what can i do with a phd in biomedical science

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Possible careers for phds in biomedical sciences.

Posted by Kim Petrie on Friday, December 11, 2020 in Path to Career Resources .

Sometimes it’s just nice to have a list of possibilities. Here’s a terrific list of career paths for PhDs in the biomedical sciences, compiled by Lauren Easterling at Indiana University School of Medicine. It’s nicely arranged by broad theme. See something you’re not familiar with? Check out our Beyond the Lab video and podcast series to see if we have recorded an episode with an alumnus who has pursued that career.

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Beyond the Lab: Data Science

• Doing a PhD in Biomedical Sciences

What does a PhD in Biomedical Sciences Involve?

At the core of a Biomedical Sciences PhD project is the ability to develop the skills required to carry out research into the science of the human body and the causes and treatments of the diseases affecting the body.

Biomedical Science research at university can cover a wide range of project areas including cancer biology, cardiovascular science, cell pathology, medical microbiology and immunology. Other research topic focuses include dermatology, diabetes, kidney disease and diagnostic and therapeutic technologies.

A key motivator for the university is to help convert postgraduate research students into leading scientists of the future. As such, many institutions place a great emphasis on building a status of scientific excellence, giving PhD students access to state-of-the-art facilities and building a pathway for scientists to develop careers in sectors within and outside academia.

Browse PhDs in Biomedical Sciences

A next-generation genetic technology to identify biotechnologically-valuable enzymes and transporters, ubiquitin-dependent signalling pathways in ageing, exploring the impact of microplastic-bacterial complexes on animal health and the gut microbiome, energy dissipation in human soft tissue during impacts, micro-manufacturing of surface textures for enhanced electrosurgery, how long does it take to get a phd in biomedical sciences.

Typically, it will take you 3 years of full-time research to earn a Biomedical Science PhD . The duration of a part-time PhD will be around 6 years. Often, PhD students are first registered as MPhil students before carrying out their upgrade viva and their registered status to PhD student. In some institutions, the degree programme offered may incorporate an additional/preliminary first year in which taught courses are delivered to prepare the student for the research work to come.

What are the typical entry requirements for a PhD in Biomedical Sciences?

Most universities will require you to have a minimum of a 2:1 undergraduate degree from a UK university or the equivalent grade from an institution outside of the UK. The degree will need to have been in a field that’s relevant to Biomedical Sciences. You may still be eligible to apply if you have a grade lower than a 2:1, if you also hold a Master’s degree.

You’ll need to provide the university with evidence of your English language proficiency if English is not your first language. Typically, a minimum IELTS test score of 6.5 is needed to gain entry to research programmes however this may be higher from one university to another.

How much does a Biomedical Sciences PhD cost?

In a UK university, UK based postgraduate research students should expect to incur annual tuition fees in the region of £4,500/year . With a full-time PhD lasting 3 years, this equates to £13,500 in fees. This is on the basis that you’re studying full time; part time students should expect to pay lower fees, with some variability between institutions about how this is calculated.

For international students (including now EU students), the annual tuition fee costs around £23,500/year, equating to £70,500 over the span of 3 years.

As with all PhDs, potential students will need to consider living costs and any bench fees that may be expected by their particular project or graduate school.

What can you do with a PhD in Biomedical Sciences?

Many Biomedical Sciences PhDs continue on with postgraduate study by becoming post-doctoral researchers, teaching fellows and research fellows within university or clinical settings, such as local NHS hospitals. Others develop successful careers within the pharmaceutical industry or move into research and development within the private sector.

Specific job roles that graduates could go into include becoming biomedical scientists, microbiologist, toxicologist or clinical scientists.

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PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences (PiBS)

For contact information, please visit the Program in Biomedical Sciences (PiBS)  website .

Boston University’s Program in Biomedical Sciences (PiBS) is an “umbrella” program with 9 participating departments/programs, all housed within Graduate Medical Sciences at the Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine.  PiBS provides rigorous training toward a PhD degree, focusing on coursework and research, as well as professional development for career advancement. In addition to required and elective coursework, first-year students explore research opportunities by participating in three laboratory rotations to help determine the direction of their PhD research.

Learning Outcomes

The learning outcomes for the doctoral programs in Graduate Medical Sciences at the  Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine are designed to train scholars to be leaders in their respective fields of biomedical research. Trainees become fluent in their areas of specialization, as well as develop competencies that provide the foundation for lifelong learning and practice in their chosen field. Trainees will demonstrate and apply the professional and scientific skills necessary to benefit society. They will:

• Generate an original body of work in the biomedical sciences that reflects critical thinking and independent thought.
• Demonstrate competencies in advanced research skills and critical thinking.
• Develop the ability to communicate with specialists and nonexperts through writing and oral communication within their chosen field of expertise.
• Demonstrate a commitment to professional development and continued learning in their chosen field.

Participating programs/departments include:

• Biochemistry & Cell Biology
• Genetics & Genomics
• Molecular & Translational Medicine
• Nutrition & Metabolism
• Orofacial & Skeletal Biology
• Pathology & Laboratory Medicine  (including Immunology Training Program )
• Pharmacology, Physiology & Biophysics
• Virology, Immunology & Microbiology (including Immunology Training Program )

PiBS faculty’s broad research interests include:

• Bioinformatics
• Cancer biology, cancer immunology, and tumor microenvironment
• Cardiovascular and pulmonary disease
• Cell dynamics and architecture
• Cell signaling and gene regulation
• Computational biology
• Development and regenerative biology and stem cells
• Genetics and gene regulation
• Hematologic disorders
• Host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease
• Inflammation and inflammatory diseases
• Lymphatic system physiology and disease
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Nutrition, obesity, diabetes, and related metabolic diseases
• Oral, craniofacial, and skeletal biology
• Pathology and laboratory medicine
• Physiology and pathophysiology
• Proteomics and glycomics
• Structural biology and molecular biophysics
• Vaccine development

Please visit the PiBS website for links to the participating programs’ websites and additional information regarding individual faculty research interests.

In the first year, PhD students take the Foundations in Biomedical Sciences (FBS)  core curriculum, professional skills development courses, as well as elective courses focused on area-specific interests. In addition, students experience three laboratory rotations and attend research seminars. Students work closely with a faculty advisor to develop a plan tailored to serve specific research and professional goals. After selection of a laboratory, students join the program/department with which the mentor is affiliated and continue advanced studies toward candidacy. Once a student chooses a dissertation laboratory and a department/program of study, additional coursework is dictated by the requirements of that department/program. All departments/programs require that the student submit, present, and defend a dissertation based on original laboratory research performed under the direction of a member of the PiBS faculty.

PiBS First-Year Curriculum

Core/required courses (18–20 credits total).

• GMS FC 708 Professional Development Skills (2 cr)
• GMS FC 711 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Protein Structure, Catalysis and Interaction (3 cr)
• GMS FC 712 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Structure and Function of the Genome (3 cr)
• GMS FC 713 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Architecture and Dynamics of the Cell (3 cr)
• GMS FC 714 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Mechanisms of Cell Communication (3 cr)
• GMS FC 764 Professional Skills (2 cr)
• Statistics class (2–4 cr)

Possible Elective Courses (4–8 Credits Total)

• GMS BI 777 Techniques in Biochemistry, Cell, and Molecular Biology (2 cr)
• GMS BY 762 Foundations of Biophysics and Structural Biology I (2 cr)
• GMS BY 763 Foundations of Biophysics and Structural Biology II (2 cr)
• GMS BY 776 Macromolecular Assemblies I (2 cr)
• GMS BY 777 Macromolecular Assemblies II (2 cr)
• GMS FC 706 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Molecular Metabolism (2 cr)
• GMS FC 709 Research Design and Statistical Methods for Biomedical Sciences (3 cr)
• GMS FC 715 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Translational Genetics and Genomics (3 cr)
• GMS FC 717 Foundations in Biomedical Sciences: Physiology of Specialized Cells (3 cr)
• GMS FC 762 Critical Thinking in Biomedical Research (2 cr)
• GMS GE 701 Principles of Genetics and Genomics (4 cr)
• GMS MI 701 Concepts in Virology (2 cr)
• GMS MI 713 Comprehensive Immunology (4 cr)
• GMS MI 715 Immunological Basis of Disease (2 cr)
• GMS MM 703 Cancer Biology and Genetics (2 cr)
• GMS MM 710 Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (2 cr)
• GMS MM 725 Biology of the Lung and Pulmonary Disease (2 cr)
• GMS NU 755 Molecular, Biochemical, and Physiological Basis of Nutrition I: Energy Balance and Micronutrients (4 cr)
• GMS NU 756 Molecular, Biochemical, and Physiological Basis of Nutrition II: Macronutrients (4 cr)
• GMS NU 757 Molecular, Biochemical, and Physiologic Bases of Nutrition: Regulation of Energy Balance (2 cr)
• GMS OB 763 Basic Processes in Oral Biology I (2 cr)
• GMS OB 764 Basic Processes in Oral Biology II (2 cr)
• GMS PA 700 Basic and Experimental Pathology (4 cr)
• GMS PA 710 Principles of Basic and Applied Pathology (2 cr)
• GMS PA 801 S Special Topics in Pathology
• GMS PA 910 Human Biospecimens in Research (2 cr)
• GMS PA 932 Histopathology (4 cr)

Lab Rotations, 4 credits total

Each student completes three laboratory rotations in the first year of the program.

Professional Development Opportunities

In addition to the biomedical and professional skills coursework in the first year, we offer our graduate students a host of professional development opportunities ( BU’s BEST  and PhD Professional Development Opportunities ). These include workshops, panel discussions, site visits, and internships to enable students to consider and prepare for careers in a variety of sectors, including research and nonresearch careers in academia, industry, government, communications, law/compliance, or wherever they may choose to work.

Financial Support

PhD students in good standing are provided with a financial package that covers the cost of tuition, health insurance, and fees, as well as a living stipend.

Admission Requirements

PiBS applicants should have a strong undergraduate academic record as well as research experience. Students matriculate during the fall semester. Please visit the  PiBS website for more information regarding the application and selection processes.

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The skills you develop throughout your biomedical sciences education, like analytical thinking and problem-solving, are highly sought after in many fields. For example, roles in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and regulatory affairs offer opportunities to apply your knowledge in a corporate or industry setting. Alternatively, your degree can serve as a stepping stone to further education and specialization in fields such as medicine, dentistry, or academia. Each career path appreciates the critical thinking and rigorous scientific training inherent to a biomedical sciences background.

