most real-life contexts, administrators can use uniform policies to enforce conformity. Students should have the option to explore their identity through clothing without the fear of being ostracized.

Statement of Benefits:  Though both sides seek to promote students' best interests, students should not be required to wear school uniforms. By giving students freedom over their choice, students can explore their self-identity by choosing how to present themselves to their peers.

Classical Method

The Classical Method of structuring an argument is another common way to organize your points. Originally devised by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (and then later developed by Roman thinkers like Cicero and Quintilian), classical arguments tend to focus on issues of definition and the careful application of evidence. Thus, the underlying assumption of classical argumentation is that, when all parties understand the issue perfectly, the correct course of action will be clear.

The basic format of the Classical Method  is as follows:

Introduction (Exordium): Introduce the issue and explain its significance. You should also establish your credibility and the topic’s legitimacy.

Statement of Background (Narratio): Present vital contextual or historical information to the audience to further their understanding of the issue. By doing so, you provide the reader with a working knowledge about the topic independent of your own stance.

Proposition (Propositio): After you provide the reader with contextual knowledge, you are ready to state your claims which relate to the information you have provided previously. This section outlines your major points for the reader.

Proof (Confirmatio): You should explain your reasons and evidence to the reader. Be sure to thoroughly justify your reasons. In this section, if necessary, you can provide supplementary evidence and subpoints.

Refutation (Refuatio): In this section, you address anticipated counterarguments that disagree with your thesis. Though you acknowledge the other side’s perspective, it is important to prove why your stance is more logical.  

Conclusion (Peroratio): You should summarize your main points. The conclusion also caters to the reader’s emotions and values. The use of pathos here makes the reader more inclined to consider your argument.  

Example of the Classical Method:  

Introduction (Exordium): Millions of workers are paid a set hourly wage nationwide. The federal minimum wage is standardized to protect workers from being paid too little. Research points to many viewpoints on how much to pay these workers. Some families cannot afford to support their households on the current wages provided for performing a minimum wage job .

Statement of Background (Narratio): Currently, millions of American workers struggle to make ends meet on a minimum wage. This puts a strain on workers’ personal and professional lives. Some work multiple jobs to provide for their families.

Proposition (Propositio): The current federal minimum wage should be increased to better accommodate millions of overworked Americans. By raising the minimum wage, workers can spend more time cultivating their livelihoods.

Proof (Confirmatio): According to the United States Department of Labor, 80.4 million Americans work for an hourly wage, but nearly 1.3 million receive wages less than the federal minimum. The pay raise will alleviate the stress of these workers. Their lives would benefit from this raise because it affects multiple areas of their lives.

Refutation (Refuatio): There is some evidence that raising the federal wage might increase the cost of living. However, other evidence contradicts this or suggests that the increase would not be great. Additionally,   worries about a cost of living increase must be balanced with the benefits of providing necessary funds to millions of hardworking Americans.

Conclusion (Peroratio): If the federal minimum wage was raised, many workers could alleviate some of their financial burdens. As a result, their emotional wellbeing would improve overall. Though some argue that the cost of living could increase, the benefits outweigh the potential drawbacks.

Writing an Argumentative Research Paper

• Library Resources
• Books & EBooks
• What is an Argumentative Research Essay?
• Choosing a Topic
• How to Write a Thesis Statement Libguide
• Structure & Outline
• Types of Sources
• OER Resources
• Copyright, Plagiarism, and Fair Use

Examples of argumentative essays

Skyline College libguides: MLA Sample Argumentative Papers

Ebooks in Galileo

Video Tutorial

Structure & Outline

Usually written in the five-paragraph structure, the argumentative essay format consists of an introduction, 2-3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

A works cited page or reference page (depending on format) will be included at the end of the essay along with in-text citations within the essay.

When writing an argumentative research essay, create an outline to structure the research you find as well as help with the writing process. The outline of an argumentative essay should include an introduction with thesis statement, 3 main body paragraphs with supporting evidence and opposing viewpoints with evidence to disprove, along with an conclusion.

The example below is just a basic outline and structure

I. Introduction: tells what you are going to write about. Basic information about the issue along with your thesis statement.

 A. Basic information

B. Thesis Statement

II. Body 1 : Reason 1 write about the first reason that proves your claim on the issue and give supporting evidence

A. supporting evidence 

B. Supporting evidence 

II. Body 2 .: Reason 2 write about the third reason that proves your claim on the issue and give supporting evidence

A. supporting evidence

III. Body 3 : Reason 3 write about the fourth reason that proves your claim on the issue and give supporting evidence

IV. Counter arguments and responses. Write about opposing viewpoints and use evidence to refute their argument and persuade audience in your direction or viewpoint

A. Arguments from other side of the issue

B. Refute the arguments

V. Conclusion

• << Previous: How to Write a Thesis Statement Libguide
• Next: Conducting Research >>
• Last Updated: Jan 24, 2024 1:23 PM
• URL: https://wiregrass.libguides.com/c.php?g=1188383

Critical writing: Alternative viewpoints

• Managing your reading
• Source reliability
• Critical reading
• Descriptive vs critical
• Deciding your position
• The overall argument
• Individual arguments
• Signposting
• Alternative viewpoints
• Critical thinking videos

Jump to content on this page:

“Any idea can be endlessly confirmed if you're only looking for support – you can convince yourself the Earth is flat if you never look more than a mile away. Seek out challenges and contradictions” Tom Chatfield, Critical Thinking

Being able to deal with alternative viewpoints is one of the most important elements of critical thinking. Weighing up the arguments surrounding an issue and coming to a conclusion regarding your own viewpoint is the essence of critical thought.

Right or wrong?

In academic work it is rarely possible to discern who is right and who is wrong. It can be argued that knowledge is socially constructed and ideas of right or wrong are dependent on culture, society and individual beliefs.

If you are reading a peer reviewed journal article it is unlikely that there will be major flaws in reasoning or methodology as these would have been picked up by the reviewers. It is more likely that there are points of interpretation that you can disagree with or at least question.

Incorporating different perspectives

When researching a topic, you will often find writers who approach the subject from different perspectives. For example, an issue may be researched from the viewpoint of different individuals or groups involved. Teachers will have a different view on a subject than their pupils; inmates will tell a different story to prison guards; geneticists will have a different perspective to psychologists. In these cases the information may well appear to be contradictory, but this can give you a richer picture of a complex matter. Admitting and embracing the complexity is an important element of approaching the topic critically.

Ultimately, one of the aims of higher education is to produce students who look at situations from multiple points of view with an open mind and are not dogmatic about believing one thing or another. In your writing you will have to try to make a convincing argument towards one position but that position can be one that embraces the complexity involved. You can refute counter-arguments but you should not ignore them . Whilst you do have to justify your own position, you do not need to make the final judgement, that is actually the job of your reader. Your job is to make a convincing case for your overall position that takes into account all the relevant evidence, not just the evidence that fits nicely into your side of the story.

Avoiding binary thinking

Whilst it is useful to consider an issue from opposing viewpoints, as in a traditional debate, this approach can be limiting to critical thought as it potentially polarises issues that are more multifaceted .

Even if a subject has two strongly opposing viewpoints, it can be more useful to imagine a Venn diagram of these and seek out the intersecting positions so that you develop compassionate and convincing arguments that incorporate both viewpoints.

It is easy to focus on polarised positions such as 'for' or 'against'. In any debate 'neither' is an alternative position . You should always consider what alternative perspectives and viewpoints there are on any particular issue. It can help your work develop a more nuanced position.