Moreover, the landscape of biomedical sciences careers is always evolving.  When new challenges arise, such as public health issues and technological advancements, your degree positions you to be at the forefront of innovation and change. Whether you choose to focus on research, patient care, or industry, you can be confident that a biomedical sciences degree provides a strong foundation for a meaningful and dynamic career.

Scope of Biomedical Sciences

The biomedical sciences encompass an interdisciplinary approach focused on the understanding of human health and disease. As a biomedical science major, you're exposed to a plethora of subjects including biology, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, immunology, and molecular biology. You might start at the University of New Hampshire (UNH) COLSA, where specialized programs like the Medical Laboratory Science option provide a firm foundation in diagnostic laboratory work, which is crucial in disease treatment and prevention.

Moreover, the biomedical science realm offers diverse opportunities. By pursuing an undergraduate major in this area, you're preparing not just for laboratory-based roles but also a wide range of career options in research, academia, healthcare policy, or pharmaceutical development.

Core Principles and Skills

Biomedical science is grounded in a set of core principles that include understanding the molecular mechanisms of disease, the body's immune responses, and the intricate details of genetic inheritance. Critical thinking and data analysis are central to this discipline, enabling you to decipher complex scientific data and draw meaningful conclusions.

In a program like the Medical and Veterinary Sciences option , you not only delve into biochemistry and molecular biology but also develop communication skills that are essential for conveying scientific information. Whether you’re working on groundbreaking research or communicating your findings, these skills place you at the core of scientific advancements that shape our understanding of life sciences.

Career Paths in Biomedical Science

With a biomedical science degree, you embark on a journey through a versatile field that offers various fulfilling career opportunities tailored to your interests. Whether it's research, technology, or working directly with patients, your choice impacts health outcomes and scientific advancements.

Research and Development

In Research and Development (R&D), you craft the future of medical treatments and health care technologies. As a research scientist or biotechnologist, you may secure funding through organizations like the National Science Foundation (NSF) for groundbreaking projects. Engaging in pharmacology, neuroscience, or other specializations, biomedical science jobs in R&D deliver competitive salaries, reflecting the significant impact of your work.

Clinical and Laboratory Work

Clinical and laboratory work forms the backbone of patient diagnosis and research validity. Working in hospitals or laboratories, your role as a clinical scientist, laboratory technician, or microbiologist contributes to advancements in health. The National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) often supports such critical roles, ensuring that those on the forefront of medical testing and diagnostics have the resources they need.

Biomedical Technology and Engineering

The field of biomedical technology and engineering merges engineering principles with biological knowledge to develop life-saving devices and equipment. As a biomedical engineer, you may work in development, testing, or maintenance, ensuring that technological applications meet the complex needs of medical professionals and patients. This sector often requires collaboration with institutions like the Medical Research Council to align engineering innovation with medical research goals.

Medical Sales and Technical Support

Medical sales and technical support serve as critical links between manufacturers and healthcare providers. A medical sales representative informs and distributes the latest biomedical products, while technical support specialists ensure these technologies function correctly in real-world settings. Your expertise not only drives sales but also supports medical staff, drastically improving patient care and the industry's operational efficiency.

In these dynamic roles, salaries often reflect both your experience and the specialized knowledge required. Whether contributing to cutting-edge medical research or supporting veterinary sciences, a career in biomedical science adapts to your professional aspirations. Those drawn to animal health can explore opportunities through organizations like the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), which empowers professionals in veterinarian roles to excel in their field.

Working in Healthcare

With a biomedical science degree, you're uniquely positioned to play an integral role in advancing healthcare. You can contribute significantly to medicine, health, and safety in various settings.

Hospitals and Clinics

In hospitals and clinics, you can bring value as a clinical research associate or physician associate, working alongside doctors to diagnose and manage health problems. Your expertise supports the effective treatment of diseases, including cancer and chronic conditions linked to aging. Biomedical scientists are also instrumental in the implementation of clinical trials, ensuring new treatments are safe and effective for patient well-being.

Public Health and Safety

With your expertise in biomedical science, your role in public health and safety can pivotal. For example, by understanding and applying principles of epidemiology, you help control health hazards and safeguard communities. 

Medical Research

In medical research, your degree enables you to investigate the causes and progression of diseases. You'll play a key role in discovering new interventions to enhance public health. Through research on pressing challenges like cancer and aging, you can contribute significantly to our collective understanding and our ability to improve patient care and wellbeing.

Specialized Fields of Study

With a biomedical science degree, your expertise can significantly contribute to specialized fields. Each one offers a distinct impact on scientific discovery and public health.

Forensic Science

In Forensic Science, you become an integral part of legal investigations. Your role can range from a forensic scientist analyzing evidence to a crime scene investigator meticulously collecting samples onsite. Mastery in this area often requires an in-depth understanding of biological samples and attention to detail.

Genetic Counseling

Genetic Counseling is another path where communication and compassion are as crucial as scientific knowledge. As a genetic counsellor , you'll guide patients through complex genetic information, helping them understand their health risks and options.

Toxicology and Pathology

Moving into Toxicology and Pathology, your work could lead to important safety assessments as a toxicologist, or you might diagnose diseases in a pathology lab as a pathologist. These roles are pivotal in discovering how substances affect living organisms and the causes behind illnesses, respectively.

Roles Beyond the Laboratory

With a biomedical science degree, your career path is not confined to the traditional laboratory environment. You can thrive in various roles that leverage your scientific expertise while exploring realms such as communication, education, and industry.

Science Communication and Journalism

If you possess a knack for translating complex scientific concepts into digestible content, careers in science communication and journalism may suit you. You could become a science writer or science journalist, creating content for publishing companies or media outlets. This role involves researching scientific advancements and conveying them clearly to inform or educate the public.

Education and Teaching

In the field of education, your knowledge can inspire the next generation of scientists. You could pursue a role as a teacher, specializing in STEM teaching, or work as a teaching laboratory technician. These positions allow you to contribute to the scientific literacy of your community and play a direct role in shaping future professionals in the STEM fields.

Industry and Regulatory Roles

There's a continual demand for biomedical science graduates in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, where you could work as a biotechnologist, developing new products or improving existing ones. Alternatively, regulatory affairs offer positions where you ensure that companies comply with all of the regulations and laws pertaining to their business. These roles require a deep understanding of scientific principles and the ability to apply them within a regulatory framework, balancing scientific innovation with public safety and ethical considerations.

Navigating the Job Market

Entering the job market with a biomedical science degree opens a diversity of doors in various sectors, including academia, industry, and healthcare. Knowing how to present yourself and continuing to develop your skill set are crucial steps in securing your desired role.

Building a Strong Resume

Your resume is often the first impression you make on potential employers. Highlighting your project management and research undertaken at universities or research institutes is vital. Make use of UNH’s resources for templates and how-to guides tailored for crafting resumes that stand out in the biomedical field.

• Education: Include your biomedical science degree and relevant coursework.
• Experience: List internships, work experience, and project involvement, emphasizing any leadership or collaboration roles.

The Importance of Networking

Networking is a key component for biomedical professionals. Engaging with professional associations and attending events hosted by universities can lead to invaluable connections and insight into career opportunities.

• Connect with peers and faculty at your university.
• Reach out to alumni through your university's career services for guidance or mentorship.

Continuing Education and Training

The biomedical field is constantly evolving, making continuous learning essential. Pursue further education, certifications, or training to enhance your marketability as a medical science liaison or other specialized roles.

• Seek continuing education programs to stay current with biomedical advancements.
• Consider certifications in project management to boost your leadership qualifications.

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Career Prospects after a PhD in Medical Science

Blog summary.

If you want to become a top researcher in the field of medical science or you aspire to join a teaching institution and scale new heights as a scientist, then a PhD in medical sciences is a must. It can take up to six years to earn a PhD. During the first two years, you will do course work and after that, you will start working on the thesis part. In the end, you will have conducted experiments that are relevant to the subject you choose. The thesis you produce must be 100 pages long and original. Plagiarism is never tolerated in the award of a PhD. One of the qualities individuals must possess is a strong capacity to work for most independently with minimum guidance from outside. In short, you must be a resourceful person who can think out of the box and be innovative in solving complex problems and understanding the subject on which you are focusing. Texila American University and the University of Nicaragua are offering PhD in medicine program for individuals who want to complete the doctoral program. There are more than 100+ fields for which candidates can apply and join. After a PhD in Medical Science in India, the most popular destinations for scientists are research and development. This can be at pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, or educational institutions. Some PhD graduates choose to continue with postdoctoral studies. Areas of specialization include biomedical research, medical sciences, and clinical research.

How Long Must I Study to Get a PhD in Medicine?

What are the most beneficial phd in medical science programs, public health doctoral programs, environmental epidemiology doctoral programs.

In today’s highly competitive world, a PhD in Medical Science in India will be one of the most respected and esteemed qualifications. A PhD offers abundant opportunities for those who wish to pursue a career as a scientist or a researcher. Depending on the field of study and subject specialization within that field, a PhD degree-holder can apply for various positions.

A PhD in Medical Science is the highest qualification that prepares you for a career in research and development. Completing the degree will enable you to pursue your passion in the field of medicine. You can carry out invaluable research on discoveries or treatments related to health, human life, or diseases.

Some of the jobs you can enter upon successful completion of your PhD in Medical Science are:

• Academic/teaching positions at universities or colleges.
• Research and development jobs in government laboratories, universities, or pharmaceutical companies.
• Medical science research coordinator in health care organizations.
• Consultant in medical science for various organizations like universities, research institutes, hospitals, etc.
• Governmental jobs in healthcare administration at the national or international level.
• Scientific director in a non-profit organization for public health and medical science research.

The need for qualified persons trained in medicine and other life sciences is increasingly felt today. The challenge of providing better health care to an increasing population is daunting. It requires more highly trained people —professionals who can also contribute to our knowledge of the scientific aspects of health and ill-health.

A PhD in Medical Sciences in India takes about five to six years, depending on your field of research. The first two years include doing coursework and taking courses. The third year is on your thesis, and the next two years are for conducting experiments for your research. To complete the degree requirements, you must produce a thesis of more than 100 pages through original research.