• << Previous: Your voice
• Next: Critical thinking videos >>
• Last Updated: Feb 13, 2024 10:53 AM
• URL: https://libguides.hull.ac.uk/criticalwriting
• Login to LibApps
• Library websites Privacy Policy
• University of Hull privacy policy & cookies
• Website terms and conditions
• Accessibility
• Report a problem

Paper Topics and Opposing Viewpoints

• Get Sources

*Controversial or those with opposing views are marked with a (C).

Topics A to E

Topics f to n, topics o to z.

• Is this Fake News?

There are more options on the Start tab and Get Sources tab.

• Abortion & Coronavirus Outcomes (C)*
• Abortion overturning Roe v. Wade *(C)
• Affirmative Action eliminated (C)*
• Affordable Housing Shortage (C)*
• Affordable Housing vs Proposition 21 (2020) *(C)
• AI can help students learn (C)*

• Anishinaabe now leads Canada's Manitoba, a 1st
• Birth Order Affect Intelligence (C)*
• Book Banning is on the Rise, Why? (C)*
• Buzz on Bees, protecting California Bees
• ChatGPT/Open AI being sued by Authors and Why
• ChatGPT robs students of skills (C)*
• Children's' Mental Health impacted by Covid
• Clean Drinking Water in California (2021)
• Climate Migration (C)*
• Coral (Flordia) Graveyards
• Conspiracy Theories: Do they undermine Democracy? (C)*
• Cryptocurrency Future (C)*
• Death Penalty be banned (C)*
• Debt Ceiling Law (2023) (*C)
• Digital Dragon - Geofencing Warrants
• Does diet soda make you gain weight?
• Don’t Say Gay Florida Law
• Early Childhood Homelessness
• Education and learning during pandemic disparity (C)*
• Food Insecurity
• Global Warming Facts
• Gun Control (C)*
• Hate Incidents of Anti-Asian and the Broader Landscape of Racial Bias
• Hate Speech on Facebook called by United Nations
• Human Trafficking
• Hybrid Work [Working from Home] (C)*
• Immigrants and the Economy
• Immigrants to citizens (C)*
• Juneteenth, National Holiday and what is it?
• Made to order embryos (C)*
• Marijuana//Cannabis Greenhouse Gas Emissions
• Mars Triple MIssion
• Medical Marijuana (C)*
• Mental Health from NIMH
• Mexican-U.S. border fenced? (C)*
• Near Death Experiences
• No junk food in school lunches fight obesity (C)*
• Ocean Plastic Pollution a problem?
• Online dating
• Opioids Crisis
• Oscars Racist? (C)*
• Pandemic Lockdown Controversy (C)*
• People of Color Stopped by Police more often? (C)*
• Plastic Bags Banned by Cities (C)*
• Police Body Cameras Work? (C)*
• Puppy Mills (C)*
• Refusing to stand for the National Anthem (C)*
• Retail Changing Landscape
• School violence
• Sidechat App - Colleges find increase of Hate Speech (*C)
• Slavery Reparation in California
• Social Inequality Fact
• Social Media
• Social Media - Globally
• Social Media affects on Mental Health
• Spy Balloons (C)*
• Student Debt Cancellations (C)*
• Suicide, are rates rising?
• Tattooed in the Workplace Stigma
• Teacher Pay be Performance Based? (C)*
• Technology Addition (C)*
• TikTok Ban (C)*

• Vaccine controversy (C)*
• Vegetarian Diets
• Video Games Benefits
• << Previous: Get Sources
• Next: Is this Fake News? >>
• Last Updated: May 3, 2024 8:52 AM
• URL: https://csulb.libguides.com/papertopics

• How It Works
• Prices & Discounts

The Power of Opposing Views in Crafting Effective Arguments in Your Essay

Table of contents

Picture this: You're passionately crafting an argumentative essay, each sentence filled with your unyielding beliefs. But then you wonder, "What about the other side?" That's when it hits you – considering opposing points of view can indeed enhance your essay. This realization may seem daunting, but trust us when we say that it adds a depth to your argumentative essay that can be quite powerful.

This post is your guide to understanding the significance of opposing points of view in an argumentative essay. We'll explore what it means to consider different perspectives, why it’s vital, and how you can effectively include these viewpoints in your own essays. This isn't about losing your standpoint, but rather, about enriching it, making it more nuanced, and ultimately, convincing.

By the end of this article, you'll see opposing points of view not as a challenge, but as an opportunity to elevate your essay to the next level. So, let's jump in, shall we?

Understanding the Role of Opposing Points of View in an Argumentative Essay

Before we delve into how to include opposing views in your essay, it's essential to understand what role they play. By definition, an argumentative essay is about presenting an argument on a particular subject. But an argument isn't just about supporting your viewpoint – it's also about recognizing and addressing contrary perspectives.

The presence of differing viewpoints does two main things:

1. Enhances the Depth and Quality of Your Argument

Including opposing views shows that you've considered the topic from various angles. It demonstrates your understanding of the subject and enhances the depth and quality of your argument.

2. Strengthens Your Position

When you acknowledge and counter opposing viewpoints, you strengthen your position. It shows your readers that you've thought about potential criticisms or alternatives and still believe in your argument.

So, in essence, opposing views don't weaken your argument; instead, they make it more robust and well-rounded.

Recognizing and Researching Opposing Points of View

Once you understand the value of incorporating opposing viewpoints in your argument, the next step is to identify and research these alternative perspectives. This process involves:

Think about what objections someone might have to your argument. What are the possible holes or weaknesses in your position? These are the points you will need to address.

Conduct thorough research to understand these opposing points of view. Look for credible sources that present these perspectives convincingly.

Assess these counterarguments' strength. Are they valid and supported by evidence? Acknowledge strong opposing arguments in your essay and address them effectively.

Prepare your responses to these counterarguments. You will need to rebut these opposing viewpoints in a way that further reinforces your own argument.

REMEMBER : the goal here isn't to dismiss or ignore differing perspectives, but to understand them fully so you can construct a more convincing argument.

How to Effectively Incorporate Opposing Points in Your Argument

Successfully integrating opposing viewpoints in your argument is not just about acknowledging them – it's about how you position them in your argument and the way you respond to them.

Deciding where to place these counterarguments in your essay is key . They can go either before you present your arguments, serving as a preemptive strike, or after, as a rebuttal to potential objections. The choice depends on the nature of the argument and the counterarguments themselves.

Address each counterargument with respect and a logical, well-reasoned response. It's essential not to belittle the counterargument but to present a response that strengthens your position.

Acknowledge the validity of the opposing point of view where appropriate, but reinforce how your own viewpoint is more convincing. Make use of concrete evidence, logical reasoning, and persuasive language.

Maintain a respectful, objective tone throughout. Avoid emotional language and stick to the facts.

By treating opposing points of view with respect and responding to them logically and thoroughly, you can make your argument stronger and more persuasive.

The Importance of Refutation in Presenting Opposing Points of View

Refutation is the part of the essay where the writer tackles the opposing viewpoints. A strong refutation will address the argument and prove it incorrect or not powerful enough using statements backed by evidence.

Understanding the concept of refutation is crucial in addressing opposing viewpoints. It is where you challenge the counterarguments by proving them wrong, providing a stronger argument, or offering a compromise that still supports your main argument.

A strong refutation is more than just saying the opposing view is wrong. You need to explain why it's wrong and provide evidence supporting your claim.

An effective refutation can help in gaining the trust of your readers as it demonstrates your comprehensive understanding of the topic, including the counterarguments. It also allows you to reinforce your standpoint while respecting other viewpoints.

REMEMBER : a successful argumentative essay strikes a balance between asserting your points and acknowledging the valid counterarguments.

The Role of Counterarguments in Strengthening Your Main Argument

The inclusion of counterarguments in your essay does more than just present a balanced view. It also contributes significantly to making your main argument stronger and more compelling.

Counterarguments provide a broader perspective on the issue at hand, leading to a well-rounded view. This comprehensive approach can make your essay more credible and interesting to read.

Including counterarguments shows that you have done thorough research and understand all aspects of the topic. This makes your argument more believable.

When you successfully refute an opposing viewpoint, it helps prove that your argument is superior. This further convinces the reader of your standpoint.

Debating various viewpoints makes the essay more engaging for readers. They will appreciate your effort in understanding and addressing opposing views.

IN SUMMARY : counterarguments enrich your essay, enhance your credibility, and strengthen your primary argument.

How to Address Counterarguments Effectively

It's not enough just to mention opposing points of view in your essay; you need to know how to address them effectively. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you:

• Identify the Counterarguments
• Understand the Counterarguments
• Acknowledge the Counterarguments
• Refute the Counterarguments
• Summarize and Reinforce Your Argument

REMEMBER : handling counterarguments effectively can significantly improve your argumentative essay's quality and credibility.

Case Study: Effectively Addressing Opposing Points of View

To better illustrate the importance and method of handling opposing viewpoints, let's consider a practical example.

Imagine we are writing an argumentative essay on the topic: " Should physical education be mandatory in schools? "

Your thesis statement might be: " Physical education should be mandatory in schools because it promotes physical fitness, aids in stress management, and instills teamwork and discipline. "

Here are a few potential counterarguments and how to address them:

Counterargument 1: "Physical education takes away time that could be used for academic subjects."

Response: While academics are undeniably important, it's equally crucial to promote holistic development in students. Physical education not only helps improve health and fitness but also aids in better focus and productivity in academic tasks. Furthermore, it helps students understand the importance of balance in life.

Counterargument 2: "Not all students enjoy physical activities or sports."

Response: The aim of mandatory physical education isn't to turn all students into athletes. Instead, it's to expose students to the importance of regular physical activity, instill healthy habits, and foster a lifelong appreciation for fitness. Various activities can cater to different interests and capabilities, ensuring inclusivity.

As seen from the example above, addressing counterarguments not only strengthens your argument but also makes your essay more comprehensive and balanced. It shows that you've considered the topic from all angles and have strong, compelling responses to potential objections.

Final Thoughts

Understanding and acknowledging opposing views is more than a debating strategy; it's a life skill. It equips us to engage in constructive conversations, fostering empathy, open-mindedness, and respect for differing opinions.

In the context of writing an argumentative essay, considering opposing points of view allows you to create more convincing and comprehensive arguments. It shows readers that you've deeply considered the topic and are presenting a well-rounded, thoughtful perspective.

But remember, it's not about who has the last word—it's about who makes the most sense. So, next time you write an argumentative essay, take the time to explore the counterarguments. Your essay will be more persuasive for it.

Struggling with your argumentative essay? Don't let the fear of opposition deter you. Our team of experienced writers at Writers Per Hour is ready to help you craft a compelling, well-rounded argumentative essay. Reach out to us and hire a professional college essay writer .

To continue building your argumentative essay skills, explore our other posts and resources. Remember, practice makes perfect.

Additional Resources

To continue your journey in becoming adept at addressing opposing points of view in argumentative essays, here are some additional resources worth exploring:

Articles from the Writers Per Hour Blog

• How to Write a Good Conclusion for an Argumentative Essay
• How to Write a Hook for an Argumentative Essay
• 50 Strong Argumentative Essay Topics
• Guide for Writing A Strong Intro for an Argumentative Essay
• Rebuttal in Argumentative Essay
• Argumentative Essay: Dos and Don’ts

External Resources

• How to Write an Argument - Counterarguments

Remember, writing argumentative essays effectively is a skill that takes time and practice. Don't hesitate to seek help if you're feeling overwhelmed. Our argumentative essay writers are here to support you.

Share this article

Achieve Academic Success with Expert Assistance!

Crafted from Scratch for You.

Ensuring Your Work’s Originality.

Transform Your Draft into Excellence.

Perfecting Your Paper’s Grammar, Style, and Format (APA, MLA, etc.).

Calculate the cost of your paper

Get ideas for your essay

• Last Updated: Feb 26, 2024 1:14 PM
• Clark College Libraries
• Research Guides
• Find Opposing Views (Pros and Cons)
• Find Articles & Books

Find Opposing Views (Pros and Cons): Find Articles & Books

• Basic Search Tips
• Advanced Search Tips
• Pro-Con Websites

Focus Words: The Secret to Finding Opposing Viewpoints

The secret to finding articles on opposite sides of an issue are to include focus words in your search. Focus words are just words will zoom in on specific viewpoints, or look for articles that discuss controversies.

The example shows searching the topic words climate change and the focus word controversy :

 Use the lists below to find focus words that looks useful for your topic and try them. Be aware that controversial topics are often tied to political opinions or agendas.

Find Articles in Magazines, Journals & Newspapers

Good databases to start with:.

Weekly articles focusing in-depth on a single "hot topic" issue.

Weekly articles focusing in-depth on a single "hot topic" issue. Topics are taken from the headlines and include social, political, environmental, health, education, science and technology issues. URL: https://cqpress-sagepub-com.clarkcollege.idm.oclc.org/cqresearcher/

Articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers for all academic disciplines.

Articles from journals, magazines, and newspapers for all academic disciplines. This collection includes the following full-text content, in addition to thousands of searchable cited resources: 3,618 active, full-text, non-open access journals and magazines 3,099 active, full-text, peer-reviewed, non-open access journals 1,298 active, full-text, peer-reviewed, non-open access journals with no embargo 2,444 active, full-text, non-open access journals indexed in Web of Science or Scopus  This database is hosted on EBSCO platform and includes Academic Search Premier. URL: https://clarkcollege.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?authtype=ip,uid&profile=ehost&defaultdb=a9h

Articles from academic journals, popular magazines, and newspapers.

Articles from academic journals, popular magazines, and newspapers. By default this ProQuest link searches Research Library, Family Health Database, National Newspapers, and ABI/INFORM Trade & Industry; full text and graphics available. Explore ProQuest's Youtube Channel for a series of training videos. URL: https://clarkcollege.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/advanced

Focus Words

• Conservative Viewpoint
• Liberal Viewpoint

conservative conservative opinions evangelical GOP political right republican right wing

democrat left wing liberal liberal opinions political left

The library has specific books that cover hot topics and pro/con arguments. Search for your topic and one of the series names:

• Opposing Viewpoints
• Current Controversies
• Taking Sides

• Next: Basic Search Tips >>
• URL: https://clark.libguides.com/find-opposing-views

facebook   twitter   blog youtube maps

How to Write a Persuasive Essay?

• Smodin Editorial Team
• May 5, 2024

At first glance, crafting a persuasive essay might seem like a walk in the park. You choose a stance, gather supporting evidence, and present it to your audience. But is it really that simple?

As any student or teacher knows, not every persuasive essay is a straight A. If you’ve ever submitted your work expecting a top grade only to receive feedback that your argument was flawed or unconvincing, you know the frustration it may bring.

The truth is that crafting a persuasive argument requires more than just presenting facts. You need to appeal to your readers’ logic and emotions . Your narrative must make sense, be enjoyable to read, and also be unique.

Today, we will cover six simple ways to propel your persuasive essays to the next level so that you can bring home any grade you desire.

1. Don’t Rush the Process

Did you know that every word of published content undergoes multiple revisions? This is true for articles, blogs, books, periodicals, and essays.