The competitive nature of a medical science PhD program requires an individual to have a strong knowledge base. It also requires sound reasoning and logical thinking skills, mental alertness, and above all, patience, and dedication towards work.

It is also required that the aspirant works under the least supervision. They make decisions and are resourceful enough to solve problems without much external assistance.

PhD in medical science online programs are great choices if you want to advance your education and become a medical doctor. There are multiple fields of expertise you can apply for after completing an advanced degree. Some people pursue courses in public health, while others get their degrees in global studies. In addition, some take on the role of environmental epidemiologist . The most important thing is to find a course that you enjoy because you will have to dedicate the next few years of your life to it.

The first thing you need to do is figure out how much time it takes for someone with a medical degree to complete their PhD program. The majority of courses can last anywhere from 4-8 years. It is a lengthy process, and you need to ensure that it is the right path for you. Otherwise, you might end up spending the entirety of your time and money on something that can’t give your career what you want at the end of the day.

It would help if you also ponder over the question whether working towards an advanced degree will affect your current career as a medical doctor. Often, it will not affect your current job as long as you are confident that you can devote reasonable time for the program and have the discipline, capacity and energy to juggle study and work.

In addition, think about whether or not you have the ability to live without any income for a few years. You can always go back to practicing medicine if you want, but you will lose touch with some crucial skills or fail to update on them during your absence. Therefore, it is always important to figure out how much money you need per year and ensure that the PhD program can pay for all your expenses.

After you have figured out these two aspects in relation to a PhD in Medical Sciences in India , it is time to look for a program you want to pursue. Identify the field of expertise and find a course that will allow you to do what you want during your studies. Always go for courses with highly qualified professors who have years of experience in their respective fields.

After all, this is the best route you can take if you want to create a good PhD application. You need to make sure that you can write a PhD application with no grammar or spelling errors. It means that you must find a course with great professionalization. It is better if the program offers oral examinations instead of written ones to show your knowledge and answer all the questions in the presence of experts.

Some of the Best PhD in Medical Sciences Programs

Based on the above points, here are three of the best PhD courses for a medical doctor to pursue.

It is one of the most popular choices among medical doctors who want to advance their careers without quitting their jobs. The primary reason behind this is that public health focuses more on prevention than treatment. It is something that people with medical degrees are more than familiar with.

This is another great choice of PhD in Medical Science online for people who want to advance their careers but cannot afford to quit their jobs anytime soon. The course focuses on environmental factors, which means you will need to learn how the environment affects health and vice versa.

How Can I Pursue an Online PhD in Medical Science?

The most important thing for people who want to get a PhD in Medical Science online is identifying the best course available in their country. This means that you need to look for courses with qualified professors with proven records of success. It is best if the universities offering the courses are well-known and highly respected in terms of providing quality education. Otherwise, you might end up having a difficult time getting employment thereafter.

Also, you should check to see if the course allows students to earn money as they study and never go for courses that require ‘full-time’ study. It means that you cannot do all your work during class hours and expect to get good results. Instead, you must manage your time properly and dedicate sufficient time for your PhD studies.

It will also help find courses offered online because this will allow you to have more flexibility with your schedule. You need to take the course seriously, but there is no point in being so serious about it that you become depressed or stressed. Therefore, it is necessary to carefully examine all your options and take the best course available.

C onclusion

After a PhD in Medical Science in India , the most popular destinations for scientists are research and development. This can be at pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, or educational institutions. Some PhD graduates choose to continue with postdoctoral studies. Areas of specialization include biomedical research, medical sciences, and clinical research.

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Why Pursue a PhD in Biomedical Science?

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Information about what one can do with a PhD in Biomedical Science.

Biomedical Research: What is it?

Biomedical research is the exploration of processes that govern the functioning of molecules, cells, and organisms in health and disease.

Biomedical Scientists: Who are they?

Biomedical scientists bridge the gap between the basic sciences and medicine. The PhD degree is the gateway to a career in biomedical research.

Biomedical scientists:

• Think outside the box and are innovators.
• Are critical and analytical thinkers.
• Get excited by discovering new things.
• Look at biology and see previously unrecognized patterns.
• Enjoy the freedom to pursue interesting questions.
• Have the persistence to a see a project through from small beginnings to great discoveries.
• Want to improve the human condition through their work.
• See the power of biomedical research to change the world.

About This Site

The content on this site was developed by the Aspiring Biomedical Scientists Committee of the AAMC  Graduate Research, Education and Training (GREAT) Group . The GREAT Group serves as a national forum to help PhD, MD-PhD, and postdoctoral training programs educate successful biomedical researchers.

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Upcoming short presentations will describe features of PhD training, alumni careers, and detailed logistics of the application process.

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Graduate schools in the biomedical sciences will generally provide a comprehensive funding package to their students.

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Postbaccalaureate programs begin after an undergraduate degree and are designed to support the transition to professional school.

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Biomedical sciences

The skills you develop on your biomedical sciences degree can be applied to a range of medical, scientific and research careers

Job options

Jobs directly related to your degree include:

• Biomedical scientist
• Biotechnologist
• Clinical research associate
• Clinical scientist, biochemistry
• Clinical scientist, haematology
• Clinical scientist, immunology
• Forensic scientist
• Microbiologist
• Physician associate
• Research scientist (life sciences)
• Research scientist (medical)
• Scientific laboratory technician
• Toxicologist

Jobs where your degree would be useful include:

• Genetic counsellor
• Medical sales representative
• Medical science liaison
• Occupational hygienist
• Operating department practitioner
• Patent examiner
• Neuroscientist
• Science writer
• Secondary school teacher
• Teaching laboratory technician

Remember that many employers accept applications from graduates with any degree subject, so don't restrict your thinking to the jobs listed here.

Work experience

This is a competitive sector and a period of relevant work experience can be extremely useful in increasing your chances of getting onto further training courses or of finding employment.

Some degrees include a placement year which can provide practical experience in laboratory work or scientific research. You will also build up a network of contacts that can be useful when job hunting.

Alternatively, you could look for work experience, such as a work placement, during the holidays. You can also send out speculative applications for work experience. Think about the area in which you'd like to work and focus on those employers. Some are willing to take on volunteers and may allow you to work-shadow members of staff working within the profession.

Getting working practice of laboratory techniques and being able to evidence your specific medical/scientific interest is useful.

Search for placements and find out more about work experience and internships .

Typical employers

Common employers of biomedical sciences graduates include:

• Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
• Medical Research Council (MRC)
• NHS, including NHS Blood and Transplant (NHSBT)
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)

You can also work in pathology and research laboratories in private sector hospitals.

You can also look for opportunities with:

• academic departments at universities
• forensic, charity or government-funded laboratories
• veterinary services
• the armed forces
• private pathology laboratories.

The food and drink, cosmetics and toiletries, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries employ graduates in areas such as research and development, quality assurance, clinical trials management and sales. Publishing companies and the specialist press may also employ biomedical sciences graduates as writers or editors.

Find information on employers in healthcare , science and pharmaceuticals , teacher training and education and other job sectors .

Skills for your CV

You develop science-specific knowledge in a range of areas such as biochemistry, disease processes and treatment, genetics, human anatomy and physiology, and microbiology.

You also gain experience in laboratory work and this equips you with the skills you need to plan, conduct and evaluate experiments. It also enables you to comply with health and safety regulations, and to research and interpret scientific literature.

Other more general transferable skills include:

• analytical and problem-solving skills
• computing and the use of statistics
• data analysis, evaluation and interpretation
• project management
• organisation and time management
• oral and written communication
• teamworking - from laboratory work or activities such as sport, societies or voluntary work.

Further study

Undertaking further study is increasingly common and a number of careers in the science sector require you to have a specific postgraduate qualification. By studying at postgraduate level, you will further develop your specialist knowledge, research and communication skills. If you are interested in a career in research you can study for an MPhil or PhD.

It's also possible to do further training to move into a different career, such as dentistry, nursing, medicine, teaching and veterinary science. For example, if you have a good degree you may be able to get a place on a four-year, fast-track, graduate entry course to study medicine.

For more information on further study and to find a course that interests you, see Masters degrees and search postgraduate courses in biomedical sciences .

What do biomedical sciences graduates do?

The top three jobs for biomedical science graduates include natural and social science professional (21%), science, engineering and production technician (17%) and care worker (6%).

Find out what other biomedical science graduates are doing 15 months after finishing their degrees in What do graduates do?

Graduate Outcomes survey data from HESA.

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Best Doctorates in Biomedical Engineering: Top PhD Programs, Career Paths, and Salaries

Technology is making big advancements in improving our health and quality of life, and experienced biomedical engineers play an important role in this endeavor. With a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, you can contribute significantly to these advancements while earning an excellent salary.

Schools with the best PhDs in Biomedical Engineering prepare their graduates for high-paying career opportunities in technology , engineering, and research. This article takes a deep dive into the top PhD programs in this field and the schools that offer them and provides a look at the best biomedical engineering jobs and what to expect from a PhD in Biomedical Engineering salary.

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What is a phd in biomedical engineering.

A PhD in Biomedical Engineering is a terminal degree offered by institutions of higher education to students who complete the program requirements. The degree program takes about four to five years to complete and teaches students how to develop and produce devices that are useful in the healthcare industry. Like all doctorates, advanced coursework is required along with a substantial amount of research.

With this degree, you will be eligible for jobs in the public and private sectors and at high-level research and academic institutions. A biomedical engineering doctorate provides you with advanced skills and knowledge that make you very employable. It also opens the door to a successful career in academia.

How to Get Into a Biomedical Engineering PhD Program: Admission Requirements

The admission requirements to get into a biomedical engineering PhD program typically include having a bachelor’s or master’s degree, meeting a minimum GPA requirement, and having knowledge of advanced mathematics and an understanding of biomedical sciences.

You will have an easier time gaining admittance into a biomedical engineering PhD program if you have a solid background in science, mathematics, and engineering. Some other common requirements for admission include letters of recommendation, standardized test scores, and a resume or CV.

PhD in Biomedical Engineering Admission Requirements

• Bachelor’s degree
• Minimum GPA
• Knowledge of science and engineering subjects
• Standardized test scores
• Letters of recommendation

Biomedical Engineering PhD Acceptance Rates: How Hard Is It to Get Into a PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering?