In an academic setting, many students assume that the one or two drafts that make their way to the grading pile are the only ones that matter, but that isn’t the case.

Good writing requires numerous revisions to get it right. If you want your persuasive essay to stand out from the rest, it’s always good to write at least one draft before you submit it for grading.

Thankfully, it’s never been easier to generate a high-quality essay. Tools like Smodin’s Essay Writer can help you develop content with just a few short words.

Unlike many other AI tools, Smodin gives you complete control of the process. You’ll be able to create an engaging essay with a clear flow that is a joy for your teacher or professor to read.

The software’s AI-powered algorithms also generate accurate references from Google Scholar and other selected resources.

Instead of sitting at your desk, pulling your hair out of frustration, let Smodin guide you through the essay writing process with confidence.

2. Know Your Audience

One crucial yet often underestimated aspect of essay writing is understanding your audience. This means knowing who your readers are and tailoring your writing to resonate with their core emotions.

For example, if you’re a student writing an essay for a history class, your audience is simple: it’s your professor.

Similarly, suppose you’re writing an essay for a scholarly journal or publication. In that case, your audience will include the people who approve the essay for publication and the readers who will eventually see it once it’s publicly shared.

Many people fail at essay writing simply because they don’t study their core audience. 

You must remember that your readers are human beings, and all human beings have certain biases and preferences.

Understanding these biases and preferences can help you craft your essay in a way that appeals directly to your reader’s interests and beliefs.

Do everything you can to study your audience. Get in their heads and figure out how they think, and then use this knowledge to appeal to their core emotions.

Professional copywriters get paid big bucks to understand their readers’ emotions when selling goods or services. You might not be “selling” anything in a monetary sense, but you are selling your writing to achieve the desired result.

To become a successful essay writer, start to think like a salesperson. What would impress your reader? What can you write about that no one else is writing about?

Once you figure that out, you’ve already done half the work.

3. Understand the Modes of Persuasion

Now that you fully understand your audience, the next step is crafting a compelling argument. Here, take a moment to understand the three forms of reasoning.

Ethos refers to establishing your credibility or character as a writer. To effectively persuade your audience, the reader(s) must see you as trustworthy and knowledgeable about your topic.

Demonstrating a solid understanding of the subject matter and that you have put in the time and effort to master it.

Pathos, on the other hand, appeals to your readers’ emotions. The goal is to make your readers feel something, influencing their perspective or decision-making process.

For students, this may mean tapping into the topic’s emotional undercurrents or appealing to certain biases to engage the teacher or professor.

This means structuring your essay in a way that makes logical sense and using statistics, factual evidence, and sound reasoning to back up your claims. All arguments should have a strong, rational foundation.

To effectively write a persuasive essay, you must combine ethos, pathos, and logos.

Remember, teachers, professors, editors, and review board members have tens, if not hundreds, of essays to read. You must craft a comprehensive argument that hits all the buttons to stand out.

If you’re desperate to get an A on your upcoming essay, consider using Smodin’s AI Grader to get personalized feedback on your essay or article.

This way, you can take your essay and revise it before submitting it. And that’s undoubtedly better than begging a teacher or professor to grant you a rewrite.

4. Directly Address Opposing Arguments

It’s one thing to pick a position and stick to it; it’s another to ignore opposing views completely.

When crafting a compelling argument, you must—at some point—address dissenting opinions and points of view. Failing to do this will only weaken your own argument. Here are a few tips to incorporate this effectively into your writing.

Know the Counterarguments

You can only address opposing arguments if you research them first. Study a topic’s counterarguments just as much as you study your position.

When discussing opposing arguments, you need to be objective and free of bias. If you misrepresent or oversimplify these things, you will undermine your credibility and weaken your essay.

Use Rebuttal Techniques

Once you’ve addressed the opposing view, you must rebut it using logical reasoning, evidence, and other persuasive techniques. (Think like a lawyer.) Here are a few common strategies.

• Evidence-based techniques: Simply use more recent data or studies to challenge the validity of the opposing argument.
• Logic techniques: No argument is 100% (even yours). Identify the fallacies in the opposing argument and explain why the conclusion is flawed.
• Comparative techniques: Lastly, directly compare your thesis and explain why your viewpoint is more sound. If done correctly, this can be your essay’s most validating point.

Link EVERYTHING Back to Your Thesis

While researching a topic, you may find yourself buried in a pile of peripheral arguments that may or may not relate to the topic at hand. Cut it if you can’t directly link an argument or counterargument to your thesis.

Don’t be Afraid To Concede

As counterintuitive as it may seem, acknowledging the strength of a counterargument can enhance your credibility. You can concede a point without undermining your overall position by showing that your thesis still stands regardless of the concessions.

Of course, sifting through dozens of academic articles or essays can be time-consuming. To greatly expedite the research process, you can use Smodin’s Text Summarizer to analyze large bodies of text and condense them into something more digestible.

5. Write in Your Voice — And Always Read Your Writing Out Loud

Don’t spend too much time trying to use fancy words or complicated sentences. Yes, grammar, syntax, and punctuation are essential, but your main focus should always be clear and genuine communication.

Occasionally consulting a thesaurus is no big deal, but if you’re constantly fluffing your text with words that feel unnatural, you’re probably detracting from your essay’s message.

Reading your essay out loud is a great way to check its flow. If you try to read your own words and stumble over them, chances are something is wrong.

Good writing should flow seamlessly from one word to the next, from one sentence to the next, and from one paragraph to the next.

Ideally, you should be able to sit on your essay for a while — say three days or up to a week — and then come back to it when your mind is fresh.

Read your words with a clear mind and see if you can follow the logic of your own argument. If it doesn’t sound right, consider using Smodin’s AI re-writer.

This tool can examine your own writing and revise it to make it sound fresh or take existing content and edit it to make it sound completely unique.

6. Always Maintain Academic Integrity

This probably goes without saying, but you should always do your absolute best to maintain academic integrity with your writing. The last thing you want is to be flagged for plagiarized or AI-generated content.

Thankfully, these are two areas where Smodin can help. Our AI Content Detector can easily detect whether your writing contains AI-generated content. At the same time, our Plagiarism Checker can ensure your essay doesn’t contain any direct text from published academic articles.

Taken together, Smodin’s AI offers a comprehensive toolset that gives students and academics everything they need to write a persuasive essay.

Try Smodin for free today to see if It is what you need to improve your writing.

Q: How Do I Choose a Strong Stance for My Persuasive Essay?

Select a topic that you are passionate about AND for which you can find ample supporting evidence. You should also choose a topic that allows for a clear argument against the opposing side.

Q: What Are the Best Places To Find Supporting Evidence for My Essay?

Scholarly journals, news organizations, or books from respected and well-known academic authors are always a good place to start. You can use tools like Google Scholar or JSTOR to scope out academically accepted articles and data.

Q: How Can I Be Sure My Persuasive Essay Is Easy To Read?

You always want to use a clear and engaging writing style. Ideally, you should write in a unique way that helps you stand out from the other essays. Including interesting facts or anecdotes in a logical and easy-to-follow manner and using variety in sentence structure and vocabulary can also enhance readability. Just don’t force it.

Q: How Can I Strengthen My Rebuttal of the Opposing Arguments?

Understanding the counterarguments is the first step to overcoming them. When you respond to an argument with well-researched evidence that presents a better solution or perspective, you solidify your case and make it more compelling and credible to your reader(s).

Q: What if I Want To Change My Thesis After I Begin Writing?

If you find better evidence for an argument while doing your research, revising your thesis halfway through the writing process is perfectly fine. This adaptability will only strengthen your writing in the long run.

Q: How Long Should I Spend on Research?

Generally, spend as much time as you need to understand the topic without wasting too much time. It’s common to waste hours or days on research without writing a single word. Again, AI tools like Smodin can help with procedural tasks and free up your mind for more exciting tasks.

Q: What Is the Best Way To Conclude a Persuasive Essay?

A strong conclusion should be thorough without being overly wordy. You want to restate your thesis in light of the arguments you presented and summarize the main points of your essay. Consider leaving a call-to-action or a thought-provoking question in the last paragraph that will leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Writing a winning persuasive essay involves more than presenting arguments and facts. You need to carefully craft a narrative that appeals to your reader’s logic, emotions, and ethical values.

By tapping into AI tools like Smodin AI, you can outline strategies, conduct research, and expedite the writing process with just a few simple prompts and minutes of your time.

You must make a well-rounded effort to ensure your essays are streamlined, powerful, and highly engaging. This type of writing will resonate with academic readers and ensure you get the desired grade.

Do your best to enjoy the writing process and learn to have fun with it. With these new AI-enhanced technological advancements at your fingertips, essay writing can be more accessible than ever before. Tap into their unlimited power to make your writing stand out in any academic setting!

• Research Guides

ENGL 1301 OER Readings

Opposing viewpoints.

• General Topics
• What is a scholarly article?
• Academic Search Complete
• Issues and Controversies
• Rhetoric: How to Write
• Plagiarism and Collusion
• APA Citation
• MLA citation

Opposing Viewpoints Logo

• Opposing Viewpoints Quick Start
• What is Opposing Viewpoints?
• Choosing A Topic
• What is a Viewpoint Essay?

Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints is an online library of current event topics: the facts as well as the arguments of each topic's proponents and detractors. Opposing Viewpoints' unique features include viewpoint article frameworks that allow students to explore each topic's many facets and exclusive electronic access to Thomson Gale's Information Plus series featuring statistics and government data placed in context.  HELP SHEET | VIDEO TUTORIAL

• Opposing Viewpoints Help Sheet

Opposing Viewpoints is a great database if you are writing an argument/persuasive paper, or if you doing research on a current and controversial topic.

A database is just a big, digital collection of records with a search interface, allowing you to search a large collection of information quickly for records that match your search criteria.

In the case of Opposing Viewpoints and many of our other databases, the records are individual articles from printed magazines, newspapers, and journals (sometimes called 'academic journals' or 'scholarly journals'). In addition to articles, you'll also find images, videos, statistics, audio files, and more.

Let's say you have an assignment that requires you to find an article that fits certain conditions: published in a scholarly journal, published within the last five years, etc. With Opposing Viewpoints, you can easily limit your search to make sure your results fit all of your assignment criteria.

Use the 'Search Limiters' tab in this guide to find out how to use the Advanced Search screen to your advantage.

There are a couple of different ways you can use Opposing Viewpoints to choose a topic.

1. If you don't have an idea of what you want to write about or speak on, then the Browse Issues button is for you. Clicking on Browse Issues will bring up an alphabetical list of broad topics covered by the database.

When you choose a topic this way, you'll see a webpage with lots of resources collected devoted to that topic. You can look at the resources according to the type (magazines, academic journals, etc.), or you can click on the 'Search within page' box on the right to type in a more specific keyword to your topic.

2. If the topic you want isn't listed under Browse Issues, use the search box on the main screen to see if there's a topic page for an issue you're interested in. You can type in a search phrase, and the database will suggest some other terms. Click on any of those, or just hit "Search" to see what is available on the topic you typed in.

When you search the Opposing Viewpoints database, one of the first things you'll see come up in your search results are Featured Viewpoints and  Viewpoints:

So what is a Viewpoints essay, and how is it different from other things you'll find in this database?

Viewpoints essays argue about a topic from a clear standpoint or side of the issue. Usually you'll find two of them relating the same issue, but arguing from two different points of  view. In this way, the purpose of Viewpoints are to give a balanced perspective to controversial topics :

So if you're writing a persuasive/argument paper, you could use one Viewpoint essay to provide support for your side of the argument, and the counterpoint Viewpoint essay for ideas on refuting opposing arguments.

Viewpoints essays are not periodicals like magazine, newspaper, or journal articles that are published regularly for a general or scholarly audience.

Viewpoints essays are written or compiled by the staff at Gale, the company that publishes the book series and the database. Sometimes they are reprints of articles or reports:

Viewpoints in the database are the same as chapters you'd find in the Opposing Viewpoints book series.  We have nearly 500 of them across all three libraries , so you may have run across them before. If you find a book in our library catalog that's part of the Opposing Viewpoints series, and the book is checked out or missing, you could try to find the same content in the database.  

If you are using the Opposing Viewpoints database in order to look for Viewpoints essays  only , there's an easy way to narrow your search. At the searchbox at the top right of the homepage, click on "Viewpoints" instead of "All," and enter your search terms:

Now your search results will  only be Viewpoints essays (not any of the other types of sources you can find in this database). If you have too many, use the limiting options on the left to make your search results more specific to your topic:

A word of caution: some professors think Viewpoints are OK to use as sources for research papers, and some professors do not. Always check your assignment and with your professor to make sure you know what sources will be accepted for your own research paper or speech.

• << Previous: Academic Search Complete
• Next: Issues and Controversies >>
• Last Updated: Dec 14, 2023 8:38 AM
• URL: https://sjcd.libguides.com/englishoer

https://www.sanjac.edu/library | Central Library: 281-476-1850 | Generation Park Campus: 281-998-6150 x8133 | North Library: 281-459-7116 | South Library: 281-998-6150 ext. 3306

How to Write an Essay – Best Method Explained

B efore we dive into this article, we highly recommend you check out bestessaywriter.net if you are looking to get your essay written by highly qualified writers with over 30 years of experience. 

Are you passionate about a topic and eager to share it? Write an essay! Do you disagree with a common viewpoint and want to persuade others to see it your way? Write an essay! Are you required to submit a piece of writing to get into your dream college? Write an essay! 

Writing essays is a powerful way to express your thoughts, challenge prevailing opinions, and fulfill academic requirements. Whether you're driven by passion or necessity, crafting a well-thought-out essay can make a significant impact. 

The term "essay" broadly describes any written piece where the author presents their viewpoint on a topic. This can be academic, editorial, or even humorous in nature. Despite the vast number of approaches and topics available, successful essay writing generally adheres to a consistent framework. 

Good essays are structured effectively to guide the reader through the author's arguments and insights. Whether you're exploring complex theories or sharing personal experiences, a clear, logical structure is key to making your essay compelling and coherent. 

In the following sections, we'll dive into that framework and explain how you can apply it to your essays, regardless of their type. But first, let's begin with a basic overview of essay writing. 

How to Write an Essay 

If you are having trouble writing an essay, you can hire an essay writer from BestEssayWriter.net but if you want to learn how to write an essay on your own, we will lay down the exact steps in this guide.  

Steps to write an essay: 

• Generate Ideas and Choose a Type of Essay : Start by brainstorming potential topics and deciding on the type of essay you want to write, whether it's persuasive, descriptive, expository, or another style. 
• Outline Your Essay : Plan your essay by outlining each paragraph. This helps organize your thoughts and ensures a logical flow of information. 
• Write a Rough Draft : Begin with a rough draft, focusing on getting your ideas down on paper. Don't worry about perfect word choice or grammar at this stage. 
• Edit and Revise : After completing your rough draft, go back and refine it. Pay attention to details like word choice, sentence structure, and overall coherence. 
• Proofread : Finally, review your essay for any typos, errors, or other issues that might detract from your message. 