It is not very hard to get into a PhD program in biomedical engineering as long as you meet all of the admission requirements. That said, these requirements are numerous and meeting them requires years of study in relevant subjects.

However, if you have a high GPA in your undergraduate degree and have a strong engineering background, getting into a postgraduate biomedical engineering program shouldn’t be a problem. Some schools have stricter admission guidelines than others, so make sure that you are able to meet the specific program requirements before applying.

How to Get Into the Best Universities

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Best PhDs in Biomedical Engineering: In Brief

Best universities for biomedical engineering phds: where to get a phd in biomedical engineering.

The best universities for biomedical engineering PhDs include Arizona State University, Carnegie Mellon University, Johns Hopkins University, and the University of North Dakota. All of the schools that made our list are accredited and offer strong biomedical engineering programs. We’ve provided key details about each school and program for comparative purposes.

Arizona State University was founded in 1885. It is a public research university and one of the largest universities in the United States. The school is home to over 1,000 national student scholars and offers 87 elite programs. The school has been ranked the most innovative school in the country for the past seven years by US News & World Report.

PhD in Biomedical Engineering

The PhD in Biomedical Engineering offered by the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona State University provides students with opportunities for specialized research-based learning in the field of biomedical engineering. 

The degree program requires the completion of 84 credits, including coursework, written and oral comprehensive exams, a dissertation, and a prospectus. Students will have career opportunities as bioinformatics scientists, biomedical engineers, medical scientists, and professors after completing this degree.

PhD in Biomedical Engineering Overview

• Program Length: 4-5 years (maximum 10 years)
• Acceptance Rate: N/A
• Tuition: $11,720/year (in state); $23,544/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Teaching assistantships, research assistantships, scholarships
• Bachelor’s or master’s degree from an accredited institution
• Minimum 3.0 GPA
• Application 
• Official transcripts
• Current resume
• Statement of purpose
• Proof of English proficiency (non-native English speakers)

Carnegie Mellon University is a private research institution that was established in 1900. It has over 14,500 students from all over the world enrolled in different programs. The university also has a large network of over 109,900 alumni. 

In this PhD in Biomedical Engineering, students develop technical knowledge and expertise by attending a research-based degree program. It focuses on core courses and concepts of biological science and medicine and allows students to conduct research in any area of interest in the relevant field of study. 

Doctoral students must complete a minimum of 192 units to meet the degree requirements. Out of these 192 units, 42 must be completed in coursework. Other basic requirements include research, seminars, and a dissertation.

• Program Length: 4 years
• Acceptance Rate: 17% (overall university acceptance rate)
• Tuition: $644/unit 
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Teaching assistantship
• Bachelor’s degree in any engineering or engineering-related discipline
• Transcripts (official or unofficial)
• 3 letters of recommendation
• $75 application fee
• TOEFL/IELTS scores (non-native English speakers)

Duke University is a private university in North Carolina founded in 1924. The university is known for its high quality of education, competitive programs, and global presence. There are 16,780 students enrolled in Duke’s undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree programs. More than half of the undergraduates at the university receive some kind of financial assistance. 

This interdisciplinary research PhD program includes workshops and seminars to provide students with an opportunity to expand their network and develop professional skills. The degree requires the completion of 30 credits in coursework. Other degree requirements include two seminars, a two-semester teacher apprenticeship, and a thesis. 

• Program Length: 5-6 years
• Tuition: $64,380/year (years 1-3); $12,480/year (years 4+)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: The graduate school covers tuition and fees for PhD students’ first five years; teaching assistantships
• Minimum 3.2 undergraduate GPA
• Application
• Minimum 90 TOEFL score (non-native English speakers)

Johns Hopkins University is a private nonprofit institution established in 1886. It is known for providing students with intellectual freedom through its innovative programs of study offered by nine schools at the university. The university is known for its efforts in scientific and medical research.

This PhD program allows students to develop their knowledge and skills in the area of medicine and technology and help them explore the practical implications of this knowledge in their careers. The program requires students to complete 30 credits of coursework in addition to other basic requirements.

These requirements include a dissertation, an oral comprehensive exam, a thesis proposal, residency, research defense, and public defense. The residency requirement is met by completing two consecutive semesters of full-time study. Students also need to attend seminars to meet the degree requirements.

• Program Length: 4-5 years (maximum 9 years)
• Acceptance Rate: 17%
• Tuition: $60,480/year 
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Scholarships, fellowships, teaching assistantships, research assistantships
• Personal statement
• TOEFL scores (international students)

Rowan University was founded in 1923 and gradually grew into a public research university. It offers online, on-campus, and hybrid degree and certificate programs to students all around the world. It offers financial aid to all its deserving students, and 86 percent of the new students receive some sort of financial assistance. 

The PhD in Biomedical Engineering offered by Rowan University’s Henry M. Rowan College of Engineering focuses on biomedical research. Courses cover various fundamental topics such as biomechanics, biomaterials engineering, biomolecule detection, and tissue engineering. 

This graduate program requires 72 credit hours, with 30 credits in coursework and 42 credits in research. The university offers flexible coursework in biology that students can customize themselves. 

• Program Length: 4-5 years
• Tuition and Fees: $933.15/credit
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Grants, loans, work-study, scholarships
• Bachelor’s degree from an accredited institution
• Essay 
• 3 foundation courses
• Application and $65 application fee

Syracuse University is a private research university founded in 1870. The university is known for its students’ success upon graduating, with 92 percent of its graduates employed or enrolled in study or service programs within six months of obtaining their degree from Syracuse. Syracuse offers on-campus and online degree programs and has a large alumni network.

PhD in Bioengineering

The PhD in Bioengineering from Syracuse University’s College of Engineering and Computer Science requires a minimum of 42 credit hours. It also requires a dissertation with original research. You must defend your research work in an oral examination to qualify for the PhD. 

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The program focuses on the fundamentals of biomedical engineering and research techniques. It involves specialized study and high-level training to help students grow and develop professionally. 

PhD in Bioengineering Overview

• Program Length: 5 years
• Acceptance Rate: 14%
• Tuition and Fees: $33,358/year 
• PhD Funding Opportunities: University fellowships, graduate assistantships, scholarships, grants, summer funding competition

PhD in Bioengineering Admission Requirements

• Application and fee

The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign was founded in 1867 and has earned a reputation as being one of the leading research institutions in the US. It is a public university that provides students with world-class research resources, undergraduate degrees, and graduate degrees. 

The PhD in Bioengineering offered by the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is an innovative research program that prepares students for careers in academia, the corporate world, or the government. Students get an opportunity to learn under the supervision of highly qualified faculty and obtain specialized knowledge in this field. 

Students entering the program with a bachelor’s degree must complete 96 credit hours, while those with a master’s degree must complete 64 credit hours. Credit hours are completed through coursework and research work. Other requirements include passing all exams and completing and defending a dissertation.

• Program Length: Maximum 6-7 years
• Acceptance Rate: 37% (all engineering students)
• Tuition: $19,320/year (in state); $36,798/year (out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Full and partial tuition waiver, stipend, assistantships
• Transcripts
• 3 letters of reference
• GRE scores (currently waived)

The University of North Dakota was established in 1883 and is now the state’s largest university. It is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission and offers over 225 academic learning programs in the form of undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate degrees. The student enrollment at the university is 13,772.

The PhD in Biomedical Engineering is offered jointly through three departments at the University of North Dakota. Students can personalize their studies through the selection of a biomedical research group. These research groups include bio-instrumentation, biomaterials, biomechanics, biosignals, and others. 

The program requires 90 credits obtained through a combination of coursework, research, and a dissertation. It is offered in both online and on-campus learning formats. The university also offers free workshops to enhance students’ professional skills and prepare them for their careers.

• Program Length: 3+ years
• Tuition: $545.16/credit (in state); $692.34/credit (Minnesota residents); $817.73/credit (all other out-of-state US residents); $1,090.30/credit (international students)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Graduate assistantship, dissertation completion fellowship, doctoral research grant, doctoral conference travel grant, traineeships, awards
• Online application and $35 application fee
• Statement of goals
• 3 recommendation letters

The University of Texas at San Antonio is a public research university that was founded in 1969. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges. It offers online, on-campus, and hybrid degree programs including undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate degrees. 

The biomedical engineering doctorate is jointly offered by The University of Texas Health Center at San Antonio and The University of Texas at San Antonio. It aims to provide students with the essential knowledge of this highly technical field and prepare them for the industry.

The program requires you to complete 82 credits through coursework and a dissertation. The dissertation makes up 15 credits, and the remaining are to be fulfilled by coursework. This program allows students to explore key biomedical technologies and approaches. 

• Program Length: Maximum 8 years
• Tuition and Fees: $9,362/year (full time in state); $27,310/year (full time out of state)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Grants, scholarships, loans, work-study, fellowships, stipends
• Graduate school application
• Bachelor’s or master’s degree

The University of Wisconsin-Madison is a public institution founded in 1848. It is a research institution accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. UW-Madison offers undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs focusing on the professional and personal development of students.

The PhD in Biomedical Engineering requires the completion of 60 credit hours, with at least 30 obtained through research. The writing center and engineering career services offered by this program make it one of the best.

The learning outcomes of this program focus on developing the research skills of students as well as their ability to communicate their knowledge to others. The dissertation requirement and dissertation defense play a significant role in this regard. 

• Program Length: 4-6 years
• Acceptance Rate: 60.3% (overall university acceptance rate)
• Tuition and Fees: $12,176/year (in state); $19,292/year (Minnesota residents); $25,504/year (all other out-of-state students)
• PhD Funding Opportunities: Assistantships, fellowships, traineeships 
• Bachelor’s Degree in Science or Engineering

Can You Get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering Online?

Yes, you can get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering online, but you may have to complete some of the requirements on campus. The online format makes it possible for students to complete coursework and conduct research from just about anywhere, while still having the support of faculty. Below are some of the schools that offer this degree program or a related mostly online.

Best Online PhD Programs in Biomedical Engineering

How long does it take to get a phd in biomedical engineering.

It takes about three to five years to get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering. This duration can vary due to the program itself as well as the speed at which you complete your work. The format may limit the number of credit hours you can take per semester and your research may be more or less in-depth than others.

Four years of full-time study is usually enough to complete your doctorate. Carefully research your graduate school and program of choice so that you will know if they can match your preferred timeline for completing the degree.

Is a PhD in Biomedical Engineering Hard?

A PhD in Biomedical Engineering will be easy for students who have excelled so far in their postsecondary education in biomedical engineering and related fields. If you’re pursuing a degree at the PhD level, you probably already have a passion for the particular field of study, which will make completing the program easier.

However, if you have struggled with your education so far in biomedical engineering, a PhD in Biomedical Engineering will be hard. Doctoral degrees also require a lot of advanced research skills as well as the ability to make sense of your research findings and communicate them to colleagues. Overall, the more education you have in science and engineering going in, the easier the PhD will be.

How Much Does It Cost to Get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering?

It costs an average of $19,314 per year to get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. This number represents the average annual tuition and fees charged by all universities. The average cost of tuition and fees for public universities is $12,171 per year.

Tuition and fees cost $25,929 per year, on average, at private universities, with private for-profit schools charging $14,208 per year and private nonprofit schools charging an average of $27,776 per year.

How to Pay for a PhD in Biomedical Engineering: PhD Funding Options

The PhD funding options that students can use to pay for a PhD in Biomedical Engineering include teaching assistantships, research assistantships, research fellowships, scholarships, grants, stipends, and tuition fee waivers. Every university has a different policy regarding PhD funding, with some providing full coverage of costs for part or all of the program.

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What Is the Difference Between a Biomedical Engineering Master’s Degree and a PhD?

The difference between a biomedical engineering master’s degree and a PhD is the duration of the program and the education provided. A Master’s Degree in Biomedical Engineering usually takes one to two years to complete. The requirements of the PhD program take longer to complete, usually three to five years.

A PhD in Biomedical Engineering is a research-based study program, whereas a master’s degree focuses mainly on coursework. Master’s degrees often allow students to select between thesis and non-thesis options. A PhD will require you to propose a dissertation topic, do considerable dissertation research, and then write the dissertation and defend it.

Master’s vs PhD in Biomedical Engineering Job Outlook

The job outlook for a biomedical engineering master’s degree holder varies slightly from that of a PhD holder, with the latter having more opportunities. PhD holders can access the same opportunities as master’s degree holders, in addition to opportunities in high-level research and education.

Positions like design engineer, quality assurance engineer, and product development engineer require a Master’s Degree in Biomedical Engineering but are also available to PhD holders. Positions such as data scientist, research scientist, and postsecondary teacher are usually only open to those with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering.

Difference in Salary for Biomedical Engineering Master’s vs PhD

There is a significant difference in salary for biomedical engineering master’s and PhD degrees. The level of qualification is one of the most significant factors affecting your salary. According to PayScale, the average salary for someone with a Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering is $80,000 .

A PhD in Biomedical Engineering represents the highest level of education in this field, and the corresponding salary for this degree is $102,000 on average, as reported by PayScale. You may earn more or less than these average salaries, depending on factors such as your level of expertise and experience and the job position itself.

Related Biomedical Engineering Degrees

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Why You Should Get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering

You should get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering because it opens the door to job opportunities that pay well and are in high demand. In fact, the highest-paying jobs in the field of biomedical engineering that require a doctorate are largely projected to grow at a faster rate than other jobs in the US over the next several years, as we’ll discuss in detail in the next section.

Reasons for Getting a PhD in Biomedical Engineering

• Better job opportunities. If you want to advance in your career and explore better career options, a PhD in Biomedical Engineering will help. Having a postgraduate degree gives you an advantage in landing the best jobs at biotech companies , for example.
• Higher salaries. The average salary for a PhD holder is higher than it is for those with an undergraduate degree or even a master’s degree. You can expect to make a six-figure salary, or close to it, with a PhD.
• Increased research opportunities. A PhD in Biomedical Engineering is a research-based program that provides you with opportunities to build and strengthen your research skills and explore new knowledge. You will likely get the opportunity to work with top researchers in the field while pursuing your degree.
• Advanced knowledge in a growing field. Continuing your education in biomedical engineering by getting a PhD provides you with access to the latest science, technology, and developments in the field. You will learn about emerging technologies and their applications to make a difference in the healthcare industry.

Getting a PhD in Biomedical Engineering: Biomedical Engineering PhD Coursework

Coursework is a crucial component of earning a PhD in Biomedical Engineering. Students will be required to complete core science and engineering courses, such as introduction to biochemistry, biomedical imaging, and biomaterials engineering, as well as elective courses like mechanobiology and engineering optimization. Following is a short description of these courses.

Introduction to Biochemistry

This course involves the combined study of biology and chemistry. You will study the impact that biochemicals have on living beings and how this can help you improve healthcare for people. Chemical reactions and the action of enzymes are also the subject matter of this course.

Biomedical Imaging

In this course, you will study the medical technologies used in the diagnosis and analysis of abnormalities in the human body. The most popular medical-imaging technologies covered in this course include computerized tomography (CT) scan, ultrasound, positron emission tomography (PET) scan, and others.

Biomaterials Engineering

This course involves the study of biomaterials such as metals and polymers and how the fundamentals of engineering can be applied to these materials to solve health and quality-of-life issues for humans. The concepts taught in this course have real-world applications in the design and testing of health products and systems.

Introduction to Mechanobiology

This course deals with the study of the relationship between mechanical forces and living systems, or how living systems respond to different mechanical forces. This relationship plays a significant role in research regarding the development of life-saving medicines.

Engineering Optimization

This course teaches engineering optimization techniques, methods, and models used in the design of products and technologies that have specific restraints or criteria. It helps students develop the essential skills required for complex problem-solving to arrive at the best result.

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How to Get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering: Doctoral Program Requirements

To get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, you have to meet all of the degree requirements set by the school in the time allotted. Some of these requirements include completing advanced coursework, maintaining a minimum GPA in your coursework, achieving residency, conducting original research for a thesis, and writing and defending the thesis.

The coursework for a PhD is usually completed in the first year or two of the degree program. Courses will be required in core subject areas as well as in electives of your choosing. A comprehensive exam will be administered once your coursework is complete to test your knowledge of the field in general before you go on to conduct your research. 

Every PhD in Biomedical Engineering program has a minimum GPA requirement for students to maintain throughout their studies. This minimum usually ranges between 3.0 and 3.5 on a 4.0 scale. Even if you meet all of the other requirements for your PhD, failing to meet the required GPA would likely result in the withholding of your degree.

The majority of PhD programs have a residency requirement for their students to meet. This typically can be done by completing two consecutive semesters, or one academic year, as a full-time student on campus. Students should meet with their advisor to discuss this requirement, as it can vary from school to school and sometimes be flexible.

The final requirement for a PhD in Biomedical Engineering is the writing and defense of a thesis. For this, you will select an area of interest in the field to study. Once your topic is approved, you will conduct original research and summarize your findings in a written thesis. You will also have to complete a thesis defense before being awarded your PhD. 

Potential Careers With a Biomedical Engineering Degree

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PhD in Biomedical Engineering Salary and Job Outlook

A PhD in Biomedical Engineering can help you achieve a successful career. It is not unusual for PhD holders in this field to make more than $100,000 per year in positions that have positive job outlooks. There is strong growth projected in the coming years for many of the highest-paying positions in biomedical engineering.

What Can You Do With a PhD in Biomedical Engineering?

With a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, you can pursue a career in the world of academia as a professor or researcher. You might even achieve status as a leader in the industry with the discovery of a medical breakthrough. Other jobs you might consider include medical scientist, consultant, or technician.

Best Jobs with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering

• Postsecondary Teacher
• Research Consultant
• Biomedical Engineer
• Medical Scientist
• Biomedical Researcher

What Is the Average Salary for a PhD in Biomedical Engineering?

The average salary for someone with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering is $102,000, as determined by PayScale. Your actual salary will depend on a number of factors, including your level of experience and the organization you are working for. Some popular companies hiring biomedical engineers are Philips Research, Johnson & Johnson, United Therapeutics Corporation, and Boston Scientific Corporation.

Highest-Paying Biomedical Engineering Jobs for PhD Grads

Best biomedical engineering jobs with a doctorate.

You can get some of the best biomedical engineering jobs with a doctorate. Many of these jobs require at least a bachelor’s degree at entry-level, and having a doctorate increases your odds of beating the competition. It also strengthens your earning potential. Following are some of the highest-paying jobs for a PhD holder in biomedical engineering.

Biomedical engineers are also known as bioengineers. Their key role is to combine the fundamentals of engineering with healthcare science to seek innovation in equipment, methods, and procedures. They are involved in designing and manufacturing modern treatment machines, artificial human organs, and devices to cater to the medical needs of patients.

• Salary with a Biomedical Engineering PhD: $97,410
• Job Outlook: 6% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 19,300
• Highest-Paying States: New Mexico, Arizona, Minnesota, Connecticut, Massachusetts

As their title indicates, medical scientists mainly research and study human health and related issues. They conduct experiments through clinical trials to test their hypotheses and reach a conclusion. The primary objective of their research, experimenting, and findings is to improve the quality of healthcare services. 

• Salary with a Biomedical Engineering PhD: $95,310
• Job Outlook: 17% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 133,900
• Highest-Paying States: Connecticut, Maine, Delaware, New Jersey, Tennessee

Mechanical engineers research, design, and test thermal and mechanical sensors and devices, including everything from robots to internal-combustion engines. They use their engineering skills and experience to solve problems using computer software, and then oversee the production of new devices.

• Salary with a Biomedical Engineering PhD: $95,300
• Job Outlook: 7% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 299,200
• Highest-Paying States: New Mexico, Louisiana, District of Columbia, California, Alaska

With a PhD in Biomedical Engineering, you can become a postsecondary teacher with job opportunities at the top universities and research centers. Besides providing instruction to students, postsecondary teachers may also conduct research and publish their findings in academic journals. 

• Salary with a Biomedical Engineering PhD: $79,640
• Job Outlook: 12% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 1,276,900
• Highest-Paying States: Arkansas, California, New Hampshire, Utah, New York

Forensic science technicians collect samples for forensic research in criminal cases and also for general laboratory research. They determine what type of samples they need and collect them carefully. They then study the samples using chemical processes and other analysis techniques to derive conclusions.