We'll explore each of these steps in more detail below, but first, let's focus on a crucial element of any effective essay: choosing the right topic. 

Crafting Your Essay's Thesis Statement 

Before you start writing your essay, there are three critical aspects to consider: 

• Thesis  
• Type  
• Audience  

Among these, the thesis is the most crucial. It represents the core argument or main point of your essay. For instance, Bertrand Russell's thesis in "In Praise of Idleness" argues that society overly prioritizes work, neglecting the value of leisure. 

Your thesis statement should encapsulate this central idea. It's what you want your readers to remember most when they finish reading. If you're struggling to define your thesis, ask yourself: "What's the one thing I want my readers to remember?" 

It's best to state your thesis early, ideally in the first few sentences, and to reiterate it throughout your essay, particularly in the conclusion. This repetition ensures that your central idea is clear and resonant. 

The rest of your essay should support this thesis. You can use various forms of evidence to bolster your argument, including empirical data, testimonials, logical reasoning, or persuasive language. The key is to consistently build upon your initial thesis without veering off into unrelated topics. 

The Essay-Writing Process 

Writing encompasses a range of formats, from essays and research papers to novels, poems, screenplays, and blog articles. No matter the format, following an efficient writing process is essential. Even if you begin with a stream-of-consciousness style for your rough draft, a structured system is crucial for revision and refinement. 

Here’s a five-step writing process recommended for essay writing:  

• Brainstorming : Start by gathering your thoughts. Based on your prompt or thesis, generate as many ideas as you can. This is your chance to think freely and note down everything that comes to mind, knowing you can later discard what doesn’t fit. 
• Preparing : In this stage, you filter and organize your ideas. Select those that best support your thesis and arrange them logically. This phase also involves outlining your essay’s structure and gathering resources for evidence. If your essay requires citations, now is the time to collect these, following the appropriate style guide (MLA, APA, or Chicago) depending on your academic or publication requirements. 
• Drafting : Now, you write your first draft. Don’t aim for perfection. The goal is to get your ideas down on paper. Focusing too much on perfecting each word can detract from the overall flow of your essay. 
• Revising : This involves multiple drafts. Here, refine your essay by enhancing word choice, clarity, and overall flow. Avoid common pitfalls like passive voice and run-on sentences. Tools like Grammarly can be particularly helpful in this stage, offering suggestions for sentence structure and clarity to ensure your writing is concise and readable. 
• Proofreading : After revising, the final step is proofreading. This is your chance to catch any misspellings, grammatical errors, or formatting issues. Using a tool like Grammarly’s AI-powered writing assistant can be beneficial for catching these common mistakes, providing instant feedback to refine your essay further. 

This structured approach helps maintain focus throughout the writing process, ensuring that each part of your essay contributes effectively to the whole. 

Essay Structure: An Overview 

The structure of an essay typically adheres to a simple format of introduction, body, and conclusion. However, the content within these sections is what truly makes an essay effective. 

Introduction : The introduction sets the stage for your essay. It follows general writing guidelines but places extra emphasis on presenting the thesis statement prominently, ideally within the first few sentences. By the end of your introductory paragraph, the reader should clearly understand the topic of your essay. Following conventional best practices for writing an introduction will ensure a strong start. 

Body Paragraphs : The body forms the bulk of your essay. Here, each paragraph supports your thesis with evidence. How you organize these paragraphs is crucial. In cases where arguments build on each other, a logical progression ensures clarity and enhances the reader's understanding. It's important to remember that the reader may not be as familiar with the subject as you are, so the structure should aid their comprehension. 

When writing an argumentative essay, the organization of points can vary. You might start with your own argument, presenting evidence before introducing opposing views, or you might begin by addressing the opposition's views and then refute them. The arrangement depends on the strategy you choose: 

• Aristotelian (Classical) : Focuses on establishing the validity of your position. 
• Rogerian : Acknowledges the opposing perspectives before presenting a middle ground. 
• Toulmin : Breaks down arguments into their fundamental parts, including counter-arguments and supporting evidence. 

For simpler essays, a straightforward approach can be effective: 

• Your Point : Clearly state your argument. 
• Counterpoint : Introduce opposing viewpoints. 
• Evidence : Provide evidence that supports your point and/or refutes the counterpoint. 

This basic framework ensures that your essay is not only structured and coherent but also persuasive and comprehensive. 

Conclusion: Wrapping Up Your Essay 

The conclusion of an essay serves to effectively summarize and reinforce your thesis, making it digestible and memorable for the reader. It's the final opportunity to solidify your arguments and leave a lasting impression. 

A good conclusion will: 

• Restate the Thesis : Reiterate your main argument to remind the reader of its importance and relevance. 
• Summarize Key Points : Briefly recap the major arguments or evidence presented in the body paragraphs to reinforce the thesis. 
• Offer Closure : Provide a final statement that signals the essay is coming to an end, often linking back to the broader implications of your argument. 

While it's tempting to introduce new ideas or fresh perspectives in the conclusion, it's important to avoid presenting new evidence or arguments that weren't previously discussed. Instead, you can: 

• Provide Context : Expand on the implications of your thesis in a broader context, suggesting areas for further exploration or the potential impact of your findings. 
• Reflect on the Journey : Acknowledge any changes in perspective or insights gained through the process of writing the essay. 

The conclusion should leave the reader with a clear understanding of your central thesis and the confidence that the essay has fully explored and supported that thesis. By effectively wrapping up your essay, you ensure that your ideas resonate with the reader long after they finish reading. 

The Five-Paragraph Essay: A Simple Structure 

The five-paragraph essay is a straightforward and efficient structure ideal for short, time-constrained writing tasks. This format is especially useful during exams or when a quick response is required. Here’s how it breaks down: 

• Introduction Paragraph : This is where you introduce the topic and present your thesis statement. The introduction sets the stage for the discussion and aims to grab the reader's interest. 
• Three Body Paragraphs : Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea that supports your thesis, elaborated with examples, facts, or arguments. This is the core section where you develop your thesis and make your case to the reader. 
• Conclusion Paragraph : The conclusion summarizes the main points and restates the thesis in light of the evidence presented. It should bring a sense of closure and completeness to the essay, reinforcing your initial argument and perhaps suggesting broader implications or future considerations. 

While the five-paragraph essay structure may not accommodate more complex or nuanced topics, its simplicity and clarity make it highly effective for straightforward subjects and settings where clarity and brevity are essential. This structure ensures that your essay is organized and coherent, making it easier for the reader to follow and understand your points quickly. 

Understanding Your Essay's Audience 

Knowing who will read your essay is crucial—it influences everything from the tone to the complexity of your language. Your audience can range from a teacher or admissions counselor to your peers or a broader internet audience. Each group has different expectations and preferences that should guide how you write. 

Formality : The level of formality required often depends on your readers. Academic and professional settings typically demand a formal tone, precise word choice, and a structured approach. In contrast, a blog post or a piece for your peers might allow for a more relaxed style. 

Language and Style : Consider the familiarity of your audience with the subject matter. This understanding will determine how much background information you need to provide and how complex your vocabulary should be. For example, technical jargon might be appropriate for a specialist audience but confusing for general readers. 

Use of Language Devices : Devices like emojis can enhance a casual piece by adding personality and aiding emotional expression. However, they are generally inappropriate in formal essays where they can seem unprofessional and out of place. 

Tailoring your essay to your audience not only makes your writing more effective but also ensures that it is received and understood as intended. Whether you’re drafting a formal research paper or a casual blog post, considering your audience’s expectations will lead to clearer, more effective communication. 

Exploring the Six Common Types of Essays 

Essays can vary significantly in style and purpose, often dictated by the assignment or the writer's intent. Understanding the different types of essays can enhance your ability to choose the most effective approach for your writing. Here are six common types of essays that you might encounter: 

Argumentative Essay 

Argumentative essays are foundational in academic settings, primarily aiming to assert and defend a position. These essays require you to present a strong case for your viewpoint, making them a staple in many school assignments, especially in college. 

Admissions Essay 

Used in college applications, admissions essays ask you to explain why you are interested in a particular school. This type of essay is your opportunity to communicate your passion, goals, and suitability for a college program. 

Persuasive Essay 

Similar to argumentative essays, persuasive essays aim to convince the reader of a specific viewpoint. However, the key difference lies in the intent; persuasive essays not only present an argument but also seek to persuade the reader to adopt this perspective, often through emotional appeal and logical reasoning. 

Compare-and-Contrast Essay 

This format is ideal for discussing two opposing viewpoints or different aspects of a topic, giving equal attention to each. Compare-and-contrast essays are excellent for exploring the similarities and differences between two subjects, providing a balanced view without bias toward one side. 

Personal Essay 

Personal essays are narrative in nature, often relaying anecdotes or personal experiences. Writers like David Sedaris excel in this form, offering stories that resonate on a personal level. While these essays may have a thesis, it is often more interpretive, reflecting personal growth or insights. 

Expository Essay 

Expository essays are informative, explaining a topic in detail to enhance the reader's understanding. Unlike argumentative or persuasive essays, they maintain an objective tone, presenting facts without personal bias. 

Each type of essay serves a different purpose and requires a specific approach. Whether you're arguing a point, sharing a personal story, or providing an objective explanation, understanding these distinctions can help you craft more effective, tailored content. 

Enhancing Your Essay Writing Skills 

Mastering the fundamentals .

To excel in essay writing, especially in academic settings, mastering the fundamentals is crucial. Understanding essay structure and the writing process is essential, but your ability to apply these concepts is what will truly make your essays stand out. Focus on developing your thesis logically and coherently, using an appropriate language style, and ensuring that your references and citations are reliable. For advanced tips that build on these basics, consider exploring more detailed guides on improving your essay skills. 

Getting Feedback 

One of the best ways to improve your writing is to seek feedback. Having someone else review your work can provide new insights and catch errors that you might have missed. This is because working on the same piece can lead to tunnel vision. If possible, exchange essays with a friend for mutual editing, utilize writing centers, or join online writing communities. If these options aren't available, taking a break and revisiting your work with fresh eyes can also be very beneficial. 

The Importance of Grammar and Form 

How you present your ideas can be as important as the ideas themselves. Even a strong, clear thesis can be undermined by poor grammar, confusing structure, or unclear writing. For essays that need to make a strong impact, consider tools like Grammarly Premium, which offers sentence restructuring for clarity, grammar corrections, and readability enhancements. These tools are also invaluable for non-native English speakers looking to refine their language skills. 

Focusing on these elements will not only improve the clarity and persuasiveness of your essays but also enhance your overall writing skills, making your arguments more compelling and your points clearer to your reader. 

Greater Good Science Center • Magazine • In Action • In Education

Politics Articles & More

How talking about abortion can help opposing sides, when people who disagree have dialogues about abortion, it helps build respect, understanding, and bridges to policy change..

The Supreme Court’s decision to overturn Roe v. Wade has split the country into joyous supporters and furious dissenters. Emotions are running high, and some protests have turned violent . Yet research shows that people on either side of the abortion rights issue can bridge their divide if they speak directly and respectfully with one another.

In July 2022, former leaders of prominent abortion-rights and anti-abortion advocacy organizations in Massachusetts gathered to discuss a new documentary film series about conversations they had regularly from 1995 to 2001. The warm friendships that they developed across their deep differences on abortion persist today, decades after their first meeting.

Nicki Gamble, the former president and CEO of Planned Parenthood League of Massachusetts , said during the panel that the opportunity to engage with anti-abortion activists “changed my life.”

Others agreed.

“The facilitators made us really listen,” said Madeline McComish, former president of Massachusetts Citizens for Life . “Most of the time the pro-choice women had said something different than what we thought.”

My research on talks between abortion-rights and anti-abortion advocates found that respectful conversation produces numerous positive outcomes. It helps people listen more deeply and forge personal connections, which can reduce negative stereotypes and foster respect and empathy. In Boston, this translated to a lessening of inflammatory public language.

It can also lead people on opposite sides of an issue to evolve their views and develop more nuanced, complex perspectives.

De-escalating violence

The Abortion Dialogues , as they are known, were launched in Boston in response to lethal shootings in 1994 by an anti–abortion rights gunman at two local abortion clinics.

At that time , the country was deeply polarized about abortion, rocked by violent protests and murders of prominent doctors who provided abortions.

Six women activists for and against abortion rights started confidential talks in Boston in 1995, hoping to de-escalate the violence.

They soon discovered that their moral worldviews presented two irreconcilable philosophies about how to live in the world.

The three participants on the “pro-life,” side, as they chose to call themselves, are all observant Catholics from Boston. They made life choices based on a worldview that there is one truth, guided by their faith, about moral rights and wrongs.

In contrast, the women on the “pro-choice” side, as they referred to themselves, said that they recognized a diversity of personal beliefs and weighed many circumstances in making life choices.

“The pro-choice side does not believe there are moral absolutes,” explained one “pro-life” leader who participated in the talks in a confidential research interview in 2008. “The pro-life participants would force others to conduct their lives according to the ‘one’ truth that they believe,” countered a “pro-choice” activist who also engaged in the talks.

Despite this irreconcilable difference, the participants valued their conversations. They enjoyed talking with people with whom they had formerly sparred via news interviews.

Gradually, each side’s negative stereotypes were replaced by greater understanding and respect for their opponents. They also discovered that they enjoyed each other’s company. They grew to be friends, celebrated birthdays together, and shared the ups and downs of their lives.

Rehumanizing the fight led to their hoped-for public outcome—the participants toned down their name calling, spoke up loudly for nonviolent means of change, and instructed their organizations to treat the people on the other side with respect.

Truth statements and policy

The Boston leaders didn’t try to agree on policy, but in June 2022, a different, small group of 22 residents in Jessamine Country, Kentucky, interested in abortion rights succeeded in doing just that.

They used a guide for how to structure conversations produced by the nonprofit Braver Angels , an organization I volunteer with, that sets out how to find common ground among those with opposing viewpoints . Their aim: create agreements about abortion between conservatives and liberals.

One key to the group’s success was a selection of background readings by abortion-rights and anti-abortion authors that established a shared set of facts about abortion. For instance, there is a strong link between abortion and poverty, in that three out of four women seeking abortions are poor or low-income.

This article was produced with support from the Greater Good Science Center and the John Templeton Foundation as part of the GGSC's initiative on Expanding Awareness of the Science of Intellectual Humility .

The Kentucky abortion conversation also focused on a goal everyone could support—reducing unwanted pregnancies and, consequently, abortions. The result was unanimous agreement on two concrete policy recommendations: better, age-appropriate sex education in Kentucky schools, and long-acting reversible contraception that is free of charge for Kentucky residents, modeled after the Colorado contraception program , which reduced abortion rates by 60% and birth rates by 59% among teenagers aged 15–19 from 2009 to 2014.

The participants are now working to communicate their recommendations to state legislators, local pastors, the local health department, and the news media.

Beyond these cases

The empathetic dialogue strategies used in Massachusetts and Kentucky may work in the longer term to reduce polarization in other places, too, and build greater consensus on future policy.