• Salary with a Biomedical Engineering PhD: $61,930
• Job Outlook: 16% job growth from 2020 to 2030
• Number of Jobs: 17,200
• Highest-Paying States: Illinois, California, Massachusetts, New York, Oregon

Is a PhD in Biomedical Engineering Worth It?

Yes, a PhD in Biomedical Engineering is worth it. The doctoral degree allows you to specialize in biomedical engineering and become an expert in the field through advanced coursework and in-depth research into a particular area of interest.

From a career perspective, it allows you to pursue the highest-paying and most in-demand engineering careers . Some of the most prestigious companies and institutions, such as NASA, hire biomedical engineers. You can also conduct your own industry-leading research with the opportunity to make breakthroughs in the field.

Additional Reading About Biomedical Engineering

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PhD in Biomedical Engineering FAQ

To gain admission into a good PhD in Biomedical Engineering program, you must be able to meet the admission requirements, such as having a bachelor’s degree from an accredited university. Having a high GPA in your college coursework is helpful, as are having a background in the field and scoring high on standardized tests like the GRE. Review the application process closely before getting started.

Yes, accredited PhD programs are more valued than non-accredited ones. Accreditation validates the quality of education the program provides. This helps pave the way for better career and education opportunities in the future.

Yes, earning a PhD in Biomedical Engineering is a good continuing education option. It deepens your knowledge of the field and helps you build advanced scientific research skills. You might even have the opportunity to make a contribution to the field of biomedical engineering through your research.

No, you can’t get a PhD in Biomedical Engineering without completing your thesis. This is one of the most crucial degree requirements for a doctorate. In addition to writing your thesis, you must also defend it successfully in order to be awarded the degree.

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• PhD Program

The Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering comprises of Biosciences (BS) and Biomedical Engineering (BME) as core academic groups. Eligibility criterion and research areas for the two groups are mentioned below. Under the item No. 10(b) of Application Form, the candidate should enter the groups (BS, BME) they wish to join in the order of priority.

ELIGIBILITY FOR ADMISSION (i) M.Tech./M. E. or equivalent degree in Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Science / Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics / Telecommunications Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Physics, Optics / Optoelectronics / Photonics, Robotics, Robotics Engineering, Automation and Robotics, Mechatronics, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Engineering Sciences. (ii) M.Pharm. OR MBBS with MD/MS, MVSc, MDS, MPTh, MOTh, MS/MD Health sciences AYUSH. (iii) B.Tech./B.E. or equivalent degree in Biotechnology, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Science / Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronics / Telecommunications Engineering, Instrumentation Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Physics, Optics / Optoelectronics / Photonics, Robotics, Robotics Engineering, Automation and Robotics, Mechatronics, Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Data Science and Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Engineering Sciences. (iv) M.Sc. or 5-year Integrated B.S.-M.S. program or equivalent degree in Life Sciences, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Biotechnology, Ceramics, Chemistry, Electronics, Ergonomics, Material Science, Mathematics, Molecular Biology, Physics, Bioinformatics, Data Science, Physiology, Cognitive Science, Neuroscience, Photonics / Optics / Optoelectronics (v) Health Sciences (such as MBBS (Medicine) / BDS (Dental), B.Pharm/B.V.Sc., B.P.Th., B.O.Th., B.ASLP, Pharma D (duration 4 years or more). Candidates with these backgrounds and degrees, should have qualified one of the following: All India level postgraduate entrance examinations for corresponding disciplines such as INI_CET/NEETPG/NEET MDS/JIPMER/PGI Chandigarh/AFMC-Pune/DNB Part I/AIIPMR for MBBS/ BDS, GPAT/ All India level selection examination for B.Pharm., All India level postgraduate entrance examination such as AIIPMR for M.V.Sc., M.P.Th., M.O.Th. and M.ASLP, GATE examination for all such health science background where applicable. Eligibility/rank certificates for all such All-India level entrance examinations are required. The candidate should have qualified in the entrance exam (as per the qualification criterion of the respective exam for that exam year and category), and the score obtained should be valid (as per the duration of validity for the respective exam) at the time of admission to the Ph.D. program.

Candidates with qualifying degrees in [iii and iv] must fulfill one of the following: a valid GATE score (for TA/TAP/RA/RAP), a valid CSIR/UGC/DBT JRF, or a valid ICMR JRF not linked to ICMR project or any other fellowship that will provide scholarship for five years. For candidates with qualifying degrees as in (i) to (v), and applying under CT, EX, IS, PS, or SW category, experience [as specified in A.5 and A.6 in PhD brochure] is mandatory.

Biosciences (BS) RESEARCH AREAS (A) Biophysics and Computational Biology: Protein crystallography, NMR-based structural biology, and single particle cryo-EM, cryo-ET; Bioinformatics and computational biology; Physics of biological systems and computational Modeling of biomolecules; Dynamics of cytoskeletal filaments and chromatin remodeling; Physical properties of the extracellular matrix; Protein folding/misfolding, aggregation and neurodegeneration; Time-resolved techniques; Cellular Biophysics, cellular biophysics in microfluidic systems. (B) Biochemistry: Molecular enzymology; Microbial metabolism and regulation; Aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism and genetic engineering; Molecular mechanisms of DNA replication, repair, and packaging in double-stranded DNA viruses (C) Microbial Biology: Biology of model and pathogenic fungi, viral assemblies, bacterial pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions, molecular parasitology. (D) Cell Biology: Microtubule dynamics; Bacterial cell division; Chromosomal and extrachromosomal segregation in fungi; Neurobiology; Motor proteins (E) Immunology: Tumor Immunology; Cancer biomarker. (F) Genetics and Molecular Biology: Functional Genomics; Epigenetic Regulation; Fungal Molecular Genetics. (G) Proteomics, System Biology, and Biomarkers of infectious diseases (H) Developmental Biology: Early vertebrate development using zebrafish as a model system, cell movements during gastrulation, Motor neuron disease biology. (I) Breast cancer, Cancer Biomarkers, Oncogenic signalling, disease modelling. (J) Vesicular trafficking, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling, cilia biology, and ciliopathies

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BME) RESEARCH AREAS (A) Sensors and Devices: Bioinstrumentation for diagnostics and therapeutics; Early detection of carcinoma and tropical diseases; bio MEMS devices; Fluorescent Biosensors; Nanoengineered Sensors; Layer by Layer Self Assembly; Microfluidics for biomedical applications; Robotics for Healthcare applications and devices; IoT for healthcare applications and devices.

(B) Application of AI/ML in health care applications and devices. (C) Biomaterials, Drug delivery, and tissue engineering, Nanobiotechnology, Design of scaffolds for tissue engineering, Controlled Release technologies, Neuroprosthetic devices, including aids for the people with disabilities, Signal processing, Telemedicine, and knowledge-based systems. Microfabrication for immunotherapy (D) Computational physiology, Cardiac electrophysiology, muscle mechanics, Computational Neurophysiology, Respiratory system modelling (E) Movement Neuroscience, Rehabilitation technology; Neural signal processing, Neuroimaging, Neuromodulation, Neurofeedback. Human motor control, motor learning, biomechanics of human movement, non-invasive brain stimulation, assistive devices, geriatric (aging) and neurological rehabilitation, Balance, gait and falls research, Cognitive control of movement. (F) Biomedical Optics: Cerebral blood flow imaging in humans, Laser and diffuse speckle imaging, Microscopy, small animal imaging, functional near-infrared spectroscopy in humans and animals, Biomedical instrumentation (system development), imaging and other computational aspects, towards commercialization of imaging systems. (G) Computational Biology and Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics and computational biology approach to study protein-protein, protein-drug interactions, etc., in cancer, and neurodegenerative and endocrine diseases. (H) Biomedical Informatics and Physiology: Healthcare process modeling and analysis, Temporal-focused phenotypes, Mechanistic physiologic models for clinical data, Healthcare data-driven mathematical models, phenotyping patient health evolution in intensive care setting, nonlinear time-series analysis, spectral analysis.  (I) Optical and Ultrasound Imaging and Instrumentation: Low-cost, portable Optoacoustic tomography, Optoacoustic microscopy, Ultrasound imaging, Multi-modal biomedical device design, Pre-clinical small-animal imaging, Wearable/smartphone-based point-ofcare optoacoustic devices, Image reconstruction, Deep learning/Machine learning in optoacoustic imaging, clinical application areas in breast cancer screening, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, diabetes.

Click here for information brochure: PhD Brochure 2024-25

FACULTY ADVISORS: Prof. Sushil Kumar / Prof. Swapnil Shinde  – Biotechnology (BT) Prof. Sandip Kaledhonkar – Biomedical Engineering (BME)

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What Can You Do With a Master’s in Biomedical Science?

Industry Advice Pharmaceutical Science Science & Mathematics

“Biomedical science” refers to a set of disciplines that apply natural and formal sciences to knowledge, interventions, and technologies that are used in healthcare and public health. The field is particularly relevant today, as some of these professionals have been working toward developing, testing, manufacturing, and administering vaccines to fight COVID-19. 

People in this field—or those interested in breaking into it—often hold a master’s in biomedical science . This degree integrates study across several areas of contemporary biomedicine, including human physiology and pathophysiology, pharmacology, and biochemistry. 

“It’s a very interdisciplinary program and it’s pitched toward people who may already be in the healthcare field who want to have a broader and deeper appreciation of modern medicine, therapeutics, their application, and their pharmacology,” says David Janero , director of the pharmaceutical sciences graduate programs at Northeastern University. These graduates have moved into roles that include research technicians, clinical laboratory workers, science teachers, and science administrators.

But what can you do with a master’s in biomedical science ? Graduating with this degree gives you the ability to advance your career and land roles that allow you to perform exciting and important work in biomedical science. What’s more, the specialized knowledge you can gain in this program can be the key to taking on similar roles that allow you to make a real impact on the future of healthcare.

Read on to learn more about some possible careers, the impact that others have had in the field, and how you can get started or excel in this exciting field.