Ireland, for example, voted in 2018 to roll back the country’s restrictive abortion law, replacing it with a new constitutional amendment that permits abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and later if a woman’s life or health is at risk or the fetus has an abnormality.

Just as the Kentucky group did with their shared readings before they met, Ireland undertook joint fact-finding before the amendment vote, via a 100-person constitutional convention. When it came time to vote, empathetic story sharing played a key role. Nearly 40% of those who voted to remove the abortion prohibition said their vote had been influenced by hearing from a woman about her experience.

These same lessons could apply to abortion in the U.S.

John Wood Jr., chairman of the Republican Party of Los Angeles County, called for the same respectful type of conversation in a story he told in July 2022 about his long-ago teenage girlfriend’s abortion.

“I cannot hate my fellow Americans who have dedicated their lives to either side of this issue,” he wrote. “There is deep humanity on each side of this divide.”

The groups in Massachusetts and Kentucky show that dialogue works. They built personal connections that crossed their respective ideologies, showed respect for different opinions, and pushed for change that they could all support.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article .

About the Author

Kate W. Isaacs

Kate W. Isaacs, Ph.D. , is a lecturer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). She teaches and does research on leadership and social psychology, with an emphasis on distributed leadership, stakeholder capitalism, sustainability, and human development.

You May Also Enjoy

This article — and everything on this site — is funded by readers like you.

Become a subscribing member today. Help us continue to bring “the science of a meaningful life” to you and to millions around the globe.

• Share full article

Advertisement

Supported by

David French

Marjorie Taylor Greene Is Not as Powerful as She Thinks She Is

By David French

Opinion Columnist

In an interview last week , NewsNation’s Blake Burman asked Speaker Mike Johnson about Marjorie Taylor Greene, and before Burman could finish his question, Johnson responded with classic Southern scorn. “Bless her heart,” he said, and then he told Burman that Greene wasn’t proving to be a serious lawmaker and that he didn’t spend a lot of time thinking about her.

Strangely enough, Johnson’s dismissal of Greene — on the eve of her potential effort to oust him from the office he won in October — spoke as loudly as his decision to put a vote for Ukraine aid on the floor in the first place. In spite of the Republican Party’s narrow majority in the House and the constant threat of a motion to vacate the chair, he will not let MAGA’s most extreme lawmaker run the place.

To understand the significance of this moment, it’s necessary to understand the changing culture of the MAGAfied Republican Party. After eight years of Donald Trump’s dominance, we know the fate of any Republican politician who directly challenges him — the confrontation typically ends his or her political career in the most miserable way possible, with dissenters chased out of office amid a hail of threats and insults. Jeff Flake, Bob Corker, Adam Kinzinger and Liz Cheney are but a few of the many Republicans who dared to defy Trump and paid a high political price.

But there’s an open question: Does the MAGA movement have the same control over the Republican Party when Trump isn’t directly in the fray? Can it use the same tactics to impose party discipline and end political careers? If the likes of Greene or Steve Bannon or Matt Gaetz or Charlie Kirk can wield the same power, then the transformation of the party will be complete. It won’t be simply in thrall to Trump; it will be in thrall to his imitators and heirs and perhaps lost to the reactionary right for a generation or more.

I don’t want to overstate the case, but Johnson’s stand — together with the Democrats’ response — gives me hope. Consider the chain of events. On April 12, Johnson appeared at Mar-a-Lago and received enough of a blessing from Trump to make it clear that Trump didn’t want him removed. Days before a vote on Ukraine aid that directly defied the MAGA movement, Trump said Johnson was doing a “very good job.”

Days later, Johnson got aid to Ukraine passed with more Democratic votes than Republican — a violation of the so-called Hastert Rule , an informal practice that says the speaker shouldn’t bring a vote unless the measure is supported by a majority within his own party. Greene and the rest of MAGA exploded, especially when Democratic lawmakers waved Ukrainian flags on the House floor. Greene vowed to force a vote on her motion to end Johnson’s speakership. She filed the motion in March as a “warning” to Johnson, and now she’s following through — directly testing her ability to transform the House.

But what happened after the Ukraine vote was truly fascinating. First, Republicans who voted for Ukraine aid found their actual constituents were generally fine with the vote. Many supported Ukraine. There was little to no backlash back home.

Second, Democrats came to Johnson’s aid . Last Tuesday, the top three Democrats in the House — Hakeem Jeffries, Katherine Clark and Pete Aguilar — issued a statement supporting Johnson and opposing Greene’s motion to vacate. “If she invokes the motion,” they said, “it will not succeed.”

Next, the Republican Party’s human weather vane, Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, blasted Greene in an interview with RealClearPolitics’s Phil Wegmann, telling him that “what’s she’s doing is really unhelpful to the country.” Of course, Cruz will pivot on a dime if Trump turns on Johnson, but at the moment the power dynamic is clear, and MAGA without Trump is much more bark than bite.

In fact, if you take a step back and look at Biden’s term so far, one can see the outlines of healthy government — at least so long as Trump stays out of the fray. There is a rough governing consensus on a number of fronts. In 2021, for example, Congress passed a bipartisan infrastructure bill . In December 2022, it passed the Respect for Marriage Act , a bipartisan compromise bill that protects both gay marriage and religious liberty, and that same month it passed bipartisan reforms to the Electoral Count Act that will make it much more difficult for a losing candidate to sow chaos after a presidential election.

Combine those measures with the immensely important foreign aid package passed last month, and you can see the outlines of a functioning Congress, one in which compromise and persuasion are still tools of the trade.

But that infuriates MAGA, which scorns compromise and persuasion as weakness. It derides bipartisan legislation as a product of a corrupt Washington “uniparty.” And so Greene is pushing ahead with her motion to vacate. If Johnson survives the vote with Democratic support, she’ll label him the “Democrat speaker” and continue her relentless political guerrilla war.

It has been nine years since Trump came down the escalator , and since that time MAGA has become a movement that hopes to outlive Trump himself. It’s systematically dismantling the old G.O.P. and attempting to recreate the party in its own image. But it has never been clear to me that MAGA can survive without Trump, and Johnson’s battle with Greene tells us why.

To paraphrase Senator Lloyd Bentsen’s devastating takedown of Dan Quayle in the 1988 vice-presidential debate, we know Donald Trump. He’s been a megawatt celebrity for more than four decades. He built an entire brand around the false notion that he was one of the world’s greatest businessmen. He has an uncanny ability to reach his core audience. And you, Representative Greene, are no Donald Trump.

Neither is the rest of MAGA. The clown car collection of MAGA personalities who orbit Trump is often both profoundly weird and remarkably inept. They suffered a collective humiliation in the 2022 midterm elections. Mainstream Republicans coasted to victory in key elections in Georgia , Ohio and Florida , while the election-denying MAGA conspiracy theorists suffered a string of losses in battleground states.

The scandals and conspiracies that don’t seem to touch Trump at all can still bring down other Republicans, including the MAGA candidates who hug Trump the hardest. It turns out that the vaunted ideological change of the Republican Party from Reaganite conservatism to America First and working-class populism may well be overblown.

This makes the 2024 election all the more crucial. If Trump wins, MAGA has four more years to consolidate its hold on the Republican Party and transform the conservative movement from the inside out. But if Trump loses, the battle is joined once again.

And if the mismatch between Speaker Johnson and Greene is any indication, I would not presume that MAGA will win the day.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

David French is an Opinion columnist, writing about law, culture, religion and armed conflict. He is a veteran of Operation Iraqi Freedom and a former constitutional litigator. His most recent book is “Divided We Fall: America’s Secession Threat and How to Restore Our Nation .” You can follow him on Threads ( @davidfrenchjag ).