Careers in Biomedical Science

Professionals in this field with a master’s in biomedical science hold a variety of jobs across a number of disciplines. These jobs include:

• Laboratory Technicians: These professionals primarily work in a wet-lab setting. They participate in drug discoveries, profile novel compounds as potential drugs, synthesize and purify new chemical matter, and more.
• Biomedical Scientists: Biomedical scientists may work independently or under the supervision of PhD-level scientists to design and implement experiments in a research environment. They often publish articles on their findings in academic journals, as well.
• Clinical Research Associates: These professionals provide advanced technical support during the clinical research process, including testing, handling equipment, and presenting findings.
• Medical Writers: These individuals create educational materials, training documentation, and manuals for people without medical backgrounds. Medical writers often conduct the research used within these assets, and are responsible for ensuring that their writing is understood by people in the medical field and the public.
• Medicinal Chemists: Senior medicinal chemists create the chemicals and compounds that are used to develop medicinal drugs. They make adjustments to the compounds and study their reactions, leveraging this data to understand how they might behave in the human body.

What type of work can you do in the field of biomedical science?

Though the list above offers just a small sampling of titles held by professionals in the biomedical science field, the opportunities available to those with the proper training are much more extensive. Yet the fast-paced, constantly evolving industry of biomedical science allows professionals to become part of groundbreaking work no matter their specific title.

For example, Shalaka Deshmukh—a 2019 graduate of Northeastern’s master’s in biomedical science program —works as a research associate in the Discovery Biology function of Surrozen, a biotech startup in San Francisco. 

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In her current position, Deshmukh focuses on histology, which is the study of the microscopic structure of tissues. She explains that, in knowing what healthy tissue looks like and how it normally functions, scientists are better able to recognize different diseases. Histology also helps in determining the causes of diseases, how to treat them, and whether a treatment has worked effectively.

According to Deshmukh, Northeastern’s program was key in helping to advance her career.

“The practical experience that this program offers is unparalleled and has helped me get my foot in the door in the industry,” she says, explaining that she chose the program because it provided her with the flexibility to choose courses outside of the regular coursework. In her case, these outside courses included molecular biology, which is the field she’s currently working in.

From Janero’s view, Deshmukh’s experience is just one representation of the many exciting biomedical science opportunities available to graduates. Precision gene engineering, for example, is garnering attention today for its ability to engineer or modify one’s genome for a therapeutic effect. This could erase someone’s propensity for depression, for instance. The 2020 Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to two researchers in this field who discovered a way to alter the DNA of animals, plants, and microorganisms with extremely high precision.

Another exciting area in biomedical science is probing mechanisms of disease in which you find new drug targets and validate them. “This is one area that’s very important now,” Janero says. “Cancer, for example, covers a multitude of complex diseases. We’re now beginning to understand disease patterns at levels where we see that one-word descriptives are no longer really valid in terms of disease progression and optimal therapy from one patient to another.”

This leads to another important area in biomedical science, which is precision medicine. Precision medicine looks at the genetics, environment, and lifestyle of a person in order to select the treatment that could work best for them. “The idea here is that the medication would be more precise in terms of its therapeutic effect, and less inviting in terms of side effects or adverse events,” Janero says. 

Finally, people interested in biomedical science have the opportunity to explore medical products like biologics, which are drugs made from living organisms or components of living organisms. These drugs are used to treat many conditions, including various cancers, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, diabetes, and more. 

Advancing your education is a critical step that will open doors and help people pursue passions like these and develop rewarding careers within this fast-paced field.

The Northeastern Difference

Earning an advanced degree is a key component in pursuing various exciting and important opportunities in the biomedical science field. Northeastern University’s master’s in biomedical science  provides students with the education, faculty, and industry contacts necessary to make these careers a reality.

“We’re centrally positioned within the Boston biomedical nexus,” Janero says. “Most of our faculty has some involvement with the Boston-area biotech arena. The hands-on experience that students get here is what really makes a big difference.”

Students enrolled in Northeastern’s program have the opportunity to get that real-world experience through experiential learning . Biomedical science students have been placed at Merck & Co., Merck Research Laboratories, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cytotherax Corporation, and Acceleron Pharma, among other top companies in the industry.

What also sets Northeastern’s program apart, Janero says, is the opportunity for specializations. “If a student is interested in herbal medications, for example, we have courses that focus on natural medications,” he says. “There are ways beyond the core curriculum that one can specialize, not only in terms of deepening a student’s knowledge in a particular area, but also to explore new areas that might help with a job search, promotion, or advancement in their current job.”

Northeastern University’s master’s in biomedical science program opens many doors to exciting and important careers in the field, enabling you to make a difference. 

Ready to take the next step in advancing your biomedical science career? Explore the master’s in biomedical science program at Northeastern.

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• UB’s new mass spectrometer can accelerate discoveries of new drug targets and biomarkers

UB’s new mass spectrometer can accelerate discoveries of new drug targets and biomarkers

Jun Qu,  PhD., professor in UB’s Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences who serves as the group leader of the Proteomics and Bioanalysis lab in UB's Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, with the new mass spectrometer. He said it is significantly faster than past mass specs and has a sensitivity that is at least 100 times higher. Photo: Douglas Levere

By Laurie Kaiser

Release Date: May 6, 2024

Venu Govindaraju

Smitha James

BUFFALO, N.Y. ­— Imagine if diagnosis and treatment for devastating conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease could be developed quickly by extensive profiling of protein signatures in human tissues.

This vision may not be far from reality, thanks to a $1.25 million state-of-the art mass spectrometer that arrived at the University at Buffalo Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences (CBLS) last fall. Researchers and industry partners are already using it to develop treatments for various diseases, among other purposes.

“Mass spectrometers are typically used to identify unknown compounds via molecular weight to determine the structure of the molecules,” said Jun Qu , PhD., professor in UB’s Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences who serves as the group leader of the Proteomics and Bioanalysis lab in the CBLS.

“It enables us to accurately determine the concentrations of specific molecules within a sample,” he said. “Particularly, in proteomics, you typically already know what proteins are in the tissue, but you want to know what protein changed or how much it changed under certain disease states or drug treatments.”

Much faster and more sensitive technology

Over the past six months, Qu has been using the new mass spec, called the Orbitrap Astral, to assist with his microscaffold assisted spatial proteomics (MASP) strategy, which enables first-ever whole-tissue mapping at the proteomic level. It uses a 3D-printed microscaffold that is capable of mapping thousands of proteins across a whole-tissue slice with excellent quantitative quality.

“The mass spec will substantially enhance the novel proteomics techniques developed by us,” Qu said. “Not only is it much faster than previous mass specs, but it also has a sensitivity that is at least 100 times higher. Sensitivity is very important when you are studying disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets.”

Their initial test, conducted in December 2023, indicated that with this new technology, they could cover 70-80% of commonly expressed proteomes in human samples. And that could lead to an improved understanding of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and may eventually lead to better treatment, Qu said. His group is using the MASP technique for extensive and accurate mapping of the brain.

“Not that long ago, scientists and medical professionals thought that plaque in the brain caused Alzheimer’s disease,” Qu explained. “Researchers have since realized that plaque may not be the cause. Rather, it could be a symptom. A machine like this mass spec will enable the de novo discovery of the true mechanism of this intractable disease.”

UB a pioneer with Orbitrap Astral

UB is the first institution within the State University of New York (SUNY) to acquire the Orbitrap Astral. Created by the global scientific equipment company Thermo Fisher Scientific, the Astral has the ability to accurately quantify more than 8,000 protein groups from a single cell and analyze more than a million protein groups across 180 microscopic samples in a single day.

“We were among the top 10 institutions in the country to get this revolutionary equipment,” Qu said. “When Thermo Fisher realized we had the ability to map tens of thousands of proteins , they highly supported our early delivery. Many of the engineers that traveled here with the equipment had never seen it.”

Connecting UB with innovative industry partners

A New York State economic development grant funded the acquisition through UB’s Business and Entrepreneur Partnerships office.

“Access to emerging, next-generation technologies often stands as the primary barrier to groundbreaking discoveries,” said Venu Govindaraju, UB vice president for research and economic development. “By strategically investing in spatial omics technologies, UB is poised to lead pioneering research that catalyzes vital innovations, ultimately enhancing public health and, in critical scenarios, preserving lives.”

The Astral Orbitrap opens the door for exciting new discoveries and innovations that will make a positive impact on human health and elevate the research being conducted at UB, noted Smitha James, senior associate director of life sciences programs with the BEP.

“Having access to this advanced technology will place UB researchers in a much stronger position to compete for future grants,” James said. “In addition, the new acquisition is expected to drive increased industry collaborations and support of life sciences startups.”

Study of retina degeneration in smokers 

Qu, who has been studying whole tissue samples for the last few years, said he’s excited about the opportunities the new mass spec presents.

“We want to provide the research community with access to the best proteomics tool ever devised,” he said. “It offers unparalleled sensitivity, speed and exceptional depth for proteomics analysis.”

Currently, Qu and his team, including UB PhD and postdoctoral students Xiaoyu Zhu, Min Ma, Shihan Huo and Shuo Qian, are using the mass spec as part of a collaboration with researchers at the University of Minnesota on a study of retina degeneration in smokers. Already, Qu said, he can see a huge improvement in the number of quantifiable proteins, in terms of data quality and speed, as they try to determine the mechanism underlying the higher risk of retinal degeneration among smokers.

“If we used traditional biochemical technology, it might take decades to test each protein in a project like this,” Qu said. “Here, we take a very small sample, and we can quantify 10,000 proteins in seconds.” 

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Researchers create a bodywide map of molecular changes linked to exercise and health

A Stanford Medicine-led effort to learn more about exercise’s molecular effects paints the broadest picture yet of why, in the health arena, sweat is king.

May 1, 2024 - By Krista Conger

Researchers at Stanford Medicine and their colleagues conducted nearly 10,000 measurements in nearly 20 types of tissues, learning about the   effects of exercise on the immune system, stress response, energy production and metabolism. Alan Poulson Photography/Shutterstock.com

Exercise. It’s associated with increased muscle strength, improved heart health, lower blood sugar and just about every other physical improvement you can name. But how does regularly puffing away on a treadmill, biking up a steep hill or going for a brisk lunchtime walk confer such a dizzying array of health benefits?

We’re now closer to finding out, thanks to a vast new study led by Stanford Medicine. Researchers conducted nearly 10,000 measurements in nearly 20 types of tissues to uncover the effect of eight weeks of endurance exercise in laboratory rats trained to run on rodent-sized treadmills.

Their results highlight striking effects of exercise on the immune system, stress response, energy production and metabolism. They uncovered significant links between exercise, molecules and genes already known to be involved in myriad human diseases and tissue recovery.

The study is one of a series of papers published May 1 by members of a multicenter research group meant to lay the groundwork for understanding — on a bodywide, molecular level — exactly how our tissues and cells react when we push them to perform.

“We all know exercise is beneficial for us,” said professor of pathology Stephen Montgomery , PhD. “But we don’t know much about the molecular signals that manifest across the body when people exercise, or how they may change when people train. Our study is the first to take a holistic, bodywide look at molecular changes, from proteins to genes to metabolites to fats and energy production. It’s the broadest profiling yet of the effects of exercise, and it creates an essential map to how it changes the body.”

Montgomery, who is also a professor of genetics and of biomedical data science, is a senior author of the  paper , which published on May 1 in  Nature . Other senior authors are  Michael Snyder , PhD, the Stanford W. Ascherman, MD, FACS Professor in Genetics, and associate professor of medicine  Matthew Wheeler , MD. First authors are former genetics PhD student Nicole Gay, PhD; former postdoctoral scholar David Amar, PhD; and Pierre Jean Beltran, PhD, a former postdoctoral scholar at the Broad Institute.

Additional papers by Stanford Medicine researchers include a related published report in  Nature Communications  investigating the effect of exercise-induced changes in genes and tissues known to be involved in disease risk as well as a  paper  published on May 2 in  Cell Metabolism , which focuses on the effects of exercise on the cellular energy factors called mitochondria in various tissues. Montgomery is the senior author of the  Nature Communications  paper and postdoctoral scholar  Nikolai Vetr , PhD, is its lead author. Instructor of cardiovascular medicine  Malene Lindholm , PhD, is the senior author of the  Cell Metabolism  paper, and Amar is the lead author.

Stephen Montgomery

“These papers further highlight the multiple impacts exercise training has on metabolism and health,” Montgomery said.

A coordinated look at exercise

The researchers involved in the study and the other simultaneous publications are part of a national group called the Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium, or MoTrPAC, organized by the National Institutes of Health. The effort was launched in 2015 to investigate in detail exactly how physical exercise improves health and prevents disease.

The Stanford Medicine team took on a lot of the heavy lifting, studying the effects of eight weeks of endurance training on gene expression (the transcriptome), proteins (the proteome), fats (the lipidome), metabolites (the metabolome), the pattern of chemical tags placed on DNA (the epigenome), the immune system (the…you get the idea).

Let’s just call it the sweat-ome.

They performed 9,466 analyses on multiple tissues in rats as the animals were trained to run increasing distances and compared the results with those of rats that loafed about in their cages. They paid special attention to the muscles of the leg, the heart, the liver, the kidney and a type of fat called white adipose tissue (the kind of fat that accumulates as pounds pile on); other tissues included the lungs, brain and brown adipose tissue (a more metabolically active type of fat that helps burn calories). The combination of multiple assays — think of all those -omes! — and tissue types pumped out results numbering in the hundreds of thousands for non-epigenetic changes to more than 2 million distinct changes in the epigenome. The results will keep scientists hopping for years.

Although this study served primarily to create a database for future analysis, some interesting nuggets vaulted to the top. First, they noted that the expression of 22 genes changed with exercise in all six of the tissues they focused on. Many of these genes were involved in what are known as heat shock pathways, which stabilize the structure of proteins when cells undergo stress including changes in temperature (feel that burn?), infection or tissue remodeling (hello new muscle fibers!). Others have been implicated in pathways that reduce blood pressure and increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin, which lowers blood sugar levels.

The researchers also noted that the expression of several genes involved in Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, obesity and kidney disease was reduced in exercising rats as compared with their sedentary counterparts — a clear link between their studies and human health.

Sex differences

Finally, they identified sex differences in how multiple tissues in male and female rats responded to exercise. Male rats lost about 5% of their body fat after eight weeks of exercise while female rats didn’t lose a significant amount. (They did, however, maintain their starting fat percentage while the sedentary females packed on an additional 4% of body fat during the study period.) But the largest difference was observed in gene expression in the rats’ adrenal glands. After one week, genes associated with the generation of steroid hormones like adrenaline and with energy production increased in male rats but decreased in female rats.

Despite these early, tantalizing associations, the researchers caution that exercise science is nowhere near the finish line. It’s more like the starting gun has just fired. But the future is exciting.

“In the long term, it’s unlikely we will find any one magic intervention that reproduces what exercise can do for a person,” Montgomery said. “But we might get closer to the idea of precision exercise — tailoring recommendations based on a person’s genetics, sex, age or other health conditions to generate beneficial whole-body responses.”

A full list of researchers and institutions involved in the study can be found online.

The MoTrPAC study is supported by the National Institutes of Health (grants U24OD026629, U24DK112349, U24DK112342, U24DK112340, U24DK112341, U24DK112326, 612 U24DK112331, U24DK112348, U01AR071133, U01AR071130, 613 U01AR071124, U01AR071128, U01AR071150, U01AR071160, U01AR071158, U24AR071113, U01AG055133, U01AG055137, 615 U01AG055135, 5T32HG000044, P30AG044271 and P30AG003319), the National Science Foundation, and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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Gabrielle Wood, a junior at Howard University majoring in chemical engineering, is on a mission to improve the sustainability and life cycles of natural resources and materials. Her work in the Materials Initiative for Comprehensive Research Opportunity (MICRO) program has given her hands-on experience with many different aspects of research, including MATLAB programming, experimental design, data analysis, figure-making, and scientific writing.

Wood is also one of 10 undergraduates from 10 universities around the United States to participate in the first MICRO Summit earlier this year. The internship program, developed by the MIT Department of Materials Science and Engineering (DMSE), first launched in fall 2021. Now in its third year, the program continues to grow, providing even more opportunities for non-MIT undergraduate students — including the MICRO Summit and the program’s expansion to include Northwestern University.

“I think one of the most valuable aspects of the MICRO program is the ability to do research long term with an experienced professor in materials science and engineering,” says Wood. “My school has limited opportunities for undergraduate research in sustainable polymers, so the MICRO program allowed me to gain valuable experience in this field, which I would not otherwise have.”

Like Wood, Griheydi Garcia, a senior chemistry major at Manhattan College, values the exposure to materials science, especially since she is not able to learn as much about it at her home institution.

“I learned a lot about crystallography and defects in materials through the MICRO curriculum, especially through videos,” says Garcia. “The research itself is very valuable, as well, because we get to apply what we’ve learned through the videos in the research we do remotely.” Expanding research opportunities

From the beginning, the MICRO program was designed as a fully remote, rigorous education and mentoring program targeted toward students from underserved backgrounds interested in pursuing graduate school in materials science or related fields. Interns are matched with faculty to work on their specific research interests.

Jessica Sandland ’99, PhD ’05, principal lecturer in DMSE and co-founder of MICRO, says that research projects for the interns are designed to be work that they can do remotely, such as developing a machine-learning algorithm or a data analysis approach.

“It’s important to note that it’s not just about what the program and faculty are bringing to the student interns,” says Sandland, a member of the MIT Digital Learning Lab , a joint program between MIT Open Learning and the Institute’s academic departments. “The students are doing real research and work, and creating things of real value. It’s very much an exchange.” Cécile Chazot PhD ’22, now an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern University, had helped to establish MICRO at MIT from the very beginning. Once at Northwestern, she quickly realized that expanding MICRO to Northwestern would offer even more research opportunities to interns than by relying on MIT alone — leveraging the university’s strong materials science and engineering department, as well as offering resources for biomaterials research through Northwestern’s medical school. The program received funding from 3M and officially launched at Northwestern in fall 2023. Approximately half of the MICRO interns are now in the program with MIT and half are with Northwestern. Wood and Garcia both participate in the program via Northwestern. “By expanding to another school, we’ve been able to have interns work with a much broader range of research projects,” says Chazot. “It has become easier for us to place students with faculty and research that match their interests.”

Building community

The MICRO program received a Higher Education Innovation grant from the Abdul Latif Jameel World Education Lab , part of MIT Open Learning, to develop an in-person summit. In January 2024, interns visited MIT for three days of presentations, workshops, and campus tours — including a tour of the MIT.nano building — as well as various community-building activities.

“A big part of MICRO is the community,” says Chazot. “A highlight of the summit was just seeing the students come together.”

The summit also included panel discussions that allowed interns to gain insights and advice from graduate students and professionals. The graduate panel discussion included MIT graduate students Sam Figueroa (mechanical engineering), Isabella Caruso (DMSE), and Eliana Feygin (DMSE). The career panel was led by Chazot and included Jatin Patil PhD ’23, head of product at SiTration; Maureen Reitman ’90, ScD ’93, group vice president and principal engineer at Exponent; Lucas Caretta PhD ’19, assistant professor of engineering at Brown University; Raquel D’Oyen ’90, who holds a PhD from Northwestern University and is a senior engineer at Raytheon; and Ashley Kaiser MS ’19, PhD ’21, senior process engineer at 6K.

Students also had an opportunity to share their work with each other through research presentations. Their presentations covered a wide range of topics, including: developing a computer program to calculate solubility parameters for polymers used in textile manufacturing; performing a life-cycle analysis of a photonic chip and evaluating its environmental impact in comparison to a standard silicon microchip; and applying machine learning algorithms to scanning transmission electron microscopy images of CrSBr, a two-dimensional magnetic material. 

“The summit was wonderful and the best academic experience I have had as a first-year college student,” says MICRO intern Gabriella La Cour, who is pursuing a major in chemistry and dual degree biomedical engineering at Spelman College and participates in MICRO through MIT. “I got to meet so many students who were all in grades above me … and I learned a little about how to navigate college as an upperclassman.” 

“I actually have an extremely close friendship with one of the students, and we keep in touch regularly,” adds La Cour. “Professor Chazot gave valuable advice about applications and recommendation letters that will be useful when I apply to REUs [Research Experiences for Undergraduates] and graduate schools.”

Looking to the future, MICRO organizers hope to continue to grow the program’s reach.

“We would love to see other schools taking on this model,” says Sandland. “There are a lot of opportunities out there. The more departments, research groups, and mentors that get involved with this program, the more impact it can have.”

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• Materials Initiative for Comprehensive Research Opportunity (MICRO) Program
• Abdul Latif Jameel World Education Lab
• Digital Learning Lab
• MIT Open Learning
• Department of Materials Science and Engineering
• MICRO Mentoring Resources And Materials Science Curriculum

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